3. ILLEGAL TRADE – the market
• Established in the Far East
• Used as a TCM
• Cultural and traditional beliefs
• Although illegal it is not immoral to trade and
use.
Therefore accept reality.
4. ILLEGAL TRADE - supply
• From criminal activities (poaching,
pseudo-hunts, theft, fraud + corruption)
• Criminal wholesalers and retailers pay
high prices
• Commodity is becoming more scarce
5. ILLEGAL TRADE - incentives
• Profitable and lucrative
• Risks are manageable (cautious,
opportunistic, bribe)
• Can horde and speculate
6. ILLEGAL TRADE - costs
• Poacher (rural or sophisticated)
• Equipment
• Bribes (field ranger, security forces,
customs official, owner)
• Transport (international)
• Fine / imprisonment
7. ILLEGAL TRADE - Risks
• Apprehended + charged
• Prosecuted and convicted
• Confiscation
• Asset Forfeiture
PRICE: = US$ 20 000 / kg (wholesale).
Retail = +US$ 40 000 / kg (143 doses / kg)
8. ILLEGAL TRADE - PROCEEDS
$$$$$$ from sale of poached horns
accrue to criminals.
9. LEGAL TRADE - Strategy
TWO PRONGED:
• Replace illegal market with a legal
trade
1. CSO
2. Set price / package
3. Manage price (do not lower price!)
4. Manage supply on offer
5. Avoid incentives for speculators
6. Audit
10. LEGAL: TRADE - Strategy
• Improved anti-poaching and illegal
trade deterrents.
1. No ‘silver bullet’
2. Law enforcement
3. Laws + Regulations
4. Penalties
5. Vigilance at borders
6. Economic instrument to trade
11. LEGAL TRADE - Supply
• Natural mortalities of white rhino
• Stockpiles
• Acquired by courts of law
Note: harvested horns will not be
accepted for trade.
12. LEGAL TRADE – Certification
• DNA analysis
• Chemical analysis (isotope)
• Transponder inserted
• Central database
Fraudulent horns will therefore be
excluded.
13. LEGAL TRADE - Operation
• Verify buyers
• Hold 3 / 4 sales / year
• Offer horn as a ‘package’ @ set price
• Clean horns only
• Manipulate price between sales
• Export horns + CITES certification
Note: No auction, No flooding of market
14. LEGAL TRADE - PROCEEDS
$$$$$ from sale of rhino horns accrue to
conservation agencies and private rhino
owners, allowing for:
• More effective law enforcement to protect
rhinos (and other biodiversity).
• PA expansion especially for rhinos.
16. Lessons Learnt – add value!
22000 960
14505
725
a
fric
Number of Rhino
Asset value ($ Million)
A
th
Sou
Re
st of A
f rica
150
3200 3000
Ca. 1980 2012
17. LESSONS LEARNT
INCREASE VALUE!!!!
RSA experience:
• Allowed rhinos to be owned by private safari
parks
• Allowed live animals to be traded
• Allowed trophy hunting of rhinos
• ADD TRADE IN RHINO HORN
Other rhino states.
• Rhinos nearing extinction as no value was
added!
