Chapter 13 ppt

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter 13: Risk of Infectious
and Communicable Diseases

Chapter Highlights
• Infectious versus communicable disease
• Outbreak investigation: person, place, time
• Public health surveillance
• Foodborne and waterborne illnesses
• Sexually transmitted diseases

Question
Is the following statement True or False?
Carrier is a person or animal who harbors an infectious
organism and transmits the organism to others while
having no symptoms of the disease.

Answer
True
Rationale: Carrier is a person or animal who harbors an
infectious organism and transmits the organism to others
while having no symptoms of the disease.

Infectious Disease
• Presence and replication of an infectious agent in the
tissues of a host, with manifestation of signs and
symptoms
• Pathogenicity—ability of the agent to produce an
infectious disease in a susceptible host

Epidemiology of the Infectious Process:
The Chain of Infection
• Agent
• Host
• Environment
• The epidemiology of the infectious disease process adds
other elements to the epidemiological triad: a portal of
exit for the infectious agent, a means of transmission,
and a portal of entry to a new host.

Carrier
• A person or animal who harbors an infectious organism
and transmits the organism to others while having no
symptoms of the disease

Colonization
• The presence and multiplication of infectious organisms
without invading or causing damage to tissue

Incubation Period
• Time period between initial contact with the infectious
agent and the appearance of the first signs or symptoms
of the disease

Question
An infectious disease is not contagious or communicable.

Answer
False
Rationale: An infectious disease may or may not be
contagious or communicable.

Environment/Reservoirs
• Humans
• Animals
• Plants
• Insects
• Water
• Soil

Mechanisms of Transmission
• Direct contact
• Indirect contact
• Droplets
• Airborne transmission

Question
Epidemic is the constant or usual prevalence of a specific
disease or infectious agent within a population or
geographic area.

Answer
False
Rationale: Endemic—the constant or usual prevalence of
a specific disease or infectious agent within a population
or geographic area
Epidemic—significant increase in the number of new
cases of a disease than past experience would have
predicted for that place, time, or population; an increase
in incidence beyond that which is expected

Outbreak Investigation
• Establishing the existence of an outbreak
• Describing cases by person, place, time
• Common source outbreak—an outbreak characterized by
exposure to a common, harmful substance
• Propagated outbreak—outbreak resulting from direct or
indirect transmission of an infectious agent from an
infected person to a susceptible host; secondary
infections can occur

Types of Outbreaks
• Endemic—the constant or usual prevalence of a specific
disease or infectious agent within a population or
geographic area
• Epidemic—significant increase in the number of new
cases of a disease than past experience would have
predicted for that place, time, or population; an increase
in incidence beyond that which is expected

Health Care–Associated Infections
• Nurses play an important role in the prevention of health
care–associated infection and represent the first line of
defense for such adverse outcomes.

Public Health Surveillance
• Surveillance—a continual dynamic method for gathering
data about the health of the general public for the
purpose of primary prevention of illness
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is
a major agency that protects the nation’s health by
developing guidelines that promote health and quality of
life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and
disability.
• The CDC maintains surveillance systems to analyze data
for infectious disease trends and outbreaks.

Specific Communicable Diseases
• Foodborne diseases
– Noroviruses
– Campylobacter enteritis
– Listeria monocytogenes
– Nontyphoid Salmonella
– Escherichia coli O157:H7

Waterborne Diseases
• Waterborne diseases associated with drinking/potable
water
• Waterborne diseases associated with recreational water

Question
The CDC reports indicate that more than one-fourth of
new HIV cases were heterosexually acquired.

Answer
False
Rationale: The CDC reports indicate that more than one-
third of new HIV cases were heterosexually acquired.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (Sexually
Transmitted Infections)
• Despite progress made in the prevention of sexually
transmitted diseases (STDs), the United States has the
highest rates of STDs in the industrialized world.
• Any person is in a high-risk group for STIs if they
– Have multiple sexual partners
– Do not use a condom during sex
– Have other STDs
– Have a sexual partner who has had an STD

Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Chlamydia
– Women are at increased risk for chlamydia if they
• Are 24 years of age or younger and are sexually active
• Have previously had chlamydia or another sexually
transmitted infection
• Have new or multiple sexual partners
• Do not use condoms regularly
• Exchange sex for money or drugs

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (cont.)
• Gonorrhea
• Syphilis
• Human immunodeficiency virus
– The CDC reports indicate that more than one-third of
new HIV cases were heterosexually acquired.
• Herpes simplex virus
• Human papillomavirus (HPV)
– HPV is one of the most common causes of STD in the
world and can lead to cancer of the cervix in women.
• Hepatitis B virus

STD Prevention
• Surveillance systems to measure STD incidence
• Public and private sector clinical services
• Public education programs

Chapter 13 ppt

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