This study analyzed the relationship between housing characteristics and elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) in Milwaukee children from 1996-2011. It found:
1) Living in pre-1940 housing was strongly correlated with elevated BLLs (relative risk 5.83).
2) Renter-occupied housing was also correlated with higher BLLs (relative risk 2.01).
3) The number of housing units that received lead abatement was inversely correlated with the prevalence of elevated BLLs, indicating abatement reduced risks. However, abatement was also found to potentially increase short-term individual risks, warranting further study.
DHS- FinalPresentation- Kevin_SlideShareKevin Smith
The document discusses lead poisoning in Milwaukee and the effects of home lead abatement. It finds:
1) Children living in pre-1940 homes that have not been abated are at much higher risk for lead poisoning compared to homes built after 1940 or those that have been abated.
2) Renter-occupied pre-1940 homes have over twice the risk of owner-occupied homes.
3) Lead abatement of pre-1940 homes, especially primary prevention methods, significantly reduces the risk of lead poisoning.
Lead Exposures and Health Effects-SlideShareKevin Smith
This document discusses environmental lead hazards and exposures. It covers major sources of lead like lead-based paint and leaded gasoline emissions which have deposited lead in soils. Children under 6, minorities, and those below the poverty line are most at risk of exposure through ingesting lead paint chips/dust or contaminated soils. Exposure can cause neurological, cardiovascular and learning impairments. Regulations have reduced lead in gasoline and paint but ongoing monitoring and funding is still needed to address remaining hazards.
This study evaluated the risk factors for elevated blood lead levels in children in Milwaukee from 1996-2011. The results showed:
- Children living in pre-1940 homes had a significantly higher risk of elevated blood lead levels compared to post-1940 homes, and the risk was highest for children aged 0-24 months.
- Renter-occupied homes had twice the risk of owner-occupied homes.
- Lead abatement of pre-1940 homes reduced the risk of elevated blood lead levels by 31%, and primary prevention efforts reduced the risk by 44%.
- The annual reduction in lead poisoning prevalence and incidence was strongly correlated with the number of pre-1940 homes abated in Milwaukee.
This poster summarizes a study assessing the impact of a radon education campaign in Eau Claire County, Wisconsin. The study administered identical pre- and post-surveys before and after the campaign to assess changes in radon awareness. The results showed that while overall reported knowledge did not significantly increase, some education materials appeared to reach the target audience. Younger participants and non-homeowners reported having less knowledge about radon risks. Future campaigns should develop methods to better educate these groups.
Written by
Susan L. Cutter, University of South
Carolina ; Bryan J. Boruff , University of South Carolina ;
W . Lynn Shirley, University of South Carolina
This presentation is part of the subject "Advanced theory of regional planning"
Insititute of Urban Innovation, Yokohama National University
The purpose is to understand and summarize articles of theory related to natural disasters.
1. The world's population has grown to over 7 billion and is still increasing, though the growth rate is decreasing as fertility rates fall globally. Most population growth is occurring in developing regions like sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
2. Factors like education levels, economic conditions, availability of family planning, and disease prevalence influence birth and death rates in different parts of the world. As countries develop, their population growth typically follows a "demographic transition" from high birth/death rates to low rates.
3. While population models can help predict growth trends, making highly accurate long-term projections is difficult due to the many variables involved. Population
This document discusses Colombia's development and use of a multidimensional poverty index (MPI) to guide social policy. It provides details on:
- How Colombia's MPI was developed in 2010 based on the Alkire Foster methodology and includes indicators across 5 dimensions.
- Key changes the government made to institutionalize the MPI, including including it as a target in the national development plan and creating a social inclusion sector.
- How the MPI is used in intersectoral policy roundtables between government agencies to coordinate programs, monitor progress on indicators, and achieve poverty reduction targets.
- Trends shown by the MPI like a reduction of 5 million people in multidimensional poverty from 2010-2016 through improvements in health insurance
The document summarizes Seattle's efforts to increase organics recycling and reduce food waste through an organics ban. Key points:
1. Seattle piloted every-other-week garbage collection, finding diverse neighborhoods reduced waste most. This informed a food waste ban.
2. Seattle has increased recycling over time through policies like a 2003 ban on recyclables in garbage. The new 2014 ban on food waste aims to reach a 60% recycling goal.
3. Early results for the food waste ban are positive, with commercial food waste increasing 91% as more subscribe to collection. Educational tags on contaminated garbage correlated with less contamination.
DHS- FinalPresentation- Kevin_SlideShareKevin Smith
The document discusses lead poisoning in Milwaukee and the effects of home lead abatement. It finds:
1) Children living in pre-1940 homes that have not been abated are at much higher risk for lead poisoning compared to homes built after 1940 or those that have been abated.
2) Renter-occupied pre-1940 homes have over twice the risk of owner-occupied homes.
3) Lead abatement of pre-1940 homes, especially primary prevention methods, significantly reduces the risk of lead poisoning.
Lead Exposures and Health Effects-SlideShareKevin Smith
This document discusses environmental lead hazards and exposures. It covers major sources of lead like lead-based paint and leaded gasoline emissions which have deposited lead in soils. Children under 6, minorities, and those below the poverty line are most at risk of exposure through ingesting lead paint chips/dust or contaminated soils. Exposure can cause neurological, cardiovascular and learning impairments. Regulations have reduced lead in gasoline and paint but ongoing monitoring and funding is still needed to address remaining hazards.
This study evaluated the risk factors for elevated blood lead levels in children in Milwaukee from 1996-2011. The results showed:
- Children living in pre-1940 homes had a significantly higher risk of elevated blood lead levels compared to post-1940 homes, and the risk was highest for children aged 0-24 months.
- Renter-occupied homes had twice the risk of owner-occupied homes.
- Lead abatement of pre-1940 homes reduced the risk of elevated blood lead levels by 31%, and primary prevention efforts reduced the risk by 44%.
- The annual reduction in lead poisoning prevalence and incidence was strongly correlated with the number of pre-1940 homes abated in Milwaukee.
This poster summarizes a study assessing the impact of a radon education campaign in Eau Claire County, Wisconsin. The study administered identical pre- and post-surveys before and after the campaign to assess changes in radon awareness. The results showed that while overall reported knowledge did not significantly increase, some education materials appeared to reach the target audience. Younger participants and non-homeowners reported having less knowledge about radon risks. Future campaigns should develop methods to better educate these groups.
Written by
Susan L. Cutter, University of South
Carolina ; Bryan J. Boruff , University of South Carolina ;
W . Lynn Shirley, University of South Carolina
This presentation is part of the subject "Advanced theory of regional planning"
Insititute of Urban Innovation, Yokohama National University
The purpose is to understand and summarize articles of theory related to natural disasters.
1. The world's population has grown to over 7 billion and is still increasing, though the growth rate is decreasing as fertility rates fall globally. Most population growth is occurring in developing regions like sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
2. Factors like education levels, economic conditions, availability of family planning, and disease prevalence influence birth and death rates in different parts of the world. As countries develop, their population growth typically follows a "demographic transition" from high birth/death rates to low rates.
3. While population models can help predict growth trends, making highly accurate long-term projections is difficult due to the many variables involved. Population
This document discusses Colombia's development and use of a multidimensional poverty index (MPI) to guide social policy. It provides details on:
- How Colombia's MPI was developed in 2010 based on the Alkire Foster methodology and includes indicators across 5 dimensions.
- Key changes the government made to institutionalize the MPI, including including it as a target in the national development plan and creating a social inclusion sector.
- How the MPI is used in intersectoral policy roundtables between government agencies to coordinate programs, monitor progress on indicators, and achieve poverty reduction targets.
- Trends shown by the MPI like a reduction of 5 million people in multidimensional poverty from 2010-2016 through improvements in health insurance
The document summarizes Seattle's efforts to increase organics recycling and reduce food waste through an organics ban. Key points:
1. Seattle piloted every-other-week garbage collection, finding diverse neighborhoods reduced waste most. This informed a food waste ban.
2. Seattle has increased recycling over time through policies like a 2003 ban on recyclables in garbage. The new 2014 ban on food waste aims to reach a 60% recycling goal.
3. Early results for the food waste ban are positive, with commercial food waste increasing 91% as more subscribe to collection. Educational tags on contaminated garbage correlated with less contamination.
This document summarizes a study called SHOW (Survey of the Health of Wisconsin). It describes SHOW's goals of establishing an infrastructure for population health research in Wisconsin through annual health surveys and longitudinal follow-up of survey participants. It provides details on SHOW's sample selection, data collection methods, types of individual and community-level data collected, plans for ancillary studies, and timeline from establishment in 2003 to launch in 2008. The purpose of SHOW is to generate state-specific health data to inform evidence-based public health initiatives in Wisconsin.
1) The study examines whether exposure to foreign aid projects at the community level in Malawi can explain differences in female empowerment and welfare.
2) The authors match geo-coded data on aid project locations from 1999-2011 to survey data on outcomes related to female empowerment.
3) Preliminary results suggest moderate but mostly positive impacts of aid exposure on outcomes like women's decision making power, attitudes towards domestic violence, and fertility preferences. Exposure to specific gender-focused aid projects sometimes had different impacts than general aid projects.
This document summarizes previous research on factors that impact recycling rates in Canada from 2002-2012. Several studies found that policies like pay-as-you-throw programs and access to curbside pickup positively influence recycling rates. Demographic factors like income, age, education, and household size were also found to correlate with recycling rates in some analyses. However, one study of Ontario municipalities found no significant relationship between spending on recycling promotion/education and recycling rates.
The document summarizes the findings of a Lives Saved Tool (LiST) analysis conducted in Ethiopia. It describes:
1) An overview of LiST, how it models the impact of scaling up interventions on child mortality.
2) The modeling of 3 scenarios - if interventions remained at 2000 levels, were scaled up from 2000-2005, and from 2000-2011.
3) The major findings - over 100,000 additional child deaths were averted by scaling up interventions from 2000-2011, with over 50% of lives saved due to reducing undernutrition and 23% from immunizations.
An Assessment of How Various Types of Solid Wastes Affect Their Management in...paperpublications3
Abstract: This study is on solid waste management in informal settlements in Kenya, with specific focus on Laini Saba Location, Nairobi County. This study was carried out in Laini Saba Location, Kibra Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya, between September and October 2015. It contends that solid waste management is a challenge for cities’ authorities in low-income countries mainly due to the increasing generation of waste and the burden posed on the municipal budget as a result of the high costs associated with its management.
The study found out that solid waste management in Laini Saba Location is not comprehensively done, though majority of the respondents at 56% indicated that they understood solid waste to be used items, unwanted items 15.6%; dirty materials 13.1%; used items, unwanted items and dirty materials at 7.3%. Most of the waste generated revolved around food leftovers, cartons, paper, rags, metals, plastic, polythene, glass, wood, ash, electronic waste at 16.4%. The respondents each generated between 6-10 litre buckets of solid waste at 38.6%, 3-5 litre buckets at 33.4%, 1-2 litre buckets at 16.1%, 16-20 litre buckets at 8.1%, and over 20 litre buckets at 5.2%. Eighty-six percent (86%) of the respondents said that they did not separate their solid waste, whereas 14% said that they separated them. The distance between the solid waste dumpsites and the nearest water sources was generally between 5 and 15 metres, posing great health challenges to the population. Finally, the study conducted a logistic regression analysis to determine the odds of occurrence of the variables of interests against exposure to certain variables. The study found out that there was significant relationship between age and health, and sex and contact with hazardous waste. The Odds Ratios (ORs) were 0.587 and 0.967. This means that exposure associated with health and hazardous waste has lower odds of outcome because OR<1.
Keywords: environmental pollution, municipal solid waste, solid waste, solid waste management.
Title: An Assessment of How Various Types of Solid Wastes Affect Their Management in Laini Saba Location, Kibra Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya
Author: Beatrice Rose Rotich
ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Paper Publications
This document provides background information and preliminary findings from micro-zone assessments conducted by the HOPE Collaborative in Oakland, California. The assessments aimed to understand environmental and ecological conditions related to food access, physical activity spaces, and local economic development in six vulnerable neighborhoods. Data collection methods included walking the blocks to observe land use and interview residents, assessing a corner store's food prices and quality, holding listening sessions, and facilitating community mapping sessions. Preliminary results provide demographic data and summaries of initial findings on land use, food systems, the built environment, and local economies in each micro-zone. The report does not draw conclusions, but seeks input from residents on how the data can guide efforts to improve health and neighborhood needs.
- The document presents preliminary results from the Minnesota Long-Term Services and Supports Projection Model (MN-LPM), which projects LTSS utilization and costs for Minnesota's Medicaid elderly population through 2030.
- In 2015, over 54,000 Minnesotans received LTSS through Medicaid, costing $991 million total. The model projects these numbers will double by 2030, with LTSS costs reaching $1.7 billion as HCBS use grows significantly faster than nursing home use.
- The model uses Minnesota-specific data on the characteristics of elderly residents and current LTSS spending patterns to generate projections. It is intended to help evaluate potential policy changes that could impact future LTSS needs and costs in
Barry Fong, Principal Social Policy Analyst at the Greater London Authority (GLA) will take us through the Survey of Londoners 2021-22. Conducted at the end of 2021, so just before the full effects of the cost-of-living crisis began to set in, it was commissioned to provide vital evidence on key social outcomes for Londoners, following the onset of COVID-19 and associated restrictions.
A similar survey was conducted in 2018-19, so this survey would show how things had changed in the capital since then.
Barry will go through some of the key findings from the survey before handing over to Michael Cheetham and Ellen Bloomer from the North East London Integrated Care Board, who collaborated with local authority partners to fund a sample boost for the survey within North East London. They will explain how they used the data, including the analyses, the results and how this impacted strategy and practice.
Underlying Issues: Poverty and the Achievement GapAthena Rosa
The Achievement Gap disproportionately effects Blacks & Latinos at higher rates. Take a look at the various reasons why this is the 21st Centuries biggest Social issue. Poverty is a man made construction and therefore can be undone!
Evaluation of the Impact of Malaria Control Interventions on All-Cause Mortal...MEASURE Evaluation
This document summarizes an evaluation of the impact of malaria control interventions on child mortality in Liberia from 2005-2013. It finds that coverage of key interventions like insecticide-treated bed nets and intermittent preventative treatment for pregnant women increased substantially. Malaria morbidity indicators like parasite prevalence and confirmed cases declined. However, declines in overall child mortality were likely driven more by improvements in other health and development factors rather than malaria control alone during the evaluation period. The expansion of interventions is still ongoing and may need to reach higher levels to significantly reduce malaria-attributable child deaths.
The document discusses rising homelessness in New York City under the current mayor. It notes that the number of homeless people, families, and children in NYC shelters has increased significantly (69%, 80%, and 69% respectively) since the mayor took office. The average length of shelter stays for families has also increased substantially. The widening gap between housing costs and incomes in NYC has contributed to the rise in homelessness. While the city now spends over $1 billion annually on homeless services, policies under the current mayor that eliminated housing assistance have failed to address the root causes of homelessness. The document outlines housing-based and prevention-focused solutions that the next mayor can implement to reduce homelessness in NYC.
The document summarizes key data on the state of children in Nanaimo, BC. It finds that 19% of children live in poverty, immunization rates are below provincial averages, and early childhood vulnerability is around 30%. However, initiatives like the Early Years Network provide a foundation to address issues. The data is intended to catalyze discussion, identify priorities, and plan improvements to better support children in the community.
Michael Lynskey - Big Data in Mental Health - 23rd July 2014kclcompbio
Organised by the Bioinformatics group at the BRCMH, IoP, SLaM and Maudsley Digital, this symposium showcased talks regarding the important roles of big data in mental health biomedical research and treatments.
This document summarizes a study on poverty transitions in rural Bangladesh between 1996-97 and 2006-07. It finds that while poverty declined substantially over this period, some households remained chronically poor. Initial characteristics like education levels and assets affected poverty status, as did common shocks like illness and death of earners. Life histories revealed that dowry payments combined with health expenses sometimes pushed households into chronic poverty. The study concludes there is still work to do in increasing education, building assets, and providing protection from risks like illness through mechanisms like microinsurance.
The document summarizes HIV and AIDS response efforts in Lagos, Nigeria led by the Lagos State Agency for the Control of AIDS (LSACA). Key points include:
- LSACA's vision is a stigma-free Lagos with low HIV incidence, and its mission is to coordinate HIV control activities, reduce incidence, and mitigate impacts.
- HIV prevalence in Lagos has declined from 6.8% in 1991 to 1.4% in 2014 due to testing and treatment programs. Over 100,000 people are currently on antiretroviral therapy.
- Priority interventions include achieving UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets by 2025, scaling up prevention of mother-to-child transmission, and
The document summarizes key findings from the 2011 census relating to general health and unpaid care across Ireland and Northern Ireland. Some of the main points include:
- Respondents in the Republic of Ireland reported significantly better general health than those in Northern Ireland, with over 90% in ROI reporting very good or good health.
- The proportion of the population providing unpaid care was much higher in Northern Ireland at 11.8% compared to 4.2% in the Republic of Ireland.
- Both jurisdictions saw an increase in unpaid care between 2001-2011, with the highest growth rates among those aged 65 and over.
This document analyzes community vulnerability to COVID-19 in Malawi using spatial data. It finds the Southern Region and several districts within have the highest overall vulnerability due to factors like high stunting rates, low food expenditures, and poor access to healthcare. Urban areas like cities face high vulnerability from population density. Food price changes in 2020 decreased demand for key micronutrients in both rural and urban households, with a larger impact on rural areas, potentially exacerbating existing micronutrient deficiencies. The analysis identifies priority areas for crisis prevention and mitigation based on chronic vulnerability.
Malawi Policy Learning Event - Assessing Community Vulnerability to Covid 19 ...AKADEMIYA2063
This document analyzes community vulnerability to COVID-19 in Malawi using spatial data. It finds the Southern Region and some districts within have the highest chronic vulnerability due to factors like stunting, low food expenditures, and poor access to healthcare. Urban areas like cities have high population densities making them more susceptible to COVID-19 spread. Food price increases from 2020 are projected to decrease intake of calories, protein, zinc and folate, worsening existing micronutrient deficiencies especially in rural areas. The analysis identifies highly vulnerable areas for governments to prioritize in crisis prevention and response.
Adur, Arun and Worthing Older People's Housing and Support Strategy (2005)Deborah Priebe
This document presents the Older People's Housing and Support Strategy for Adur, Arun and Worthing. It aims to provide a coordinated approach across agencies to meet the needs of older residents. National data shows the UK's aging population is increasing life expectancy and health issues. Locally, the percentage of older residents is higher than national averages, with many living alone or in rented homes. The strategy identifies priorities like developing joint protocols, assessments, funding and engaging other partners to improve services for older people.
1) The document discusses six major issues related to population growth and quality of life in developing countries, including whether rapid population growth will allow countries to improve living standards and expand education and healthcare.
2) It explains concepts like demographic transition, population growth rates, and drivers of population change over time. The global population has grown from 1 billion in the 1800s to over 7 billion currently.
3) Population growth is influenced by factors like birth rates, death rates, age structure, fertility rates, and income levels. Countries generally move from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as they develop.
This document summarizes a study called SHOW (Survey of the Health of Wisconsin). It describes SHOW's goals of establishing an infrastructure for population health research in Wisconsin through annual health surveys and longitudinal follow-up of survey participants. It provides details on SHOW's sample selection, data collection methods, types of individual and community-level data collected, plans for ancillary studies, and timeline from establishment in 2003 to launch in 2008. The purpose of SHOW is to generate state-specific health data to inform evidence-based public health initiatives in Wisconsin.
1) The study examines whether exposure to foreign aid projects at the community level in Malawi can explain differences in female empowerment and welfare.
2) The authors match geo-coded data on aid project locations from 1999-2011 to survey data on outcomes related to female empowerment.
3) Preliminary results suggest moderate but mostly positive impacts of aid exposure on outcomes like women's decision making power, attitudes towards domestic violence, and fertility preferences. Exposure to specific gender-focused aid projects sometimes had different impacts than general aid projects.
This document summarizes previous research on factors that impact recycling rates in Canada from 2002-2012. Several studies found that policies like pay-as-you-throw programs and access to curbside pickup positively influence recycling rates. Demographic factors like income, age, education, and household size were also found to correlate with recycling rates in some analyses. However, one study of Ontario municipalities found no significant relationship between spending on recycling promotion/education and recycling rates.
The document summarizes the findings of a Lives Saved Tool (LiST) analysis conducted in Ethiopia. It describes:
1) An overview of LiST, how it models the impact of scaling up interventions on child mortality.
2) The modeling of 3 scenarios - if interventions remained at 2000 levels, were scaled up from 2000-2005, and from 2000-2011.
3) The major findings - over 100,000 additional child deaths were averted by scaling up interventions from 2000-2011, with over 50% of lives saved due to reducing undernutrition and 23% from immunizations.
An Assessment of How Various Types of Solid Wastes Affect Their Management in...paperpublications3
Abstract: This study is on solid waste management in informal settlements in Kenya, with specific focus on Laini Saba Location, Nairobi County. This study was carried out in Laini Saba Location, Kibra Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya, between September and October 2015. It contends that solid waste management is a challenge for cities’ authorities in low-income countries mainly due to the increasing generation of waste and the burden posed on the municipal budget as a result of the high costs associated with its management.
The study found out that solid waste management in Laini Saba Location is not comprehensively done, though majority of the respondents at 56% indicated that they understood solid waste to be used items, unwanted items 15.6%; dirty materials 13.1%; used items, unwanted items and dirty materials at 7.3%. Most of the waste generated revolved around food leftovers, cartons, paper, rags, metals, plastic, polythene, glass, wood, ash, electronic waste at 16.4%. The respondents each generated between 6-10 litre buckets of solid waste at 38.6%, 3-5 litre buckets at 33.4%, 1-2 litre buckets at 16.1%, 16-20 litre buckets at 8.1%, and over 20 litre buckets at 5.2%. Eighty-six percent (86%) of the respondents said that they did not separate their solid waste, whereas 14% said that they separated them. The distance between the solid waste dumpsites and the nearest water sources was generally between 5 and 15 metres, posing great health challenges to the population. Finally, the study conducted a logistic regression analysis to determine the odds of occurrence of the variables of interests against exposure to certain variables. The study found out that there was significant relationship between age and health, and sex and contact with hazardous waste. The Odds Ratios (ORs) were 0.587 and 0.967. This means that exposure associated with health and hazardous waste has lower odds of outcome because OR<1.
Keywords: environmental pollution, municipal solid waste, solid waste, solid waste management.
Title: An Assessment of How Various Types of Solid Wastes Affect Their Management in Laini Saba Location, Kibra Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya
Author: Beatrice Rose Rotich
ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Paper Publications
This document provides background information and preliminary findings from micro-zone assessments conducted by the HOPE Collaborative in Oakland, California. The assessments aimed to understand environmental and ecological conditions related to food access, physical activity spaces, and local economic development in six vulnerable neighborhoods. Data collection methods included walking the blocks to observe land use and interview residents, assessing a corner store's food prices and quality, holding listening sessions, and facilitating community mapping sessions. Preliminary results provide demographic data and summaries of initial findings on land use, food systems, the built environment, and local economies in each micro-zone. The report does not draw conclusions, but seeks input from residents on how the data can guide efforts to improve health and neighborhood needs.
- The document presents preliminary results from the Minnesota Long-Term Services and Supports Projection Model (MN-LPM), which projects LTSS utilization and costs for Minnesota's Medicaid elderly population through 2030.
- In 2015, over 54,000 Minnesotans received LTSS through Medicaid, costing $991 million total. The model projects these numbers will double by 2030, with LTSS costs reaching $1.7 billion as HCBS use grows significantly faster than nursing home use.
- The model uses Minnesota-specific data on the characteristics of elderly residents and current LTSS spending patterns to generate projections. It is intended to help evaluate potential policy changes that could impact future LTSS needs and costs in
Barry Fong, Principal Social Policy Analyst at the Greater London Authority (GLA) will take us through the Survey of Londoners 2021-22. Conducted at the end of 2021, so just before the full effects of the cost-of-living crisis began to set in, it was commissioned to provide vital evidence on key social outcomes for Londoners, following the onset of COVID-19 and associated restrictions.
A similar survey was conducted in 2018-19, so this survey would show how things had changed in the capital since then.
Barry will go through some of the key findings from the survey before handing over to Michael Cheetham and Ellen Bloomer from the North East London Integrated Care Board, who collaborated with local authority partners to fund a sample boost for the survey within North East London. They will explain how they used the data, including the analyses, the results and how this impacted strategy and practice.
Underlying Issues: Poverty and the Achievement GapAthena Rosa
The Achievement Gap disproportionately effects Blacks & Latinos at higher rates. Take a look at the various reasons why this is the 21st Centuries biggest Social issue. Poverty is a man made construction and therefore can be undone!
Evaluation of the Impact of Malaria Control Interventions on All-Cause Mortal...MEASURE Evaluation
This document summarizes an evaluation of the impact of malaria control interventions on child mortality in Liberia from 2005-2013. It finds that coverage of key interventions like insecticide-treated bed nets and intermittent preventative treatment for pregnant women increased substantially. Malaria morbidity indicators like parasite prevalence and confirmed cases declined. However, declines in overall child mortality were likely driven more by improvements in other health and development factors rather than malaria control alone during the evaluation period. The expansion of interventions is still ongoing and may need to reach higher levels to significantly reduce malaria-attributable child deaths.
The document discusses rising homelessness in New York City under the current mayor. It notes that the number of homeless people, families, and children in NYC shelters has increased significantly (69%, 80%, and 69% respectively) since the mayor took office. The average length of shelter stays for families has also increased substantially. The widening gap between housing costs and incomes in NYC has contributed to the rise in homelessness. While the city now spends over $1 billion annually on homeless services, policies under the current mayor that eliminated housing assistance have failed to address the root causes of homelessness. The document outlines housing-based and prevention-focused solutions that the next mayor can implement to reduce homelessness in NYC.
The document summarizes key data on the state of children in Nanaimo, BC. It finds that 19% of children live in poverty, immunization rates are below provincial averages, and early childhood vulnerability is around 30%. However, initiatives like the Early Years Network provide a foundation to address issues. The data is intended to catalyze discussion, identify priorities, and plan improvements to better support children in the community.
Michael Lynskey - Big Data in Mental Health - 23rd July 2014kclcompbio
Organised by the Bioinformatics group at the BRCMH, IoP, SLaM and Maudsley Digital, this symposium showcased talks regarding the important roles of big data in mental health biomedical research and treatments.
This document summarizes a study on poverty transitions in rural Bangladesh between 1996-97 and 2006-07. It finds that while poverty declined substantially over this period, some households remained chronically poor. Initial characteristics like education levels and assets affected poverty status, as did common shocks like illness and death of earners. Life histories revealed that dowry payments combined with health expenses sometimes pushed households into chronic poverty. The study concludes there is still work to do in increasing education, building assets, and providing protection from risks like illness through mechanisms like microinsurance.
The document summarizes HIV and AIDS response efforts in Lagos, Nigeria led by the Lagos State Agency for the Control of AIDS (LSACA). Key points include:
- LSACA's vision is a stigma-free Lagos with low HIV incidence, and its mission is to coordinate HIV control activities, reduce incidence, and mitigate impacts.
- HIV prevalence in Lagos has declined from 6.8% in 1991 to 1.4% in 2014 due to testing and treatment programs. Over 100,000 people are currently on antiretroviral therapy.
- Priority interventions include achieving UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets by 2025, scaling up prevention of mother-to-child transmission, and
The document summarizes key findings from the 2011 census relating to general health and unpaid care across Ireland and Northern Ireland. Some of the main points include:
- Respondents in the Republic of Ireland reported significantly better general health than those in Northern Ireland, with over 90% in ROI reporting very good or good health.
- The proportion of the population providing unpaid care was much higher in Northern Ireland at 11.8% compared to 4.2% in the Republic of Ireland.
- Both jurisdictions saw an increase in unpaid care between 2001-2011, with the highest growth rates among those aged 65 and over.
This document analyzes community vulnerability to COVID-19 in Malawi using spatial data. It finds the Southern Region and several districts within have the highest overall vulnerability due to factors like high stunting rates, low food expenditures, and poor access to healthcare. Urban areas like cities face high vulnerability from population density. Food price changes in 2020 decreased demand for key micronutrients in both rural and urban households, with a larger impact on rural areas, potentially exacerbating existing micronutrient deficiencies. The analysis identifies priority areas for crisis prevention and mitigation based on chronic vulnerability.
Malawi Policy Learning Event - Assessing Community Vulnerability to Covid 19 ...AKADEMIYA2063
This document analyzes community vulnerability to COVID-19 in Malawi using spatial data. It finds the Southern Region and some districts within have the highest chronic vulnerability due to factors like stunting, low food expenditures, and poor access to healthcare. Urban areas like cities have high population densities making them more susceptible to COVID-19 spread. Food price increases from 2020 are projected to decrease intake of calories, protein, zinc and folate, worsening existing micronutrient deficiencies especially in rural areas. The analysis identifies highly vulnerable areas for governments to prioritize in crisis prevention and response.
Adur, Arun and Worthing Older People's Housing and Support Strategy (2005)Deborah Priebe
This document presents the Older People's Housing and Support Strategy for Adur, Arun and Worthing. It aims to provide a coordinated approach across agencies to meet the needs of older residents. National data shows the UK's aging population is increasing life expectancy and health issues. Locally, the percentage of older residents is higher than national averages, with many living alone or in rented homes. The strategy identifies priorities like developing joint protocols, assessments, funding and engaging other partners to improve services for older people.
1) The document discusses six major issues related to population growth and quality of life in developing countries, including whether rapid population growth will allow countries to improve living standards and expand education and healthcare.
2) It explains concepts like demographic transition, population growth rates, and drivers of population change over time. The global population has grown from 1 billion in the 1800s to over 7 billion currently.
3) Population growth is influenced by factors like birth rates, death rates, age structure, fertility rates, and income levels. Countries generally move from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as they develop.
1. Pre-1940 Home Abatement and Elevated Blood Lead Levels
in Milwaukee, WI
Kevin M. Smith1, Robert Colla2, Lisa Lien2, Elise Papke1, Steve Gradus3, and Sanjib Bhattacharrya1,3
1 UW-Milwaukee, Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, 2 City of Milwaukee Health Department - Lead Abatement Program, 3 City of Milwaukee Health Department – Public Health Laboratories
ABSTRACT
• Introduction
• Healthy People2020 set the goal to eliminate childhood blood lead levels (BLLs) ≥ 10 µg/dL and disparities between
race and social class. In 2011, 0.56% of U.S. children had BLLs ≥ 10 µg/dL. From 1996 to 2011, the City of
Milwaukee Lead Primary Prevention Program reduced these rates from 33.18% to 3.45%, however, Milwaukee
contains relatively high prevalence rates.
• Objectives
• We evaluated the influence of housing and community characteristics on prevalence of elevated BLLs and their
effect on successes of Milwaukee lead abatement between 1996 - 2011.
• Method
• City of Milwaukee Health Department Lead Safe Registry, Systematic Tracking of Elevated Lead Levels and
Remediation (STELLAR) and Master Property Records were used to correlate year of construction, owner versus
renter occupancy and history of home lead abatement with prevalence of elevated BLLs was conducted. Spatial
analyses were performed using Geographical Information System (GIS) software.
• Results
• Correlations were revealed among prevalence of elevated BLLs and year of construction (RR = 5.83, 95% CI = 5.57 –
6.11) renter occupancy (RR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.96 – 2.08) and decrease correlation between elevated BLLs and
history of abatement was found (RR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.66 – 0.73). Number of units abated was also inversely
correlated with prevalence of elevated BLLs with a negative exponential relationship between prevalence and
number of units abated.
• Conclusion
• Housing and community characteristics are correlated with prevalence of elevated BLLs and reductions of elevated
BLLs. An inverse relationship between number of units abated and prevalence of elevated BLLs was found that was
affected by housing characteristics. We propose future lead abatement programs consider these characteristics.
INTRODUCTION & OBJECTIVES
• Approximately 535,000 children living in the United States have blood lead levels (BLLs) 5 ≥μg/dL; a level deemed
unsafe for children (CDC, 2014).
• The most common sources of lead exposure are lead based paint and contaminated soil near homes and high
traffic road ways (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2010).
• Estimates of 37.1 million homes in the United States contain lead based paint (HUD, 2010).
• Nearly 5.7 million homes with children under the age of 6 years old have lead based paint (HUD, 2010).
• The greatest risk factor for lead paint exposure is the Year of Construction of a home
• Children 6 years old and younger are at the highest risk for lead poisoning
• Populations of low household income, minority races have the highest rates of lead poisoning
• In the City of Milwaukee, lead poisoning rates have declined from 31.9% to 3.2% of all children under 6 years old
between 1996 - 2011.
• In the City of Milwaukee, 16,885 housing units have been abated between 1997 – 2011.
• Objectives: Identify the level of hazard posed by pre-1940 housing, non-owner occupancy and
risk reduction following home lead abatement efforts in the City of Milwaukee, WI.
METHODS
• Using data sets from STELLAR, City of Milwaukee Lead Safe Housing Registry (LSHR) and
Milwaukee Master Property Records (MPROP) 186,167 children were assessed for elevated BLLs
(≥ 10 μg/dL). Children were dichotomized into case and no-case groups with 22,769
and 163,398 individuals in each group respectively. Dates from first confirmed
elevated (or non-confirmed) tests were used to identify the addresses of the homes
children were living in at the time of the test. The address was joined with MPROP
data and the LSHR data sets to identify the year of construction and owner vs. non-
owner occupancy, and the date of lead abatement if any. Homes were grouped into
pre-1940 homes and post-1940 homes. The relative risk for lead poisoning was
calculated for each of these three variables over the complete 15 year period (1996-
2011) and for annual estimates of relative risk. Annual RR was plotted in Excel for
each year. Geographical Information Software was used to create spatial
representations of the Year of Construction for the homes, history of lead poisonings
at each home and a history lead abatement.
• Annual Incidences of Lead Poisoning were
highest during the summer months (Figure
1. Seasonal Variation in Lead Poisoning
Incidences 1996-2011)
• Seasonal Variation in Lead Poisoning
Incidence has been observed in the
literature and is likely caused by opening
windows due to the warm summer months
and increased outdoor activities.
• The severity of annual incidences declined
between 1996 and 2011 and the seasonal
variation was largely reduced overall.
• Type a caption for the data content or pictures here.
RESULTS
• Result 1
• Result 2
• Result 3
RESULTS
CONCLUSIONS
• Our investigation confirms the increased risk for lead poisoning associated with Pre-1940s Homes, Non-
owner occupied units and the decreased risk of lead poisoning following Lead Abatement (15 yr
Aggregate Relative Risks).
• Interestingly, Lead Abatement efforts seem indicate a short term increase in the risk for lead poisoning –
however a number of counfounding variables may be present and requires further investigation. In the
City of Milwaukee, lead abatements are addressed in two ways:
• Base–line: Abatement of the home following potential for a child to have lead poisoning.
• Primary Prevention: Abatement of the home at owner’s request without suspicion of lead poisoning,
• Annual risk following lead abatement may be an indication of children that were confirmed to be lead
poisoning after a Base-line abatement. After 9 months from abatement risk begins to decline (data not
shown) and this may suggest that these homes were abated after the child was lead poisoned. This
likely explains why the 15 yr Aggregate Risk is reduced following lead abatement, but not the annual
incidences.
Year of Construction, Owner Occupancy and Prior Abatement Relative Risk Calculations with 95% Confidence Intervals for Aggregate and Annual Lead Poisoning Rates
Relative Risk (95% CI) 15 year Aggregate (1996 - 2011) 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Pre-1940 Unit 5.83 (5.57, 6.11) 3.64 (3.32, 3.98) 3.79 (3.42, 4.20) 5.68 (4.78, 6.75) 4.77 (4.04, 5.63) 4.55 (3.87, 5.36) 5.45 (4.51, 6.59) 5.43 (4.45, 6.64)
Non-Owner Occupied 2.01 (1.96, 2.08) 1.73 (1.65, 1.84) 1.76 (1.65, 1.88) 1.89 (1.71, 2.10) 1.85 (1.67, 2.05) 1.64 (1.47, 1.82) 1.77 (1.58, 1.99) 1.77 (1.57, 2.01)
Prior Abatement 0.6908 (0.66, 0.73) 1.01 (0.45, 2.25) 0.92 (0.60, 1.41) 1.06 (0.77, 1.47) 0.8792 (0.68, 1.13) 1.24 (1.04, 1.48) 1.58 (1.35, 1.85)
Case (≥ 10 μg/dL) 22769 5816 3696 1725 1657 1438 1396 1269
No Case (≤ 10 μg/dL) 163398 13709 11352 9534 7373 8123 9364 9908
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
NumberofUnitsAbated
ChildrenwithElevatedBloodLead
Elevated Blood Lead Levels and # of Units Abated
Pre-1940 Units Abated Total Units Abated Prevalance
Relative Risk (95% CI) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Pre-1940 Unit 7.06 (5.51, 9.05) 8.22 (6.32, 10.69) 5.70 (4.48, 7.25) 7.47 (5.43, 10.26) 5.86 (4.37, 7.86) 8.32 (5.81, 11.92) 8.33 (5.81, 11.95) 5.98 (4.32, 8.29) 5.66 (4.01, 7.98)
Non-Owner Occupied 1.70 (1.48, 1.95) 2.02 (1.75, 2.24) 1.76 (1.51, 2.05) 1.85 (1.53, 2.23) 2.25 (1.85, 2.74) 1.56 (1.28, 1.91) 1.86 (1.49, 2.31) 1.57 (1.23, 1.99) 2.05 (1.56, 2.70)
Prior Abatement 1.89 (1.63, 2.19) 1.69 (1.44, 1.99) 1.59 (1.35, 1.87) 1.42 (1.15, 1.75) 1.22 (0.99, 1.51) 1.18 (0.95, 1.47) 1.08 (0.85, 1.37) 0.83 (0.63, 1.10) 1.21 (0.93, 1.55)
Case (≥ 10 μg/dL) 1046 936 838 589 600 520 461 401 381
No Case (≤ 10 μg/dL) 9514 9939 9296 8968 10296 10598 11122 12680 11622
• An inverse non-linear association was observed
between the number of children with elevated
BLLs and the number of pre-1940 units abated
between 1996 – 2011 (Figure 2. Elevated BLLs and
the # of Units Abated
• Pre-1940 housing units accounted for the majority
of abatements in the City of Milwaukee.
• Visualization of
Year of
Construction
show a high
density in central
Milwaukee.
• Corresponding
Total Cases of
Lead Poisoning
indicate a strong
spatial correlation
between Cases
and Year of
construction.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
RelativeRiskRatio
Year
Risk of Elevated BLLs - Pre-1940s Homes
Annual Risk 15 yr Aggregate Risk
REFERENCES
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2014, June 19). Lead – Home Page. Retrieved from:
http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2014, October 30). LCDC’s national Surveillance Data (1997-2013). Retrieved from:
http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/data/national.htm
• City of Milwaukee Health Department (2014, September, 12). Lead Poisoning Prevention Data and Reports. Received from:
http://city.milwaukee.gov/Lead-Poisoning-Prevention-Data#.VI88wqecteU
• Cox, D.C., Dewalt, G., O’Haver, R., and Salatino, B. American Health Homes Survey; Lead and Arsenic Findings. U.S. Department
of Housing and Urban Development: Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control, April, 2011.
• We would like to thank Joyce Witebsky for her help with the GIS mapping, Amy
Kalkbrenner for her advice with statistical analysis, Julie Becker for her assistance
with the project, Alice Yan and Kurt Svoboda for assistance with investigation
design.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
RelativeRiskRatio
Year
Risk of Elevated BLLs - Prior Abated Units
Annual Risk 15 yr Aggregate Risk
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
RelativeRiskRatio
Year
Risk of Elevated BLLs - Non-Owner Occupied Units
Annual Risk 15 yr Aggregate Risk
• Table 1. Relative Risk lists RR values
and 95% CI for the 15 yr Aggregate
(1996-2011) lead poisoning rates.
• Year of Construction:
RR = 5.83, CI = 5.57, 6.13
• Non-Owner Occupancy:
RR = 2.01, CI – 1.96, 2.08
• Prior History of Abatement:
RR = 0.69, CI = 0.66 – 0.73
• Increased Risk was consistent
annually for Pre-1940s Homes and
Non-Owner Occupancy and the 15 yr
Aggregate scores
• Increased Risk was observed for
Home Abatement between 2001 –
2004 and unexpectedly contradicted
the 15 yr Aggregate scores.
• Graphical Representation (right)
shows the Annual Risk for Pre-1940s
Homes, Non-Owner Occupancy and
Prior Abated Units and 15 yr
Aggregate Risk as a baseline
comparison for the annual trends.
• Increased risk for elevated BLLs for
Prior Abated Units in depicted and
requires further investigation.