Hard Gelatin Capsules

1. HARD GELATINE
CAPSULES

3. • Name:-Talha Rashid
• Semester:-4th B
• CMS No:-12341

5. CAPSULES
• Capsules are solid dosage forms in which the drug substance is enclosed in
either hard or soft container or shell made of gelatin.
• Capsules are two types;
1, hard gelatin capsule 2,soft gelatin capsule

6. HARD GELATIN CAPSULES
• The Hard gelatin capsule, also referred to as dry filled capsule(DFC), consists
of two sections, one slipping over the other thus completely surrounding the drug
formulation.
• They are used in extemporaneous compounding of prescription.
• The hard gelatin capsule consists of a base or body and a shorter cap, which fits
firmly over the base of the capsule.

7. AMOXIL(AMOXYCILLIN)
• Formulations of AMOXIL contain amoxicillin, a semisynthetic antibiotic, an analog of
ampicillin, with a broad spectrum of bactericidal activity against many Gram-positive
and Gram-negative microorganisms.
Dosage:-250 and 500 mg capsules
Mechanism of Action:-Amoxicillin is similar to penicillin in its bactericidal action
against susceptible bacteria during the stage of active multiplication. It acts through
the inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis that leads to the death of the bacteria.
Pharmacokinetics:- 60% administered dose is excreted unchanged in the urine. Half
Life:-1–1.4 hours. Metabolism:- Mainly in liver.
74–92% of an oral dose absorbed from GI tract.
Plasma protein Binding:-17–20%.

8. Indications:-Respiratory tract infections, Ear, Nose, Throat infections,
Gastrointestinal infections, Skin and soft tissue infections, Gonorrhoea, Dental
abscesss, Syphillis, Meningitis, Prophylaxis of andocarditis
Side Effects:-Diarrhoea, Indigestion, occasional rash
Hypersensitivity or severe allergic reaction including swollen face or breathing
problems.
Difficulty or discomfort in passing urine or having cloudy urine

9. VELOSEF(CEPHRADINE)
Velosef is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.
Dosage:_250 and 500 mg capsules
Indications:-Velosef is indicated in the treatment of the following infections:-
Respiratory tract infections e.g tonsillitis,pharyngitis
Skin and skin structure infections
Urinary tract infections including prostatitis
Mechanism of Action:-Cephalosporins exert bactericidal activity by interfering with the later
stages of bacterial cell wall synthesis through inactivation of one or more penicillin-binding
proteins and inhibiting cross-linking of the peptidoglycan structure. The cephalosporins are
also thought to play a role in the activation of bacterical cell autolysins which may contribute
to bacterial cell lysis.

10. Adverse effects:-
• Hematologic: Neutropenia, leukopenia, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia,
thrombocytosis, impaired platelet aggregation
• Dermatologic: Rash (maculopapular), puritis, urticaria
• Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea
• Hepatic: Abnormal liver function tests
• Renal: Interstitial nephitis

11. TRANSAMIN(TRANEXAMIC ACID)
Therapeutic category: Antifibrinolytic agent, Hemostatic Agent
Mechanism of Action:-Tranexamic acid produces an antifibrinolytic effect by competitively inhibiting
the activation of plasminogen to plasmin. It is also a weak noncompetitive inhibitor of plasmin. These
properties make possible its clinical use as an antifibrinolytic in the treatment of both general and local
fibrinolytic hemorrhages
Side effects:-Headache , Abdominal pain , Back pain , Anemia , Fatigue

12. DIFLUCAN(FLUCONAZOLE)
150 mg capsules
Product Type:-Antifungal
Indications:-Diflucan is indicated in the following fungal infections
Cryptococcal meningitis
• Coccidioidomycosis
• Invasive candidiasis
Vaginal candidiasis
Dermatomycosis including tinea pedis, tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea versicolor
Mechanism of Action:-Its primary mode of action is the inhibition of fungal cytochrome P-450-mediated 14
alpha-lanosterol demethylation, an essential step in fungal ergosterol biosynthesis.
Pharmacokinetics:- Peak plasma concentrations in the fasting state occur between 0.5 and 1.5 hours
post-dose. Plasma protein binding is (11-12%).

13. CONTINUED
• Side Effects:-nausea or feeling sick
• headache
• stomach pain
• indigestion
• diarrhoea

14. ZITHROMAX(AZITHROMYCIN)
Zithromax (azithromycin) is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections
Indications:-Azithromycin is indicated for the treatment of the following infections
Bronchitis
- community-acquired pneumonia
- sinusitis
- pharyngitis/tonsillitis
- otitis media
- skin and soft tissue infections
- uncomplicated genital infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Side effects:-Mild diarrhea, vomiting, constipation,stomach pain or upset, dizziness, tired feeling, mild
headache, nervous feeling, sleep problems (insomnia);vaginal itching or discharge,mild rash or itching

15. DURICEF(CEFADROXIL)
500mg Capsules
Cefadroxil is an oral antibiotic in the cephalosporin family of drugs.
Indications:-Strep Throat, Strep Throat and Tonsillitis, Inflammation of the Tonsils, Bacterial Urinary Tract
Infection, Urinary Tract Infection due to E. Coli Bacteria, Urinary Tract Infection caused by Klebsiella
Bacteria, Infection of the Urinary Tract
Pharmacokinetics:-Peak plasma concentrations are obtained after 1.5 to 2.0 hours. About 20% of
cefadroxil is bound to plasma proteins. Its plasma half-life is about 1.5 hours. More than 90% of drug may
be excreted unchanged in the urine.

16. CONTINUED
• Side Effects:-chills
• diarrhea
• muscle aches
• red, irritated eyes
• sore throat
• stomach pain,
• vomiting

17. DALACIN(CLINDAMYCIN)
Active ingredient:
Clindamycin HCl hydrate
Therapeutic category: Antibiotic, Lincosamides
Indications:-CVS infections caused by susceptible gram positive organisms
Bacterial infections of the skin and soft tissue, such as infected ulcers, erysipelas, cellulitis. Bacterial
infections of joints and bone (eg osteomyelitis).Bacterial infections of the abdominal cavity
(peritonitis).Dental abscesses.Treating falciparum malaria.
Side effects:-Inflammation of the large intestine (colitis).Inflammation or ulceration of the foodpipe
(oesophagus). Nausea and vomiting.Abdominal pain.Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice).Alteration in
liver function.

18. ALTACE(RAMIPRIL)
ALTACE (ramipril) is supplied as hard shell capsules for oral administration containing 1.25 mg, 2.5 mg, 5
mg, and 10 mg of ramipril.
Altace (ramipril) is an ACE inhibitor.
Altace is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) or congestive heart failure.
Side Effects:-
High potassium level (slow heart rate, weak pulse, muscle weakness
dry mouth, thirst, confusion, swelling, and urinating less than usual or not at all;
pale skin, dark colored urine, easy bruising or bleeding;
jaundice...

19. LYRICA(PREGABALINA)
75 MG CAPSULES
Indications:-Fibromyalgia
Diabetic
peripheral neuropathy
Seizures
Herpes zoster pain
Side effects:-Dizziness
Sleepiness
Drowsiness
Weight gain and swelling of the hands