Running head: DRAFT QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 1 DRAFT QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 2 Draft Qualitative Research Name: Vanessa Noa Institution: Grand Canyon University Draft Qualitative Research Background of the Study The first article talks about UTIs such as epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and the preferences available for the treatment. According to the article, there are indigenous sources of bacteria that cause CAUTI (Flores-Mireles et al., 2015). The contamination comes from the hands that are contaminated from the healthcare experts, meatal and vaginal colonization. The pathogens can pass through intraluminal route, extra luminal route or through the catheter from a bag that is contaminated. Introduction of the objects that are sterile has demonstrated a decrease in threat of bacteriuria in a closed urinary damage. Conversely, studies have demonstrated that bacteriuria can take place through the disruptions in the machines or through the extraluminal path (Flores-Mireles et al., 2015). The other article focuses on reducing the urinary catheter usage and other approaches to avert catheter-connected urinary tract infection. The article provides qualitative highlights of some of the appropriate actions that a doctor must assume while executing the process of catheterization. When undertaking the supplement of the urinary catheter, a skilled professional should take extraordinary safeguards since speedy release of urine from the bladder may lead to hemorrhage. A clam needs to be out after every twenty minutes to permit more release of urine (Meddings et al., 2014). Supporting Nursing Practice The first article on urinary tract infections supports the nursing practice as it touches on the usage of the catheter. According to the article, people who urinate with the help of catheter have elevated risk of contracting UTIs (Flores-Mireles et al., 2015). Example of such group of people may include the people that are hospitalized as well as people who have neurological issues that make it hard to regulate their capacity to urinate and the paralyzed individuals. Having known that, it is important to take the necessary steps to decrease the threat of urinary tract infections. People can drink more liquid particularly water because it aids to dilute urine and confirms that one urinates regularly hence permitting the bacteria to be flushed from the urinary tract before the contamination can start (Flores-Mireles et al., 2015). The next article that touches on the reduction of the urinary catheter usage and other approaches to deter urinary tract infection that are linked to catheter highlights optional approaches that are critical in the healthcare. It is the obligation of the healthcare providers to be aware that catheters may be in place through having catheter reminder intervention.

1. Running head: DRAFT QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1
DRAFT QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
2
Draft Qualitative Research
Name: Vanessa Noa
Institution: Grand Canyon University
Draft Qualitative Research
Background of the Study
The first article talks about UTIs such as epidemiology,
mechanisms of infection and the preferences available for the
treatment. According to the article, there are indigenous sources
of bacteria that cause CAUTI (Flores-Mireles et al., 2015). The
contamination comes from the hands that are contaminated from
the healthcare experts, meatal and vaginal colonization. The
pathogens can pass through intraluminal route, extra luminal

2. route or through the catheter from a bag that is contaminated.
Introduction of the objects that are sterile has demonstrated a
decrease in threat of bacteriuria in a closed urinary damage.
Conversely, studies have demonstrated that bacteriuria can take
place through the disruptions in the machines or through the
extraluminal path (Flores-Mireles et al., 2015).
The other article focuses on reducing the urinary catheter usage
and other approaches to avert catheter-connected urinary tract
infection. The article provides qualitative highlights of some of
the appropriate actions that a doctor must assume while
executing the process of catheterization. When undertaking the
supplement of the urinary catheter, a skilled professional should
take extraordinary safeguards since speedy release of urine from
the bladder may lead to hemorrhage. A clam needs to be out
after every twenty minutes to permit more release of urine
(Meddings et al., 2014).
Supporting Nursing Practice
The first article on urinary tract infections supports the nursing
practice as it touches on the usage of the catheter. According to
the article, people who urinate with the help of catheter have
elevated risk of contracting UTIs (Flores-Mireles et al., 2015).
Example of such group of people may include the people that
are hospitalized as well as people who have neurological issues
that make it hard to regulate their capacity to urinate and the
paralyzed individuals. Having known that, it is important to
take the necessary steps to decrease the threat of urinary tract
infections. People can drink more liquid particularly water
because it aids to dilute urine and confirms that one urinates
regularly hence permitting the bacteria to be flushed from the
urinary tract before the contamination can start (Flores-Mireles
et al., 2015).
The next article that touches on the reduction of the urinary
catheter usage and other approaches to deter urinary tract
infection that are linked to catheter highlights optional
approaches that are critical in the healthcare. It is the obligation
of the healthcare providers to be aware that catheters may be in

3. place through having catheter reminder intervention such as
verbal or written reminder as well as checklist. The
interventions can be initiated by nurses and can be targeted to
remind the nurses of the catheter (Meddings et al., 2014).
Method of Study
The methods of study deployed by the two articles are review of
the already existing literature through pointing out the
necessary concepts that should be followed in the course of the
study approach. The reviewed literatures can be accessed over
the internet and one has the privilege to go through various
articles that are relevant to the topic or issue in question
(Flores-Mireles et al., 2015).
The most apparent value of reviewing literatures as a method of
study is to evaluate the contemporary state of the research topic.
After determining the area that needs to be worked on,
conducting a search of relevant information is likely to assist in
determining what is already known concerning the topic and to
what extent the topic in question has been researched. However,
the main problem with reviewing literature as the method of
study is the fact that the process is not sufficiently critical. The
objective of research is to make a contribution that is original
hence contributing to the knowledge of humanity (Meddings et
al., 2014).
Results of the Study
The study points out that the pathogens pass through the
internal or the external routes through the catheter from a bag
that is already contaminated. The pathogens can also travel
along the external of the catheter in the shape of the mucous
sheath (Flores-Mireles et al., 2015). However when an object
that is sterile is introduced, there tend to be a reduction in the
level of risk of bactariuria in a drainage system of a closed
urinary. Different studies have mentioned that can be present
through the breaks in the tools or external routes. At the end,
there is a considerable percentage of daily risk of the bacteria in
relation to catheterization (Flores-Mireles et al., 2015).
If nurses prolonged the process of catheterization then there is a

4. huge likelihood that the pathogens from the urine will make the
biofilms on the surface of the equipment. As days pass by, the
microorganisms start to colonize the surface of the machine in a
state that is immobile. Therefore, it becomes resistible to
antimicrobials and that means that their riddance will not be
possible without removal of the catheter. Therefore, that means
that using catheter has considerable amount of setbacks brought
about by its usage and this calls for alternative solutions to the
menace (Flores-Mireles et al., 2015).
On the other hand, it is the obligation of a professional to take
special considerations because the rapid drainage of the urine
from the bladder is likely to lead to profuse bleeding. There is a
general requirement that a clamp be unconstrained after every
15 minutes to enable release of the urine (Meddings et al.,
2014). Depending on the progressive nursing administration, a
clinician is required to measure and access the input of the urine
in span of 1-4 hours and incase of any changes in the ordinary
quantity of the urine which naturally is 1-2ml/kg/hr, then it is
the responsibility of the doctor to report the issues to the health
team that is around (Meddings et al., 2014). The physician is
required to follow sterilization through the process as this helps
in avoiding possible breaches of the closed system hence
reducing the risks of infection that is catheter affiliated. A
doctor is required to put the bag in the right position to prevent
the backflow of urine and alternate the tube to inhibit possible
backflow of the urine (Meddings et al., 2014).
On a larger extent, the two articles points out that taking the
necessary precautions when dealing with the patients that have
the catheter is critical to reduce the possibility of further
infection.
Ethical Considerations
The first ethical consideration is respect of the privacy and
invasion of the privacy can take place when private information
such as the opinions, records or attitudes are shared between
others devoid of the knowledge of the patient. A researcher
must not decide on behalf of other people on the issues that are

5. delicate. Vulnerable groups of persons are also an ethical
consideration that needs to be considered as a possible ethical
issue in the course of the research. The varied opinions
concerning the taking part of these groups in research can be
attributed to their inability to give informed consent and the
need for further protection. The researchers in the article have
taken these ethical issues into consideration as there are no
vulnerable groups of people in the society that have been
directly mentioned during the research and there is no privacy
that has been disclosed in the course of the research.
References
Flores-Mireles, A. L., Walker, J. N., Caparon, M., & Hultgren,
S. J. (2015). Urinary tract infections: epidemiology,
mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nature Reviews
Microbiology, 13(5), 269-284. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3432
Meddings, J., Rogers, M. A., Krein, S. L., Fakih, M. G.,
Olmsted, R. N., & Saint, S. (2014). Reducing unnecessary
urinary catheter use and other strategies to prevent catheter-
associated urinary tract infection: an integrative review. BMJ
Quality & Safety, 23(4), 277-289. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3960353/
Research Critique Guidelines

6. To write a critical appraisal that demonstrates comprehension of
the research study conducted, address each component below
for qualitative study in the Topic 2 assignment and the
quantitative study in the Topic 3 assignment.
Successful completion of this assignment requires that you
provide a rationale, include examples, or reference content from
the study in your responses.
Qualitative Study
Background of Study:
· Identify the clinical problem and research problem that led to
the study. What was not known about the clinical problem that,
if understood, could be used to improve health care delivery or
patient outcomes? This gap in knowledge is the research
problem.
· How did the author establish the significance of the study? In
other words, why should the reader care about this study? Look
for statements about human suffering, costs of treatment, or the
number of people affected by the clinical problem.
· Identify the purpose of the study. An author may clearly state
the purpose of the study or may describe the purpose as the
study goals, objectives, or aims.
· List research questions that the study was designed to answer.
If the author does not explicitly provide the questions, attempt
to infer the questions from the answers.
· Were the purpose and research questions related to the
problem?
Method of Study:
· Were qualitative methods appropriate to answer the research
questions?
· Did the author identify a specific perspective from which the
study was developed? If so, what was it?
· Did the author cite quantitative and qualitative studies
relevant to the focus of the study? What other types of literature
did the author include?
· Are the references current? For qualitative studies, the author
may have included studies older than the 5-year limit typically

7. used for quantitative studies. Findings of older qualitative
studies may be relevant to a qualitative study.
· Did the author evaluate or indicate the weaknesses of the
available studies?
· Did the literature review include adequate information to build
a logical argument?
· When a researcher uses the grounded theory method of
qualitative inquiry, the researcher may develop a framework or
diagram as part of the findings of the study. Was a framework
developed from the study findings?
Results of Study
· What were the study findings?
· What are the implications to nursing?
· Explain how the findings contribute to nursing
knowledge/science. Would this impact practice, education,
administration, or all areas of nursing?
Ethical Considerations
· Was the study approved by an Institutional Review Board?
· Was patient privacy protected?
· Were there ethical considerations regarding the treatment or
lack of?
Conclusion
· Emphasize the importance and congruity of the thesis
statement.
· Provide a logical wrap-up to bring the appraisal to completion
and to leave a lasting impression and take-away points useful in
nursing practice.
· Incorporate a critical appraisal and a brief analysis of the
utility and applicability of the findings to nursing practice.
· Integrate a summary of the knowledge learned.
Quantitative Study
Background of Study:

8. · Identify the clinical problem and research problem that led to
the study. What was not known about the clinical problem that,
if understood, could be used to improve health care delivery or
patient outcomes? This gap in knowledge is the research
problem.
· How did the author establish the significance of the study? In
other words, why should the reader care about this study? Look
for statements about human suffering, costs of treatment, or the
number of people affected by the clinical problem.
· Identify the purpose of the study. An author may clearly state
the purpose of the study or may describe the purpose as the
study goals, objectives, or aims.
· List research questions that the study was designed to answer.
If the author does not explicitly provide the questions, attempt
to infer the questions from the answers.
· Were the purpose and research questions related to the
problem?
Methods of Study
· Identify the benefits and risks of participation addressed by
the authors. Were there benefits or risks the authors do not
identify?
· Was informed consent obtained from the subjects or
participants?
· Did it seem that the subjects participated voluntarily in the
study?
· Was institutional review board approval obtained from the
agency in which the study was conducted?
· Are the major variables (independent and dependent variables)
identified and defined? What were these variables?
· How were data collected in this study?
· What rationale did the author provide for using this data
collection method?
· Identify the time period for data collection of the study.
· Describe the sequence of data collection events for a
participant.
· Describe the data management and analysis methods used in

9. the study.
· Did the author discuss how the rigor of the process was
assured? For example, does the author describe maintaining a
paper trail of critical decisions that were made during the
analysis of the data? Was statistical software used to ensure
accuracy of the analysis?
· What measures were used to minimize the effects of researcher
bias (their experiences and perspectives)? For example, did two
researchers independently analyze the data and compare their
analyses?
Results of Study
· What is the researcher's interpretation of findings?
· Are the findings valid or an accurate reflection of reality? Do
you have confidence in the findings?
· What limitations of the study were identified by researchers?
· Was there a coherent logic to the presentation of findings?
· What implications do the findings have for nursing practice?
For example, can the findings of the study be applied to general
nursing practice, to a specific population, or to a specific area
of nursing?
· What suggestions are made for further studies?
Ethical Considerations
· Was the study approved by an Institutional Review Board?
· Was patient privacy protected?
· Were there ethical considerations regarding the treatment or
lack of?
Conclusion
· Emphasize the importance and congruity of the thesis
statement.
· Provide a logical wrap-up to bring the appraisal to completion
and to leave a lasting impression and take-away points useful in
nursing practice.
· Incorporate a critical appraisal and a brief analysis of the
utility and applicability of the findings to nursing practice.
· Integrate a summary of the knowledge learned.

10. Reference
Burns, N., & Grove, S. (2011). Understanding nursing research
(5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
© 2016. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.
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