Introduction to human gross Anatomy Anatomic position Anatomical planes Skin Bones Ligments Joints Summmery Quize

1. Introduction to Anatomy

2. 2
Session outcomes
• By the end of the session students will be able to describe basic anatomical
terms
• By the end of the session students will be able to use these terms to
describe normal movement

3. 3
▪ Anatomy is the science of the structure and function of the
body.
Definition

4. 4
Anatomical position
• Standing
• Feet parallel
• Facing Forwards
• Arms by side
• Palms facing forwards

5. 5
▪ the person is standing erect, with the upper limbs by the sides and
the face and palms of the hands directed forward.
▪ This is the so-called anatomic position.
▪ The various parts of the body are then described in relation to
certain imaginary planes.
Anatomical position

6. 6
Planes
• Coronal plane (frontal)
• Transverse plane (horizontal)
• Sagittal plane

7. 7
Sagittal plane
• Divides the body into right and left
halves
• Movement of a body part
FORWARDS is generally called
FLEXION
• Movement of a body part
BACKWARDS is generally called
EXTENSION

8. 8

9. 9

10. 10
Coronal (frontal) plane
• Divides the body into front and back
parts
• Movement of a body part away from
the mid-line is generally called
ABDUCTION
• Movement of a body part towards
the mid-line is generally called
ADDUCTION

11. 11

12. ▪ In the fingers and toes, abduction is applied to the spreading of
these structures.
▪ Adduction is applied to the drawing together of these structures

13. 13
Transverse (horizontal) plane
• Divides the body into upper and
lower parts
• Rotation of a body part outwards is
generally called LATERAL
(external) ROTATION
• Rotation of a body part inwards is
generally called MEDIAL (internal)
ROTATION

14. 14

16. 16
Anterior and posterior
• Anterior – towards the front / in front
of
• Posterior – towards the back / behind

17. 17
▪ In describing the hand, the terms palmar and dorsal surfaces are
used in place of anterior and posterior, and
▪ In describing the foot, the terms plantar and dorsal surfaces
are used instead of lower and upper surfaces

18. 18

19. 19
Medial and lateral
• Medial – closer to the midline
• Lateral – further away from the
midline

20. 20
Superior and inferior
• Superior – Above / on top of
• Inferior – Below / underneath

21. 21
Proximal and distal
• Proximal – nearer to the trunk
• Distal – further from the trunk
• for example, the arm is proximal to
the forearm and the hand is distal to
the forearm.

22. 22
Superficial and deep
• Superficial – closer to the surface
• Deep – further from the surface

23. 23
▪ The terms internal and external are used to describe the relative
distance of a structure from the center of an organ or cavity;
▪ For example, the internal carotid artery is found inside the cranial
cavity and the external carotid artery is found outside the cranial
cavity.
internal and external

24. 24
▪ The term ipsilateral refers to the same side of the body;
for example, the left hand and the left foot are ipsilateral.
▪ Contralateral refers to opposite sides of the body; for example, the
left hand and the right hand are contralateral.
Ipsilateral and Contralateral

25. 25
▪ The supine position of the body is lying on the back.
▪ The prone position is lying face downward.
Supine and Prone

26. ▪ The skin is divided into two
parts:
1. superficial part, the
epidermis.
2. deep part, the dermis.
Basic Structures : The Skin
26

27. 27
▪ On the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, the epidermis is
extremely thick, to withstand the wear and tear that occurs in these
regions.
▪ In other areas of the body, for example, on the anterior surface of the
arm and forearm, it is thin.
The Epidermis

28. 28
▪ The dermis is composed of dense connective tissue containing
many blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
▪ It shows considerable variation in thickness in different parts of the
body, tending to be thinner on the anterior than on the posterior
surface.
▪ It is thinner in women than in men.
The dermis
Name, Department

29. 29
▪ The skin over joints always folds
in the same place, the SKIN
CREASES
▪ The appendages of the skin are
the nails, hair follicles, sebaceous
glands, and sweat glands.
The skin

30. 30

31. 31
Bone is a living tissue capable of changing its structure as the
result of the stresses to which it is subjected.
Function of Bones:
▪ protective function;
the skull and vertebral column, for example, protect the brain
and spinal cord from injury; the sternum and ribs protect the
thoracic and upper abdominal viscera .
▪ It serves as a lever, as seen in the long bones of the limbs,
▪ storage area for calcium salts.
▪ bone marrow.
Bones

32. 32
Bones
5 main types of bone:
• Long
• Short
• Flat
• Sesamoid
• Irregular

33. 33
?

34. 34
?

35. 35

37. 37
▪ Areas where bones are linked together.
▪ Some joints have:
no movement (sutures of the skull),
some have only slight movement
and some are freely movable (shoulder joint).
Joints

38. 38

39. ▪ Joints are classified according to the tissues that lie between
the bones :
1. Fibrous joints
2. cartilaginous joints
3. synovial joints.

41. 41
Joints
• Some joints are linked by fibrous or
cartilaginous tissue and allow little
movement
• Most joints in the body are
SYNOVIAL JOINTS and are freely
moveable

42. 42
Joints (3 types)
• Synovial
• Cartilaginous
• Fibrous

43. 43
What are these?
Ligaments
• Connect bones
• Collagen
• Provide stability

44. 44
Muscle
Catherine Moore, Physiotherapy
▪ Composed of bundles of individual fibres.
▪ Muscles which attach to bones are called skeletal muscles.
http://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/muscular/structure.html

45. 45
Muscle
• Muscle can attach directly to bone or
via a tendon
• The shape and arrangement of the
muscle will effect its function

46. 46
Summary
• A joint is where 2 or more bones meet and is usually where movement
occurs
• Synovial joints contain synovial fluid and the joint surfaces are lined by
hyaline cartilage
• Bones are held together at joints by ligaments
• Movement of bones at a joint is produced by the contraction of
muscles

47. 47
Quiz
With a partner stand in the anatomical position
1.Point to which of these is most proximal – shoulder, elbow, wrist?
2.Which is most distal – hip, knee, foot?
3.Point to the medial side of the arm
4.Point to the lateral aspect of the leg

48. 48
Quiz
5. Point to the anterior aspect of the trunk
6. Which of these is most superficial – skin, fat, muscle?
7. Perform a movement in the sagittal plane
8. Perform a movement in the frontal plane
9. Name the 3 main types of joint