Proposed Amendments to Chapter 15, Article X: Wetland Conservation Areas
Power Quality Issues and Mitigation Strategies for Wind Energy Integration
1.
2. Index
⚫ Abstract
⚫ Power Quality Standards
⚫ Power Quality
⚫ Causesand Consequences of Power Quality Issues
⚫ Power Imbalance
⚫ Poweroutages
⚫ VoltageVariation
⚫ Harmonics
⚫ Flickers
⚫ Challenges of Wind Poweron Power System Stability
⚫ Mitigation Strategies forWECS Integration
⚫ References
3. Abstract
⚫ Day by day increasing demand of electricity forces us to invent
alternative sources for electricity generation leads to development of
renewable energy sources. Among various alternative sources wind is
gaining more attention due to its technical advancement and cost
effectiveness. Integration of wind farm in grid causes adverse effect
on grid leads to poor power quality and threat to power system security.
Power quality is one of the key factors in today scenario because
modern power electronics devices are very sensitive and poor power
quality result in high cost & loss of consumer. This presentation
focuses on various issues which are responsible for poor power quality
of grid.
4. Power Quality Standards
International Electro Technical Commission Guidelines :
⚫ The guidelines are provided for measurement of power quality of wind
turbine.
⚫ The International standards are developed by the working group of
Technical Committee-88 of the International Electro-technical
Commission (IEC), IEC standard 61400-21, describes the procedure
fordetermining the powerquality.
5. ⚫ Thestandard normsarespecified:
1. IEC 61400-21: Wind turbine generating system, part21. Measurement
and Assessment of power quality characteristic of grid connected
wind turbine
2. IEC 61400-13: Wind Turbine - measuring procedure in determining
the power behaviour.
3. IEC 61400-3-7: Assessmentof emission limit forfluctuating load
4. IEC 61400-12: Wind Turbine Performance.
⚫ The data sheet with electrical characteristic of wind turbine provides
the base forthe utilityassessment regarding agrid connection
6. Power Quality
⚫ Power quality problem is any power problem manifested in voltage,
current, or frequency deviation that results in failure or
malfunctioning of customerequipment.
⚫ Power quality and reliability cost the industry large amounts due to
mainly sags and short-term interruptions.
7. Causes and Consequences of
Power Quality Issues
⚫ In most of industry, more than 90% of the electric motor with inverter
driven application.
⚫ Poor power quality causes trouble in receptacle/transmission
equipment and electronic equipment malfunctions / Failure. Power
quality is a common problem for both electric power suppliers and
users.
⚫ Causes :
1. Power Imbalance
2. VoltageVariation
3. Harmonics
4. Flickers
9. Power Imbalance
⚫ Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) generate electricity when
wind speeds exceed acertain minimum.
⚫ Wind speeds fluctuates over daily periods. Consequently, variations
in the output of WECS may increase the operating costs of the system.
The variability and the unpredictability of wind power can cause a
power imbalance on the grid. Their output power may not be available
to meet the demand when needed, while there could be an excess when
thedemand is low, thereby causing an upseton thegrid.
⚫ Extreme ramp rates recorded during storms, Reports of loss of
4000MW (58% of capacity) in Germany in December 2004 and a loss
of 2000MW (83% of capacity) within 6 six hours in Denmark in
January 2005 as a result of large changes in wind power output due to a
forecasting error.
⚫ A penalty cost is often attached to the deviation in the scheduled and
actual energydelivered tothegrid tocoverthe loss.
10. Power outages
⚫ Power outages are total interruptions of electrical supply. Utilities
have installed protection equipment that briefly interrupts power to
allow time fora disturbance todissipate.
⚫ Causes:
o Ice storms
o Lightning
o Wind
o Utility equipment failure
⚫ Effects: Completedisruptionof operation.
11. Voltage Variation
⚫ Voltage fluctuations are changes or swings in the steady-state voltage
aboveor below thedesignated input range fora piece of equipment.
⚫ Results from the wind velocity and generator torque. The voltage
variation is directly related toreal and reactivepowervariations.
⚫ Thevoltagevariation is classified as under:
o Voltage Sags
o Voltage Swells
o Short Interruptions
o Long duration voltage variation
⚫ Variation, flicker, harmonics of voltage causes the malfunction of
equipments such as microprocessor based control system, adjustable
speed drives, etc.
12. VoltageVariation
⚫ Causes:
o Largeequipment start-uporshutdown
o Sudden change in load
⚫ Effects:
o Dataerrors
o Memory loss
o Equipmentshutdown
o Flickering lights
o Motors stalling/stopping
13. Harmonics
compact
⚫ Itcan be injected at thegeneration and theconsumerend.
⚫ Causes:
- At consumerend
o Non linear loads such as television, personal computers,
fluorescent lamps, and so forth.
- Atgeneration level
o Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) such as
reactive powercompensators and powerelectronics devices.
⚫ Effects:
o Increase line losses
o Excessive heating of equipment , decreases lifetime
o Sub-harmonicscould cause flickers
14. Flickers
⚫ It is periodic voltage frequency variations typically between 0.5 and
25Hz that cause annoyance from the incandescent bulb.
⚫ Flicker annoyance is severe at a frequency of 8.8Hz.
⚫ Measurement of flicker
o Probability short term (Pst) measure for a time span of 10 min
o Probability long term (Plt) measured for an average of 2 hours
⚫ For flicker free voltage, Pst = 0 & Pst=1 indicates that the flicker
pollution has reached the tolerable limit of an average person.
⚫ Flicker level for a medium-voltage grid is specified by 0.35(Pst) and
0.25(Plt).
⚫ Cause:
o Tower shadow
o Turbulence effect
• Effects:
o Uncomfortablevisual effecton theeyes
o Imbalance & coresaturation of transformers
o Thermal aging of induction motors
15. Challenges of Wind Power on Power
System Stability
⚫ Before the advent of wind power plants, power systems mainly
consisted of synchronous generators for electricity production. The
behaviour and control of these generators following a disturbance are
well understood by the utility operators due to their experiences
thereof overtheyears.
⚫ The advent of wind power introduces induction generators into
the power system for electricity generation because they are cheap,
robust and support variable speed operations. At the earlier stage
of wind power integration, there was little concern about its influence
on the overall stability of a power. With the increasing trend of wind
power integration, it may begin to have a significant influence on
the powersystem transientstability margin.
16. ⚫ Inductiongenerators :
o Operateasynchronously
o Characterized by poor reactive powercontrol capability.
⚫ Surge in the input torque of a generator and a voltage dip beyond
the threshold limit at the point of common connection (PCC) can lead
into poor feeder regulation which can eventually cause voltage
collapse as a resultof reactivepowerdemand from thegrid.
⚫ Fixed speed induction generators - provided with reactive power
compensator to cater for the large reactive power demand from the
network.
⚫ Variable speed generators - power electronics devices provide the
reactivepower tothegrid.
17. Mitigation Strategies for WECS
Integration
1. Geographical
Location
⚫ Use of wide geographical
location to smoothening
out the oscillations in the
output of the intermittent
energysources.
18. 2. The Use of Smart and
SuperGrid
Super grid allows the
power from
transmission of wind
a
favourable generation
site of
to
places of high demand over
a long distance; this is
mostly practiced with the
high voltage direct current
lines (HVDC). It allows the
possibility of smoothing
out the intermittent output
power by geographical
location.
