The document discusses various topics related to basic eye care programs and epidemiology. It covers methodology for epidemiology studies including different study designs. It also discusses screening and prevalence of several visual disorders globally such as childhood blindness, refractive errors, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and more. Global estimates of affected populations are provided for several conditions. References are included at the end.

1. EyeCare Programmes
Basic epidemiology
Lecture MO-103/Topic-2&3
Debapriya Mukhopadhyay M.Optom, MBA, (PhD)
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2. Content
– Basic eye care programs
– Basic epidemiology
– Methodology
– Basics of epidemiology study methods
– Types of study designs
– Screening for visual disorders
– Childhood Blindness
– Refractive errors and presbyopia
– Age related cataract
– Low Vision
– Diabetic retinopathy
– Glaucoma
– Age related macular degeneration
– Vitamin A deficiency
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3. Basic eye care
programs
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https://www.lvpei.org/services/icare

4. Basic eye care
programs
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https://www.lvpei.org/services/icare

5. Basic
epidemiology
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6. Planning
cycle
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https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43541/9241547073_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

7. Development
anduseofclinical
guidelines
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https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43541/9241547073_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

8. Methodology
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9. Objectivist vs.
Subjectivist
Research
Methodology
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https://research-methodology.net/research-methodology/

10. Research
methods &
Pros+cons
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https://research-methodology.net/research-methodology/

11. Screening for
visual disorders
– There are many causes of blindness in children. Blindness
may be due to genetic mutations, birth defects, premature
birth, nutritional deficiencies, infections, injuries, and other
causes. Severe retinopathy of
prematurity (ROP), cataracts, Vitamin A deficiency, measles,
conjunctivitis and refractive error are also causes.
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Gilbert, Clare; Muhit, Mohammed (2008). "Twenty years of childhood blindness: what have we learnt?".
Community Eye Health. 21 (67): 46–47. ISSN 0953-6833. PMC 2580065. PMID 19030129.

12. Global
scenario of
childhood
blindness
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13. Onset of
blindness
– Factors from conception: hereditary
• Familial cataract, Retinal dystrophies, Retinoblastoma
– Factors during pregnancy
• Rubella, Toxoplasmosis
– Factors at the time of birth
• Retinopathy of prematurity, Newborn conjunctivitis
– Factors during childhood
• Vitamin A deficiency, Measles, Eye infections, Traditional eye
medicines, Injuries
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https://www.cehjournal.org/resources/prevention-of-childhood-blindness-teaching-set-full-text/

14. Global
estimation
– Global estimates of numbers of people affected by selected eye
conditions that can cause vision impairment
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15. Global
estimation
– a 2.6 billon (uncertainty interval, 1.97–3.43) people of all ages with
myopia in 2020
– b 312 million (95% CrI, 265 million to 369 million) aged under 19 years
with myopia in 2015
– c 76 million (95% credible intervals (CrI), 51.9–111.7) people (40 to 80
years of age) with glaucoma in 2020
– d 2.5 million people of all ages with trachomatous trichiasis in 2019
– e 1.8 billion (confidence interval [CI], 1.7–2.0) people of all ages with
presbyopia in 2015
– f 146 million adults with diabetic retinopathy was calculated by
applying the global prevalence of any diabetic retinopathy (34.6%)
reported byYau et al. [2012] to the estimated global number of adults
aged over 18 years of age with diabetes in 2014 (422 million) that was
reported in theWHO Global Report on Diabetes, 2016.
– g 195.6 million (95% CrI 140–261) people aged 30 to 97 years with age-
related macular degeneration in 2020
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https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/world-vision-report-post-launch-accessible.pdf?sfvrsn=1b29f0e7_2

16. References
– https://www.cehjournal.org/resources/prevention-of-childhood-
blindness-teaching-set-full-text/
– https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240058002
– The Epidemiology of eye diseases by Gordon J Johnson 3rd Edition
– Basic Epidemiology by Bonita, Beaglehole & kjellstrom
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17. You can help
them to see!
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