Cis 519 midterm and final exam – strayer new

CIS 519 Midterm and Final Exam – Strayer NEW
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Chapter 1 Through 14
Chapter 1 Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence
1) When faced with a turbulent business environment, organizations are best able to
survive or even excel by minimizing changes until the environment stabilizes.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 2
2) The management of Norfolk Southern, a large freight railroad company, invested
in data warehousing technologies. Even though railroad transportation is a mature
industry, Norfolk Southern gained a competitive advantage by using its data
warehousing technologies to squeeze additional efficiency from its operations.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4
3) Globalization has significantly reduced the complexity of the business
environment. For example, companies can find suppliers and customers in many
countries where materials are cheaper, which reduces competition and complexity.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 5
4) One of the major objectives of computerized decision support is to minimize the
gap between the current performance of an organization and its desired performance.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6
5) One measure of productivity is the ratio of inputs to outputs.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7
6) Managers, especially those at high managerial levels, are primarily hands-on
problem solvers.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7
7) Because managerial decision making is complex, it is more important to emphasize
methodical, analytical decision making rather than interpersonal communication
skills.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 7

8) Government regulations, political instability, competition, and changing consumer
demands cause uncertainty that makes it difficult to predict the consequences of a
decision.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8

9) Computer applications have progressed from transaction processing and
monitoring to problem analysis and solution applications, and much of the activity is
supported by spreadsheet technologies.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9
10) Computerized systems enable people to overcome their cognitive limits by
quickly accessing and processing vast amounts of stored information.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10
11) Accounts receivable and accounts payable processes are highly structured, which
makes them easy to program.
12) Research and development (R & D) planning and social responsibility planning
are unstructured decisions, which cannot be supported by computerized decision
support systems.
13) The first phase in the decision-making process is design which involves inventing,
developing, and analyzing possible alternative courses of action or solutions.
14) Automated decision systems (ADS) are rule-based systems that provide solutions
to repetitive managerial problems, usually in one functional area (e.g., finance,
manufacturing).
15) The term Decision Support Systems (DSS) can be used as an umbrella term to
describe any computerized system that supports decision making in an organization.
16) The two major DSS types are the model-oriented DSS, in which quantitative
models are used to generate a recommended solution to a problem, and data-oriented
DSS, which support ad hoc reporting and queries.
17) A BI system has three major components: a data warehouse with source data;
business performance management (BPM) for monitoring and analyzing
performance; and a user interface such as a dashboard.

18) Most DSS are constructed to directly support specific decision making. In
contrast, BI systems, in general typically provide accurate and timely information to
support decision support indirectly. This difference is diminishing because decision
support tools are being added to BI software packages.
19) Dashboards and information portals are data visualization tools.
20) The objective of computerized decision support, regardless of its name or nature,
is to help managers solve problems and assess opportunities faster and better than
would be possible without computers.
21) Norfolk Southern Railroad built a ________ application that pulls data from the
data warehouse and then graphically depicts actual performance against planned
performance.
A) dashboard
B) graphical interface
C) transaction processing
D) forecasting
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3
22) Norfolk Southern Railroad invested in a Teradata ________, which is a central
repository of historical data that is organized for easy access and manipulation to
support decision making.
A) database
B) data warehouse
C) data repository
D) data disk
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3
23) Numerous types of business ________ result from today's business climate.
A) decisions
B) responses
C) support
D) pressures
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 5

24) Companies are facing each of the following impacts of globalization except:
A) Easier to find suppliers and customers in many countries
B) Less complex business environment
C) Cheaper materials
D) More and stronger competitors
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5
25) Which of the following is an organizational response to a business environmental
factor?
A) customer demand
B) government regulations
C) new business models
D) globalization
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 5
26) Business environment factors that create pressures on organizations include all of
the following except:
A) workforce that is younger and shrinking
B) need for real-time, on-demand transactions
C) booming electronic markets on the Internet
D) innovative marketing methods
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 6
27) One of the major objectives of ________ is to facilitate closing the gap between
the current performance of an organization and its desired performance, as expressed
in its mission, objectives, and goals.
A) business alliances
B) customer relationships
C) business models
D) computerized decision support
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 6
28) Management is a process by which organizational goals are achieved by using
resources. The resources are considered ________, and attainment of goals is viewed
as the ________ of the process.
A) expenses; profits
B) inputs; output
C) pressures; opportunities
D) scarce; success
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7

29) Mintzberg's (1980) classic study of top managers suggests that managers perform
ten major roles that can be classified into three major categories. Each of the
following is one of those major categories except:
A) relational
B) interpersonal
C) decisional
D) informational
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7
30) For years in the past, managers considered decision making a(n) ________, that
is, a talent acquired over a long period through experience and by using intuition.
A) science
B) strategy
C) art
D) methodology
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7
31) According to Mintzberg's ten managerial roles, a ________ is responsible for the
motivation and activation of subordinates.
A) leader
B) figurehead
C) liason
D) spokesperson
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7
32) According to Mintzberg's ten managerial roles, a ________ is symbolic head; or
someone who is obliged to perform a number of routine duties.
A) leader
B) figurehead
C) liason
D) spokesperson
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7
33) Today's computerized systems possess capabilities that can facilitate decision
support in a number of ways, including each of the following except:
A) Increased productivity of group members
B) Improved communication and collaboration
C) Agility support
D) Reduced environmental pressures
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9

34) Decision-making processes fall along a continuum that ranges from ________ to
________.
A) highly structured; highly unstructured
B) semistructured; unstructured
C) managerial; strategic
D) ad hoc; nonprogrammed
35) Phases in the decision-making process include each of the following except:
A) intelligence
B) analysis
C) design
D) choice
36) Solving semistructured problems may involve a combination of both standard
solution procedures and human judgment. Management science can provide models
for the portion of the decision-making problem that is ________.
A) controlled
B) semistructured
C) unstructured
D) structured
37) A(n) ________ is a rule-based system that provides a solution, usually in one
functional area, such as finance or manufacturing, to a specific repetitive managerial
problem.
A) decision support systems (DSS)
B) transaction processing system (TPS)
C) online analytical processing (OLAP) system
D) automated decision system (ADS)
38) Which of the following is one of the two major types of Decision Support
Systems?
A) Number-oriented
B) Text-oriented
C) Model-oriented
D) Application-oriented

39) Which of the following is not a component of DSS architecture?
A) Data
B) Model
C) Knowledge
D) Web
40) The major benefit of ________ to the company is the ability to provide accurate
information when needed.
A) data warehouse
B) analytical models
C) management information systems
D) business intelligence
41) Management is a process by which organizational goals are achieved using
________.
42) Making a decision means selecting the best alternative from two or more
________ solutions.
43) The level of organization's ________, or the success of management, depends on
the performance of managerial functions, such as planning, organizing, directing, and
controlling.
44) ________ indicates that an individual's problem-solving capability is limited
when a wide range of diverse information and knowledge is required.
45) ________ defines long-range goals and policies for resource allocation.
46) ________ is the efficient and effective execution of specific tasks.

47) Gorry and Scott-Morton suggested, for example, that for semistructured decisions
and unstructured decisions, conventional ________ and management science (MS)
tools are insufficient.
48) ________ involves transforming the real-world problem into an appropriate
prototype structure.
49) Structured problems, which are encountered repeatedly, have a high level of
________.
50) ________ is the application of scientific approach and mathematical models to the
analysis and solution of managerial decision situations.
51) Automated Decision Systems (ADS) is a business ________ system that uses
intelligence to recommend solution to repetitive decisions (such as pricing).
52) Decision support systems are computer-based support systems for management
decision makers who deal with ________ problems.
53) ________ is the first component of the DSS architecture.
54) The process of business intelligence is based on the ________ of data to
information, then to decisions, and finally to actions.
55) Business intelligence's major objective is to enable ________ access to data,
enable manipulation of these data, and to provide business managers and analysts the
ability to conduct appropriate analysis.

56) ________ is a process of searching for unknown relationships or information in
large databases or data warehouses, using intelligent tools such as neural computing,
predictive analytics techniques, or advanced statistical methods.
57) ________ which is also referred to as corporate performance management (CPM),
is an emerging portfolio of applications and methodology that contains evolving BI
architecture and tools in its core.
58) ________ are a type of user interface that provides a comprehensive visual view
of corporate performance measures, trends, and exceptions.
59) A ________ is a system in which human participants and/or machines perform a
business process, using information, technology, and other resources, to produce
products and/or services for internal or external customers.
60) List four major business environmental factors in today's business environment.
61) List and define the three interpersonal roles of a manager as described by
Mintzberg.
62) List and define the three informational roles of a manager as described by
Mintzberg.
63) List and define the four decisional roles of a manager as described by Mintzberg.
64) Describe the four phases in the decision-making process.
65) Distinguish between structured and unstructured problems.
66) Describe the three categories that comprise Anthony's taxonomy of management.
67) List the steps involved in the management science (MS) approach to problem
solving.

68) List the components of the architecture of business intelligence.
69) Describe the nine elements of a work system.
Chapter 2 Decision Making, Systems, Modeling, and Support
1) When trying to solve a problem, developers at the manufacturer HP consider the
three phases in developing a
model. Their first phase is problem analytics.
2) If a problem arises due to misalignment of incentives or unclear lines of authority
or plans, then no model can help solve that root problem.
3) When developers design and develop tools, the first guideline is to develop a
prototype to test the designs and get early feedback from the end users to see what
works for them and what needs to be changed.
4) It is important to remove unneeded complexity from a model before handoff
because as a tool becomes more complex it requires more automation.
5) Groupthink among decision makers can help lead to the best decisions.
6) Experimentation with a real system is possible only for one set of conditions at a
time and can be disastrous.
7) Collecting information and analyzing a problem are the fastest and least expensive
parts of decision-making.
8) Fast decision-making requirements tend to reduce decision quality.
9) According to Simon, managerial decision making is synonymous with managers
using decision support systems.

10) Most Web-based DSS are focused on improving decision efficiency.
11) Personality temperament tests are often used to determine decision styles.
12) Problem identification is the conceptualization of a problem in an attempt to place
it in a definable category, possibly leading to a standard solution approach.
13) One approach to solving a complex problem is to divide it into simpler
subproblems and then solve those subproblems.
14) A problem exists in an organization only if someone or some group takes on the
responsibility of attacking it and if the organization has the ability to solve it.
15) The process of modeling involves determining the (usually mathematical,
sometimes symbolic) relationships among the variables.
16) "Humans are economic beings whose objective is to maximize the attainment of
goals" is one of the assumptions of rational decision makers.
17) The idea of "thinking with your gut" is a heuristic approach to decision making.
18) Rationality is bounded only by limitations on human processing capacities but not
by individual differences.
19) In general, people have a tendency to measure uncertainty and risk badly; for
example, people tend to be overconfident and have an illusion of control in decision
making.
20) Web-based systems have clearly influenced how decision making is supported.

21) Groupthink tends to ________ the quality of decisions.
A) be detrimental to
B) improve
C) prolong
D) complicate
22) Decision making that involves too much information may lead to a condition
known as _______.
A) groupthink
B) information overload
C) experimentation
D) over assumption
23) Decisions are often made by ________, especially at lower managerial levels and
in small organizations.
A) groups
B) management teams
C) individuals
D) computerized systems
24) Different decision styles require different types of support. A major factor that
determines the type of required support is whether the decision maker is ________.
A) autocratic
B) consultative
C) an individual or a group
D) democratic

25) Which of the following is a physical replica of a system, usually on a different
scale from the original?
A) Complex model
B) Iconic model
C) Duplicated model
D) Composite model
26) Which of the following model behaves like the real system but does not look like
it?
A) Composite model
B) Analog model
C) Dense model
D) Iconic model
27) There is a continuous flow of activity from one phase to the next phase in a
decision making process, but at any phase there may be a return to a previous phase.
________ is an essential part of this process.
A) Testing
B) Trial-and-error
C) Experimenting
D) Modeling
28) The identification of organizational goals and objectives related to an issue of
concern and determination of whether they are being met is the beginning of the
________ of decision making.
A) initial phase
B) intelligence phase
C) brainstorming phase
D) generation phase
29) Which of the following involves finding or developing and analyzing possible
courses of action in a decision making phase?
A) Consultation phase
B) Communication phase
C) Intelligence phase
D) Design phase

30) A(n) ________ is a criterion that describes the acceptability of a solution
approach. In a model, it is a result variable.
A) principle of choice
B) optimization variable
C) trade-off
D) worst-case criterion
31) Which of the following describes normative models?
A) These models are based on anomalies in rational decision making.
B) They are models in which the chosen alternative is demonstrably the best of all
possible alternatives.
C) They are models based on the phenomenon of preference reversal.
D) They lead to an approach known as suboptimization.
32) Which of the following, by definition, requires a decision maker to consider the
impact of each alternative course of action on the entire organization because a
decision made in one area may have significant effects in other areas?
A) Satisfaction
B) Worst-case
C) Feasibility
D) Optimization
33) "Thinking with your gut" is a heuristic approach to decision making that would
work best for ________.
A) amateur chefs
B) payroll processors and accountants
C) experienced firefighters and military personnel on the battlefield
D) structured decision situations
34) With ________, the performance of the system is checked for a given set of
alternatives, rather than for all alternatives. Therefore, there is no guarantee that an
alternative selected is optimal.
A) analytical analysis
B) descriptive analysis
C) optimization analysis
D) quantitative analysis
35) The usual reasons for ________ are time pressures and recognition that the
marginal benefit of a better solution is not worth the marginal cost to obtain it
A) satisficing

B) settling
C) compromising
D) rationalizing
36) A ________ describes the decision and uncontrollable variables and parameters
for a specific modeling situation.
A) statement
B) model
C) program
D) scenario
37) Which of the following is a study of the effect of a change in one or more input
variables on a proposed solution?
A) Sensitivity analysis
B) Boundary analysis
C) Fish bone analysis
D) Input-output analysis
38) A ________ can help a decision maker sketch out the important qualitative factors
and their causal relationships in a messy decision-making situation.
A) mathematical map
B) cognitive map
C) qualitative map
D) narrative map
39) The ________ of a proposed solution to a problem is the initiation of a new order
of things or the introduction of change.
A) method
B) implementation
C) approach
D) style

40) The Museum of Natural History in Aarhus, Denmark uses ________ to collect
detailed information about visitors' use of the exhibits to help determine visitors'
behavior to identify high-demand exhibits.
A) group decision systems
B) algorithms
C) RFID
D) expert systems
41) ________ is synonymous with the whole process of management.
42) A ________ is a simplified representation or abstraction of reality.
43) ________ are the descriptive representations of decision-making situations that
we form in our heads and think about.
44) The ________ phase in decision making involves scanning the environment and
collecting information.
45) Problem ________ is the conceptualization of a problem in an attempt to place it
in a definable category, possibly leading to a standard solution approach.
46) The process of modeling is a combination of art and science. As an art, a level of
creativity and finesse is required when determining what simplifying ________ are
appropriate and helpful.
47) A ________ describes the alternatives a manager must choose among, e.g., like
how many cars to deliver to a specific rental agency or how to advertise at specific
times.
48) A ________ is a model that prescribes how a system should operate.
49) ________ may also involve simply bounding the search for an optimum by
considering fewer criteria or alternatives or by eliminating large portions of the
problem from evaluation.
50) A ________ is extremely useful in DSS for investigating the consequences of
various alternative courses of action under different configurations of inputs and
processes.
51) ________ is the imitation of reality and has been applied to many areas of
decision making.
52) Another descriptive decision-making model is the use of ________ to describe a
decision-making situation. It is extremely effective when a group is making a decision

and can lead to a more common frame.
53) ________ is a willingness to settle for a satisfactory solution that is, in effect,
suboptimizing.
54) Aside from estimating the potential utility or value of a particular decision's
outcome, the best decision makers are capable of accurately estimating the ________
associated with the resultant outcomes resulting from making each decision.
55) A ________ asks a computer what the effect of changing some of the input data
or parameters would be.
56) The model is the critical component in the decision-making process, but one may
make a number of errors in its development and use. ________ the model before it is
used is critical.
57) A(n) ________ is a step-by-step search in which improvement is made at every
step until the best solution is found.

58) ________ is the critical act of decision making when the actual decision and
commitment to follow a certain course of action are made.
59) A data warehouse can support the intelligence phase by continuously monitoring
both internal and
external information, looking for early signs of problems and opportunities through a
Web-based enterprise information portal called a(n) ________.
60) Much of the information used in seeking new opportunities is ________, or soft.
61) Discuss the importance of decision style.
62) Describe the three classifications of models.
63) List five benefits of using models.

64) Briefly describe Simon's four phases of decision making.
65) Briefly describe the four steps in the intelligence phase of decision making.
66) Briefly describe problem decomposition and its benefits.
67) Describe the three assumptions of rational decision makers used in Normative
decision theory.

68) Compare the normative and descriptive approaches to decision making.
69) Discuss why scenarios play an important role in management support systems.
70) Describe 3 findings about decision making in the Digital Age.
Chapter 3 Decision Support Systems Concepts, Methodologies, and
Technologies: An Overview
1) Decision makers at the Avantas Company selected Planners Lab for data analysis
because Planners Lab offered an easy-to-use alternative to Excel to create "what-if"
scenarios.
2) A key component of DSS is the ability to visualize the results. For example, it is
important for executives to visualize the results of modifying assumptions.
3) Business intelligence (BI) is typically built to support the solution of a certain
problem or to evaluate an opportunity.
4) All DSSs have common components that enable them to provide the same
capabilities and support to users.
5) Business analytics (BA) implies the use of models and data to improve an
organization's performance or competitive posture
6) Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) that are developed around communities
that practice collaborative work are a type of document-driven DSS.
7) The most common end-user tool for DSS development is Microsoft Access, which
includes statistical packages, a linear programming package, and financial and
management science models.
8) A DSS can be custom-made by assembling the system from a variety of tools
including databases, Web servers and clients, and analytical engines, often from
several vendors.

9) A DSS database can include multimedia objects, e.g., pictures, maps, and sounds.
10) XML (eXtensible Markup Language) is becoming more important in DSS due to
the growth of mobile commerce applications, on handheld devices, e.g., PDAs and
cell phones.
11) To create or load a DSS database or a data warehouse, it is often necessary to
capture data from several sources, which is a simple (trivial) process.
12) An effective database and its management can support many managerial
activities; however, the real power of a DSS occurs when data are integrated with its
models.
13) A key issue in data management is that of data quality. Poor quality data, which
leads to poor quality information leads directly to waste.
14) Data integration issues generally become critical when implementing an
enterprise information system like a supply management system.
15) Planned models are used mainly by middle management to assist in allocating and
controlling the organization's resources.
16) 3Because DSS deal with semistructured or unstructured problems, it is often
necessary to customize models, using programming tools and languages.
17) Database directory is a catalog of all the models and other software in the model
base.
18) User interface of a DSS includes not only the hardware and software but also
factors that deal with ease of use, accessibility, and human-machine interactions.

19) A difficult user interface is one of the major reasons why managers do not use
computers and quantitative analyses as much as they could, given the availability of
these technologies.
20) If the main user of a DSS is replaced by another, less knowledgeable user (in
terms of the decision-making problem and environment), the DSS will generally be
less effective.
21) A DSS is an approach for supporting decision making. It uses an interactive,
flexible, adaptable computer-based information system (CBIS) developed to support
the solution to a specific, ________ management problem.
A) easy
B) problematic
C) nonstructured
D) hard
22) ________ implies the use of models and data to improve an organization's
performance or competitive posture.
A) Business applications
B) Business analytics
C) Business intelligence
D) Business rules
23) ________ systems have models embedded in them, but they are still not well
understood in practice.
A) Web analytics
B) Data mining and OLAP
C) XML
D) Data dictionary
24) By definition, a DSS must include ________.
A) business intelligence
B) an expert system
C) an animation system
D) a user interface
25) Which of the following subsystem can support any of the other subsystems or act

as an independent component? It also provides intelligence to augment the decision
maker's own?
A) Knowledge-base management subsystem
B) Intelligence-base subsystem
C) User interface subsystem
D) Expertise-base subsystem
26) A(n) ________ is a collection of interrelated data, organized to meet the needs
and structure of an organization that can be used by more than one person for more
than one application.
A) business intelligence
B) expert system
C) database
D) data repository
27) The operation of capturing data from several sources and loading it to a data
warehouse is called:
A) extraction.
B) loading.
C) mining.
D) storing.
28) A database is created, accessed, and updated by a(n) ________.
A) expert system
B) animation system
C) knowledge system
D) database management system
29) Data directory is a catalog of all the data in the database. It contains ________,
and its main function is to answer questions about the availability of data items, their
source, and their exact meaning.
A) data foundations
B) data definitions
C) data names
D) data sources

30) The ________ is especially appropriate for supporting the intelligence phase of
the decision-making process by helping to scan data and identify problem areas or
opportunities.
A) intelligence facility
B) query facility
C) data directory
D) knowledge facility
31) A(n) ________ contains routine and special statistical, financial, forecasting,
management science, and other quantitative models that provide the analysis
capabilities in a DSS.
A) model base
B) application base
C) analytical base
D) query base
32) Which of the following is used mainly by middle management to assist in
allocating and controlling the organization's resources?
A) Tactical model
B) Planned model
C) Managerial model
D) Middle-management model
33) When voice input with accompanying ________ software is used, verbal
instructions with accompanied actions and outputs can be invoked.
A) language recognition
B) accent recognition
C) voice recognition
D) speech recognition
34) Most data mining applications include intelligent systems, such as artificial neural
networks (ANN) and rule induction methods for expert systems (ES), to search for
potentially profitable ________ in data.
A) samples
B) patterns
C) sections
D) trends

35) ________ control and coordinate the use of software to support group work.
A) Expert tool users
B) Facilitators
C) Analyst
D) Managers
36) The choice of hardware can be made ________ the design of the MSS software,
but it is often determined by what is already available in the organization.
A) before
B) during
C) after
D) all of the above
37) The de facto DSS hardware standard is a(n) ________ through which the DBMS
provides data.
A) Web server
B) data center
C) mainframe
D) local area network
38) Optimization, simulation, statistics systems, and ES currently run in ________.
These developments simplify access to data, models, and knowledge, and simplify
their integration.
A) ASPs
B) user interfaces
C) Java
D) .NET
39) ________ is a robust DSS modeling language.
A) Ruby on Rails
B) Planners Lab
C) Sybase
D) OLAP

40) All of the following are characteristics of Planners Lab except:
A) Planners Lab makes it possible for the decision makers to play with assumptions to
reflect alternative views of the future.
B) It lets decision makers describe their plans in their own words and with their own
assumptions.
C) It facilitates a conversation with the decision maker in the process of describing
business assumptions.
D) All assumptions are described in English equations only.
41) ________ describes the business analytics method of forecasting problems and
opportunities rather than simply reporting them as they occur.
42) ________ are generally utilized to analyze decision-making situations and make a
DSS different from most MIS.
43) A database-oriented DSS features strong ________ capabilities.
44) ________ deal with specific problems that are usually neither anticipated nor
recurring.
45) ________ is the physical data repository organized to provide enterprise wide,
cleaned data in a standardized format.
46) A(n) ________ subsystem includes a database that contains relevant data for the
situation and is managed by software called the database management system.
47) Users of DSS communicate with and command the DSS through the ________
subsystem.
48) In building and using DSS, it is often necessary to access, manipulate, and query
data. The ________ performs these tasks.
Answer: query facility
49) Selection and ________ are two important functions of a DSS query system.
50) As the size of the data to be stored and accessed increases, processing times and
storage space also grow, sometimes dramatically. Large databases present major
________ problems.
51) One key issue that DBMS must handle is data security. Data can be ________ so
that even in the case of unauthorized access, the viewed data is scrambled and
unintelligible.

52) ________ models are used to support the day-to-day working activities of the
organization. Typical decisions involve e-commerce transaction acceptance, approval
of personal loans by a bank, production scheduling, inventory control, maintenance
planning and scheduling, and quality control.
53) ________ are Web-based business analytics tools to assist in decision making.
54) Operational models mainly support first-line managers' decision making with a
daily to ________ time horizon.
55) The models in the model base can also be classified by functional areas or by
________.
56) ________ are preprogrammed software elements that can be used to build
computerized models. One example is the random-number generator that can be
employed in the construction of a simulation model.
57) Advanced DSS are equipped with a component called a(n) ________ subsystem.
This component can supply the required expertise for solving some aspects of the
problem and provide knowledge that can enhance the operation of other DSS
components.
58) An ________ allows the manager to benefit from the decision support system
without actually having to use the keyboard.
59) Distributed DSS runs on various types of networks, including the Internet,
intranets, and extranets. Access may be provided for mobile devices, e.g., notebook
PCs and mobile telephones. This ________ has become critical for deploying
decision-making capability in the field, especially for salespersons and technicians.
60) Planners Lab is a DSS ________ language.
61) Identify the key characteristics and capabilities of a DSS.
62) List the capabilities of institutional DSS and ad hoc DSS.

63) List the five major components of a DSS.
64) List and describe the four components of the data management subsystem.
65) Describe five of Larry English's Top Ten essential ingredients of data quality
management.

66) List the five elements of the model management subsystem.
67) Explain the differences in strategic, tactical, operational, and analytical models.
68) List the four main functions of MBMS (model base management system)
software
69) Explain the role, components, and importance of the user interface (dialog)
subsystem.

70) Discuss the advantages of developing a models for a DSS with Planners Lab
instead of traditional programming languages or spreadsheets?
Chapter 4 Modeling and Analysis
1) The use of an optimization model in the auction bidding process to award school
meal contracts in Chile has significantly decreased costs.
2) In developing countries, small changes in state-run social programs using
management science support can lead to enormous savings.
3) All companies, except for those under financial stress, should invest in simulation
models to increase their efficiency.
4) A DSS can be composed of several models, some standard and some custom built,
used collectively to support strategic decisions in the company.
5) Modeling involves data analysis with trend lines and establishing relationships with
statistical methods.
6) Predictive analytics is essential for construction and manipulation of models
because when a decision is implemented, the results usually occur in the future.
7) Models, like data, must be managed to maintain their applicability, and thus their
integrity.
8) DSS uses mostly qualitative models, whereas expert systems use quantitative
models in their applications.
9) To use models and solution techniques effectively, one needs to have gained
experience through developing and solving simple ones.

10) One recent trend in modeling involves the development of model libraries and
solution technique libraries.
11) There is a trend toward developing and using Web tools and software to access
and run software to perform modeling, optimization, and simulation, even though this
has complicated the application of many models to real-world problems.
12) An influence diagram is a graphical representation of a model; that is, it is a
model of a model.
13) In decision making under uncertainty, the decision maker considers situations in
which several outcomes are possible for each course of action. In this case, the
decision maker can estimate the probability of occurrence of the possible outcomes.
14) One of the assumptions of the linear programming allocation model is that not all
data are known with certainty.
15) The pessimistic approach assumes that the best possible outcome of each
alternative will occur and then selects the best of the best.
16) Today's management systems are designed to help managers attain simultaneous,
but at times, conflicting goals.
17) The AHP manipulates quantitative and qualitative decision-making criteria in a
fairly structured manner, allowing a decision maker to make trade-offs quickly and
expertly.
18) Heuristics techniques are used mainly for solving structured problems, usually of
a tactical or operational nature, in areas such as resource allocation or inventory
management.
19) Blind search techniques are arbitrary search approaches that are not guided.

20) Continuous distributions are situations with unlimited numbers of possible events
that follow density functions, such as the normal distribution.
21) Which of the following is a key element in most DSS and a necessity in a model-
based DSS?
A) Database
B) Analytical model
C) Modeling
D) Business intelligence
22) ________ diagrams are graphical models of mathematical models, which can
facilitate the process of identifying the model's variables.
A) Decision
B) Tree
C) Fish bone
D) Influence
23) E-commerce has created an immense need for ________ and an abundance of
available information for performing it.
A) nonlinear programming
B) forecasting
C) auction models
D) queuing
24) Which of the following models takes a single snapshot of a situation where
everything occurs in a single interval?
A) Sliced model
B) Snapshot model
C) Stationary model
D) Static model

25) Which of the following techniques is used to solve optimization problems that
have few alternatives?
A) Trial-and-error
B) Binary search
C) Expert systems
D) Decision trees
26) ________ is a type of model that is used to find a good enough solution, or the
best solution among alternatives, using experimentation.
A) Simulation
B) Heuristics
C) Predictive
D) Deterministic
27) Which of the following are factors that affect the result variables, but are not
under the control of the decision maker?
A) Parameters
B) Decision variables
C) Independent variables
D) Output variables
28) The four components in a decision support mathematical model are linked
together by the ________ relationships, such as equations.
A) mathematical
B) cause-and-effect
C) analytical
D) data integration
29) Decision situations are often classified on the basis of what the decision maker
knows about the forecasted results. Which of the following is one of the categories?
A) Indecision
B) Firmness
C) Ambiguity
D) Certainty

30) Which of the following is not a characteristic of a linear programming model?
A) A limited quantity of economic resources is available for allocation.
B) The resources are used in the production of products or services.
C) The maximum number of constraints is four.
D) There are two or more ways in which the resources can be used.
31) A model builder makes predictions and assumptions regarding the input data,
many of which deal with the assessment of uncertain futures. Which of the following
attempts to assess the impact of a change in the input data or parameters on the
proposed solution?
A) Mathematical relationships
B) Decision analysis
C) Goal programming
D) Sensitivity analysis
32) Which of the following calculates the values of the inputs necessary to achieve a
desired level of an output?
A) Goal seeking analysis
B) Decision analysis
C) Trial-and-error
D) Sensitivity analysis
33) Decision situations that involve a finite and usually not-too-large number of
alternatives are modeled by an approach called ________.
A) exhaustive search
B) decision map
C) decision analysis
D) trial-and-error
34) Which of the following is a step-by-step search process for obtaining an optimal
solution?
A) Analytic technique
B) Algorithm
C) Heuristic
D) Linear programming

35) Which of the following are the informal, judgmental knowledge of an application
area that constitute the "rules of good judgment" in the field?
A) Binary search
B) Algorithm
C) Heuristic
D) Rule of thumb
36) Typically there is some randomness in decision-making situations. Because DSS
deals with semistructured or unstructured situations, reality is complex, which may
not be easily represented by optimization or other models but can often be handled by
________.
A) simulation
B) linear programming
C) statistical analysis
D) forecasting
37) Which of the following is one of the disadvantages of simulation?
A) The model is built from the manager's perspective.
B) Simulation automatically produces many important performance measures.
C) Simulation is often the only DSS modeling method that can readily handle
relatively unstructured problems.
D) An optimal solution cannot be guaranteed, but relatively good ones are generally
found.
38) Monte Carlo simulation is a type of ________ simulation.
A) deterministic
B) probabilistic
C) exact
D) analytical
39) ________ uses animated computer graphic displays to present the impact of
different managerial decisions. It differs from regular graphics in that the user can
adjust the decision making process and see the results of the intervention.
A) Visual interactive simulation
B) Quantitative software
C) OLAP
D) Object-oriented model base
40) Which of the following packages are preprogrammed (sometimes called ready-

made) models and optimization systems that sometimes serve as building blocks for
other quantitative models?
A) Quantitative software
B) Qualitative software
C) Development tool
D) Application
41) ________ conducts a search for and an analysis of information in external
databases and flows of information.
42) Customer relationship management systems and revenue management systems
rely heavily on forecasting techniques, which are typically described as ________.
43) ________ models are time dependent; and are valuable because they represent
trends and patterns over time.
44) ________ is a variable that expresses the result of a decision (e.g., one concerning
profit), usually one of the goals of a decision-making problem.
45) ________ are variables that contain the values of intermediate outcomes in
mathematical models.
46) In decision making under ________, the decision maker considers situations in
which several outcomes are possible for each course of action. The decision maker
does not know, or cannot estimate, the probability of occurrence of the possible
outcomes.
47) ________ is a decision-making method that analyzes the risk associated with
different alternatives.

48) ________ is a family of tools designed to help solve managerial problems in
which the decision maker must allocate scarce resources among competing activities
to optimize a measurable goal.
49) The allocation of resources in a linear programming problem is usually restricted
by limitations and requirements called ________.
50) ________ investigates what the effect of changing some of the input data or
parameters would be.
51) ________ analysis calculates the values of the inputs necessary to achieve a
desired level of an output.
52) ________ conveniently organize information and knowledge in a systematic,
tabular manner to prepare it for analysis.
53) A(n) ________ is a step-by-step search process for obtaining an optimal solution
54) ________ is a measure of how difficult a problem is in terms of its formulation
for optimization, its required optimization effort, or its stochastic nature.
55) ________ distributions involve a situation with a limited number of events or
variables that can take on only a finite number of values.
56) ________ distributions are situations with unlimited numbers of possible events
that follow density functions, such as the normal distribution.

57) If the simulation results do not match the intuition or judgment of the decision
maker, a ________ gap in the results can occur.
58) ________ is a simulation approach used in the decision-making process that
shows graphical animation in which systems and processes are presented dynamically
to the decision maker. It enables visualization of the results of different potential
actions.
59) A(n) ________ is a model based management system constructed in an object-
oriented environment.
60) ________ is the relational approach to the design and development of a model
base management system.
61) Distinguish between a static model and a dynamic model.
62) Briefly describe three of the seven categories of models.
63) What is an influence diagram? Name a benefit of influence diagrams.

64) Distinguish between decision making under certainty, risk, and uncertainty.
65) List the characteristics of a linear program allocation problem.
66) List and briefly discuss the three major components of linear programming.
67) List five most common optimization models.

68) List the type of relationships sensitivity analysis study can test.
69) List the steps involved in the simulation process.
70) Explain the value of visual interactive simulation (VIS).
Chapter 5 Data Mining for Business Intelligence
1) Data mining is a way for companies to develop business intelligence from their
data to gain a better understanding of their customers and operations and to solve
complex organizational problems.
2) Data mining is a prime candidate for better management of companies that are
data-rich, but knowledge-poor.
3) Business analytics cannot be conducted in real time because it includes
components such as metrics and reengineering tools.
4) Technically speaking, data mining is a process that uses statistical, mathematical,
and artificial intelligence techniques to extract and identify useful information and
subsequent knowledge from large sets of data.
5) The data mining environment is usually a client-server architecture or a Web-based
information systems architecture.
6) Data mining offers organizations a decision-enhancing environment to exploit
opportunities by transforming data into a strategic weapon.
7) At the highest level of abstraction, all data can be divided into interval data and
ratio data.
8) Two types of categorical data are nominal data and ordinal data.
9) The variable marital status can be categorized using the codes (1) single, (2)
married, and (3) divorced. These codes are examples of ordinal data.

10) A common example of interval scale measurement is temperature on the Celsius
scale.
11) Mass, length, time, plane angle, energy, and electric charge are examples of
physical measures whose data are represented in interval scales.
12) Data types such as date/time, unstructured text, image, and audio need to be
converted into some form of categorical or numeric representation before they can be
processed by data mining algorithms.
13) Associations are a type of pattern that discovers time-ordered events, such as
predicting that an existing banking customer who already has a checking account will
open a savings account followed by an investment account within a year.
14) Predictions tells the nature of future occurrences of certain events based on what
has happened in the past, such as predicting the winner of the Super Bowl or
forecasting the absolute temperature of a particular day.
15) Clustering partitions a collection of things, such as objects and events presented in
a structured dataset into segments whose members share similar characteristics.
16) Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining, or CRISP-DM, is one of the
most popular
nonproprietary standard methodologies for data mining.
17) The first step in the data mining process is to understand the relevant data from
the available databases.

18) Compared to the other steps in CRISP-DM, data preprocessing consumes the
most time and effort; most believe that this step accounts for roughly 80 percent of the
total time spent on a data mining project
19) In order to be applied successfully, a data mining study must be viewed as a set of
automated software tools and techniques.
20) Data mining requires a separate, dedicated database.
21) In an article in Harvard Business Review, Thomas Davenport (2006) argued that
the latest strategic weapon for companies is ________.
A) customer relationship management
B) e-commerce
C) online auctions
D) analytical decision making
22) The term data mining was originally used to ________.
A) include most forms of data analysis in order to increase sales
B) describe the analysis of huge datasets stored in data warehouses
C) describe the process through which previously unknown patterns in data were
discovered
D) All of the above
23) Why has data mining gained the attention of the business world?
A) More intense competition at the global scale driven by customers' ever-changing
needs and wants in an increasingly saturated marketplace.
B) Consolidation and integration of database records, which enables a single view of
customers and vendors.
C) Significant reduction in the cost of hardware and software for data storage and
processing.
D) All of the above

24) On the commercial side, the most common use of data mining has been in
________ sectors.
A) manufacturing and heath care
B) finance, retail, and health care
C) online retail and government
D) R&D and scientific
25) Business analytics and data mining provided 1-800-Flowers with all of the
following benefits except:
A) More efficient marketing campaigns.
B) Increased mailings and response rates.
C) Better customer experience and retention.
D) Increased repeat sales.
26) Data mining is tightly positioned at the intersection of many disciplines. Those
disciplines include all of the following except:
A) management science
B) statistics
C) information systems and databases
D) logistics
27) What is a major characteristic of data mining?
A) Data mining tools are readily combined with spreadsheets and other software
development
tools.
B) Because of the large amounts of data and massive search efforts, it is sometimes
necessary to use serial processing for data mining.
C) Data are often buried within numerous small large databases, which sometimes
contain data from several years.
D) The miner needs sophisticated programming skill.
28) A query that can be run by an end users and is not programmed in advance is
considered a(n) ________ query.
A) tailored
B) casual
C) informal
D) ad hoc

29) At the highest level of abstraction, data can be classified as ________ and
________.
A) alpha; numeric
B) categorical; numerical
C) nominal; ratio
D) interval; ration
30) Data that has a meaningful, or nonarbitrary, zero point is ________ data.
A) categorical
B) nominal
C) interval
D) ratio
31) Numeric data represent the numeric values of specific variables, which are
________ variables that can take on an infinite number of fractional values.
A) discrete
B) continuous
C) interval
D) ratio
32) Data mining seeks to identify patterns in the data. All of the following are major
types of patterns except:
A) associations
B) regression
C) predictions
D) clusters
33) Predictive analysis uses sophisticated algorithms that can be designed to sift
through data and identify ________.
A) patterns of behavior
B) outlier
C) average statistics
D) minimum and maximum statistics

34) ________, or supervised induction, is perhaps the most common of all data
mining tasks. Its objective is to analyze the historical data stored in a database and
automatically generate a model that can predict future behavior.
A) Association
B) Clustering
C) Prediction
D) Classification
35) ________ are essentially a hierarchy of if-then statements. They are most
appropriate for categorical and interval data.
A) Neural nets
B) Clusters
C) Decision trees
D) Time-series
36) ________ data mining begins with a proposition by the user, who then seeks to
validate the truthfulness of the proposition. For example, a marketing manager may
begin with the following proposition: "Are BluRay player sales related to sales of
HDTV sets?"
A) Hypothesis-driven
B) Theory-driven
C) Discovery-driven
D) Data-driven
37) Because the data mining is driven by experience and experimentation, depending
on the problem situation and the analyst's knowledge, the whole process can be
________ and ________, i.e., one should expect to go back and forth through the
steps quite a few times.
A) simple; iterative
B) expensive; hypothetical
C) time consuming; iterative
D) time-consuming; hypothetical

38) Because the latter steps in the data mining process are built on the outcome of the
former ones, one
should:
A) start with an understanding of the relevant data.
B) work quickly through the early steps and work in-depth on the latter steps.
C) start by cleaning the relevant data and storing it in a single data warehouse.
D) pay extra attention to the earlier steps in order not to put the whole study on an
incorrect path from the onset.
39) The simple split methodology splits the data into two mutually exclusive subsets
called a ________ set and a ________ set.
A) training; test
B) positive; negative
C) holdout; training
D) matrix; test
40) A good question to ask with respect to the patterns/relationships that association
rule mining can discover is "Are all association rules interesting and useful?" In order
to answer such a question, association rule mining uses two common metrics
________ and ________.
A) mean; median
B) support; confidence
C) standard deviation; confidence interval
D) regression; distance measure
41) ________ means that discovered patterns in a dataset hold true on new data with a
sufficient degree of certainty.
42) Mass, length, time, energy, and electric charge are examples of ________ data
because their scales have a nonarbitrary zero value.
43) ________ data contains codes assigned to objects or events as labels that also
represent the rank order among them; for example, credit score.

44) ________ data contains measurements of simple codes assigned to objects as
labels, such as marital status, but those labels are not measurements.
45) ________ data represent the labels of multiple classes used to divide a variable
into specific groups.
46) Using existing and relevant data, data mining builds models to identify ________
among the attributes presented in the dataset.
47) ________ tells the nature of future occurrences of certain events based on what
has happened in the past, such as predicting the winner of the Super Bowl or
forecasting the absolute temperature of a particular day.
48) Generally speaking, data mining tasks can be classified into three main categories:
________, association, and clustering.
49) ________ partitions a collection of things, such as objects and events stored in a
dataset, into segments whose members share similar characteristics.
50) With ________ forecasting, the data are a series of values of the same variable
that is captured and stored over time. These data are then used to develop models to
extrapolate the future values of the same phenomenon.
51) ________ data mining begins with a proposition by the user, who then seeks to
validate the truthfulness of the proposition
52) ________ data mining finds patterns, associations, and other relationships hidden
within datasets. It can uncover facts that an organization had not previously known or
contemplated.
53) ________ data, also known as categorical data, contains both nominal and ordinal
data.
54) ________ data can be readily represented by some sort of probability distribution.
55) The model's ability to make reasonably accurate predictions, given noisy data or
data with missing and erroneous values, is called ________.
56) With ________, a fixed number of instances from the original data is sampled
(with replacement) for training and the rest of the dataset is used for testing. This
process is repeated as many times as desired.
57) The ________ index has been used in economics to measure the diversity of a
population. The same concept can be used to determine the purity of a specific class
as a result of a decision to branch along a particular attribute or variable.
58) ________ measures the extent of uncertainty or randomness in a dataset.
59) The most commonly used measure to calculate the closeness between pairs of
items in cluster analysis is the ________.

60) The ________ algorithm is the most commonly used algorithm to discover
association rules.

61) List three of the major characteristics and objectives of data mining.
62) Sketch a simple taxonomy of data in data mining.
63) Identify and describe the two types of categorical data. Give an example of each.
64) Identify and describe the two types of numerical data. Give an example of each.

65) List and briefly describe three of the major types of patterns that data mining
attempts to identify.
66) List the six steps in the CRISP-DM Data Mining Process.
67) List the four data preprocessing steps.
68) List and briefly explain four of the factors to be considered when assessing a
model to be used for classification.

69) Explain the simple split methodology for classification. Explain the advantages of
the k-fold cross-validation methodology over the simple split methodology.
70) List five of the data mining mistakes often made in practice.
Chapter 6 Artificial Neural Networks for Data Mining
1) Neural network models are designed as exact replicas of how the human brain
actually functions.
2) Neural networks have been used in finance, marketing, manufacturing, operations,
and information systems and in many business applications for pattern recognition,
forecasting, prediction, and classification.
3) The information processing in neural networks makes it attractive for solving
complex problems.
4) The human brain is composed of special cells called neurons. Neural networks are
composed of interconnected processing elements called artificial neurons.
5) Typically, the input-output transformation process at the individual neuron level is
performed in a linear fashion.
6) Minotaur was implemented to prevent fraud. In the first 3 months following
installation of Minotaur, the average fraud loss per case was reduced by 40 percent.
7) The processing elements (PE) of an ANN are artificial neurons, which receive
inputs, process them, and deliver outputs.
8) Each ANN is composed of a collection of neurons that are grouped into three types
of layers: input, intermediate (or hidden), and output.
9) Parallel processing resembles the way the brain and conventional computing
works.

10) In network information processing, each input corresponds to one or two
attributes.
11) Several types of data, such as text, pictures, and voice, can be used as inputs in
network information processing.
12) The output of a network contains the solution to a problem.
13) Weights are crucial in network information processing because they store learned
patterns of information; and it is through repeated adjustments of these weights that a
network learns.
14) A threshold value is a hurdle value for the output of a neuron to trigger the next
level of neurons. If an output value is larger than the threshold value, it will not be
passed to the next level of neurons.
15) Supervised learning uses a set of inputs for which the desired outputs are known.
For example, a dataset of loan applications with the success or failure of borrowers to
repay their loans has a set of input parameters and known outputs.
16) In neural network, larger data sets increase processing time during training but
improve the accuracy of the training and often lead to faster convergence to a good set
of weights.
17) Training of artificial neural networks is an iterative process and the iteration
continues until the error sum is converged to below a preset acceptable level.
18) Implementation of an ANN often requires interfaces with other computer-based
information systems and user training.

19) A general Hopfield network is a single large layer of neurons with total
interconnectivity.
20) In general, ANN are suitable for problems whose inputs are both categorical and
numeric, and where the relationships between inputs and outputs are linear or the
input data are normally distributed.
21) Which of the following is the reason why neural networks have been applied in
business classification problems?
A) Able to learn the data
B) Able to learn the models' nonparametric nature
C) Its ability to generalize
D) All of the above
22) An artificial neural network is composed of many interconnected ________.
A) artificial units
B) artificial cells
C) artificial neurons
D) artificial atoms
23) Which of the following is a trait of an artificial neural network?
A) Fault tolerance
B) Duplicate cell
C) Self-repaired
D) Memory less
24) Pioneers McCulloch and Pitts built their neural network model using a large
number of interconnected ________ artificial neurons.
A) dual
B) binary
C) singular
D) serial

25) There are about 50 to 150 billion neurons in the human brain and these neurons
are partitioned into groups called ________.
A) teams
B) sects
C) groups
D) networks
26) ANN can also be used as simple biological models to test ________ about
biological neuronal information processing.
A) hypotheses
B) assumptions
C) theory
D) proposition
27) ________ is the most commonly used network paradigm.
A) Parallel processing
B) Processing element
C) Minotaur
D) Backpropagation
28) The way that information is processed by the neural network is a function of its
________.
A) composition
B) formation
C) structure
D) makeup
29) The output of neurons can be the final result or it can be ________ to other
neurons.
A) sources
B) contributions
C) keys
D) inputs

30) In single, hidden-layer structured neural network, this hidden layer converts
inputs into a ________ combination.
A) continuous
B) linear
C) nonlinear
D) nonstop
31) The ways neurons are organized are referred to as ________.
A) topologies
B) contour
C) formation
D) configuration
32) The connection weights express the ________ of the input data.
A) significance
B) value
C) mathematical value
D) worth
33) The summation function computes the ________ sums of all the input elements
entering each processing element.
A) weighted
B) averaged
C) total
D) aggregated
34) Sigmoid function is an S-shaped transfer function in the range of 0 to 1 and is also
a useful ________ transfer function.
A) integer
B) binary
C) linear
D) nonlinear

35) Learning algorithms specify the ________ by which a neural network learns the
underlying relationship between input and outputs.
A) process
B) method
C) route
D) direction
36) The backpropagation learning algorithm is an iterative ________ technique
designed to minimize an error function between the actual output of the network and
its desired output, as specified in the training set of data.
A) differential equation
B) binary search
C) gradient-descent
D) exact search
37) Most implementations of the learning process in neural network include a
counterbalancing parameter called ________ to provide a balance to the learning rate.
A) power
B) energy
C) force
D) momentum
38) Which of the following is not a consideration in selecting a neural network
structure?
A) Selection of a topology
B) Determination of input nodes
C) Determination of output nodes
D) Determination of weighting functions
39) Which of the following procedure is used to break datasets into different pairs of
training and testing sets?
A) resampling
B) sampling
C) trial and error
D) random

40) Because of their ability to capture and represent highly complex relationships, a
new and prosperous area of application for neural networks is in the field of
________.
A) health care and medicine
B) transportation and distribution
C) security
D) financial planning
41) A(n) ________ network represents a brain metaphor of information processing.
42) ________ refers to a pattern recognition methodology for machine learning.
43) Each biological neuron possesses axons and ________, finger-like projections
that enable the neuron to communicate with its neighboring neurons by transmitting
and receiving electrical and chemical signals.
44) ANN stands for ________.
45) The early neural network model is called ________.
46) ________ is the central processing portion of the biological neuron.
47) A ________ is able to increase or decrease the strength of the connection from
neuron to neuron.
48) There are several neural network paradigms, and one of the easiest ways to
differentiate between the various models is on the basis of how these models
structurally ________ the human brain.

49) One popular approach, known as the feedforward-backpropagation paradigm, in
organizing neurons, does not allow any ________ linkage.
50) A neural network is composed of processing elements organized in different ways
to form the network's ________.
51) The artificial neurons receive the information from external input stimuli, perform
a ________ on the inputs, and then pass on external outputs.
52) In a neural network, the knowledge is stored in the ________ associated with each
connection between two neurons.
53) A ________ is a layer of neurons that takes input from the previous layer and
converts those inputs into outputs for further processing.
54) When information is processed, many of the processing elements of neural
network perform their computations at the same time, which is called ________
processing.
55) The purpose of the neural network is to compute the ________ of the output.
56) In neural network, it is through repeated adjustments of ________ that the
network learns.
57) ________ value is a hurdle value for the output of a neuron to trigger the next
level of neurons.
58) The ________ is the training procedure used by an artificial neural network.
59) In ________, the network is self-organizing; that is, it organizes itself internally
so that each hidden processing element responds strategically to a different set of
input stimuli.
60) ________ testing is used to comparing test results to historical results.
61) List the relationships between biological and artificial networks.
62) Sketch or describe the typical structure of an ANN.
63) Describe the five major concepts / components of neural network information
processing.
64) Explain threshold value and its role in the network.

65) Explain supervised and unsupervised learning modes of neural networks.
66) List the usual process of general learning in neural network.
67) Describe or sketch the supervised learning process of an ANN
68) Briefly describe backpropagation.
69) List the procedures of the learning algorithm.
70) List the development process for an ANN application.
Chapter 7 Text and Web Mining
1) DARPA and MITRE teamed up to develop capabilities to automatically filter text-
based information sources to generate actionable information in a timely manner.
2) A vast majority of all business data are captured and stored in structured text
documents.
3) Text mining is important to competitive advantage because knowledge is power,
and knowledge is derived from text data sources.
4) The purpose and processes of text mining are different from those of data mining
because with text mining the input to the process are data files such as Word
documents, PDF files, text excerpts, and XML files.
5) The benefits of text mining are greatest in areas where very large amounts of
textual data are being generated, such as law, academic research, finance, and
medicine.
6) Unstructured data has a predetermined format. It is usually organized into records
as categorical, ordinal, and continuous variables and stored in databases.
7) Stemming is the process of reducing inflected words to their base or root form.

8) Stop words, such as a, am, the, and was, are words that are filtered out prior to or
after processing of natural language data.
9) The goal of natural language processing (NLP) is syntax-driven text manipulation.

10) Two advantages associated with the implementation of NLP are word sense
disambiguation and syntactic ambiguity.
11) By applying a learning algorithm to parsed text, researchers from Stanford
University's NLP lab have
developed methods that can automatically identify the concepts and relationships
between those concepts in the text.
12) Text mining can be used to increase cross-selling and up-selling by analyzing the
unstructured data generated by call centers.
13) Compared to polygraphs for deception-detection, text-based deception detection
has the advantages of being nonintrusive and widely applicable to textual data and
transcriptions of voice recordings.
14) The corpus for the text mining process consists of organized ACII text files and
structured data.
15) The main categories of knowledge extraction methods are recall, search, and
signaling.
16) Web pages consisting of unstructured textual data coded in HTML or XML,
hyperlink information, and logs of visitors' interactions provide rich data for effective
and efficient knowledge discovery:
17) Web crawlers are Web content mining tools that are used to read through the
content of a Web site automatically.
18) Amazon.com leverages Web usage history usage dynamically and recognizes the
user by reading a cookie written by a Web site on the visitor's computer.
19) The quality of search results is impossible to measure accurately using strictly

quantitative measures such as click-through rate, abandonment, and search frequency.
Additional quantitative and qualitative measures are required.
20) Customer experience management applications gather and report direct feedback
from site visitors by benchmarking against other sites and offline channels, and by
supporting predictive modeling of future visitor behavior.
21) A vast majority of business data are stored in text documents that are ________.
A) mostly quantitative
B) virtually unstructured
C) semi-structured
D) highly structured
22) Text mining is the semi-automated process of extracting ________ from large
amounts of unstructured data sources.
A) patterns
B) useful information
C) knowledge
D) all of the above
23) All of the following are popular application areas of text mining except:
A) information extraction
B) document summarization
C) question answering
D) data structuring
24) Which of the following correctly defines a text mining term?
A) Tagging is the number of times a word is found in a specific document.
B) A token is an uncategorized block of text in a sentence.
C) Rooting is the process of reducing inflected words to their base form.
D) A term is a single word or multiword phrase extracted directly from the corpus by
means of NLP methods.
25) ________ is a branch of the field of linguistics and a part of natural language
processing that studies the internal structure of words.
A) Morphology
B) Corpus
C) Stemming

D) Polysemes
26) Using ________ as a rich source of knowledge and a strategic weapon, Kodak not
only survives but excels in its market segment defined by innovation and constant
change.
A) visualization
B) deception detection
C) patent analysis
D) semantic cues
27) It has been shown that the bag-of-word method may not produce good enough
information content for text mining tasks. More advanced techniques such as
________ are needed.
A) classification
B) natural language processing
C) evidence-based processing
D) symbolic processing
28) Why will computers probably not be able to understand natural language the same
way and with the same accuracy that humans do?
A) A true understanding of meaning requires extensive knowledge of a topic beyond
what is in the words, sentences, and paragraphs.
B) The natural human language is too specific.
C) The part of speech depends only on the definition and not on the context within
which it is used.
D) All of the above.
29) At a very high level, the text mining process consists of each of the following
tasks except:
A) Create log frequencies.
B) Establish the corpus.
C) Create the term-document matrix.
D) Extract the knowledge.

30) In ________, the problem is to group an unlabelled collection of objects, such as
documents, customer comments, and Web pages into meaningful groups without any
prior knowledge.
A) search recall
B) classification
C) clustering
D) grouping
31) The two main approaches to text classification are ________ and ________.
A) knowledge engineering; machine learning
B) categorization; clustering
C) association; trend analysis
D) knowledge extraction;
32) Commercial software tools include all of the following except:
A) GATE
B) IBM Intelligent Miner Data Mining Suite
C) SAS Text Miner
D) SPSS Text Mining
33) Why does the Web pose great challenges for effective and efficient knowledge
discovery?
A) The Web search engines are indexed-based.
B) The Web is too dynamic.
C) The Web is too specific to a domain.
D) The Web infrastructure contains hyperlink information.
34) A simple keyword-based search engine suffers from several deficiencies, which
include all of the following except:
A) A topic of any breath can easily contain hundreds or thousands of documents.
B) Many documents that are highly relevant to a topic may not contain the exact
keywords defining them.
C) Web mining can identify authoritative Web pages.
D) Many of the search results are marginally or not relevant to the topic.

35) Which of the following is not one of the three main areas of Web mining?
A) Web search mining
B) Web content mining
C) Web structure mining
D) Web usage mining
36) Which of the following refers to developing useful information from the links
included in the Web documents?
A) Web content mining
B) Web subject mining
C) Web structure mining
D) Web matter mining
37) A ________ is one or more Web pages that provide a collection of links to
authoritative pages, reference sites, or a resource list on a specific topic.
A) hub
B) hyperlink-induced topic search
C) spoke
D) community
38) All of the following are types of data generated through Web page visits except:
A) data stored in server access logs, referrer logs, agent logs, and client-side cookies
B) user profiles
C) hyperlink analysis
D) metadata, such as page attributes, content attributes, and usage data
39) When registered users revisit Amazon.com, they are greeted by name. This task
involves recognizing the user by ________.
A) pattern discovery
B) association
C) text mining
D) reading a cookie

40) Forward-thinking companies like Ask.com, Scholastic, and St. John Health
System are actively using Web mining systems to answer important questions of
"Who?" "Why?" and "How?" The benefits of integrating these systems:
A) are measured qualitatively in terms of customer satisfaction, but not measured
using financial or other quantitative measure.
B) can be significant in terms of incremental financial growth and increasing
customer loyalty and satisfaction.
C) have not yet outweighed the costs of the Web mining systems and analysis.
D) can be infinitely measurable.
41) ________ is the semi-automated process of extracting patterns from large
amounts of unstructured data sources.
42) ________ is the process of identifying valid, novel, potentially useful, and
ultimately understandable patterns in data stored in structured databases, where the
data are organized in records structured by categorical, ordinal, or continuous
variables.
43) ________ is the grouping of similar documents without having a predefined set of
categories.
44) In linguistics, a(n) ________ is a large and structured set of texts prepared for the
purpose of conducting knowledge discovery.
45) ________ is the process of reducing inflected words to their base or root form.
46) ________ words or noise words are words that are filtered out prior to or after
processing of natural language data.
47) The term "stop-words" are used by text mining to ________ commonly used
words.

48) ________ is an important component of text mining and is a subfield of artificial
intelligence and computational linguistics. It studies the problem of understanding the
natural human language.
49) ________ is a technique used to detect favorable and unfavorable opinions toward
specific products and services using textual data sources, such as customer feedback
in Web postings and the detection of unfavorable rumors.
50) At a very high level, the first of three consecutive tasks in the text mining process
is to establish the ________, which is a list of organized documents.
51) In the text mining process, the output of task two is a flat file called a ________
where the cells are populated with the term frequencies.
52) One of the main approaches to text classification is ________ in which an expert's
knowledge is encoded into the system either declaratively or in the form of procedural
classification rules.
53) ________ is the discovery and analysis of interesting and useful information from
the Web, about the Web, and usually though Web-based tools.
54) A(n) ________ is one or more Web pages that provide a collection of links to
authoritative pages.
55) ________ mining is the process of extracting useful information from the links
embedded in Web documents.
56) ________ mining is the extraction of useful information from data generated
through Web page visits and transactions.
57) Analysis of the information collected by Web servers can help better understand
user behavior. Analysis of this data is called ________ analysis.
58) ________ applications focus on "who and how" questions by gathering and
reporting direct feedback from site visitors, by benchmarking against other sites and
offline channels, and by supporting predictive modeling of future visitor behavior.
59) Web analytics, CEM, and VOC applications form the foundation of the Web site
________ ecosystem that supports the online business's ability to positively influence
desired outcomes
60) The ________ model, which is one where multiple sources of data describing the
same population are integrated to increase the depth and richness of the resulting
analysis, forms the framework of the Web site optimization ecosystem
61) Compare and contrast text mining and data mining.
62) Why will computers probably not be able to understand natural language the same
way and with the same accuracy that humans do?

63) NLP has successfully been applied to a variety of tasks via computer programs to
automatically process natural human language that previously could only be done by
humans. List three of the most popular of these tasks.
64) Describe a marketing application of text mining.
65) What is the primary purpose of text mining within the context of knowledge
discovery?

66) Diagram and explain the three-step text mining process.
67) List two options for managing or reducing the dimensionality (size) of the term-
document matrix (TDM).
68) What are three of the challenges for effective and efficient knowledge discovery
posed by the Web?
69) Define the three main areas of Web mining and each area's source of information.
70) List three business applications of Web mining.
Chapter 8 Data Warehousing
1) A real-time data warehouse together with a decision support strategy that leverages
the integrated data can provide significant financial benefits for an organization.
2) A data warehouse differs from an operational database in that most data
warehouses have a product orientation and are designed to handle transactions that
update the database.
3) A data warehouse maintains historical data that do not necessarily provide current
status, except in real-time systems.
4) Once the data are entered into the data warehouse, users cannot change or update
the data.
5) There are three main types of data warehouses, which are data marts, operational
data stores, and enterprise data warehouses.
6) An independent data mart is a small warehouse designed for a strategic business
unit (SBU) or a department whose source is an EDW.
7) Operational data store is used for the medium- and long-term decisions associated
with the enterprise data warehouse (EDW).

8) An operational data store (ODS) provides a fairly recent form of a customer
information file (CIF), which is often used as an interim staging area for a data
warehouse.
9) The design, creation, and use of metadata and its accompanying standards may
involve ethical issues, including privacy and intellectual property issues.
10) There are five levels of metadata management maturity that can be used to
describe where an organization is in terms of how and how well it utilizes its
metadata.
11) Data warehouses contain vast amounts of internal data but are limited because
they do not contain external data.
12) There are many middleware tools that business users can use to access data stored
in the data repositories, including data mining, reporting tools, and data visualization.
13) In a three-tier architecture, operational systems contain the data and the software
for data acquisition in the first tier, the data warehouse is a second tier, and the third
tier includes the DSS/BI/BA engine.
14) An advantage of the hub-and-spoke data warehouse architecture is that they are
easy to build.
15) The centralized data warehouse helps to simplify data management and
administration.
16) Because of performance and data quality issues, most experts agree that federated
approaches work well to replace data warehouses.
17) According to conventional wisdom, independent data marts are a poor
architectural solution.

18) ETL tools transport data between sources and targets, document how data
elements change as they move between source and target, exchange metadata with
other applications, and administer all runtime processes and operations.

19) A hosted data warehouse has less functionality than an onsite data warehouse, but
it does not consume computer resources on client premises for computer upgrades,
software licenses, in-house development, and in-house support and maintenance.
20) A data warehouse needs to support scalability, which pertains to the amount of
data in the warehouse, how quickly the warehouse is expected to grow, the number of
concurrent users, and the complexity of user queries.
21) When DirectTV decided to implement an active data warehouse solution, the goal
of the new system was to send fresh data to the call center at least daily. Once the
capabilities of the solutions became apparent, that goal:
A) dropped to fresh data of less than 15 minutes to improve responsiveness.
B) dropped to fresh data every 12 hours to improve responsiveness.
C) increased to every 2 days to reduce maintenance costs.
D) increased to every 5 days to reduce maintenance costs.
22) Data warehouse is a(n) ________, integrated, time-variant, nonvolatile collection
of data in support of management's decision making process.
A) analysis-oriented
B) object-oriented
C) subject-oriented
D) model-oriented
23) Once data are entered into the warehouse, users cannot change or update the data.
Obsolete data are discarded, and changes are recorded as new data. This ________
characteristic is one of the characteristics of data warehousing.
A) changeable
B) nonvolatile
C) nonperishable
D) static

24) A data warehouse contains ________ about how data are organized and how to
use them effectively.
A) a data directory
B) a data index
C) data fields
D) metadata
25) The high cost of data warehouses limits their use to large companies. As an
alternative, many firms use a lower-cost, scaled-down version of a data warehouse
referred to as (an) ________.
A) data mart
B) operational data store
C) dependent data mart
D) independent data mart
26) Which of the following are created when operational data need to be analyzed
multidimensionally?
A) Oper marts
B) Customer information file
C) Dependent data marts
D) Independent data marts
27) Which of the following is one of the components of data warehousing process that
enables users to access the data warehouse?
A) Middleware tools
B) Users interface
C) Query tools
D) OLAP
28) Which of the following is not a data source to a data warehouse?
A) ERP
B) legacy
C) POS
D) ETL

29) The advantage of three-tier architecture for data warehousing is its separation of
the functions of the data warehouse, which eliminates resource constraints and makes
it possible to easily create data ________.
A) banks
B) cubes
C) bases
D) marts
30) The ________ have inconsistent data definitions and different dimensions and
measures, making it difficult to analyze data across those marts.
A) enterprise data marts
B) operational data marts
C) dependent data marts
D) independent data marts
31) Users demanding access via PDAs and through speech recognition and synthesis
is becoming more commonplace, further complicating ________ issues.
A) data extraction
B) data load
C) data integration
D) OLAP
32) Which of the following is an evolving tool space that promises real-time data
integration from a variety of sources, such as relational databases, Web services, and
multidimensional databases?
A) Information integration
B) Data management integration
C) SQL data integration
D) Enterprise information integration (EII)
33) ETL process consists of extract, transform, and load. Transformation occurs by
using ________ or lookup tables or by combining the data with other data.
A) rules
B) policies
C) strategies
D) procedures
34) Karacsony indicates that there is a direct correlation between the extent of
________ data and the amount of ETL processes. When data are managed correctly
as an enterprise asset, ETL efforts are significantly reduced.

A) enormous
B) bad
C) redundant
D) wrong
35) Which of the following is not a direct benefit of a data warehouse?
A) End users can perform extensive analysis in numerous ways
B) A consolidated view of the data provides a single version of the truth
C) Simplified data access
D) Improved customer service and satisfaction
36) Guidelines that need to be considered when developing a vendor list include all of
the following except:
A) financial strength
B) trade shows
C) ERP linkages
D) market share
37) A star schema contains a central ________ surrounded by several dimension
tables.
A) database
B) fact table
C) data tree
D) data table
38) Which of the following is not one of the failure factors in data warehousing as
identified by Turban et al.?
A) Cultural issues are ignored.
B) inappropriate architecture
C) unrealistic expectations
D) high levels of data summarization

39) ________ is a critical aspect of data warehousing that includes reconciling
conflicting data definitions and formats organization-wide.
A) Data modification
B) Fact refinement
C) Data purification
D) Data cleansing
40) Which of the following is needed to determine how data are to be retrieved from a
data warehouse, and will assist in the physical definition of the warehouse by helping
to define which data require indexing?
A) Indexing modeling
B) Retrieval modeling
C) Access modeling
D) Tactic modeling
41) Data often are fragmented in distinct operational systems, so managers often
make decisions with partial information at best. ________ cuts through this obstacle
by accessing, integrating, and organizing key operational data in a form that is
consistent, reliable, timely, and readily available where needed.
42) ________ is a subset that is created directly from the data warehouse. It has the
advantages of using a consistent data model and providing quality data.
43) An ________ is a large-scale data warehouse that is utilized across the enterprise
for decision support.
44) ________ provides a fairly recent form of customer information files (CIF). It is a
type of database often used as an interim staging area for a data warehouse.
45) ________ is a small data warehouse designed for a strategic business unit
(SBU)or a department.

46) In three-tier architecture for data warehouse, ________ contain the data and the
software for data acquisition in one tier, the data warehouse is another tier, and the
third tier includes the decision support and the client.
47) The ________ is a concession to the natural forces that undermine the best plans
for developing a perfect system. It uses all possible means to integrate analytical
resources from multiple sources to meet changing needs or business conditions.
48) ________ comprises three major processes that, when correctly implemented,
permits data to be accessed and made accessible to an array of ETL and analysis tools
and data warehousing environment.
49) EII (enterprise information integration) tools use predefined metadata to populate
views that make integrated data appear relational to end-users. ________ may be the
most important aspect of EII, because it allows data to be tagged either at the time of
creation or later.
50) One of the benefits of a well-designed data warehouse is that business rules can
be stored in a ________ repository and applied to the data warehouse centrally.
51) A data warehouse contains numerous ________ that define such things as how the
data will be used, summarization rules, standardization of encoded attributes, and
calculation rules.
52) The ________ is a scaled-down version of the data warehouse that centers on the
requests of a specific department, such as marketing or sales.
53) The data warehouse design is based upon the concept of ________ modeling,
which is a retrieval-based model that supports high-volume query access.

54) A(n) ________ contains the attributes needed to perform decision analysis,
descriptive attributes used for query reporting, and foreign keys to link to dimension
tables.
55) A(n) ________ data warehouse has nearly the same, if not more, functionality as
an on-site data warehouse, but it does not consume computer resources on client
premises.
56) It is important to identify the right level of ________ that will be needed during
the scoping of a data warehouse project. A low level of that will result in more data
being stored in the warehouse.
57) During data modeling, expertise is required to determine what data are needed,
define business rules associated with the data, and decide what ________ and other
calculations may be necessary.
58) The main issues pertaining to ________ are the amount of data in the warehouse,
how quickly the warehouse is expected to grow, the number of concurrent users, and
the complexity of user queries.
59) ________ is the process of loading and provides data via the data warehouse as
they become available.
60) ________ is the person responsible for the administration and management of a
data warehouse.

61) List four characteristics of a data warehouse.
62) Describe the data warehousing process.
63) What are the issues to consider when deciding which architecture for data
warehousing to use?
64) Describe two of the alternative architectures to the basic architectural design types
in data warehousing.

65) List 5 factors that potentially affect the architecture selection decision.
66) Describe various integration technologies that enable data and metadata
integration.
67) Describe various issues that affect whether an organization will purchase data
transformation tools or build the transformation process itself.
68) Describe a star schema.

69) List five benefits of a hosted data warehouse.
70) Identify at least five data warehouse best practices.
Chapter 9 Business Performance Management
1) Business performance management (BPM) is an outgrowth of decision support
systems (DSS), enterprise information systems (EIS), and business intelligence (BI).
2) The term business performance management (BPM) refers to the business
processes, methodologies, metrics, and technologies used by enterprises to measure,
monitor, and manage business performance.
3) During the strategic planning process, the time horizon is determined by the
company's market share; rate of technological innovation; and capital intensity of the
industry.
4) For a low-cost provider such as Wal-Mart, distribution capabilities are a critical
success factor.
5) The Palladium Group found that 75 percent of organizations tied their budgets to
their strategic plans.
6) An operational plan translates an organization's strategic objectives and goals into a
set of well-defined tactics and initiatives, resource requirements, and expected results
for some future time period, usually, but not always, a month.
7) In a budget-centric operational plan, tactics are established to meet the objectives
and targets established in the strategic plan.
8) An organization's strategic objectives and key metrics should serve as top-down
drivers for the allocation of an organization's tangible and intangible assets.

Cis 519 midterm and final exam – strayer new

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