Effect of silicon carbide and magnesium oxide in aluminum FGMs

Effect of silicon carbide, magnesium oxide as reinforcing elements and
zinc sterate as binding agent in the characterization of Al functionally
graded materials for automotive applications
P.N.S. Srinivas a,⇑
, P. Ravindra Babu a
, B. Balakrishna b
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Gudlavalleru, Krishna District, AP 521356, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, AP 533003, India
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 18 September 2019
Accepted 25 November 2019
Available online xxxx
Keywords:
Compaction
Hardness tester
Microstructure
Al-SiC-MgO2
Scanning electron microscopy
Tribological properties
a b s t r a c t
The possibility of delivering a practically evaluated material, for the most part, relies on the oddity and
the institutionalization approach. In this novel work, we moved toward an efficient assembling strategy
where 100m high stimulated ball milled (MM 500) powders are exposed to steadily applied to a minimal
burden containing compaction and launch process promptly pursued by sintering in a rounded heater
with ASTM (G39) standardization. The processed compacts are the mix of having unadulterated alu-
minum of 98% virtue as network constituent and SiC and magnesium oxide going about as strengthening
specialists with positive extents with the standard of blends conceptualization. The Al-SiC-MgO2
(Aluminum-Silicon carbide-magnesium oxide) samples are portrayed for their compression test as the
compact crossectional area is 283.35 mm2
. Furthermore, the examples are tested for hardness and we
see that the hardness of the FGM is changing concerning the piece of strengthening operators and the
coupling specialists included. Zinc stearate is mostly expanding the fragility in the segments though poly-
vinyl liquor is expanding the delicate quality of the parts. Microstructural properties of Al-SiC-MgO2 are
then surveyed by an altered metallurgical magnifying instrument (GX 53) detail to plainly comprehend
the stage connection between’s the lattice and the fortifying components and we saw that the limits of
the silicon carbide and the magnesium oxide are delicate because of less bonding between them.
Tribological properties are surveyed by the pin on disc wear analyzer of model TR 201 with loads ranging
from 30 to 90 N, sliding speeds 0.6–3.8 m per sec and time period from 10 min to 60 min. SEM and XRD
investigation are extensively performed on these processed FGM to evaluate the dissemination of the
grains along with their limits and their material formation and settlement in the crystal lattice. The out-
comes of the work demonstrated that the Al-SiC-MgO2 with particular (85% + 10% + 5%) has more
grounded grain limits at their expanding temperature. The distinct extents of the at long last fabricated
FGM have similar extents of lattice and the strengthening components show the standardization of the
actualized procedure.
Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the First International Con-
ference on Recent Advances in Materials and Manufacturing 2019. This is an open access article under the
CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1. Introduction
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are the present materials
which are having superior properties when compared to conven-
tional composite materials. In the present scenario, FGM’s are char-
acterized as vital advanced materials due to their changing
properties according to their variation in their volume fraction.
To attain those superior properties in the material, the manufac-
turing of FGM is made in bulk form which makes them more reli-
able to determine their mechanical and tribological properties [1].
To synthesize the FGM the manufacturing approach is very essen-
tial which not only decreases the production cost but also
improves various surface properties in numerous applications.
The selection of the reinforcements plays a huge role in achieving
the desired level of properties and performance characteristics to
the produced end product [2]. A literature survey has been con-
ducted on various research works and successfully studied various
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.275
2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the First International Conference on Recent Advances in Materials and Manufacturing 2019.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: pnssrinivasgec@gmail.com (P.N.S. Srinivas).
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Please cite this article as: P. N. S. Srinivas, P. Ravindra Babu and B. Balakrishna, Effect of silicon carbide, magnesium oxide as reinforcing elements and zinc
sterate as binding agent in the characterization of Al functionally graded materials for automotive applications, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.275

synthesizing techniques to produce FGM and based on the above
studies we have derived a novelty approach. In this present work,
we are replacing the conventional powder metallurgy technique to
a novel metallurgical technique as the conventional one has vari-
ous limitations. The essential features in this approach are gradual
load application for the compaction and ejection process with con-
trolled operating parameters [3], excellent sintering temperature,
good visual bonding without flaking and dimensional perfectness
[4].
Synthesization of functionally graded Al-SiC-Mg/magnesium
oxide (MgO2) material is performed by using the powder metallur-
gical process and tested for its hardness. The results shows that
due to low densification of magnesium oxide forming the low
hardness at the inner periphery but due to the brittle silicon
carbide molecules forms a strong bonding with the aluminum
matrix at the outer periphery making it harder at the topmost layer
exhibiting high hardness when compared to the unreinforced
regions of both inner and outer peripheries [5]. Aluminum/alumina
(Al2o3) functionally graded composites reinforced with different
compositions of Alumina particles are developed through powder
metallurgy and their distribution of the reinforcement particles
in terms of microhardness is evaluated by using Vicker’s hardness
machine. The specimens which are tested above show the same
phenomenon which is exhibited by the aluminum-magnesium
oxide functionally graded materials [6]. Due to its low crossec-
tional area, the tensile strength has not been evaluated but com-
pressive strength and fractural properties of Al-SiC-MgO2 FGM
are been evaluated by suitable apparatus and the presence of car-
bide particles at the interstitial periphery is leading high compres-
sive strength and it forms a protective layer to avoid crack
formation and propagation. The presence of ductility in these
FGM is also studied and verified that the presence of magnesium
elements in the middle region is a major contribution to the ductile
nature [7]. While manufacturing FGM’s we found that most of the
reinforcing elements tend to move to the outer section due to their
high density than the matrix element which leads to high hardness
at their outer boundaries. While investigating the tribological
properties we have concluded that as the composition of silicon
carbide is increased the wear rate, frictional force and the coeffi-
cient of friction are very low and this infers the attainability of sus-
tainable wear resistance [8]. Pin on disc wear testing apparatus of
model TR-201 is extensively used to determine the wear rate, coef-
ficient of friction and sliding frictional force based on the input
parameters of sliding velocity, the load of application and the
wearing time at controlled operating conditions. Pure Al/Silicon
carbide/magnesium oxide FGM are wear investigated and con-
cluded that due to the high hardening effect of SiC makes the com-
ponent to produce low wear rate and a high coefficient of friction,
frictional force on all operating load conditions [9]. But when the
composition of magnesium oxide percentage is increased at a con-
siderable range the wear rate is increased at once due to the ductile
nature of the magnesium elements but when the change in compo-
sition is at a low percentage the change is negligible in terms of tri-
bological behavior [10]. DOU et al. [12] in his experimental work
investigated about the sliding wear, coefficient of friction and the
frictional force on the stir casted aluminum boron carbide compos-
ites and concluded that rate of wear is enormously increasing on
the peak conditions and at that point of time delaminating process
is exhibited in the composites. RAO et al. through his studies suc-
cessfully inferred that AA7010/SiC is exhibiting superior wear and
tensile strength properties when compared to different aluminum
graded composites at various operating conditions. In depth stud-
ies on functionally graded materials on the abrasive wear behavior
of three point’s dry and wet abrasives are conducted by different
researchers by conventional methodologies but they have not
focused on the implementation of three body wear on the FGM
fabricated through powder metallurgy technique. Therefore in
our present experimental work we have given great emphasis on
the implementation of dynamic wear on the functionally graded
materials processed through systematic technique. Three body
wear is extensively focused in this work due to the reason that this
factor plays a vital role in the manufacturing of brake shoes in
automobile industries, heavy machineries and also in the hydraulic
machines and also in the agricultural purposes.
2. Experimental work and investigations
2.1. Materials
The pure aluminum powder with 98% purity with 200 mm par-
ticle size is taken as the matrix constituent which is purchased
from Krishmet Pvt Ltd Chennai, due to its extensive application
in aeronautical and automotive applications. The reinforcements
mainly silicon carbide (SiC), magnesium oxide of respective densi-
ties 3.21 and 3.58 g/cm3
are selected due to their high hardness
and wear resistance. The content of the reinforcing agents with a
mass fraction of 15% with their average size of 50 mm is chosen
to study their dry abrasive action. The chemical composition of
the pure aluminum is displayed in Table 1.
2.2. Development of functionally graded materials
After selection of the materials the next process is to develop
fine mixture of the matrix and the reinforcing agents with the help
of ball milling of ASTM standards using the rule of mixtures
methodology. The FGM consists of four layers starting from the
bottom most layer (100% pure aluminum) and the subsequent
layer consists of (90%Al + 10%SiC), the third layer consists of (90%
Al + 5%SiC + 5%MgO2) and the top most layer consists of (85%Al
+ 5%SiC + 10%MgO2). After ball milling the powders are ready for
the compaction process which is not processed in a simple com-
paction machine but it is processed systematically in compression
testing machine of capacity 200 kN which is shown in Fig. 8.
The Fine powders are then taken in standard circular die and
punch with the fine ramming process. The ram in the compression
testing machine is divided into process in two operations namely
compaction and ejection process. The load in the compaction pro-
cess is calculated to be 17.8 kN and gradual application of load is
performed on the compaction die. After compaction the suitable
elements are removed and it is replaced by ejection die elements
because if this is not performed the compacted composite will be
broken into pieces after the removal. The ejection process is per-
formed as it is same as the compaction but it is mainly performed
to remove the compacted specimens without any breakage. The
calculated load for ejection process has come out to be 9.75 kN.
The crossections of the compacted specimens are calculated to
consist of diameter 8.5 mm and length 34 mm respectively. The
compacted specimens are then followed for sintering process
which is maintained at 523 °C and 240 min and they are subse-
quently made to cool at the furnace cooling rate. The sintered com-
ponents are then checked for the hardness by the Vicker’s hardness
tester and successfully found that they are stronger than the base
materials. Following this methodology a total of ten specimens are
successfully synthesized to perform different testing procedures.
Table 1
Chemical composition of pure aluminum with respective to % of mass fraction of
elements.
Si Fe Mn Mg Ti Al
0.41 0.15 0.023 0.38 0.016 99.021
2 P.N.S. Srinivas et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.275

3. Results and discussions
3.1. Evaluation of microstructure of FGM’S
A specified distance of 5 mm is maintained from the outer sur-
face in order to assess the micro structural characteristics of pro-
duced specimens which are shown in Fig. 1 and the formation of
reinforcement of matrix element with the matrix constituent is
clearly visualized. In order to know the bonding and the molecular
distribution between them occurred due to the process, the speci-
mens are tested using scanning electron microscope (SEM) illus-
trated in Fig. 1. Each and every specimen which is to be tested
for micro structural phenomenon are finely polished with the help
of wet grinding machine of 400 rpm speed using natal etching
agent and finally in order to have a mirror finished surface these
are subjected to 1/0 and 2/0 grade emery sheets.
3.2. Evaluation of compressive strength
In order to know its resistance to loading and deformation char-
acteristics one must clearly perform in universal testing machine
(UTM). The important test to be evaluated is tensile strength test
but to the low dimensional constraint it is not possible so we
decided to conduct compression test as per ASTM D695 and the
specimen are machined according to the specified standards. The
capacity of the compression test adopted is of 1000 kN and an
hydraulic lift of 1 m of computer automated mechanism. In this
test we need to apply the load into the axis in a gradual manner
and check whether there are no imperfections in machine as well
as the component. The maximum load with standing capacity of
it is 1000 kN and first measuring range is 0–1000 kN and second
measuring range is 0–500 kN and third measuring range is
0–250 kN and fourth measuring range is 0–100 kN. In the bottom
most layers the matrix material plays a vital role in variation of
compressive strength. We have predicted that the high compres-
sive strength of 310 MPa which can be clearly visualized in
Fig. 2. The number divisions on load measuring dial is 500 and
the ram stroke is 100 mm. The clearance between the column is
390 mm In the outer most region of the FGM whereas in the mid-
dle layer the reinforcing element SiC plays a vital role due to its
high hardening carbon elements in the compacting process. The
last layer that is the inner most layer consists of the another rein-
forcing element magnesium oxide other than SiC [11] which even
though ductile in nature is exhibiting hardness nature of 325 MPa
which is making the material superior in compressive properties in
the material. The lowest compressive strength of 165 MPa is
achieved in the outer periphery as shown in Fig. 2 due to the low
density of magnesium
3.3. Evaluation of micro hardness
The fabricated composites which are processed through powder
metallurgy are made to test for micro hardness as per ASTM E94 in
Vickers’s hardness machine. The distances of 5, 10 and 20 mm are
maintained from the outer periphery and are machined at specified
standards are then ready for examination of micro hardness at the
concerned equipment. Special care has taken on the surfaces which
should be clean from dust and dirt which is obtained by wet pol-
ishing machine and followed by high grade emery sheets. A load
of 150 g is made to apply on the individual specimens made of dif-
ferent compositions by fixing the open end and another end is sub-
jected to load for a time of 30 s. The vicker’s tester consists of
diamond indenter which is very hard and used for different mate-
rials and the readings are measured with the aid of micro scoping
lens. The molecule which are highly compacted and forms less area
and the tendency of deformation to load are high in the area and
Fig. 1. SEM images FGM reinforced with the following materials. (a) No reinforcements. (b) Al-Silicon carbide. (c) Al-Magnesium oxide. (d) Al-Silicon carbide-Magnesium
oxide.
P.N.S. Srinivas et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx 3
org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.275

can be subjected to failure. The high compressive strength of
325 MPa is achieved which is clearly illustrated in Fig. 3, even
though with silicon carbide but the harder silicon molecules are
having high density due to which they are forming strong resistive
bonding at the inner most regions. The maximum compressive
strength in the composite material is achieved to 325 MPa also
shown in Fig. 3 but in this method we have a higher compressive
strength understands that the particles are well disbursed at their
boundaries.
FGM having SiC reinforcement with aluminum matrix element
is showing linear variation in the layers exhibiting a highest value
of 1.35 GPa at the outer region due to the systematic distribution of
silicon carbide particles. Whereas the magnesium oxide reinforced
compared to all other composites and this is due to the highest
density among all the reinforcements used in this study. These
high density SiC particles tend to move to the exact outer periph-
ery under the action of the centrifugal force and form only less par-
ticles in the inner region, hence displaying the least hardness
compared to other composites at the inner periphery. The forma-
tion of fewer reinforcement particles at the inner periphery is
due to the movement of less dense gas bubbles towards the inner
periphery during the casting process. These bubbles carry some
reinforcement particles along with them and deposit at the inner
periphery. It is understood from the above results that the particles
of pure aluminum, silicon carbide and magnesium oxide are uni-
formly distributed over their boundaries. FGM is showing a non
Fig. 4. Variation of Wear rate, coefﬁcient of force and frictional force with respect to time of Al-SiC-MgO2 FGM at 55 N, 473 rpm and 30 min wear time.
Fig. 3. Variation of compressive strength with respect to variation in the layers.
Fig. 2. A bar chart shows the variation between the compressive strength with respect to the variation of the layers.
org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.275

linear variation in hardness, exhibiting a 1.1 GPa at the inner most
region and then up to 1.42 GPa at the middle region and then
decreasing to 1.26 GPa at the outer periphery. The reason of non
linear distribution could be due to the uneven distribution of the
particles starting from the inner most peripheries to the outer
periphery and also due to low density molecules these could also
be the predominant reason in the nonlinear distribution and the
same phenomenon is also observed in Ref. [12]. The Al/Al2O3 com-
posite displays higher hardness than SiC reinforced FGM in the
outer (1.451 GPa) and middle regions (1.324 GPa) due to its higher
density compared to SiC particles. More amount of Al2O3 particles
move towards the outer periphery than the amount of SiC particles
that move towards the outer periphery. Thus, Al/Al2O3 composite
displays less hardness (1 GPa) in the inner region compared to the
inner region (1.03 GPa) of SiC reinforced composite. The SiC
reinforced composite exhibits the maximum hardness (1.569
GPa) in its outer region length of the diagonal is a measure of hard-
ness in the equipment. The average hardness is measured by taking
into considerations of all the outer, middle and the inner regions of
functionally graded Al/SiC, Al/MgO2 and Al/SiC/MgO2 are displayed
in the Fig. 3.
3.4. Evaluation of tribological properties
3.4.1. Effect of load on the wear rate of the functionally graded
materials
The dry abrasive wear rate of the composites is determined by
changing the weights from 15, 20, 35 and 55 N at a constant speed
of 473 rpm and wearing time of 30 min respectively. In the first
stage the samples are rubbed with 60 grade emery work and later
Fig. 5. Variation of Wear rate, coefficient of force and frictional force of Al-SiC FGM with respect to time at 55 N, 473 rpm and 30 min wear time.
Fig. 6. Variation of Wear rate, coefficient of force and frictional force of Al-SiC-MgO2 FGM with respect to time at 55 N, 473 rpm and 30 min wear time.
org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.275

with 100 grade sheets so that no sharp and irregular surfaces exist.
We have three zones to be examined i.e. the outer layer, middle
layer and the inner most layer. In this method the FGM is subjected
to wear on a stainless steel EN 31 with a hardness of 75HRC and
manual controlled switches which is synchronized to the digital
display unit which indicates the speed in rpm, wear in microns
and the holding time in minutes which is then connected to the
computer controller which displays the wear, coefficient of friction
and frictional force per unit time in graphical manner. Disc holding
the working specimen is maintained according to ASTM G39 stan-
dards. We observe that for the effect of load as in the first condition
when we apply 15 N on Al-SiC-MgO2 FGM, constant load the wear
rate initiates from zero and varies linearly at some point of time i.e.
for 1 min an amount of 25 mm is achieved. After some point of time
it then suddenly increases to 75 mm and then maintains constantly
and after 15 min it increases to 100 mm and maintains it at the end
of time period. The tribological parameters are observed in the
Fig. 4. The same methodology is maintained for all the loads and
the variation of load on the wear behavior is observed for all the
FGM’s starting from Al-SiC, Al-MgO2 and Al-SiC-MgO2 respectively.
when we observe the FGM’s we observe that the outer region
exhibits a low wear rate due to the hard silicon carbide particles
playing a vital role in redistricting the wear of the surface but as
we move on to the middle surface due to low density and ductile
nature magnesium particles upon rubbing with the EN31 disc
material couldn’t able to restrict the hardened steel material worns
out initially but due to the impingement of aluminum particles the
middle layer offers resistance to wear in the later time and main-
tains at low wear rate. At material and we can also observe that
SiC are less worn out and this can be clearly visualized un Fig. 7
(c) when compared to magnesium elements and the segregation
of silicon particles are more dense and distributed when compared
to irregular and vaguely distributed magnesium and alumina par-
ticles as this is conducted on Al-SiC FGM and the tribological
parameters are observed in the Fig. 5 and the wornout morphology
can be clearly visualized in Fig. 7Ó. We also observed that in the
outermost periphery the surfaces are subjected to less wear and
tear and when we proceed to the next layer i.e. the middle layer
we have heavy wear and tear and observation of little cracks and
when we proceed to the last layer i.e. the inner most periphery
there are traces of intermediate worn out surfaces due to the
impingement of aluminum, silicon and magnesium particles. These
observations are very vital as they play a key role in designing and
material selection in automobile industries for different compo-
nents in different applications. The inner most layer it offered high
resistance to wear because of the combined effect of SiC and mag-
nesium particles achieved at very low wear of 180 mm and main-
tained constantly at the finish of wear loading time which is
clearly visualized in Fig. 6 and the wornout morphology is
observed in Fig. 7(d). After the completion of the pin on disc wear
testing in order to examine the micro structural behavior we have
utilized SEM analysis. In the SEM analysis we have observed the
worn out surfaces of the composites with the EN 31 disc material.
We also performed wear analysis on the other side of the func-
tionally graded materials of pure Al, Al-SiC, Al-MgO2 and Al-SiC-
MgO2, verified the parameters such as wear, coefficient of friction
and frictional force are remaining constant or there are any varia-
tions but we detected that the graphs obtained at that point of time
remained unchanged and flawless. This shows the effectiveness of
the pin on disc testing methodology and the manufacturing pro-
cess adopted in generating the graded materials.
In the above graphs namely 4, 5 & 6. We have considered as the
wear, frictional force and coefficient of friction as deciding param-
eters and it is taken as ordinate and the constant parameter is con-
sidered it as time and taken as ordinate. In these graphs we can
clearly see the wear rate as minimum as possible extent and max-
imum wear is found to be 195 mm which is very low when com-
pared to the polymer composites to the metal matrix composites.
Fig. 7. (a, b, c, d) SEM images of the specimens after wear test. (a) Pure aluminum
FGM. (b) Al-SiC FGM. (C) Al-MgO2 FGM. (d) Al-SiC-MgO2 FGM.
org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.275

4. Conclusion
Systematic powder metallurgy is used as a successful tool to
synthesize functionally graded Al/SiC, Al/ MgO2 and Al-SiC-
MgO2. The developed microstructures which are obtained from
the SEM analysis at the outer periphery of all the FGMs enumer-
ates that the reinforcement materials are successfully inserted
at that place through the aid of compaction process. The images
obtained for the prediction of hardness reveals that the highest
percentage of strong bonding between the internal molecules is
predicted at the outer surface of all the produced FGM’s than
the bonding developed in the middle and the inner most
peripheries.
The presence of the highest compressive strength is generated
at the outer region of all the generated FGMs. This shows that
the outer surface is in rich existence of the hardening agents
which prolongs the fracture in the specimens. The abrasive
wear test conducted on pin on disc tester with EN31 disc mate-
rial reveals that the all the FGM’s produced the outer region is
subjected to more wear as the load is increase linearly and
due to which at constant speed there is more wear rate but
when the speed of wearing or the disc speed is increase result-
ing in the impression of contacting between the surfaces is very
low decreasing the wear rate of the specimens.
Highly dense particles of SiC particles at the outer periphery is
resulting in high wear resistance but whereas the low dense
particles of magnesium elements is producing low wear resis-
tance which is clearly visualized in the tribological behavior fig-
ures from 4, 5 and 6 and their traces of worn out when tested
through pin on disc tester are clearly visualized through Fig. 7
(a, b, c, d), but surprisingly the presence of magnesium and sil-
icon elements at the outer region is resulting in very high wear
resistance. The monolithic alloy is such a material which cannot
be synthesized as a homogenous composition of the function-
ally graded materials.
The graded materials is replacing the super alloys, shape mem-
ory alloys and even the metal matrix composites as they can be
extensively used in every engineering application due to their
superior properties. Therefore the graded materials which are
manufactured with impeccable mechanical properties are uti-
lized in structural applications and those with high wear resis-
tance or with superior tribological properties are used in heavy
machinery and aerospace applications such as fuselage, pro-
peller and aerofoil profiles.
References
[1] Yoshimi Watanabe, Yoshifumi Inaguma, Hisashi Sato, Eri Miura-Fujiwara, A
Novel fabrication method for functionally graded materials under centrifugal
force: the centrifugal mixed powder method, J. Mater. Sci. Eng. doi:
10.3390/ma2042510.
[2] J. Njuguna, K. Pielichowski, J. Fan, Polymer nanocomposites for aerospace
applications, J. Adv. Polymer Nano Compos. doi:10.1533/
9780857096241.3.472.
[3] R. Kumar, C.N. Chandrappa, Synthesis and characterization of Al-Sic
functionally graded Material composites using powder metallurgy
techniques, IJIRSET ISSN: 2319-8753.
[4] P.G. Mukunda, A. Shailesh Rao, Shrikantha S. Rao, Influence of rotational speed
during centrifugal casting on sliding wear behaviour of the Al-2Si Alloy, Met.
Mater. Int. 16 (1), 137–143.
[5] J. Gandra, R. Miranda, P. Vilaça, A. Velhinho, J. Pamies Teixeira, Functionally
graded materials using friction stir processing, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 211
(2011) 1659–1668. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2011.04.016.
[6] Kushagra Gupta, Himanshu Saini, Mohd, Asghar Zaidi Synthesis of functional
graded material by powder metallurgy, J. Mater. Sci. Mech. Eng. (JMSME) 4 (3)
(April-June, 2017) pp. 163–165. p-ISSN: 2393-9095; e-ISSN: 2393-9109.
[7] Y. Manideepvarma, P.N.S. Srinivas, P. Ravindra Babu, B. BalaKrishna, Effect of
SiC and zinc sterate on the mechanical and metallurgical characterization of
functionally graded material using powder metallurgy, Int. J. Res. Appl. Sci.
Eng. Technol. (IJRASET) 7 (VI), ISSN: 2321-9653.
[8] A.C. Vieira, P.D. Sequeira, J.R. Gomes, L.A. Rocha, Dry sliding wear of Al alloy/
SiCp functionally graded composites: influence of processing conditions, Wear
267(2009) 585-592. www.elseveir.com/locate/wear.
[9] Liu Chang ming et al., Characteristics of two Al functionally graded composites
reinforced by primary Silicon particles, TNMSC 361-370 2010. doi:10.1016/
s1003-6326(09)60147-3.
[10] Rasheedat M. Mahamood, Esther T. Akinlabi Member, IAENG, Mukul Shukla,
Sisa Pityana, Functionally graded material: an overview, in Proceedings of the
World Congress on Engineering 2012 Vol III WCE 2012, July 4–6, 2012, London,
U.K.
[11] A. Vellhinho, R.M.S. Martins, P.D. Sequeira, Gerard L. Vignoles, Evaluation of Al/
Sic wetting characteristics of functionally metal matrix composites by
synchronous radiation, Mater. Sect. Forum 423–425, 263–268. doi: 10.4028/
www.scientific.net/MSF.423-425.263.
Fig. 8. Illustrates the Compaction and ejection equipped machine with 200 kN
capacity.
org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.275

Effect of silicon carbide and magnesium oxide in aluminum FGMs

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (17)

Similar to Effect of silicon carbide and magnesium oxide in aluminum FGMs

Similar to Effect of silicon carbide and magnesium oxide in aluminum FGMs (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Effect of silicon carbide and magnesium oxide in aluminum FGMs