¿Qué es la cohesión social? ¿Cuál es el estado de este atributo en la región? ¿Cómo se podría mejorar? Éstas son algunas de las preguntas que la presentación que realizó Eugenio Tironi en la conferencia "Nuevos desafíos para la democracia y el desarrollo en América Latina" intenta responder.

1. Portadas 3 libros
SOME THOUGHTS ON SOCIAL COHESION IN
LATIN AMERICA Eugenio Tironi
Eugenio Tironi Santiago, 13 de mayo 2008
Conference New Challenges for Democracy and Development
in Latin America, January 21, 2010, University of California, San Diego
Sponsored by the Center on Pacific Economies (CPE) and the Corporación de Estudios para
Latinoamérica (CIEPLAN)

2. What is SC?
• Anglo-Saxon Tradition: management
of multiculturalism to avoid violence.
• Continental European Tradition:
expansion of social rights trough state
intervention.

3. AN “HYBRID” DEFINITION:
The capacity of a democratic
society to foster a legitimate
structure for distributing
socioeconomic resources
(wellbeing), sociopolitical
resources (rights) and socio
- cultural resources
(recognition), through the
combined action of the state,
the market, families, and
community networks.

4. www.ecosocialsurvey.org
7 países, grandes ciudades, presencial,
march – april 2007
1.500 casos
1.200 casos
Ciudad de México,
Ciudad de Guatemala, Alta Verapaz, Monterrey, Guadalajara,
Chiimaltenango, Escuintla, Puebla
Huehuetenango, Quetzaltenango,
Sacatepequez, San Marcos, Mar-Abr 2007
Suchitepequez
Mar-Abr 2007
1.400 casos
Bogotá, Cali, Medellín, 1.700 casos
Barranquilla
Sao Paulo, Río de Janeiro,
Mar-Abr 2007 Salvador, Porto Alegre
Mar-Abr 2007
1.400 casos
Lima, Callao, Arequipa,
Trujillo, Chiclayo
Mar-Abr 2007
1.400 casos
1.400 casos Gran Buenos Aires, Gran
Rosario, Gran Córdoba,
Gran Santiago, Valparaíso, Viña Gran Mendoza
del Mar, Antofagasta,
Concepción, Talcahuano, Mar-Abr 2007
Temuco, La Serena, Coquimbo
Mar-Abr 2007

5. I. FIVE PILLARS OF
LATIN AMERICAN
SOCIAL COHESTION
(LASC)

6. 1. Moderate perception of social
discrimination and polarization.
 16% for being poor
 11% for race or ethnicity
 11% for political alignment
 10% for religion beliefs

7. Degrees of polarization:
identification with a group + aversion
toward a contrary group
SOCIOECON. POLITICAL RELIGIOUS ETHNIC
21 12 38 8

8. 2. Legitimacy of inequality
• Poverty and wealth are attributed
to (acquired) factors related to
individual achievement rather than
to (assigned) factors related to the
system itself
• Culture of individual achievement
is being imposed on all social
levels.

9. Acquisitional reasons to explain wealth and poverty
Total 52
Peru 67
Mexico 62
Guatemala 57
Chile 53
Colombia 50
Brazil 41
Argentina 34

10. 3. The “(Latin) American dream”
• Positive experience and high
expectations of social mobility.
• Future hopes compensate current
inequality.

11. The “Latin American Dream?”
High levels of inequality mitigated by high
expectations of mobility.

12. 4. Strong primary bonds and
common beliefs
• Family attachment: 77%
• Number of friends: 5,7
• Known neighbors: 8,4
• National loyalty: 76%
• Religious identification: 87%

13. 4. Strong primary bonds and
common beliefs
LASC depends more on
family ties, religion and the
neighborhood than it does
on the State, civil society or
the market.

14. 5.”Golden Years”
Drop in fertility, Favorable ratio Greater availability Increase in the
especially among between of goods and resources that
lower income economically active services per homes and social
groups. and passive inhabitant. policies can
populations. allocate to the
education of
children, especially
for the middle and
lower income
segments.
Demographic bonus

15. SENSE OF
SOCIAL
INTEGRATION
DEMOGRAPHIC INDIVIDUALISTIC
BONUS APROACH
LASC
PILLARS
STRONG
PRIMARY BONDS

16. II. Five threats to LASC

17. 1. End of the “female subsidy” to LASC
• Reduction in traditional extended
and nuclear families.
• Greater participation by women in
the workforce.
• The women’s “subsidy” of LASC
by taking care of children and the
elderly could be coming to an end.

18. 2. Virus of mistrust
• Mistrust of people from
outside one’s intimate
circle.
• High levels of
homogamy
• “Binding” vs. “bridging”
social capital.

19. 2. Virus of mistrust
• Low levels of
institutional integration.
• Low levels of
unconditional support
for democracy.

20. 3. Legitimization of violence
Over one third justify the use of force or violence to
further social, environmental, ethnic, or political
causes.

21. 4. Specter of disorganization
• 30% declare that they live in a
neighborhood with drug dealing,
robberies, muggings and street
violence.
• 40% declare feeling victimized
and afraid.
• The poorest people are the most
vulnerable to fear.

22. • 35% justify having firearms to
defend themselves from crime.
• 42% believe that “criminals should
not have the same rights” as other
citizens.
• 35% of those who value democracy
declare that criminals’ rights should
not be respected.

23. The threat of authoritarianism could
emerge, not from ideologized
political elites (as before), but
rather from the population’s fear of
crime.

24. 5. Frustrated Hopes
Erosion of traditional ties and
beliefs as an result of
modernization.
Social disorder, mistrust, and scant institutional
legitimacy.
System’s inability to satisfy
hopes for progress and social
mobility.

25. END OF “FEMALE
SUBSIDY”
FRUSTRATION MISTRUST
LASC
THREATS
LEGITIMATION OF
INDIVIDUAL
VIOLENCE

26. III. WHAT CAN BE DONE TO
STRENGTH SOCIAL
COHESION IN LATIN
AMERICA?

27. 1. Social cohesion is a
public good that public
policy can and should
promote

28. 2. Reinforce the gender issue when
devising pro-cohesion public
policies.

29. 3. Revalue families: public social policies
cannot be sustained exclusively in the state
and the market.

30. 4. Education contents matters to
social cohesion.

31. • Latin American schools:
– From “citizenship” education to
“human capital”.
– From “The Nation” to global
citizenship (human rights, gender,
environment concern…)
– From “Republic” to
“identities” (ethnicity,
communities…)

32. • SC as a guiding principle of educational
contents and practices:
1. To make the Nation the anchors of
communities that schools are trying to create
2. To correct the absence or weaknesses of
public arena.
3. To balance anti-political trends of the market
culture and the effects of individualization.

33. 5. Politics matters
• Public policy and policymakers must
respond to politics and politicians.

34. Portadas 3 libros
SOME THOUGHTS ON SOCIAL COHESION IN
LATIN AMERICA Eugenio Tironi
Eugenio Tironi Santiago, 13 de mayo 2008
Conference New Challenges for Democracy and Development
in Latin America, January 21, 2010, University of California, San Diego
Sponsored by the Center on Pacific Economies (CPE) and the Corporación de Estudios para
Latinoamérica (CIEPLAN)