Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease

POWERPOINT PRESENTATION ON:
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
TANIA GONZALEZ DIAZ
WALDEN UNIVERSITY
NURS:6501C
AUGUST 03,2019
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Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer disease (AD) is: Chronic neurodegenerative disorder
The leading cause of dementia
According to Etindele Sosso, Nakamura & Nakamura (2017), as
of 2015, 29.8 million people had AD.
Most prevalent among people whose ages are 65 years and
above.
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder
that normally starts and gradually progresses with the brain
cells dying off. Leading to memory loss. The leading cause of
dementia which affects an individual cognitive, social and
behavioral skills that destroy the capability of a person to
function properly.According to Etindele Sosso, Nakamura &
Nakamura (2017), as of 2015, there were 29.8 million people
globally who had AD. It mostly starts in people whose ages are

over 65 years.
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Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Exact cause is
unknown. Early onset of Familial Alzheimer’s Disease is
associated with 3 genes found in chromosome 21, namely;
Abnormal amyloid precursor protein 14 [APP14] Abnormal
presenilin 1 [PSEN1] andAbnormalpresenilin 2 [PSEN2])Late
onset of AD is related to changes in apolipoprotein E gene-
allele4(APOE4) gene found in chromosome 19. Source:
(Huether, McCance, Brashers & Rote, 2016)
The exact cause of AD is still unknown till date. Early onset of
Familial Alzheimer’s Disease is associated with 3 genes found
in chromosome 21, namely; Abnormal amyloid precursor
protein 14 [APP14] Abnormal presenilin 1 [PSEN1]
andAbnormalpresenilin 2 [PSEN2])Late onset of AD is related
to changes in apolipoprotein E gene-allele 4 (APOE4) gene
found in chromosome 19.
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Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease …contdDNA
methylation is one epigenetic markers for AD.Pathological
alterations in the brain causes the loss of memory.These
pathological alterations include; Accumulation of extracellular
neuritic plaques with core of amyloid Degeneration of basal
forebrain ß-protein Intraneuronal neurofibrillary
tanglescholinergic neurons with loss of acetylcholineSource:
(Huether, McCance, Brashers & Rote, 2016)
DNA methylation is one epigenetic markers for AD.Pathological

alterations in the brain causes the loss of memory.These
pathological alterations include; Accumulation of extracellular
neuritic plaques with core of amyloid ß-protein Intraneuronal
neurofibrillary tanglesDegeneration of basal forebrain
cholinergic neurons If the brain is unable to get rid of amyloid
the precursor protein, toxic fragments of amyloid ß-protein
accumulates and which trigger neuritic plaques to diffuse, the
transmission of impulses by nerve cells to be disrupted and the
nerve cells to die. The tau protein in neiurons detaches forming
an insoluble neurofibrillary tangles, which causes the neurons to
die. Neurofibrilary tangles and neuritic plaques which are more
concentrated in the cerebral cortex are the one that contribute to
memory loss, through the loss of neurons. As shown in the
figure attached in the slides above this causes the gri to shrink
while the sulci widens.
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Body Systems Affected by Alzheimer's DiseaseAlmost body
systems are affected by Alzheimer's Disease. Because with time
and age are it affected other body functions. Digestive system
(Alagiakrishnan, Bhanji & Kurian, 2013)Swallowing difficulties
People often eat while choking Central Nervous system (Tina,
n.d.)AD is a CNS disease an d therefore affects both the brain
and spinal cord Amyloid plaque that is made up of fragments of
dead brain cells and certain protein accumulates in the brain
Tau protein also accumulate at abnormal levels rendering the
brain cells to die and to ultimately die
As AD continues, it often extends to other brain parts which
control coordination, walking and swallowing. Even though
Alzheimer’s usually out as a problem that affect the thought and
memory, it ultimately affects almost all the body functions.
Digestive system Swallowing difficulties People often eat while

choking
Central Nervous system AD is a CNS disease an d therefore
affects both the brain and spinal cord Amyloid plaque that is
made up of fragments of dead brain cells and certain protein
accumulates in the brain Tau protein also accumulate at
abnormal levels rendering the brain cells to die and to
ultimately die
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Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s DiseaseNeurologist or geriatrician
will first review clinical history of a client and their symptoms
The physician will then run tests: Brain imaging MRI, CT scan
PETLaboratory tests Memory tests Neuropsychological tests
Mental status testing According to Mayo Clinic Staff (2019),
the future diagnosis will apply tool that will involve the
detection of tau proteins like PET
Neurologist or geriatrician will first review clinical history of a
client and their symptoms The physician will then run tests:
Brain imaging MRI, CT scan Laboratory tests Memory tests
Neuropsychological tests Mental status testing Future diagnosis
will apply tool that will involve the detection of tau proteins
like PET
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Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease Cure for AD has not been
established.Are medicines that ease the symptoms in some
people. Some drugs curb the breakdown of acetylcholine which
is crucial for learning and memory.Are three drugs commonly
used, these are; Razadyne (galantamine)Aricept
(donepezil)Exelon (rivastigmine)

Cure for AD has not been established.Are medicines that ease
the symptoms in some people. Some drugs curb the breakdown
of acetylcholine which is crucial for learning and
memory.Treatment options depend on factors such Severity of
the disease, clinical history, age, lifestyle, client’s or family’s
or caregiver’ preferencesAre three drugs commonly used, these
are; Razadyne (galantamine)Aricept (donepezil)Exelon
(rivastigmine)
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A Mind Map of Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease
Clinical Manifestation Behavioral changes Mood changes
TreatmentAre three drugs commonly used, these are; Razadyne
(galantamine)Aricept (donepezil)Exelon (rivastigmine)
Support groups
Pathophysiology alterations
Plaque tangles and tau proteins leads to death of neuronal cell
Risk FactorsHereditary Abnormal amyloid precursor protein 14
[APP14] Abnormal presenilin 1 [PSEN1] andAbnormal
presenilin 2 [PSEN2])Cardiovascular disease
DiagnosisLaboratory tests Memory testsBrain imaging
Epidemiology Globally, about 29.8 million people have AD as
of 2015 In a study conducted in the US people aged >70 years
yielded a prevalence for AD of 9.7 %.
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References
Alagiakrishnan, K., Bhanji, R., & Kurian, M. (2013). Evaluation
and management of oropharyngeal dysphagia in different types
of dementia: A systematic review. Archives Of Gerontology
And Geriatrics, 56(1), 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2012.04.011
Etindele Sosso, F., Nakamura, O., & Nakamura, M. (2017).
Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s Disease: Comparison between
Africa and South America. Journal Of Neurology And
Neuroscience, 08(04). doi: 10.21767/2171-6625.1000204
Huether, S., McCance, K., Brashers, V., & Rote, N.
(2016). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed., pp. 1180-
1200). Elsevier.
Mayo Clinic Staff. (2019). Learn how Alzheimer's is diagnosed.
Retrieved 30 July 2019, from
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-
disease/in-depth/alzheimers/art-20048075
Tina, M. What Body Systems Are Affected by Alzheimer
Disease? | Livestrong.com. Retrieved 30 July 2019, from
https://www.livestrong.com/article/177220-what-body-systems-
are-affected-by-alzheimers-disease/
Thank you for listening.
You are a part of a global fight against Alzheimer’s disease
*
Running head: BUSINESS MANAGEMENT IN GLOBAL
ENVIRONMENT 1
.
BUSINESS MANAGEMENT IN GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT 2

Business Management in Global Environment
Lisa Anderson
Professor Cathy Johnson
July 29, 2019
The success of a business is determined by effective leadership
and management. A company that operates globally is faced
with a broader market that requires a leader who is competent to
ensure everything in the business fit international standards
(Samson, 2018). Global operations put into consideration of
some factor such as culture and ethical concerns, and they
determine the success of the business. Form the review of
scenario four fundamental of management were found essential
to business operation, they include, leading, planning,
controlling, and organizing.
Leading: leadership affect determines the success of the firm.
Effective leadership in the firm is achieved with a capable
leader who has the ability to influence people in a specific
direction. Leading involves people pushing people to work
toward a particular goal in the firm. With the global market,
there is a lot that needs to be achieved. Thus a firm will need a
leader who will be able to make employee remain focused on
the primary goal. The process of managing includes guiding or
influencing employees toward positive managing as well as
motivating employees.
Planning: this a process where the management of the firm is
concerned with establishing the goal and objective or the firm
for future operation. This involves the process of sourcing the
required resources that will be used to achieve the firm's
objectives (DeCenzo et al., 2016). The company operating
globally need to consider several factors and focus on some
areas such as maximizing sale to increase profit, utilize the

existing investment gap, and increase the economies of scale in
all operation. In this case, planning is essential as it helps in the
allocation of resources and allocation of duties to employee.
Organizing: this a process where resources and personnel are set
for operations. Once the firm’s objections are achieved, then the
manager ensures that human and other resources are available
for use. Under the global market, the process of operation is
more complicated as it requires to keep analysis of the entire
market.
Controlling: this a process which management monitors and
evaluate activities that are being undertaken. The manager
keeps om checking whether the operation is in line with the firm
objective. (Kerzner, 2017) Business operating globally, it will
be required to establish an effective communication program to
allow access to the operator in the market. Controlling will also
help the firm to ensure operate within its budget.
References
DeCenzo, D. A., Robbins, S. P., & Verhulst, S. L.
(2016). Fundamentals of Human Resource Management, Binder
Ready Version. John Wiley & Sons.
Kerzner, H. (2017). Project management: a systems approach to
planning, scheduling, andcontrolling. John Wiley & Sons.
Samson, D., Donnet, T., & Daft, R. (2018). Fundamentals of
Management [6th Asia-Pacific Edition]. Cengage.
Running Head: MANAGING A GLOBAL TEAM
1
MANAGING A GLOBAL TEAM
4

Lisa Anderson
Professor Cathy Johnson
July 12, 2019
The role of a project manager can sometimes be very stressful.
The manager is the man in the middle, where he is pulled in
different directions by everyone from the customers, the
developers, the management and everybody else involved. As a
manager, however, the biggest responsibilities are delivering
results to the customers and work harder to achieve this goal
(Chiocchio, Kelloway, & Hobbs, 2015). By doing this, one has
to make sure that the development team can work efficiently.
Leading a new team is especially difficult, more so when the
team comes from different cultures.
Global teams are nothing new but the challenges that encounter
a widely spread team are very evident. Communication is

mainly one of the significant factors for global teams. To start
with, I would use time and date tools with nifty world clock
which will tell the time it is any place in the world which also
has a meeting planner tool for time coordination. The team
members will be requested earlier on to state their local time so
that they can know the time variance earlier on to avoid any
delay since the time factor is of great essence.
With the trickiness involved in managing multicultural
meetings, it is important to put more emphasis on the style of
communication since it varies from different cultures. This
starts by showing the awareness of the variations existing
among the members. I would first avoid stereotyping my team.
As the leader of a project, it is not good treating partners in a
different way just for the reason that they have a diverse
background culturally; cultural stereotyping does not work at
all. When dealing with people, one deals with individuals. The
impression of national culture is just excellent in getting an idea
of the possible conflicts one might encounter on the way.
Having an experience of working in multi-cultural teams, there
are challenges as well as opportunities. People will be very
open-minded at the moment they realize that their peers can
think in a different way than they do (Bouncken, Brem, &
Kraus, 2016). At the end of the day, better results are obtained
with a multi-cultural team. Every individual in the team is
obligated to follow the same rules and regulations to avoid
rebellion among the team members. Understanding the cultural
divergence and discovering the central point between respecting
diverse cultures and maintaining a strict follow up of rules will
determine the kind of a leader one is.
The meeting would probably start by brainstorming about some
working agreements on how to run the meeting. In the end, the
team must be capable of telling the mission of the task (Binder,
2016). The success of a project majorly depends on how the
team will work together. It is therefore of great essence for the
team to come up with the project team plan document. This will
provide details on who will be doing what in the project. This

will go a long way in fostering efficient project execution,
maintaining the communication of the team efficient and
transparent. The project work plan will also be efficient in
keeping track of all the activities, the resources, and the
durations, thus acting as a guideline for the core project team.
References
Binder, J. (2016). Global project management: communication,
collaboration and management across borders. Routledge.
Bouncken, R., Brem, A., & Kraus, S. (2016). Multi-cultural
teams as sources for creativity and innovation: The role of
cultural diversity on team performance. International Journal of
Innovation Management, 20(01), 1650012.
Chiocchio, F., Kelloway, E. K., & Hobbs, B. (Eds.). (2015). The
psychology and management of project teams. Oxford
University Press.
Chinese Business Culture and Business Etiquette
Lisa Anderson
Colorado Technical University
July, 12/2019

Chinese Business Etiquette
Meaning of pride in China. China values their security and
national identity more than other countries.
Communication styles in China is indirect , polite and
courteous. Negotiation is made easier.
Mixing Business and personal life is a business culture in
China. One is treated as close family friend rather than a
business associate.
Decision making process is long and well structured.
In Chinese business its unethical to avoid eye contact since its
is considered as untrustworthy act. Its unethical to invoke
negative attitude since its believed to be unfriendly(Limited,
2019). Hand shake is not a business practice in China. Decision
making process in China is very different as compared to
American business culture. In China the process of making
business decision is long and well structured, but in America
the process is short since they believe that time is money and
hence there is a need to make the process short. China business
practices and culture have little restrictions for example its
ethical for dine and engage business partners unlike American
business culture that do only define business employees as

business partners rather than close friends(Limited, 2019).
2
Cultural Communication Barriers in the workplaces
Language barrier is a common communication barriers in most
workplace. Language barrier leads to business
misunderstandings and poor decision making process.
Inaccurate and hostile Stereotypes. Stereotypes are the
assumptions that describe the traits of a given group. China is
believed to be secretive ,arrogant and tolerant.
Language barrier are the most communication barriers affecting
various business culture in the world("Cultural Communication
Barriers in the Workplace", 2019). Language barriers leads to
misunderstanding thus making business operation to be
ineffective since communication style is not effective.
Language barrier in most cases can lead to business conflicts
arising due to poor communication channel. Language barrier
are unethical when practiced in day to day business operations.
Language barriers too hinders effective communication between
the business staffs, employs and their customers which
negatively affect business decision making process. Assumption
made by people to a specific group of people makes
communication ineffective since the assumed trait will hinder
anyone to avoid working with the identified business partners.
China is believed to be secretive ,arrogant and tolerant thus iota
will be difficult enough to involve them in your business
operation("Cultural Communication Barriers in the Workplace",

2019).
3
Cultural Communication Barriers in the workplaces
Difference in the way of behaving. Behavioral distinct amongst
the business employee can impact misunderstanding in the
respective business or organization.
Negative attitude and too much emotions. Emotion display in
many cases differs from one state to another. Expression some
emotion and negative attitude such as arrogance is considered as
inappropriate in Chinese business culture.
Personal way of conduct is very vital in different business
settings("Cultural Communication Barriers in the Workplace",
2019). Some behaviors such as handshake and not maintaining
eye contact is considered as unethical practice in Chinese
Business settings. Personal conduct and the way to act varies
from one country to another. Some negative behaviors adopted
by business employs can negatively impact output level of the
respective organization. Bad behaviors when practiced in a
business culture will trigger misunderstanding in the respective
organization or company. Being emotional is too unethical but
the way of expressing emotions and their meaning differs from
one territory to the other. It appropriate to keep all emotions
hidden and focused on the main business agenda .Displaying
some emotions such as anger can trigger misunderstanding in an
organization("Cultural Communication Barriers in the
Workplace", 2019).
4

Ensuring clear and polite communication strategies. Clarity in
communication enhances better decision making effective.
Learn about different cultures. understanding different Business
cultures from different states will foster workplace relation and
understanding.
Accommodating cultural differences is very essential. Its vital
to adapt to various business cultures and be sensitive to
recognize unconscious biasness.
Solution
s to Cultural Communication Barriers in the workplaces
Inorder to reduce diverse misunderstanding in workplaces its
important to sensitize on effective communication channel that
enhances politeness and respec(Bechervaise, 2019)t. Being
polite when addressing employs in workplaces is very essential
since the level of misunderstanding and decision making is

enhanced within the organization. Politeness in workplaces can
be achieved by use of simple language ,avoid language biasness
and use of effective visual methods to address your point of
view to employees. Its very effective and appropriate to learn
and understand different business cultural practices to reduce
misunderstanding and at the same time enhance decision making
strategies(Bechervaise, 2019). Learning and adopting to changes
in different business cultures reduces biasness and enables one
to understand different customs practices thus encouraging
cultural celebrations(Bechervaise, 2019).
5

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