Chapter 04 ppt

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter 4:
Frameworks for Health
Promotion, Disease Prevention,
and Risk Reduction

Chapter Highlights
• Influences on health and well-being
• Role of the nurse as an interdisciplinary team member in
health promotion and prevention
• Health promotion programs
• Epidemiologic models of health promotion and public
health science

Chapter Highlights (cont.)
• Levels of prevention and pathogenesis
• Immunizations
• Screening
• Behavior change theories
• Ecological model and women living with HIV/AIDS

Question
Tell whether the following statement is True or False:
International goals and directives to maintain the health
of individuals, families, and communities are significant
roadmaps for healthcare professionals

Answer
False
Rationale: National, not international, goals and
directives to maintain the health of individuals, families,
and communities are significant roadmaps for health care
professionals.

Health
• Health—a quality, an ability to adapt to change, or a
resource to help cope with challenges and processes of
daily living
• Well-being—a subjective perception of full functional
ability as a human being

Health Promotion, Disease Prevention,
and Risk Reduction as Core Activities of
Public Health
• Following are the ten key components of public health
practice that are central to keeping populations healthy
and safe.
– Preventing epidemics
– Protecting the environment, workplaces, and sources
of food and water
– Promoting health behavior
– Monitoring the health status of the population
– Mobilizing community resources into service

Health Promotion, Disease Prevention,
and Risk Reduction as Core Activities of
Public Health (cont.)
– Responding to disasters
– Assuring the public that there are trained personnel to
assist them and that there is access to areas for health
care
– Reaching out to those at high risk
– Researching risk, disease acquisition, and ways to
prevent injury through interventions
– Influencing policy to acquire resources to effect change

Healthy People Initiatives
• To increase quality and years of health life
• To eliminate any barriers to accessing care, specifically
through health disparities

Road Maps to Health Promotion
• Epidemiologic model and prevention
– Modifiable risk factors—susceptibility to disease or
injury that can be controlled by individual people,
families, or communities
• Epidemiologists make conclusions about the direction of
further study by considering
– Relative risk of an agent causing a problem
– Consistency
– Exposure
– Timing

Question
Tertiary prevention—maximizing health and wellness
through strategies that are set in place at the early and
active chronic stages of pathogenesis of illness and injury

Answer
False
Rationale: Secondary prevention—maximizing health and
wellness through strategies that are set in place at the
early and active chronic stages of pathogenesis of illness
and injury
Tertiary prevention—maximizing health and wellness
through strategies that are set in place at the palliation
and end-stage of disease and injury trajectories

Levels of Prevention
• Primary prevention—maximizing health and wellness
through strategies that are set in place before illness or
injury is present
• Secondary prevention—maximizing health and
wellness through strategies that are set in place at the
early and active chronic stages of pathogenesis of illness
and injury
• Tertiary prevention — maximizing health and wellness
through strategies that are set in place at the palliation
and end-stage of disease and injury trajectories

Question
Learning model—a behavior change model that considers
the severity of the potential illness or physical challenge,
the level of conceivable susceptibility, the benefits of
taking preventive action, and the challenges that may be
faced in taking action toward the goal of health
promotion

Answer
False
Rationale: Health belief model—a behavior change model
that considers the severity of the potential illness or
physical challenge, the level of conceivable susceptibility,
the benefits of taking preventive action, and the
challenges that may be faced in taking action toward the
goal of health promotion
Learning model—a behavior change model emphasizing
reinforcement of social competence, problem solving,
autonomy, and sense of purpose

Behavior Models
• Motivational interviewing—client-centered
communication style for eliciting behavior change by
helping clients and groups explore and resolve
ambivalence to change
• Behavior change models—models that assist clients,
groups, and communities to redirect activities toward
health and wellness

Learning Model
• A behavior change model emphasizing reinforcement of
social competence, problem solving, autonomy, and
sense of purpose

Health Belief Model
• A behavior change model that considers the severity of
the potential illness or physical challenge, the level of
conceivable susceptibility, the benefits of taking
preventive action, and the challenges that may be faced
in taking action toward the goal of health promotion

Transtheoretical Model
• Precontemplation
• Contemplation
• Preparation
• Action
• Maintenance
• Relapse

Theory of Reasoned Action
• A behavior model that emphasizes that individual
performance of a given behavior is primarily determined
by a person's intention to perform that behavior

Social Learning
• A behavior change model that considers environmental
influences, personal factors, and behavior as key
components to change

The Relapse Prevention Model
• Negative emotional states
• Lack of, or limited coping skills
• Decreased motivation
• Stress
• High risk experiences

Ecological Model
• Belief that all processes occurring within individual people
and their environment should be viewed as
interdependent

Use of the Ecological Model: Evidence for
Health Promotion Intervention
• Emphasize the unique developmental nature of variables
those influence behaviors
• Use a multilayered understanding of influence on
behaviors
• Test variables from each of the identified systems in the
model to guide the assessment, development,
implementation, and evaluation of targeted interventions

Use of the Ecological Model: Evidence for
Health Promotion Intervention (cont.)
• Ontogenic system—personal factors
• Microsystem—relationship between women and the
environment
• Exosystem—formal and informal social structures
• Macroculture—values and beliefs of culture

Chapter 04 ppt

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Chapter 04 ppt