This document provides an overview of logical framework analysis as a tool for project planning, monitoring, and evaluation. It discusses what a log frame is and how it can be used to structure a project's elements and linkages. The key steps for developing a log frame are described, including defining the problem using a problem tree analysis and turning it into an objective tree. Examples of a problem tree and objective tree are also provided. Finally, it discusses developing indicators and a monitoring and evaluation framework for a log frame.

1. Logical Framework as
Monitoring and Evaluation Tool
Training Workshop
LOGICAL FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS
March 07, 2023
AHKNational Centre for Rural Development Islamabad
Aftab Alam Khan
CEO, Resilient Future International Pvt Ltd.
aftab@resilient-future.org

2. Logical Framework

3. What is a “log frame”?
A log frame is a tool for improving the
planning, implementation, management,
monitoring and evaluation of projects.
The log frame is a way of structuring the
main elements in a project and
highlighting the logical linkages between
them.

4. Logframe
• is a flexible planning and monitoring tool
• presents all levels of a project
• makes the coherence between the levels visible
• should be developed at an early stage
• can be used for both small and large scale
projects
• should be revisited and revised regularly

5. Steps for Developing Logframe
1. Define the problem, using a
problem tree
2. Turn your problem tree into an
objective tree
3. Build the logframe matrix based on
your objective tree, including
formulation of indicators

6. What is Problem Tree?
Problem tree analysis map out in details the
composition of cause and effect around an issue to
find its solutions
Problem tree is also called Situational Analysis or
simply Problem analysis

7. Problem Tree
Secondary
effects
Secondary
effects
Primary
effects
Primary
effects
Core Problem
Primary
causes
Primary
causes
Root causes Root causes
Effects
Core Problem
Causes

8. Example of Problem Tree
Effects
Core Problem
Causes
Deteriorated
Mother
Child Health
Low Income
Infant
Mortality
Workers’ Low
Efficiency
Lack of Clean Water
Fewer water
connections
Deteriorated
Water Delivery
System
Corrupt
Water Staff
Lack of Funds
High rate of diseases

9. Now Lets try to develop Objective
Tree

10. Objective Tree
Secondary
objectives
Secondary
objective s
Primary
objectives
Primary
objectives
Project Objective
Outcome Outcome
Output Output
Activity
Activity

11. Problem Tree Objective Tree
Effect Goal
Problem Objective
Cause Outcome
Output
Activity

12. Group Work

13. Logical Framework

14. What is a “log frame”?
A log frame is a tool for improving the
planning, implementation, management,
monitoring and evaluation of projects.
The log frame is a way of structuring the
main elements in a project and
highlighting the logical linkages between
them.

15. Intro of Log frame
Objectives Measurable indicators Means of verification Important assumptions
GOAL:
Wider problem the
project will help to
resolve
Quantitative ways of
measuring or qualitative
ways of judging timed
achievement of goal
Cost-effective
methods and sources
to quantify or assess
indicators
(Goal to supergoal)
External factors necessary
to sustain objectives in the
long run
OBJECTIVE :
The immediate impact on
the project area or target
group ie. the change or
benefit to be achieved by
the project
Quantitative ways of
measuring or qualitative
ways of judging timed
achievement of purpose
Cost-effective
methods and sources
to quantify or assess
indicators
(Purpose to Goal)
External conditions
necessary if achieved
project purpose is to
contribute to reaching
project goal
OUTPUTS:
These are the specifically
deliverable results
expected from the project
to attain the purpose
Quantitative ways of
measuring or qualitative
ways of judging timed
production of outputs
Cost-effective
methods and sources
to quantify or assess
indicators
(Outputs to purpose)
Factors out of project
control which, if present,
could restrict progress from
outputs to achieving
project purpose
ACTIVITIES:
These are the tasks to
be done to produce the
outputs
Quantitative ways of
measuring or qualitative
ways of judging
activities
Cost-effective
methods and
sources to quantify
or assess indicators
(Activity to output)
Factors out of project
control which, if present,
could restrict progress from
activities to achieving outputs

16. Log frame
Project Summary Indicators Means of verification Risks/Assumptions
Goal:
Reduction in the
rates of diseases
Percent reduction in
the incident of
diseases
Results of survey
conducted with
doctors
Objective
Increased
availability of clean
water
No. of new houses
that receive clean
water
Result of survey in the
community
People are using
water for hygiene
Outcomes
No. of water
connection increased
No. of new
connections installed
List of new installed
connections
Underground water is
available
Outputs
Corrupt staff
arrested
No. of corrupt staff
arrested
Record of anti-
corruption department
The new staff is not
corrupt
Activities
Complaint letters to
competent authority
No. of letter sent to
competent authority
Courier receipts People are willing to
write complaint letters

17. Group Work

18. Appropriate Language for
Goals
Objectives
Outcomes
Outputs
Activities
https://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/t
raining/logframe%20development.pdf

19. Monitoring &
Evaluation
Framework

20. Components of M&E Framework
1. Indicators
2. Define Indicators
3. Baseline - Target
4. The Data Source
5. Frequency
6. Who is Responsible
7. Where the data will be reported

21. INDICATOR DEFINITION
How is it calculated?
BASELINE
What is the
current value?
TARGET
What is the
target value?
DATA SOURCE
How will it be
measured?
FREQUENCY
How often will it
be measured?
RESPONSIBLE
Who will measure
it?
REPORTING
Where will it
be reported?
Goal Percentage of Grades 6
primary students
continuing on to high
school.
Number students who
start the first day of
Grade 7 divided by the
total number of Grade 6
students in the previous
year, multiplied by 100.
50% 60% Primary and high
school enrolment
records.
Annual Program manager Annual
enrolment
report
Outcomes Reading proficiency among
children in Grade 6.
Sum of all reading
proficiency test scores
for all students in
Grade 6 divided by the
total number of
students in Grade 6.
Average
score: 47
Average
score: 57
Reading
proficiency tests
using the national
assessment tool.
Every 6 months Teachers 6 monthly
teacher
reports
Outputs Number of students who
completed a summer
reading camp.
Total number of
students who were
present on both the first
and last day of the
summer reading camp.
0 500 Summer camp
attendance
records.
End of every
camp
Teachers Camp review
report
Number of parents of
children in Grade 6 who
helped their children read
at home in the last week.
Total number of
parents who answered
“yes” to the question
“Did you help your child
read at home any time
in the last week?”
0 500 Survey of parents. End of every
camp
Program officer Survey report

22. Group Work

23. Log frame
Project Summary Indicators Means of verification Risks/Assumptions
Goal:
Reduction in the
rates of diseases
Percent reduction in
the incident of
diseases
Results of survey
conducted with
doctors
Objective
Increased
availability of clean
water
No. of new houses
that receive clean
water
Result of survey in the
community
People are using
water for hygiene
Outcomes
No. of water
connection increased
No. of new
connections installed
List of new installed
connections
Underground water is
available
Outputs
Corrupt staff
arrested
No. of corrupt staff
arrested
Record of anti-
corruption department
The new staff is not
corrupt
Activities
Complaint letters to
competent authority
No. of letter sent to
competent authority
Courier receipts People are willing to
write complaint letters

24. Develop an M&E Framework
1. Indicators
2. Define Indicators
3. Baseline - Target
4. The Data Source
5. Frequency
6. Who is Responsible
7. Where the data will be reported

25. POINTS TO REMEMBER

26. Framing of Problem
Don’ts Do’s
No vague concepts, e.g. “no infrastructure” But be more concrete: “No paved
road between x village and school”
No absent solutions, e.g. “Lack of money and thus
children don’t go to school” (The risk is that you
block alternatives). Avoid using ‘lack of’, but try to
re-phrase it
But: “School fees are not
affordable”
No non-existing problems, e.g. “No existence of
NGOs”
But be specific: “There is no
knowledge and experience on how
to run an NGO”
No formulation of interpretations, e.g. “The
government is lazy”
But: “The government does not
issue licenses”
Avoid abbreviations

27. Points to Remember
• Importance of participatory log frame development:
• Number of target beneficiaries
• Actual local context
• Inaccurate risk matrix/assumptions
• Participatory development of indicators
• Explain indicators
• Important for uniform understanding when more
than one field areas…usually ground data is
collected by the field staff.
• Different understanding diff data difficult to
synthesize

28. Points to Remember …
• Collecting data according to indicators
• Challenges of monitoring
• Different staff diff understanding inconsistent data
• Very difficult to synthesize
• Unclear picture
• Difficult to improve project to achieve its objectives
• How to avoid those challenges
• Involve field staff – build their capacity on log frame,
data, understanding indicators, importance of data
collection according to indicators collection,

29. Stay Safe
Stay
Blessed
Thank
you