The document provides a history of measurement systems from ancient times to the modern SI system. It begins with the cubit measurement used in ancient Egypt based on the forearm length. Next it discusses the hand measurement still used for horse height and the foot measurement derived from the human foot. It then outlines the development of the metric system from its origins in the French Revolution through various international agreements that established standards and refined the system. It concludes by defining the base units of the modern International System of Units (SI) including the meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, candela and mole.

1. A Short History of
Measurement

2. Cubit
Cubit was used by Egyptians for
building pyramids (2750 B.C.)
Mean error in length of sides of Khufu
Pyramid at Gizeh in Eqypt was 1.5mm
The 'Cubit' was the first recorded
standard linear measurement.
Defined by the distance from the tip
of the forefinger to the middle of the
elbow

3. Hand
The Height of a horse is still measured in
hands today.
1 hand = 4 inches = 101.6mm
The Cubit was subdivided into several other
measurements.
One hand is measured with the fingers
closed and from end of the thumb to the
other end of the palm

4. Foot
Today 1 Foot = 12 inches = 304.8 mm
History believes that the foot was given its name
from the human body part. The length of a
human foot was measured from the heel to the
tip of the big toe.
From Egyptians through the Greeks and
Romans to present day the length of one foot
has increased considerably.
This is caused by the use of the foot in building
and as time developed the use of measuring
with boots on feet has increased the size of one
foot

5. History of the International Systems of Units (SI)
1799 - French Revolution and the subsequent deposition of two platinum
standards representing the meter and the kilogram, on 22 June 1799, in the
Archives de la République in Paris
1832 - Gauss promoted using the Metric System. Gauss was the first to
make absolute measurements of the earth's magnetic force in terms of a
decimal system based on the three mechanical units millimetre, gram and
second for, respectively, the quantities length, mass and time.

6. History of the International Systems of Units (SI) cont.
1860 - Maxwell and Thomson
further developed Gauss's work
through the British Association for
the Advancement of Science
(BAAS). They formulated the
requirement for a coherent system
of units with base units and
derived units.
1874 - BAAS introduced the centimetre-gram-
second (CGS) system, a three-dimensional coherent
unit system based on the three mechanical units
centimetre, gram and second, using prefixes ranging
from micro to mega to express decimal submultiples
and multiples. The following development of physics
as an experimental science was largely based on this
system.

7. History of the International Systems of Units (SI) cont.
1880s - BAAS added the ohm for electrical
resistance, the volt for electromotive force, and
the ampere for electric current in conjunction with
International Electrical Congress .
May, 20 1875 - After the establishment of the
Meter convention the International Committee
for Weights and Measures (ICPM)
concentrated on the construction of new
prototypes taking the meter and kilogram as the
base units of length and mass.
In 1889 the 1st General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM)
sanctioned the international prototypes for the meter and the kilogram.
Together with the astronomical second as unit of time, these units constituted a
three-dimensional mechanical unit system similar to the CGS system, but with
the base units meter, kilogram and second.

8. History of the International Systems of Units (SI) cont.
1901 – Giovanni Giorgi a very
successful Italian Scientist and
Engineer showed that it is possible
to combine the mechanical units of
this meter–kilogram–second
system with the practical electric
units to
form a single coherent four-
dimensional system. Giorgi's
proposal opened the path to a
number of new developments
1921 - Giorgi proposal was thoroughly discussed by the several
international organizations.
1939-1946 The discussions led to the adoption of a four-dimensional system
based on the meter, kilogram, second and ampere, the proposal was approved
in 1946

9. 1971 - the current version of the SI was completed by adding the mole as base
unit for amount of substance, bringing the total number of base units to seven.
1954 - The introduction of the ampere, the Kelvin and the candela as base units,
respectively, for electric current, thermodynamic temperature and luminous
intensity.
1960 - The name International System of Units (SI) was given to the system
History of the International Systems of Units (SI) cont.
The ampere is officially defined as “the current in a pair of equally long, parallel,
straight wires 1 meter apart that produces a force of 0.0000002 Newton's
(2 × 10−7 N) between the wires for each meter of their length”
The Kelvin is officially defined as “A temperature scale in which zero occurs at
absolute zero and each degree equals one Kelvin. Water freezes at 273.15 K and boils
at 373.15 K.”
The Candela is officially defined as “A unit of luminous intensity equal to 1/60 of the
luminous intensity per square centimetre of a blackbody radiating at the temperature of
solidification of platinum (2,046°K).”
The mole is officially defined as “The mass in grams of this amount of a substance,
numerically equal to the molecular weight of the substance.”

10. SI Units
NPLS Beginners Guide to measurement (2010)

11. Si Units

12. Quantity Unit Symbol
Length Metre m
Mass Kilogram kg
Time Second s
Area Squared metre m2
Solids volume Cubic metre m3
Liquid volume Litre L=10-3m3
Velocity Metre per second m/s
Acceleration Metre per second squared (m/s2)
Angle Radian rad
Angular velocity Radian per second rad/s
Angular acceleration Radians per second squared rad/s2
Density Kilogram per cubic metre kg/m3
Force Newton N = kgm/s2
Moment of force Newton-metre Nm
Stress and Pressure Pascal Pa = N/m2
Frequency Hertz Hz = cycle/s
Impulse Newton-second Ns
Work Joule J = Nm
Power Watt W=j/s
Thermal Conductivity Watt per metre per degree centigrade W/mC
Specific heat Joule per Kilogram per degree centigrade J/kgC
Convection film coefficient Watt per metre squared per degree centigrade W/m2C
Heat Power Watt W
Heat Flux (heat generation per area) Watt per metre squared W/m2

13. Examples of modern
measurement tools