An overview on epilepsy. Historical perspective and recent update on epilepsy type, symptom amd management.

23. Clinical Presentations Typical Absence Seizures (Petit mal)

30. Choice of Anti Epileptic Drugs Piracetam Lamotrigine Phenobarbital Clonazepum S. Valporate Myoclonic Clonazepum Acetazolamide Ethosuximide S. Valporate Lamotrigine Absence Phynytoin Gabapentin Phenobarbital Tiagabine Acetazolamide Lamotrigine Topiramate Carbamazepine S. Valporate Primary GTCS Clobazum Phynytoin Phenobarbital Vigabatrin Acetazolamide S. Valporate Tiagabine Gabapentin Carbamazepine Lamotrigine Oxcarbazepine Topiramate S. Valporate (in children) Partial and /or Secondary GTCS Third-Line Second-Line First-Line Epilepsy Type

31. AED: Indications and Dosage NA 1-2 25-500 Partial, secondary GTCS Lamotrigine NA -- 4 i.v. Status Epilepticus Lorazepum 200-700 2 500-1500 Childhood Abssence Ethosuximide NA 1-2 200-600 Partial, secondary GTCS Topiramate NA 2-4 1-8 Partial (adjunctive), Myoclonus Clonazepum 50-150 1 60-100 Partial, secondary GTCS Phenobarbital 40-80 1 150-350 Partial, Secondary GTCS Phenytoin NA 1-2 400-2500 Primary & Secondary GTCS, Absence, Myoclonus Sodium Valporate 30-50 2-3 250-2000 Partial,Secondary GTCS, Carbamazepine Therapeutic range ( μmol/L) Doses per day Dose range (mg/day) Seizure type AED

32. AED: Side Effects SLE Facial Dysmorphism Foliate deficiency Nausea, depression, Taste alteration, Weight loss Foliate deficiency, Depression (adults), Excitement (Children), SLE Hyponatremia Nausea, Weight Gain Others Other AEDs, OCP Nephro- -lithiasis ---- ---- ---- Confusion Drowsiness Ataxia Topiramate Side Effects  Other AEDs, OCP, Anti Arrythmic, Antimalarials, Corticosteroids Thyroxine Other AEDs, CCB,OCP, Digoxin, Antidepressant, Antimalarials Other AEDs, OCP, Antimalarials, Corticosteroids Other AEDs, Antimalarials Drug Interactions Liver damage ---- ---- Liver damage Hepatology & Kidney ---- ---- ---- Pancreatitis Endocrine Blood dyscrasias Osteomalacia Megalobastic Anaemia, Osteomalacia Blood Dyscrasias, Thrombo- -cytopenia Blood dyscrasias Hematological Rashes, Hirsutism, Gum Hypertrophy, Rashes Rashes, SJS, Rashes, Alopecia Dermatological Drowsiness Drowsiness Drowsiness Drowsiness Cognitive & behavioral Ataxia, Nystagmus, Diplopia, Tremor, Dystonia, Asterixis Neuropathy Ataxia, Nystagmus, Diplopia Neuropathy Ataxia, Nystagmus, Diplopia Ataxia, Nystagmus, Diplopia, Tremor Neurological Phenytoin Phenobarbital Carbamazepine Sodium Valporate AED 