Theory Paper CRJ 425 Please write a 10 to 12-page (not including a reference page) theory paper. You must use to at least two of the orientations, paradigms, or theories we have discussed in the course. One of those perspectives you incorporate should come from one of the following books: Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation Emile Durkheim, Division of Labor in Society Bernard Harcourt, Illusion of Order David Garland, The Culture of Control You may select any Criminal Justice topic for your paper, with approval from your professor. Your paper should meet the following criteria: 1) Establish an argument for a particular theoretical outlook as to the cause or persistence of the problem, question, or phenomena you are analyzing. 2) Provide clear, brief outline of the problem or question, including information about relevant laws, statistics, political developments and/or social context. 3) The bulk of your paper should argue for a particular theoretical outlook that explains the problem or answers the question. The focus of your paper should show the reader why something is how it from a particular, clearly articulated theoretical position drawn from material in this class. 4) You must use at least 10 sources for the paper, including the (minimum) two of the class readings. At least seven of your sources should be from peer-reviewed journals or books. Do not cite any content that was only published online (such as Wikipedia, How.com, or other unreliable sources). All sources must be cited appropriately using APA documentation style (a guide is available at here). Zahid Chowdhury CRJ 425 Senior Seminars Annotated Bibliography “Crime and Justice” Beccaria, C. (1764) Of crimes and punishment. Retrieved October 15, 2014, from http://www.constitution.org/cb/crim_pun.htm. Beccaria talks about the idea of punishment on the criminal acts done by individuals but also condemns the notion of torture and the death penalty. He believes that without a working judicial system crimes will only increase and there will be no stabilization. Beccaria didn’t go to in depth with the general and the specifications of deterrence but he generalized the use of laws and punishments. In my paper his opinion on how to make the criminal justice system stronger in many areas can come of use, even though his work was published many years ago America still uses many of his ideas in their system today, but lost their way of punishing and controlling the criminals. Bradley, G. V. (2003).Retribution: The central aim of punishment. Harvard Journal Of Law & Public Policy, 27(1), 19-31. Gerard Bradley talks about the idea of Retribution and how this idea can actually help lower the percentage of crimes that happen in many societies today. He believes that if the criminal gets the right amount of punishment for the crime he has committed then the individual will never try to do something like this a ...

1. Theory Paper
CRJ 425
Please write a 10 to 12-page (not including a reference page)
theory paper.
You must use to at least two of the orientations, paradigms, or
theories we have discussed in the course. One of those
perspectives you incorporate should come from one of the
following books:
Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan
Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals
and Legislation
Emile Durkheim, Division of Labor in Society
Bernard Harcourt, Illusion of Order
David Garland, The Culture of Control
You may select any Criminal Justice topic for your paper, with
approval from your professor. Your paper should meet the
following criteria:
1) Establish an argument for a particular theoretical outlook as
to the cause or persistence of the problem, question, or
phenomena you are analyzing.
2) Provide clear, brief outline of the problem or question,
including information about relevant laws, statistics, political
developments and/or social context.
3) The bulk of your paper should argue for a particular
theoretical outlook that explains the problem or answers the
question. The focus of your paper should show the reader why

2. something is how it from a particular, clearly articulated
theoretical position drawn from material in this class.
4) You must use at least 10 sources for the paper, including the
(minimum) two of the class readings. At least seven of your
sources should be from peer-reviewed journals or books. Do not
cite any content that was only published online (such as
Wikipedia, How.com, or other unreliable sources). All sources
must be cited appropriately using APA documentation style (a
guide is available at here).
Zahid Chowdhury
CRJ 425 Senior Seminars
Annotated Bibliography
“Crime and Justice”
Beccaria, C. (1764) Of crimes and punishment. Retrieved
October 15, 2014, from
http://www.constitution.org/cb/crim_pun.htm.
Beccaria talks about the idea of punishment on the
criminal acts done by individuals but also condemns the notion
of torture and the death penalty. He believes that without a
working judicial system crimes will only increase and there will
be no stabilization. Beccaria didn’t go to in depth with the
general and the specifications of deterrence but he generalized
the use of laws and punishments. In my paper his opinion on
how to make the criminal justice system stronger in many areas
can come of use, even though his work was published many
years ago America still uses many of his ideas in their system
today, but lost their way of punishing and controlling the
criminals.
Bradley, G. V. (2003).Retribution: The central aim of
punishment. Harvard Journal Of Law & Public Policy, 27(1),
19-31.
Gerard Bradley talks about the idea of Retribution and how
this idea can actually help lower the percentage of crimes that
happen in many societies today. He believes that if the criminal
gets the right amount of punishment for the crime he has

3. committed then the individual will never try to do something
like this again. Retribution is used to make sure the person
doesn’t get the upper advantage than everyone else, and if the
person does he will be taken away a privilege that was given to
him by the laws of society. This article goes with my paper
because it talks about the necessary punishment needed to show
people that there are consequences in the end rather than
because it was a small crime we will let it go, no one should
have the upper hand than everyone. If the system lets criminals
go by everyone will do certain acts because they now know the
system is flawed.
Hobbes, T., & Gaskin, J. C. (1998). Leviathan. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Hobbes talks about punishment to where a single sovereign
punishes the person of breaking the law. When people transfer
from a state of nature and surrender their will to the sovereign
they are giving up their rights to the leader and must follow
only one set of rules. Hobbes does mention that when contracts
are made there has to be 3 groups involved, one that sees over
the transaction of the two parties. Some limitations in Hobbes is
that the single sovereign controls what type of punishment is
given to all crime, there is no second voice to his decision.
Hobbes article can help me in my paper because it describes the
idea of contracts and what a leader needs to do to control his
citizens as well as consequences men go through when not in
contract or breaking the contract.
Bentham, Jeremy. 1907. An introduction to the principles of
morals and legislation. Library of Economics and Liberty.
Retrieved October 15, 2014 from the World Wide Web:
http://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html
Bentham, in his writing, talks about the “good” and “evil”
in the legislation of a society. He creates categories as
measurements for the idea of punishment to see whether or not
punishing someone creates more evil or makes good to the
society. He believes that when one goes through to pursue their
own single happiness they will encounter difficulties rather than

4. pleasure. Laws are set forth for society’s pleasure, so everyone
can act accordingly. Bentham’s article is great for my paper
because he talks about the greater good of the society and wants
legislatures to create such laws that can help the society greatly
and make fewer punishments occur. There has to be a sort of
system that can regulate society so it can meet the highest
amount of pleasure and the least amount of suffering for its
people.
Packer, H. L. (1968). The limits of the criminal sanction.
Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
Packer discusses two different types of model, the crime
control and the due process, where both models hold different
values. Both models have their own way of showing how to
control and prevent uprising of power throughout our criminal
justice system, where balance must be met for everyone in every
stage. His ideas on these models give both the police and the
person an equal amount of fairness so that the scale doesn’t tip
to one side. The only problem I might have with his models is
that both can’t really exist together, but his ideas of how to
improve the justice system can help throughout my paper.