1. Somaliland under 130(5) of the Somaliland constitution all refereces to “Somalia” now refer to “Somaliland” and
article 2 of the constitution defines clearly “ the territory of the Somaliland” as “ consisting of all the land, island
and territorial waters above and below the surface, the airspace and the continentalshelf”. The provisions of this
1972 law have to be read with those of the United National Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) which
limits the extent to territorial waters to 12 nautical miles, but also establishes a contiguous zone up to 24 nautical
miles and exclusive economic zone of up to 200 nautical miles. Somaliland has a coastalline that stretches up to 850
Km along the Red Sea on the Gulf of Aden and as flagged albeit inadequately Somaliland’s waters will reflect the
limits set out in the laws of its other maritime neighbours (Djibouti and Yemen) and are likely to consist of a
territorial sea of 12 nautical miles, a contiguous zone of 24 nautical miles and an Exclusive Economic Zone of 200
nautical miles which in reality, as in Djibouti and, for most of its coast, the Yemen (excluding the Island of
Socotra), will be nowhere near that limit. Although Somaliland remains unrecognized underinternational law, it has
full control of its territory. Somaliland faces many maritime security threats and challenges. In the absence of clear
maritime authority and security policy, its waters remain in a state of de facto recognition that is lack of the
international direct investment and international institution of the loan such as the world bank and international
monitory Funds. Organized crimes like Human trafficking, Smuggling, and illegal fishing. Illegal, Unregulated and
Unreported fishing and toxic waste dumping have reportedly become rampant and threaten the livelihood of coastal
communities. Moreover, Somaliland waters have also become happened for many othercriminal activities,
including smuggling, arms trafficking and human trafficking. Illegal fishing Illegal fishing is a major concern in
Somaliland, since it is used by pirates to justify their activities, any maritime security policy also needs to tackle
maritime resource governance On the one hand Somaliland should establish a 200nm Exclusive Economic Zone,
where it enjoys primary resource exploitation and management rights. Normally the United Nations Convention on
the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS) provides for such a secured space. Yet Somaliland has not yet signed UNCLOS
(at least no such proof can be found In the 1970s Somalia had apparently declared 200nm territorial waters. But
because such a move is not recognized by international law, it can only claim jurisdiction and economic rights over
its 12 nm territorial waters (which are recognized in UNCLOS). Signing UNCLOS and creating an EEZ would do
much to settle this issue – at least from a legal perspective. Seen from international law, there cannot be illegal
fishing off Somalia’s coast,if no EEZ has been claimed. Hence, this is a crucial step.Since Somalia does not have a
coastguard,much will depend on the international community and naval forces to make sure that is enforced and
illegal fishing will actually be prevented.On the other hand, however, maritime resource governance also needs to
tackle the unregulated issuing of fishing licenses by competing Somaliland authorities. A single technical
commission or authority to oversee the licensing process would be a step into the right direction. Moreover quotas
need to be established to regulate the number of licenses issued and it must be made clear which authority is
illegible to grant fishing rights. Somaliland constitution underarticle 10 given granted and respect the Somalia
Government signed convention shall be respect and it is legal binding in Somaliland. Migrants The migrant is
international or global crisis that mainly cases in several reasons , the unemployment , fighting , corruption ,
nepotism, clannish systemand the other pulling factor that the people believes that the foreign countries has better
lives than in Africa and asian countries which is total untrue.The young generations migrating other reasons some
of them thinking the foreign education has high quality, the valid passport of the foreign countries is also make easy
to travel everywhere where as African and Asian passport is not the same as the others. The core migrant causation
is lack of the government commitment and lack of the government visions the generation to come. Toxic waste, We
have very big challenges in Somaliland the Chemical waste material capable of causing death or injury to life. Waste
is considered toxic if it is poisonous,toxic waste results from industrial, chemical, and biological
processes.Toxins are found and commercial wastes of common products that routinely become part of the toxic
waste streams of industrialized countries. Somaliland needs to protect and capable to safeguards the organized
maritime and waste that foreign shipment put into Somaliland sea. We need international support and equipment to
protect the waste in the sea and surroundings.4. Smuggling weapons Arms trafficking, also known as gunrunning is
the illegal trafficking or smuggling of contraband weapons or ammunition. What constitutes legal trade in firearms
varies widely, depending on local and national laws. The government must protect the Somaliland territory to avoid
and bring illegal smuggling weapons which can be create Somaliland instability and unrest if every Somaliland and
non Somalilanders bring in Somaliland an use as trade or business .this is high risk in Somaliland and Somaliland

2. must be create policy and act which we can control and prevent not hand the civilian and Somaliland community as
whole . 5. Piracy The piracy has to be fought onshore in Somaliland and protect the territory of the state .
Somaliland needs stable governance structures,a safe coastguard,and a strategy to fight piracy. Put differently, a
Somaliland maritime security policy is needed. Some efforts into that direction are currently underway. Somaliland
has the piracy Act the parliament passed and it needs to enforce the Somaliland territory Somaliland faces many
maritime security threats and challenges. In the absence of clear maritime authority and security policy. Piracy is of
course the most well know maritime security threat emanating from Somaliland. Attacks against merchant vessels in
the Gulf of Aden region have increased dramatically over the past three years and threaten one the globe’s busiest
shipping lines. Yet pirates also increasingly target Somali dhows and fishing boats.Fishermen are getting more
reluctant to go out fishing because they fear to be apprehended by naval forces mistaking, piracy is not the only
maritime security challenge in Somaliland waters. Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported fishing and toxic waste
dumping have reportedly become rampant and threaten the livelihood of coastalcommunities .Hence there is a great
need to quickly develop and to implement a maritime security policy for Somalia that will tackle the above
mentioned criminal activities and security threats along its 3000 km coastline. Challenges: Political The political of
Somaliland is poor or weak to influence and direct investment of the natural resource at main sea of Somaliland
territory. it is also very difficult the international company to make an official agreement between Somaliland an
international company because of lack of recognition . the only thing that Somaliland can make is the memorandum
of understand that between Somaliland and the respectful institution , the main challenges that can be face the
Memorandum of understanding is lack of legal binding if there is conflict arise them. Somaliland is de facto
recognition which is fulfill all requirement of the public international law and the African charter . Somaliland has
economic consequence bases on the lack of international direct investment. Somaliland is lacking the international
institution that making the development of the state like the World Bank, international monitoring fund Economic
Somaliland is lack of appropriate fishing development , weak protection of the fishier resources , lack strong private
institution that get more benefits from the resource of Somaliland territory sea . we don’t have strong and law
enforcement implementation of illegal fishing boats , ships and others people who are violate and make illegal
fishing and putting the illegal sanitary materials in Somaliland territory that may kill all fishing and living . We
don’t have strong management the license fishing to take task data collecting, reporting controlling. we did not make
any assessment fishing activities, sock assessment,vesselPresents and developing coastalinfrastructure including
the appropriate landing sites .poor management and assessment that we recognize that there is potential for oil, gas
and mineral exploration underour seas and we need to establish an administrative framework to manage this in a
transparent manner in order to ensure that Somaliland resources are for the benefit of Somalis. We will also need to
be able get enhancement of the coastalguide staff Social The Somaliland are mainly weak fishing different areas of
the seas like saylac , Berbera ,Maydh , and other important sea places in order to get as incomes sources to feed his
/her families and support his/ her children to go education both for the girls and boys . People are very much
concerning to expand their visions of the working at sea and develop their knowledge, skills and the experience
based on the main resourceful at sea level. The main social consequence is lack of fishing skills, lack of income
generation activities, and lack of microfinance institution to support the poor people to stand their own feets. The
other main consequence is that the Government budget of 2016 is not including social development and fishing.
Technology The Somaliland maritime coastalguard’s does not use appropriate technology that they control
Somaliland territory sea level. The using the modern technology is lack Somaliland coastalguards and maritime as
well. We need international community to support to enhancement the equipments and other necessary.The coastal
guards need latest and modern equipments. Legal challenges Weak of the Regulating fishing enforcement in
Somaliland that illegal fishing is a major concern in Somaliland, and since it is used by pirates to justify their
activities, any maritime security policy also needs to tackle maritime resource governance On the one hand
Somaliland should establish a 200nm Exclusive Economic Zone, where it enjoys primary resource exploitation and
management rights. Normally the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS) provides for
such a secured space.Somaliland has not yet signed UNCLOS Somaliland had apparently declared 200nm territorial
waters. But because such a move is not recognized by international law, it can only claim jurisdiction and economic
rights over its 12 nm territorial waters (which are recognized in UNCLOS). Signing UNCLOS and creating an
would do much to settle this issue at least from a legal perspective.Seen from international law, there cannot be

3. legal fishing off Somaliland’s coast; if hence, this is a crucial step.Since Somaliland does not have a coastguard,
much will depend on the international community and naval forces to make sure that is enforced and illegal fishing
will actually be prevented.On the other hand,however, maritime resource governance also needs to tackle the
unregulated issuing of fishing licenses by competing Somaliland authority by the Article 2 of the 1995 Somaliland
Fishing Law, Somaliland’s waters will reflect the limits set out in the laws of its othermaritime neighbor are likely
to consist of a territorial sea of 12 nautical miles, a contiguous zone of 24 nautical miles and an Exclusive Economic
Zone of 200 nautical miles which in reality, and, for most of its coast,will be nowhere near that limit. Although
Somaliland remains unrecognized under international law, it has full control of its territory. Somaliland considerits
bounds by the united nations convention of the law of the sea which was signed by the Somalia on declare on 10
December 1982 and ratified underlaw no 14 of 9 February 1989. The legal consequence is points of law that
international community will not respect as independent state and they deal as de facto recognition which has all
structure of government and fulfill the condition of the public international law and the African charter. The
Somaliland refers the constitutionalas state underarticle 10 which explain that the Somaliland constitution respect
international convention that Somalia sign before 1988. Environment: Conclusions.Maritime policy is very
important and it needs to make strong policy and act that protect the maritime and the safeguarding the development
at sea and explore the natural resource to get benefits the entire populations.We have different challenges that
facing the Somaliland maritime such as the economic challenges, political challenges, social challenges, the
technological challenges, and legal challenges. The above mention challenges will reflect and effect the community
development as whole. We lack appropriate legal enforcement like illegal fishing. Recommendations. Maritime
Close partnership with police and otheragencies required. Rural environment with strong clan interests.Need to
negotiate solutions with clan leaders, and ensure clans receive benefit, maintain balance. Fish industry and potential
Tourism is highly consideration and make sustainability for the future. Provide specialization skills for the youth
generation for fishing and direct investment to create employment opportunities.Technological is very important to
enhancement the special training and provide equipment to safeguarding the sea violators in Somaliland territory
environment. Somaliland must make Legal and provide strict license in fishing ships and boats and safeguarding the
sea territory. Somaliland needs international support and government commitments Maritime needs to explore the
natural resource in the sea and protect the other illegal fishing ships and boats.Maritime coastal guards needs well
equipment, capacity building for internal and external training for capacitated for the coastalguards and other staffs.
The maritime needs to support the boats and vehicles’ to supervise the coastalareas for the human trafficking,
organized crimes, illegal fishing and other smuggling weapons.