economics

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CHAPTER III
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A literature review is a description of the literature relevant to a particular field
ortopic. It gives an overview ofwhat has been said, who the key writers are, what
are the prevailing theories and hypotheses, what questions are being asked, and
what methods and methodologies are appropriate and useful. The conceptualand
empirical literature reviews help in establishing the rationale and credibility to
the study.
1. Sayoojkumar K.P (2017),“SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND HEALTH
STATUS OF AUTO –RICKSHAW DRIVERS OF CALICUT CITY”
2017 JETIR, Volume 4, Issue 11.
India is experiencing a rapid urbanization and an unprecedented growth in
transport system. The Government has successfully intervened to
decongest the traffic through infrastructure development. However, road
fatalities, air pollution and frequent congestions are a common sight in
many metros of India. Adding to the chaos is the muddled eco- system of
auto-rickshaws. The informal economies of auto-rickshaws are just not a
social-economic problem but also a serious ecological and health concern.
This study examines the socio-economic and health status of auto drivers
in Calicut city, Kozhikode District, Kerala. In this town auto transport has
become a bread winning job for many men, so the researchers choosethis
topic to study the socio economic status and the health issues faced by the
auto drivers.
2. Ajai Sreevatsan (2011) ,has written an article in The Hindu newspaper
He highlighted the views of Chennai auto rickshaw drivers. A survey of
more than 500 drivers throws up some interesting observations, such as

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why many do notprefer to useLPG. Balchand Parayath, Chief Executive
Officer of City Connect, said that, since a number of auto rickshaws in the
city are shared by two or more drivers, it is difficult to monitor fuel usage.
Refuelling of LPG can only be done in certain predetermined volumes.
Drivers prefer to hand over the auto rickshaw to another person with the
same level of fuel. Interestingly, the official pre-paid auto rickshaw fares
(at least the one in Chennai Central) is almost equal to this value and yet
many drivers demand more. According to the report, this is because of the
less distance (<100km) they clock every day. According to the Chennai
Traffic and Transportation Study, 72 per cent of the Chennai's trip length
is short distance of less than five km.
The reportsays -With sucha large possiblerider clientele, it should be right
to expect the average daily trip distance to be far in excess of the current
100 km. This is one of the reasons why other cities like Bangalore and
Delhi have lesser km cost as the average distance travelled per day is
around 150 km. Since many auto rickshaws operate for only 5-6 hours and
are idle for the rest of the day, charges are more and this leads to a cyclic
problem Currently 70 per cent of the auto rickshaws that ply in the city are
owned by someoneelse. The driver has no stake to improve services. Also,
increase the number of Auto LPG dispensing stations and enforce fare
meter system after scientifically fixing fares.
The report also states that, the auto rickshaw trade has suffered due to
constant conflict and ―many people are using it just for emergency. The
number of trips we get has drastically come down. A senior official at the
TransportDepartment said that aspects such as health insurance to drivers
and specific training courses to help the auto rickshaw drivers are presently
under consideration.

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3. Dr. R. Rangarajan (2018) , “AN ANALYSIS OF SOCIO - ECONOMIC
LIFE STYLE AND PROFESSIONAL SATISFACTION OF
AUTORICKSHAW DRIVERS IN CHENNAI CITY” Volume 5, Issue 5
Chennai is experiencing an unprecedented growth in transport system.
Various measures have been taken by the government to modernize the
transport system across the cities. But due to the problem of frequency of
public transport, peoplemostly prefer auto rickshaws to travel quickly and
conveniently to the desired destinations. In order to know the socio
economic lifestyle ofthe auto rickshaw drivers in Chennai city, an attempt
has been made in the present study. The study also concentrates on the
career satisfaction ofthe drivers who runs around the city without any time
bound. For this purpose, data were collected by using a well-designed
questionnaire and was circulated to 100 auto rickshaw drivers through
convenient sampling technique. The collected data were then analysed
with the help of statistical tools to know the socio economic lifestyle of
the autorickshaw drivers in Chennai city. Theresults revealed major issues
and backlogs in their socio economic lifestyle. The article also provides
various suggestions to enhance the lifestyle of auto rickshaw drivers.
4. Leslie Phillips (2010), Has stated in his study that, the auto rickshaw
drivers are suffer from health problems and are treated with utter disregard
by the government. Researchers from the University of Texas at Austin
gained insights into India's auto rickshaw industry from the perspective of
rickshaw drivers and manufacturers
The study incorporated 26 driver interviews that were carried out in
Bangalore, as well as interviews with the prominent three-wheeler
manufacturers. While they are an integral part of transportation in almost
every major Indian city, the auto rickshaw drivers are perceived as a

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nuisance to the system. The study has found that, the auto rickshaw drivers
are caught in a system where they are treated with utter disregard by the
government and are often resented by their own customers.
Most of the recent auto rickshaw reforms have been reactionary, as
regulatory authorities and traffic police attempt to crack down on poor
behaviour (traffic violations, emissions) as opposed to implementing
systemic reforms. Meanwhile, manufacturers generally do not perceive
rickshaw drivers as their end client, but rather focus onthe passenger when
designing and positioning their vehicles. This has created a crucial
disconnect in the auto rickshaw industry, where the very people who
ultimately drive the success ofthe industry (the drivers) are left out of the
process.
5. Tigari, Harish, and HB Santhosh. (2020) , “Socio-Economic Background
of Auto Rickshaw Drivers.” Shanlax International Journal of
Management, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 48–53. Auto rickshaw are the convenient
way of transportation within the cities and most of the people are trusted
their day to day life activities of travelling from the place to their
destination, The drivers are play a crucial role in travelling under the
informal economy of service sector, The Auto Drivers are get into during
this profession with a hope of earn an honest income for leading their life,
Some Drivers are Partially involved in other works with their interested
area, The drivers aren’t highly qualified in education although they’re
leading an honest life within the society, The auto drivers are face a many
issues in working environment like health issues, lack of infrastructure
facility and Traffic regulation etc. they need a highly competition between
them majorly city busses and two-wheelers are partially effects to their
earnings, they supply a 24/7 services with their commitment, The study

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targeting the present socio-financial condition of Auto Drivers, Their
earning and dealing condition.
6. Prakash S. Chougule (2020), “A STUDY THE PROBLEMS OF AUTO
RICKSHAW DRIVERS IN KOLHAPUR CITY USING STATISTICAL
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES”. EPRA International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) - Peer Reviewed Journal Volume: 6 |
Issue: 11 |
Health is a very significant matter in the daily life of a vehicle driver. The
aim of this study is to identify the problems among the auto rickshaw
service providers in relation to their standard of living and the number of
hours put in driving the auto rickshaws, their life style, economic status,
technology awareness, educational status, awareness about insurance. For
this purpose, a well-designed questionnaire prepared for collection of
primary data containing various attributes and was circulated to 125 auto
rickshaw drivers through convenient sampling technique and the data had
been collected from different location in Kolhapur city. The collected data
were then analysed with the help of various statistical tools and techniques
to know the socio economic lifestyle of the auto rickshaw drivers in
Kolhapur city .In our study the obtained results shows revealed major
issues and backlogs in their socio economic lifestyle.
7. Mreeshi Agarwala and Ms. Bandana Gogoi(2015) , “A Studyon the Socio
Economic Condition of E-Rickshaw Pullers in Guwahati City, Assam,
India”.
The paperis an attempt to study the socioeconomic status of the e-rickshaw
drivers and understand the sustainability ofthe e-rickshaw occupation. The
study has been conducted in the city of Guwahati, Assam, India. The
sample size is 45 erickshaw pullers and 5 e-rickshaw dealers. The
rickshaws comparatively have greater advantage than the general
rickshaws as they have higher number ofseating capacity along with a fuel

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free and pollution free mode oftransportation, there is no adverse effect on
health like the general rickshaws has on the rickshaw pullers. But at the
same time, it has higher maintenance costand high investment. Due to this
complicacy it is necessary to understand the condition of these e-rickshaw
drivers in terms of their socio-economic status, different financial facilities
available to them, satisfaction level. It is complicated to determine how this
new means of livelihood create changes in the life of the e-rickshaw
drivers. Thus to find these answers a study has been carried out through an
exploratory research which attempts to fulfil somewell-defined objectives.
8. ASHWINI R. BATE (2019), “ SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF
AUTO RICKSHAW DRIVERS IN KOLHAPUR CITY”
In India auto rickshaw’s play’s an important role in public transporthealth
conditions has been always concern linked with this occupation. Auto
rickshaw drivers are always exposed to polluted environment like pollutant
gases, noisy surrounding and vibration of whole body as well as
challenging lifestyle like irregularity of meals, bad posture of driving and
stressful occupational conditions is a part and parcel of this occupation.
This study was undertaken to understand the socio-economic conditions of
auto rickshaw drivers.
9. A. Selvakumar (2012) ,has made a study on the unorganized workers of
weavers in Chinnalapatti village. He analysed the economy, education and
working conditions of the weavers. In his research he stated that,
Educational attainment by the weavers has a direct relationship with the
skill that they develop farther for the betterment of profession. In this
regard it is interesting to note that 62 percent of them get educated and 38
percent are illiterate. And also he stated that it is a well-known fact that
the weavers in India are put to lot of difficulties due to the dominance of
power loom sector. The working condition and living conditions of
weavers are pathetic. And they were forced to sell their kidneys due to

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poverty. From this study, we can understand the economic conditions of
unorganized workers.
10.Geetamtiwari (2016), Professorof transport planning, Indian institute of
technology, Delhi, in his study on urban travel in Indian cities, has stated
that, travel in India, is predominantly happening through walking, cycling
and including intermediate public transport. Though there was a high
growth rate of motorized two wheelers and cars in the last two decades,
car ownership remains at 3-13 percent of the households and two wheelers
at 40-50 percent. He also analysed the variation in model shares among
these three that seem to have a relationship between city size and percapita
income. Small and medium size cities have a lower income than the mega
cities. Therefore the dependence oncycle rickshaws and bicycles is higher
in smaller cities. In some medium size cities (1 million to 3 million),
Private bus has been introduced. Public sector run state transport
corporations have been responsible forrunning intercity routes. Other than
the four mega cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. Bangalore
and Pune are the exceptions in which municipal corporations have been
running significant numbers of buses .The study finds that city size and
per capita income are important factors for growth of transport.
11.Emma Shlaes and AkshayMani (2013) , in their recent publication titled
‘A case study of auto rickshaw sector in Mumbai’ conclude that auto-
rickshaw industry in Mumbai is very complex and rife with tension. It has
clear opportunities for improvements and somechanges are already made.
Further focus should be on driver training, enhanced infrastructure and
enforcement, permit and repair, in-flight auto-rickshaw services and driver
engagement.

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12.Subendiran S (2014) , have studied ‘Socio- Economic and Lifestyle
Problems of Auto- Drivers in Palani’, and observed the general opinion of
public on Auto Rickshaw Drivers. According to him ARDs exploit
innocent and unaware public. There is no standard fare, despite
government intervention and strong action against defaulters. ARDs are
argumentative by nature. ARDs are unreliable and it is unsafe to travel on
some routes and during certain hours of the day.
13. Attarde S.B. and Ingle Sopan (2007), in their survey on ‘Hearing
impairment and noise annoyance among auto rickshaw drivers working at
Jalgaon City’ found that most of the drivers suffer from sleep disorders,
communication interference, poor concentration and headache. Some of
them also suffer from irritation, anxiety and tinnitus. They suggest the
remedies to cut the noise related problems like making good roads, traffic
regulation, vehicle maintenance, pure fuel and silencers for the vehicles
etc.
14.Ashish Verma (2014), (Ramanayya T.V.lic Transport Planning and
Management in Developing Countries’ write that efficient transportation
system is critical for a country's development. Big cities in developing
countries are typically characterized by high-density, poor public
transport, poor roads, inadequate parking facilities, air pollution, crowd,
accidents, and a host of other transport problems. In the end they suggest
that of making public awareness on unnecessary use of the horn and the
effects of the noise caused by auto rickshaws.

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15. A study entitled ―Hand-rickshaw Pullers of Kolkata by The Calcutta
Samaritans and Action Aid (1919 Calcutta Hackney Carriage Act. The
Calcutta Hackney-Carriage (Amendment) Bill, 2006, p 2). Highlights that
there are more than 18,000 rickshaws playing on the streets of Kolkata,
nearly 6,000 of whom are registered with the city government. According
to All Bengal Rickshaw Union (ABRU) there are about 5937 licensed
rickshaws, 14000 unlicensed rickshaws, 35000 rickshaw pullers in the city
and about100000 people are directly orindirectly depending on this trade.
116 The clarification has come in this context on December 19, 2012 by
the Mayor of the City that as per Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC)
records there are 8780 licensed hand-pulled rickshaws in the metropolis.
The present day pullers are either 3rd or 4th generation pullers caring the
colonial heritage with their heredity. A few of them have been born in the
city’s pavements and are notsocially recognised. Till now, these rickshaws
are used as cheap non-polluting means of travelling for short distance.
Hand-pulled rickshaw is especially in demand during monsoon when
flooded streets make it impossible for commuters to use taxis or cars.
People in the lanes use rickshaws as a 24 hour ambulance service. Middle-
class families contract with a puller to take a child to schooland pick him
or her up. It is the life line in those lanes and by lanes where taxi or auto
rickshaw cannot move. The hand pulled rickshaw is also used for
transporting goods in the busy business hubs of the city at a cheapest rate.
After 2006 amendment, officially the hand rickshaws are banned in
Kolkata. But the rickshaw pullers are visible in the streets and lanes of
Kolkata. Rickshaw pullers are facing abject harassment, suffering mental
and physical assaults while practicing their livelihood.

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16. Anita Ramachandra (2015), Auto drivers play an important role in
towns and cities in India. They complement the public transportation
facilities to a very great extent. Many people get into this professionwith
hope of earning a decent income for the benefit of themselves and their
families. However, the lives of auto drivers are one of financial struggle
with low earnings and savings. The current paper attempts to know the
reasons for choosing to drive auto rickshaw. It also delves into finding the
relationship between education and different aspects of financial well-
being. Conventionally Understanding the issues of development through
the ‗tickle down approach has got its limitations. For a more
comprehensive analysis, there has been shift towards Human
Development approach, which focuses on Human Development Index
(HDI), wherein development is calculated not only in terms of the Gross
National Income (proxy for standard of living), but also life expectancy at
birth (proxy for health) and a combined index of mean years of schooling
and expected years of schooling for education. However, this index also
has its limitations, as it fails to capture other important aspects such as
freedom from discrimination, fear of one‘s safety, of political
participation, etc. In this regard the theoretical framework of Rawlesian
framework, capability approach of Amartya Sen, Nussbaum and
Charusheela are considered important. The study of status of the auto
rickshaw drivers of Mumbai was undertaken to validate the underpinnings
ofthese theoretical framework on development. Based onthe findings, the
study report has proposed certain prescriptions. (Anushruti, 2016).
17.Shashank Rao (2015), the traffic police authorities say it is not possible
to manage these errant autos. "As many as 300 cases of violations are
registered with the police every day, but no matter what the penalty, it has

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no effect on the auto drivers. They keep violating the norms on a regular
basis," said The Additional Commissioner traffic. Approximately 40 per
cent of the total autos plying on the streets of Hi-Tec City do not have
meters, leave alone digital meters that were made mandatory. "They
charge an extra amount for the ride and refuse to use meters,'' said a
passenger. Commuters here complain that the government has turned a
blind eye to their safety as many auto drivers do not even have a driving
license. In fact, the seven-seater driver involved in accident did not have a
license. "Autos registered in some rural areas on the peripheries of the city
are driven within the city limits without proper papers. This menace is
growing in the city. Commuters note that apart from overcrowding, the
auto drivers fail to maintain speed limits which endanger their lives. The
article describes that, the autos are playing an important role on the
transportation but , most of the drivers do not obey traffic rules, violating
norms, charge extra amount and even they do not have license and fail to
maintain speed limit.
Shashank Rao has written an article on Overloaded share autos could
become death traps and he stated that, Transport experts have stated that,
the overloaded share autos could become death traps for commuters.
Though the Regional Transport Officials (RTO) issued a list of dos and
don'ts for the auto drivers at the Road Safety Fortnight that was recently
inaugurated by Chief Minister Prithviraj Chavan, it has failed to focus on
the safety measures for lakhs of commuters who travel by autos on a daily
basis.
18.Indrani Basu (2016), has written an article on cops crackdown on share
autos. In that article she has stated that, The traffic police has cracked
down on the nine-seater Gramin Seva autos across the city for violations

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ranging fromdiverting from their assigned routes to plying without driving
license to overcrowding, among others. As many as 323 drivers were
issued challans while share autos were impounded. In west Delhi alone,
49 autos were impounded. The transport department has chalked out 61
routes on which these autos can play. In east Delhi, which has a large
number ofthe Gramin Seva autos operating in Laxmi Nagar, Mother Dairy
and IP Extension, only three autos were impounded.
Officials claimed that the drive was carried out as many share autos are
seen on main arterial roads in violation of the directive keep these autos in
check. Overcrowding, driving without license and plying without a permit
can prove very dangerous. We have deployed our staff to check any
violations."Senior traffic officials have stressed time and again that share
autos are a menace on the road. These are also responsible for slowing
down traffic onarterial roads. Drivers are usually fined Rs 500 and owners
Rs 1,000 for not carrying a valid license. Plying without permit invites a
fine of Rs 2,000 while overcrowding can costRs 100, said the traffic cops.
Overcrowding came up as the biggest problem with 132 auto drivers being
booked for this offence. Forty-eight drivers were booked forplying without
a driving licence. Auto drivers, however, claimed they were only being
helpful as this was the only mode of transport for many locals. Gramin
Seva has seen many takers in the city but complaints of blocking main
roads and holding up traffic by abruptly stoppingin the middle of the road
are common. The transport department had charted out specific routes for
the share autos, with permits issued strictly against these routes. The 61
routes cater to rural areas where the reach of DTC buses is limited.

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19.Falguni Acharya, Jitendra Panchal, Kanan Joshi, Pradyumansinh
Raj and Trilok Akhani ( 2020 ) , Analysis of Sustentation of Auto
Rickshaw Driver during Covid-19 Lock Down, International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, pp. 640-648.
Indian government has declared 1st Lockdown from March 24, 2020 for
21days to control the transmission of COVID-19. After that the lockdown
was prolonged overall India for other 19 days i.e. till May 3, 2020 and
further it was continued for other 14 days till May 17, 2020 [3].
In this condition of total lockdown government and media has highlighted
on every claof people residing in the country but somehow this group of
warriors were left out; the thought of complete stagnation of the world
churning in the mind served as a food for this research and analysis. The
fail to spotstories and mention of auto-rickshaw drivers in this crisis itself
serves as a motivation for the study. Somehow it was observed that the
financial condition of these transporters was overlooked, also they were
struggling for their day todayliving. Hence an analysis was donewith 200
auto-rickshaw drivers from Vadodara city to investigate the current
situation and provide an aid in whichever way possible.
Priorly there were numerous surveys done related to the work-life aspect
ofauto drivers especially pertaining to their health and stress. Somestudies
display their work and family life facts; an in-depth look into the working
lives of auto rickshaw drivers studied by Rajesh Ranjan concluded
“quality of life is highest for thosewho are more engaged ormore satisfied
in family than work, and is lowest for thosewho are more engaged or more
satisfied in work than family, [9]. While a socio-demographic profile,
health status and working conditions of auto-rickshaw drivers in Bhopal
was also studied wherein a dire need of health check-ups and awareness
for addictions was emphasized to be provided for the auto drivers [11]. In
addition, a study was conducted among randomly selected auto rickshaw

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drivers of Bangalore city which concluded that the magnitude of stress
among Auto-rickshaw drivers was 31.2% which was found to higher and a
need of awareness regarding health promotion, balanced diet, stress
management and counselling and regular medical check-ups among auto-
rickshaw drivers need to be looked into and implemented by Regional
Transport Office [8]. On the other hand, one of the surveys also
demonstrates the challenges faced by the auto drivers apart from their
personal issues such as traffic police charging fines (35 percent and 32
percent respectively), passengers and traffic concerns, lack ofparking, lack
of permits, and rain [10].
However, this ensuing survey and interpretations will focus on the effects
ofshut downduring pandemic which might have added to the turmoil faced
by the auto-rickshaw drivers. The primary public transport in India is auto-
rickshaw. However, the auto drivers earn only INR 700 to INR 1000 a day,
which turns out to be quite less for propersurvival. Perhaps, savings must
have been quite difficult or next to impossible with such low wages. On
the contrary, extra responsibilities such as loans and children’s education
are many a times bottle necks for most of the drivers. This adverse
condition was added up due to the suddenepidemic of COVID-19, which
deteriorated the financial state. Hence, this study underlines the challenges
suffered by auto-rickshaw drivers and touching their lives to acquaint
readers about their existence. Moreover, study also add the possibilities
such as usage of mobile app for getting passengers and analyse its
effectiveness using Chi2 test on earnings of auto drivers. The research also
includes a Chi2 test investigation of recovery time from the loss bared
during pandemic by the auto drivers and bring their life back to track if any
aids are made available to them from any government or nongovernment
agencies. The paper also throws some light on their mental state and take

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over it. The required motivation for the survey was provided while
distributing ration to the auto-rickshaw drivers. The interpretations are
solely based on the answers provided by the 200 auto drivers through the
questionnaire.
20.Sethuraman (1977), stated in his papers that, informal sector enterprises
are located in or near slum areas. A vast majority of them either have no
premises at all orcarry ontheir business in tents, shacks orothertemporary
structures. Most have no access to water or electricity. Frequently they are
shifted far from the market where they must sell their goods and services.
21.Mahesh Chand (1979), aimed at studying the characteristics of auto-
rickshaw transport system and to suggest methods to improve in the
service. This study did not attempt to study the socio-economic problems
and issues of auto-drivers. But the study suggested improving the auto
rickshaw at Bangalore.
22. Paola (1981), studied the economics, socio-economic characteristics,
migration, employment and earning of the employees of the informal
sector in Ahmadabad.
23. S.P. Sinha and S.N. Remade (1981), explored the economic,
employment, wages, welfare facilities and socio demographic
characteristics of women construction workers in Delhi and Bihar.
24.Walker(1981), conducted a socio-economic study of rickshaw pullers in
the city of Nagpur. Nagpur has the highest number of registered cycle–
rickshaw pullers in the country. It is interesting, even in the present days
of modernization much against to Bangalore where the commuters do not

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believe ‘oneman pulling the other man ‘then the number ofcycle rickshaw
pullers are increasing.
25.Anvitha Anand and Rajendra Ravi (2002) ,have studied in their study
that the badge training program conducted for auto rickshaw drivers in
Delhi has been a step towards fostering socially responsible behaviour on
the part of the drivers. The study also reveals the governmental effort and
to discuss the improvements need in public transport system.
26.Christ raja (2006) , also made a study on the unorganized workers. This
is the living and working conditions of cycle rickshaws pullers in
Tiruchirappalli district, Tamilnadu. The absolute insufficiency in the
earnings makes it impossible for the rickshaw pullers to have savings for
themselves for their depends to meet their needs in old age or periods of
sickness and unemployment. This causes greater insecurity for these
workers who are in this field and whose working conditions remain in a
very precarious state.
27.Aprana Bhatt (2011) , tried to examine the political economic that
determines the functioning Mumbai’s auto-rickshaws system it looks at
the various factors involved and interested parties in the system and
current issues faced dueto the political economy. Thepaperalso examined
the validity of the reasons for imposing the regulations in the auto
rickshaws system, and thus for the creations of the political economy.
28.S. Sethuraman (2014), is of the opinion that the informal economics of
the auto – rickshaws are not just a socio-economic problems but a serious
ecological concern. This studyconcentrates onthe current socio-economic
condition of auto- rickshaw drivers, the prospects and the problems

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encountered by the stakeholders and the role of social organization in
transforming the lives, at large in Palani, this study concluded that the
cause for stress and the uncongenial behavior, as voiced and as evident
from the research, is related to their financial or economic crunches.
29.RajeshRaja (2015), examined the relation between work life balance and
quality of life among auto rickshaw drivers in Mumbai. The author has
assessed components of work life balance on time balance. The study
constitute not only valuable insights and attract the attention towards the
deteriorating condition of the auto rickshaw drivers and highlight their
work lives, but also provide a tentative point towards the greater
understanding of current scenario under which the auto-rickshaws drivers
are performing their duty.