4. Health History
• Close interrelationship exists between the medical and dental
health of patients and that oral lesions can be a reflection of, or
contributers to, systemic health problems
1) A preexisting medical problem may affect or be affected by
the dentist’s treatment of the patient
2) The lesion may be the oral manifestation of a significant
systemic disease
5. History of the Specific Lesion
1. How long has the lesion been present?
2. Has the lesion changed in size?
3. Has the lesion changed in character or features?
4. What symptoms are associated with the lesion?
5. What anatomic locations are involved?
6. Are there any associated systemic symptoms?
7. Is there any historical event associated with the onset of the lesions?
6. Clinical Examination
• Anatomic location
• Physical characteristics
• Single versus multiple lesion
• Size, shape and growth presentation
• Surface appearance
• Lesion coloration
• Sharpness of border,mobility
• Consistency of the lesion to palpation
• Presence of pulsation
8. Radiographic Examination
• Useful diagnostic adjuncts after completion of the history and clinical
examination, especially for lesions occurring within or adjacent to bone
• Most pathologic conditions can be adequately viewed on routine plain
views (e.g., periapical, occlusal, or panoramic), but occasionally
specialized imaging techniques are needed—including computed
tomography (CT; with the newer cone-beam CT) or magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) views
13. Incisional Biopsy
• If the lesion is
• large (>1 cm in diameter),
• located in a risky or hazardous location
• whenever a definitive histopathologic diagnosis (e.g., for
suspected malignancy) is desired before planning a complex
removal or other treatment
14.
15. Excisional Biopsy
• Removal of a lesion in its entirety,
to include a 2- to 3-mm perimeter
of normal tissue around the lesion
• For smaller lesions (<1 cm in
diameter)
16. Aspiration Biopsy
1) Biopsy to explore whether a lesion contains a fluid
2) Biopsy to aspirate cells for pathologic diagnosis
• This latter is termed fine-needle aspiration (FNA) (16- to 18-gauge needle)
-ex:Neck masses
3) Routine aspiration of intraosseous R/L lesions
18. Accurate surgical incisions
can be placed with greater
ease when the involved
tissues are first stabilized
19.
20. Hemostasis
• The assistant can often use gauze sponges to blot the site
• Suctioning can increase not only bleeding but also the risk of
the biopsy tissue sample being accidentally aspirated into the
suction
• If suction is needed, it is helpful to place a gauze pad over the
end of the suction tip to serve as a filter
21. Incisions
• A sharp scalpel, usually with a No. 15 blade
Football-shaped incision:
- yield an optimal specimen
- easy to close
• The use of laser devices and electrosurgical
equipment for making incisions for biopsies is
not desirable
22. Wound Closure
• Primary closure of the wound is desirable
and usually possible
• Attached mucosal surfaces (e.g., gingiva
and hard palate) are generally not closed
but are allowed to heal by secondary
intention
• Undermining permits tension-free
approximation of tissue margins
23. Intraosseous (Hard Tissue) Biopsy
Techniques and Principles
• The most common intraosseous lesions encountered by the
dentist are periapical granulomas and odontogenic cysts
• Treatment generally involves surgical removal of the lesion by
way of excisional biopsy
24. Intraosseous (Hard Tissue) Biopsy
Techniques and Principles
• When such a lesion is large, perforating into soft tissue overlying
the bone, or where a suspicion of malignancy based on history
and radiographic characteristics exists, incisional biopsy is
indicated
25. Precautionary Aspiration
• Aspiration of all intraosseous lesions should be performed routinely before
opening into the osseous defect to determine whether it contains fluid
• If the cortical plate cannot be penetrated by pressing the needle firmly through
the mucoperiosteum, a flap is reflected and a large round burr is used cautiously
to penetrate
26. Aspiration of intraosseous lesions
straw-
colored
cyst
pus inflammatory or infectious process
air traumatic bone cavity
blood vascular lesion (hemangioma or
arteriovenous malformation)
aneurysmal bone cysts and central
giant cell lesions
27. Mucoperiosteal Flaps
• Most biopsies require an approach through a mucoperiosteal flap
• The choice of flap depends mostly on the size and location of the lesion to be
removed
• Flap should extend 4 to 5 mm beyond the surgical margins of any bony defects
• All mucoperiosteal flaps for biopsies in or on the jaws should be full thickness