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The New Right perspective on family values argues that:
1) Women who get pregnant should have the baby and take responsibility for raising it.
2) Those who have illegitimate births should get married.
3) Unmarried couples who live together should get married.
4) Those who get divorced should stay married.
5) Lone parents should live with and be supported by extended family.
6) Mothers should not work full time and should focus on raising their children.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document outlines the topics covered in the course SCLY4 on Crime & Deviance with Theory & Methods. The course examines theories of explaining crime, how social groups relate to crime, and methods for measuring crime. It also explores globalized crime topics like green crime, cybercrime, and human rights violations. Additionally, the course covers white collar crime, punishment approaches, and the relationship between crime and the media. In the Theory & Methods section, the document outlines examining societal theories, modernity, values in research, and social policy. It also introduces various research methods like experiments, surveys, interviews, observations, and using secondary data to research crime and deviance.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document contains key terms related to the sociology of the family, including types of families like the nuclear family, reconstituted family, and lone parent family. It also includes concepts like the functionalist view, feminist view, marital roles, fertility and mortality rates, and factors that influence families such as industrialization, mobility, and diversity.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document is a revision checklist for the topic of ownership and control of mass media. It lists several key concepts and ideas to focus on revising, including defining different types of ownership, explaining perspectives on the relationship between ownership and control of mass media, outlining strengths and weaknesses of pluralist and Marxist ideologies, and identifying legal controls of mass media. The checklist is intended to help the student identify what specific areas within the topic they need to focus on revising for an upcoming assessment.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document provides links to various websites about different waves and types of feminism including third-wave feminism, socialist feminism, radical feminism, and equity feminism. The links cover topics such as the history and timeline of feminism from the 1960s onwards, explanations of types of feminism, and both feminist and anti-feminist organizations and perspectives.
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SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The New Right perspective on family values argues that:
1) Women who get pregnant should have the baby and take responsibility for raising it.
2) Those who have illegitimate births should get married.
3) Unmarried couples who live together should get married.
4) Those who get divorced should stay married.
5) Lone parents should live with and be supported by extended family.
6) Mothers should not work full time and should focus on raising their children.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document outlines the topics covered in the course SCLY4 on Crime & Deviance with Theory & Methods. The course examines theories of explaining crime, how social groups relate to crime, and methods for measuring crime. It also explores globalized crime topics like green crime, cybercrime, and human rights violations. Additionally, the course covers white collar crime, punishment approaches, and the relationship between crime and the media. In the Theory & Methods section, the document outlines examining societal theories, modernity, values in research, and social policy. It also introduces various research methods like experiments, surveys, interviews, observations, and using secondary data to research crime and deviance.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document contains key terms related to the sociology of the family, including types of families like the nuclear family, reconstituted family, and lone parent family. It also includes concepts like the functionalist view, feminist view, marital roles, fertility and mortality rates, and factors that influence families such as industrialization, mobility, and diversity.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document is a revision checklist for the topic of ownership and control of mass media. It lists several key concepts and ideas to focus on revising, including defining different types of ownership, explaining perspectives on the relationship between ownership and control of mass media, outlining strengths and weaknesses of pluralist and Marxist ideologies, and identifying legal controls of mass media. The checklist is intended to help the student identify what specific areas within the topic they need to focus on revising for an upcoming assessment.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document provides links to various websites about different waves and types of feminism including third-wave feminism, socialist feminism, radical feminism, and equity feminism. The links cover topics such as the history and timeline of feminism from the 1960s onwards, explanations of types of feminism, and both feminist and anti-feminist organizations and perspectives.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Children's position has changed over time with some improvements. While children today have greater rights and protections under the law, they still remain vulnerable and dependent on adults. Overall, children's lives have benefited from things like increased access to education and healthcare, but more progress is still needed to support their welfare and development.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document discusses key concepts in sociological theories of culture and identity such as ascribed and achieved status, functionalist and Marxist views of socialization, and interpretivist perspectives on the role of social interaction and human agency in identity formation. It addresses concepts like social identity, personal identity, dramaturgical self-presentation, and debates around the ongoing importance of social class and influences on British national identity.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses some potential issues with conducting an ambiguous questionnaire without an interviewer present, including questions being open to interpretation by respondents, replies not being timely which could impact validity, and the process being time consuming without guidance.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses various types of cybercrime such as internet fraud, identity theft, child pornography, terrorist activities online, hacking, bullying and harassment, and money laundering. It asks questions about why cybercrime is an important focus in modern society, why some people may not worry about cybercrime compared to other crimes, and what perspectives Marxists and post-modernists may have on cybercrime.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This interactive cartoon depicts a worker moving between different topics on ideology, Marxism, income, and the relationship between workers and bosses. The worker is unable to escape and is directed back repeatedly with no ability to learn more about the topics. This suggests workers are unable to truly understand or influence their situation due to the control bosses exert over them.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses different sociological theories of the family, including functionalism, Marxism, and feminism. It provides learning objectives about understanding and analyzing the similarities and differences between these perspectives. It also summarizes the functionalist view of George Murdock that families serve four key functions: teaching sexuality and gender roles, reproduction, primary socialization, and economic security.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document defines and explains key demographic terms including birth rate, fertility rate, death rate, migration, and net migration. It describes birth rate as the number of live births per 1,000 people per year, and fertility rate as the average number of children born to each woman. It defines death rate as the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year, and migration as the movement of people between countries or regions. Net migration refers to the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses values and ethics in sociology research. It outlines the positivist view that sociology should be objective and value-free like the natural sciences. However, others argue this is unrealistic as researchers are inevitably influenced by their own values and motivations. The document also discusses whether truly neutral research is possible given factors like who funds the research and the personal interests of researchers. It concludes by considering perspectives like committed sociology that believe research should not remain neutral and should aim to change society in some way.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document contains 10 multiple choice questions testing knowledge about key sociological terms and trends related to marriage, divorce, and family structure. The questions cover topics like the meaning of terms like "empty shell marriage" and "cohabitation", differences in divorce rates between social groups, reasons for increases in divorce and decreases in appeal of marriage, and perspectives from groups like the New Right and feminists regarding divorce and cohabitation.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document discusses how views of childhood have changed over time and across cultures. Benedict claims that in non-industrial societies, there is less distinction between adult and child behavior and expectations, and children are treated very differently than in Western societies. Specifically, children in non-industrial cultures often take on responsibilities earlier, have less restricted sexual behaviors, and show less obedience to adult authority. The document then discusses factors like industrialization, laws preventing child cruelty and labor, and theories of child development that have led childhood to be constructed differently and children to be more dependent and protected in modern Western societies.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Cultural, social class, and generational diversity all contribute to differences in family forms. Cultural diversity refers to differences between families of various ethnic, religious, and ideological backgrounds. Social class divisions exist between upper, middle, and working classes as well as within those groups. Generational diversity refers to differences in experiences and attitudes between older and younger family members and generations.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document is a mark scheme for a sociology exam assessing students' understanding of different sociological explanations of suicide. It provides detailed criteria for evaluating answers in bands from 0-21 marks based on the students' interpretation, application, analysis, and evaluation of concepts from the item and elsewhere. Higher bands are characterized by explaining two or more sociological perspectives on suicide accurately and applying them appropriately to the question.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document provides guidance on answering exam questions about crime and deviance. It discusses two 21-mark essay questions to spend 30 minutes on each, including discussing at least two sides of an argument and referencing relevant theories and studies. For the first question on ethnic differences in crime rates, explanations to assess include institutional racism in the criminal justice system versus theories of relative deprivation and poor upbringing influencing crime rates. For the second question on media portrayals of crime, topics to discuss include how the media distorts crime statistics and can cause moral panics, as well as its relationship to fear of crime. Subcultural theories from Merton to more recent work should be assessed chronologically for their usefulness in explaining subcultural crime and
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document provides guidance on answering exam questions about crime and deviance. It discusses two 21-mark essay questions to spend 30 minutes on each, including discussing at least two sides of an argument and referencing relevant theories and studies. For the first question on ethnic differences in crime rates, explanations to assess include institutional racism in the criminal justice system versus theories of relative deprivation and poor upbringing influencing crime rates. For the second question on media portrayals of crime, topics to discuss include how the media distorts crime statistics and can cause moral panics, as well as its relationship to fear of crime. Subcultural theories from Merton to more recent work should be assessed chronologically for their usefulness in explaining subcultural crime and
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Sociological research has the potential to influence social policy in several ways:
1) Sociological studies can reveal the true nature and extent of social problems, challenges dominant views, and leads to a redefinition of issues. This occurred with studies of poverty and disability.
2) Establishing definitions and counting the size of marginalized groups through research can raise their profile and lead to new policies. This happened when the disabled population was more accurately defined and quantified.
3) Systematic reviews of research evidence can identify effective solutions and approaches to social issues. An example is a review that informed policies to reduce teen pregnancy and support young parents.
However, critics argue that government-funded research may not be
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
1) Sudhir Venkatesh spent time living with the Black Kings gang in Chicago to study urban poverty from within the community.
2) He met J.T., the leader of the local gang, who offered to let Venkatesh shadow him for a day to truly understand life in the neighborhood.
3) Over time, Venkatesh grew close to J.T. and other gang members as he observed their daily activities, though he recognized J.T. was a criminal and his research depended on the gang's approval.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses crime prevention and punishment from various sociological perspectives. It examines strategies for preventing crime, ranging from situational crime prevention to community programs addressing root causes. It also looks at different views of punishment, including deterrence, rehabilitation and incapacitation. Additionally, it covers trends in victimization and the concept of victimology - the sociological study of victims, their experiences and how some groups are at higher risk of being victimized.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses key concepts in sociology related to social inequality based on age and ethnicity. It provides definitions of ethnicity, ethnic group, and examines how sociologists believe these attributes can create unequal life chances. Specific inequalities are explored around issues like discrimination, legislation, and how views of age and ethnicity may differ cross-culturally.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Here are some potential positive and negative consequences of divorce for each group:
For the husband and wife:
Positive: Opportunity for personal growth and happiness in a new relationship.
Negative: Financial difficulties from single parenthood or splitting assets. Emotional distress.
For the family:
Positive: Conflict may be reduced.
Negative: Loss of the traditional family structure, less contact with extended family. Financial difficulties.
For the children:
Positive: Grow up in a happier environment without parental conflict.
Negative: Stress and insecurity from family breakdown. May feel torn between parents. Adjustment to new living situations.
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SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Children's position has changed over time with some improvements. While children today have greater rights and protections under the law, they still remain vulnerable and dependent on adults. Overall, children's lives have benefited from things like increased access to education and healthcare, but more progress is still needed to support their welfare and development.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document discusses key concepts in sociological theories of culture and identity such as ascribed and achieved status, functionalist and Marxist views of socialization, and interpretivist perspectives on the role of social interaction and human agency in identity formation. It addresses concepts like social identity, personal identity, dramaturgical self-presentation, and debates around the ongoing importance of social class and influences on British national identity.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses some potential issues with conducting an ambiguous questionnaire without an interviewer present, including questions being open to interpretation by respondents, replies not being timely which could impact validity, and the process being time consuming without guidance.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses various types of cybercrime such as internet fraud, identity theft, child pornography, terrorist activities online, hacking, bullying and harassment, and money laundering. It asks questions about why cybercrime is an important focus in modern society, why some people may not worry about cybercrime compared to other crimes, and what perspectives Marxists and post-modernists may have on cybercrime.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This interactive cartoon depicts a worker moving between different topics on ideology, Marxism, income, and the relationship between workers and bosses. The worker is unable to escape and is directed back repeatedly with no ability to learn more about the topics. This suggests workers are unable to truly understand or influence their situation due to the control bosses exert over them.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses different sociological theories of the family, including functionalism, Marxism, and feminism. It provides learning objectives about understanding and analyzing the similarities and differences between these perspectives. It also summarizes the functionalist view of George Murdock that families serve four key functions: teaching sexuality and gender roles, reproduction, primary socialization, and economic security.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document defines and explains key demographic terms including birth rate, fertility rate, death rate, migration, and net migration. It describes birth rate as the number of live births per 1,000 people per year, and fertility rate as the average number of children born to each woman. It defines death rate as the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year, and migration as the movement of people between countries or regions. Net migration refers to the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses values and ethics in sociology research. It outlines the positivist view that sociology should be objective and value-free like the natural sciences. However, others argue this is unrealistic as researchers are inevitably influenced by their own values and motivations. The document also discusses whether truly neutral research is possible given factors like who funds the research and the personal interests of researchers. It concludes by considering perspectives like committed sociology that believe research should not remain neutral and should aim to change society in some way.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document contains 10 multiple choice questions testing knowledge about key sociological terms and trends related to marriage, divorce, and family structure. The questions cover topics like the meaning of terms like "empty shell marriage" and "cohabitation", differences in divorce rates between social groups, reasons for increases in divorce and decreases in appeal of marriage, and perspectives from groups like the New Right and feminists regarding divorce and cohabitation.
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SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document discusses how views of childhood have changed over time and across cultures. Benedict claims that in non-industrial societies, there is less distinction between adult and child behavior and expectations, and children are treated very differently than in Western societies. Specifically, children in non-industrial cultures often take on responsibilities earlier, have less restricted sexual behaviors, and show less obedience to adult authority. The document then discusses factors like industrialization, laws preventing child cruelty and labor, and theories of child development that have led childhood to be constructed differently and children to be more dependent and protected in modern Western societies.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Cultural, social class, and generational diversity all contribute to differences in family forms. Cultural diversity refers to differences between families of various ethnic, religious, and ideological backgrounds. Social class divisions exist between upper, middle, and working classes as well as within those groups. Generational diversity refers to differences in experiences and attitudes between older and younger family members and generations.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document is a mark scheme for a sociology exam assessing students' understanding of different sociological explanations of suicide. It provides detailed criteria for evaluating answers in bands from 0-21 marks based on the students' interpretation, application, analysis, and evaluation of concepts from the item and elsewhere. Higher bands are characterized by explaining two or more sociological perspectives on suicide accurately and applying them appropriately to the question.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document provides guidance on answering exam questions about crime and deviance. It discusses two 21-mark essay questions to spend 30 minutes on each, including discussing at least two sides of an argument and referencing relevant theories and studies. For the first question on ethnic differences in crime rates, explanations to assess include institutional racism in the criminal justice system versus theories of relative deprivation and poor upbringing influencing crime rates. For the second question on media portrayals of crime, topics to discuss include how the media distorts crime statistics and can cause moral panics, as well as its relationship to fear of crime. Subcultural theories from Merton to more recent work should be assessed chronologically for their usefulness in explaining subcultural crime and
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document provides guidance on answering exam questions about crime and deviance. It discusses two 21-mark essay questions to spend 30 minutes on each, including discussing at least two sides of an argument and referencing relevant theories and studies. For the first question on ethnic differences in crime rates, explanations to assess include institutional racism in the criminal justice system versus theories of relative deprivation and poor upbringing influencing crime rates. For the second question on media portrayals of crime, topics to discuss include how the media distorts crime statistics and can cause moral panics, as well as its relationship to fear of crime. Subcultural theories from Merton to more recent work should be assessed chronologically for their usefulness in explaining subcultural crime and
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Sociological research has the potential to influence social policy in several ways:
1) Sociological studies can reveal the true nature and extent of social problems, challenges dominant views, and leads to a redefinition of issues. This occurred with studies of poverty and disability.
2) Establishing definitions and counting the size of marginalized groups through research can raise their profile and lead to new policies. This happened when the disabled population was more accurately defined and quantified.
3) Systematic reviews of research evidence can identify effective solutions and approaches to social issues. An example is a review that informed policies to reduce teen pregnancy and support young parents.
However, critics argue that government-funded research may not be
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
1) Sudhir Venkatesh spent time living with the Black Kings gang in Chicago to study urban poverty from within the community.
2) He met J.T., the leader of the local gang, who offered to let Venkatesh shadow him for a day to truly understand life in the neighborhood.
3) Over time, Venkatesh grew close to J.T. and other gang members as he observed their daily activities, though he recognized J.T. was a criminal and his research depended on the gang's approval.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses crime prevention and punishment from various sociological perspectives. It examines strategies for preventing crime, ranging from situational crime prevention to community programs addressing root causes. It also looks at different views of punishment, including deterrence, rehabilitation and incapacitation. Additionally, it covers trends in victimization and the concept of victimology - the sociological study of victims, their experiences and how some groups are at higher risk of being victimized.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses key concepts in sociology related to social inequality based on age and ethnicity. It provides definitions of ethnicity, ethnic group, and examines how sociologists believe these attributes can create unequal life chances. Specific inequalities are explored around issues like discrimination, legislation, and how views of age and ethnicity may differ cross-culturally.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Here are some potential positive and negative consequences of divorce for each group:
For the husband and wife:
Positive: Opportunity for personal growth and happiness in a new relationship.
Negative: Financial difficulties from single parenthood or splitting assets. Emotional distress.
For the family:
Positive: Conflict may be reduced.
Negative: Loss of the traditional family structure, less contact with extended family. Financial difficulties.
For the children:
Positive: Grow up in a happier environment without parental conflict.
Negative: Stress and insecurity from family breakdown. May feel torn between parents. Adjustment to new living situations.
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This document provides information about an advanced sociology exam that will take place on January 15, 2013. It is divided into three sections and students must choose one section to answer all the questions from. The exam will last 1 hour and students must write their answers in an AQA 8-page answer book. The exam is out of a total of 60 marks. Questions worth 24 marks require answers in continuous prose and will be assessed on use of English, organization of information, and appropriate use of specialist vocabulary.
The document also provides two sample exam items, one discussing the dark side of family relationships like domestic violence and child abuse, and problems with statistics on these issues. The other sample item discusses reliability of statistics on modern families
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This document provides memory hooks and tools to help students remember important concepts in sociology. It includes acronyms and phrases to summarize key ideas related to topics like family, education, crime and deviance, religion, research methods, and functionalist theory. Color-coded memory hooks are organized by theme to aid recall of sociological information.
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The document discusses reasons for overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in crime statistics. It questions whether ethnic minorities truly commit more crimes or if statistics provide an inaccurate picture due to factors like institutional racism and stereotyping. Some reasons given for higher crime rates and convictions among ethnic groups include evidence of racism within police culture and practices, unfair targeting of minorities in stop-and-search policies, and socioeconomic challenges like poverty that are more common in minority communities. The case study of Stephen Lawrence, a black teenager murdered in 1993, illustrates failures in the police investigation potentially due to racism and stereotyping.
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Some sociologists would agree that males are more likely to commit crimes than females due to differences in primary socialization and opportunities to commit crimes. However, others disagree because crime statistics may be inaccurate since males face higher rates of arrest and charges. Additionally, the chivalry thesis suggests that females receive more lenient treatment in the criminal justice system since it is male-dominated. In conclusion, there are many complex reasons for apparent gender differences in crime rates that are still debated among sociologists.
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1) Gender is defined by sociologists as the social and cultural differences between masculinity and femininity rather than the biological differences between sexes.
2) From birth, individuals are socialized into gender through practices like dressing, naming, toys/books given which prepare individuals for different roles in society based on their gender.
3) While legislation has promoted more equality, sociologists argue that gender inequality still exists in areas like the workplace where women are more likely to be in lower level jobs and face barriers to promotion.
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1) Social action theorists argue that people are not constrained by external forces and have control over their own attitudes and actions.
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3) Norms and values are seen as flexible guidelines that people apply different meanings to depending on the social situation.
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Huntington argued that there are 7 major civilizations - Western, Orthodox, Islamic, Sinic, Hindu, Japanese and Latin American/African - and that conflicts will emerge along the dividing lines of these civilizations, especially between the Western and Islamic worlds. However, critics argue that Huntington's theory oversimplifies conflicts and ignores other important factors like economic and political interests, as well as differences in views on issues like individualism, gender equality and sexuality between societies.
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This document outlines aims for answering short style questions: to answer as many questions as possible to identify weaknesses for last-minute revision, increase confidence, and prepare for an upcoming exam.
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Secondary data sources that sociologists use include life documents, photographs, diaries, letters, official publications, previous research, and media sources. However, each of these sources has disadvantages such as potential lack of accessibility over time, presenting biased positive perspectives, being selectively edited, and relying on flawed human memory. Sociologists must be aware of these limitations and potential biases when utilizing secondary data in their research.
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The document discusses key sociological concepts including culture, identity, norms and values, and socialization. It defines culture as things like concerts, buildings, food, language, and clothes, while defining society as things like schools, hospitals, police, towns, shops, industry, and government. It asks how personal identity comes from things like clothes, music, home, and job, while social identity comes from age, gender, status, ethnicity, and association. Finally, it defines norms as guidelines for behavior and values as beliefs about what is good and bad, and explains that primary socialization involves learning from close family, while secondary socialization expands learning to outside the family.