This document discusses environmental lead hazards and exposures. It covers major sources of lead like lead-based paint and leaded gasoline emissions which have deposited lead in soils. Children under 6, minorities, and those below the poverty line are most at risk of exposure through ingesting lead paint chips/dust or contaminated soils. Exposure can cause neurological, cardiovascular and learning impairments. Regulations have reduced lead in gasoline and paint but ongoing monitoring and funding is still needed to address remaining hazards.
DHS- FinalPresentation- Kevin_SlideShareKevin Smith
The document discusses lead poisoning in Milwaukee and the effects of home lead abatement. It finds:
1) Children living in pre-1940 homes that have not been abated are at much higher risk for lead poisoning compared to homes built after 1940 or those that have been abated.
2) Renter-occupied pre-1940 homes have over twice the risk of owner-occupied homes.
3) Lead abatement of pre-1940 homes, especially primary prevention methods, significantly reduces the risk of lead poisoning.
This study analyzed the relationship between housing characteristics and elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) in Milwaukee children from 1996-2011. It found:
1) Living in pre-1940 housing was strongly correlated with elevated BLLs (relative risk 5.83).
2) Renter-occupied housing was also correlated with higher BLLs (relative risk 2.01).
3) The number of housing units that received lead abatement was inversely correlated with the prevalence of elevated BLLs, indicating abatement reduced risks. However, abatement was also found to potentially increase short-term individual risks, warranting further study.
This document discusses risk assessment and management for industrial activities. It defines key terms like hazard, risk, consequences and provides methods for risk assessment including hazard identification, exposure assessment, hazard assessment and risk characterization. The objectives of risk assessment are outlined as prioritizing safety investments, aiding decision making and developing positive public relations. Risk acceptance criteria and the risk assessment matrix are important tools for evaluating and managing risks.
Each month, join us as we highlight and discuss hot topics ranging from the future of higher education to wearable technology, best productivity hacks and secrets to hiring top talent. Upload your SlideShares, and share your expertise with the world!
Not sure what to share on SlideShare?
SlideShares that inform, inspire and educate attract the most views. Beyond that, ideas for what you can upload are limitless. We’ve selected a few popular examples to get your creative juices flowing.
SlideShare is a global platform for sharing presentations, infographics, videos and documents. It has over 18 million pieces of professional content uploaded by experts like Eric Schmidt and Guy Kawasaki. The document provides tips for setting up an account on SlideShare, uploading content, optimizing it for searchability, and sharing it on social media to build an audience and reputation as a subject matter expert.
This study evaluated the risk factors for elevated blood lead levels in children in Milwaukee from 1996-2011. The results showed:
- Children living in pre-1940 homes had a significantly higher risk of elevated blood lead levels compared to post-1940 homes, and the risk was highest for children aged 0-24 months.
- Renter-occupied homes had twice the risk of owner-occupied homes.
- Lead abatement of pre-1940 homes reduced the risk of elevated blood lead levels by 31%, and primary prevention efforts reduced the risk by 44%.
- The annual reduction in lead poisoning prevalence and incidence was strongly correlated with the number of pre-1940 homes abated in Milwaukee.
This document discusses how environmental factors are contributing to increases in chronic diseases in children. It outlines how children are more vulnerable than adults to toxic chemicals due to greater exposure and developing bodies. While many chemicals children encounter have not been tested for toxicity, evidence links exposures to neurodevelopmental disorders, asthma, and cancer. Preventing disease requires testing chemicals, researching causes, patient care, and education. Studies like the National Children's Study aim to identify preventable environmental causes of conditions like autism and obesity. Reducing exposures at home, in communities, and through policy can lower health risks to children from a toxic world.
DHS- FinalPresentation- Kevin_SlideShareKevin Smith
The document discusses lead poisoning in Milwaukee and the effects of home lead abatement. It finds:
1) Children living in pre-1940 homes that have not been abated are at much higher risk for lead poisoning compared to homes built after 1940 or those that have been abated.
2) Renter-occupied pre-1940 homes have over twice the risk of owner-occupied homes.
3) Lead abatement of pre-1940 homes, especially primary prevention methods, significantly reduces the risk of lead poisoning.
This study analyzed the relationship between housing characteristics and elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) in Milwaukee children from 1996-2011. It found:
1) Living in pre-1940 housing was strongly correlated with elevated BLLs (relative risk 5.83).
2) Renter-occupied housing was also correlated with higher BLLs (relative risk 2.01).
3) The number of housing units that received lead abatement was inversely correlated with the prevalence of elevated BLLs, indicating abatement reduced risks. However, abatement was also found to potentially increase short-term individual risks, warranting further study.
This document discusses risk assessment and management for industrial activities. It defines key terms like hazard, risk, consequences and provides methods for risk assessment including hazard identification, exposure assessment, hazard assessment and risk characterization. The objectives of risk assessment are outlined as prioritizing safety investments, aiding decision making and developing positive public relations. Risk acceptance criteria and the risk assessment matrix are important tools for evaluating and managing risks.
Each month, join us as we highlight and discuss hot topics ranging from the future of higher education to wearable technology, best productivity hacks and secrets to hiring top talent. Upload your SlideShares, and share your expertise with the world!
Not sure what to share on SlideShare?
SlideShares that inform, inspire and educate attract the most views. Beyond that, ideas for what you can upload are limitless. We’ve selected a few popular examples to get your creative juices flowing.
SlideShare is a global platform for sharing presentations, infographics, videos and documents. It has over 18 million pieces of professional content uploaded by experts like Eric Schmidt and Guy Kawasaki. The document provides tips for setting up an account on SlideShare, uploading content, optimizing it for searchability, and sharing it on social media to build an audience and reputation as a subject matter expert.
This study evaluated the risk factors for elevated blood lead levels in children in Milwaukee from 1996-2011. The results showed:
- Children living in pre-1940 homes had a significantly higher risk of elevated blood lead levels compared to post-1940 homes, and the risk was highest for children aged 0-24 months.
- Renter-occupied homes had twice the risk of owner-occupied homes.
- Lead abatement of pre-1940 homes reduced the risk of elevated blood lead levels by 31%, and primary prevention efforts reduced the risk by 44%.
- The annual reduction in lead poisoning prevalence and incidence was strongly correlated with the number of pre-1940 homes abated in Milwaukee.
This document discusses how environmental factors are contributing to increases in chronic diseases in children. It outlines how children are more vulnerable than adults to toxic chemicals due to greater exposure and developing bodies. While many chemicals children encounter have not been tested for toxicity, evidence links exposures to neurodevelopmental disorders, asthma, and cancer. Preventing disease requires testing chemicals, researching causes, patient care, and education. Studies like the National Children's Study aim to identify preventable environmental causes of conditions like autism and obesity. Reducing exposures at home, in communities, and through policy can lower health risks to children from a toxic world.
This document discusses key environmental health burdens such as household air pollution, ambient particulate matter pollution, and issues related to water, sanitation, and hygiene. Environmental risk factors are responsible for 25-33% of the global disease burden. The three leading causes of death in low- and middle-income countries are related to environmental health issues. There are high-impact, low-cost solutions to reducing this disease burden, such as improving access to water and sanitation, promoting better hygiene practices, and reducing household and ambient air pollution.
This document summarizes a literature review and spatial analysis conducted on human health effects from exposure to unconventional natural gas development (UNGD) in the U.S. The review examines the growth of UNGD in Pennsylvania from 1995-2015 and identifies vulnerable populations in environmental justice communities at higher risk. A systematic literature review analyzed epidemiology studies on the relationship between UNGD exposures and health outcomes. The results showed some evidence of increased risk of certain birth defects and respiratory symptoms. However, exposure assessment and the evidence were limited. Spatial analysis revealed disproportionate UNGD growth in low-income and minority areas, indicating a need for more prospective research addressing environmental justice.
The document provides an overview of environmental health topics including:
- Current issues like pollution, population growth, and poverty impacting the environment.
- Definitions of key terms like environmental health, ecology, and carrying capacity.
- Historical population trends and future projections showing continued growth.
- Career opportunities in the environmental health field such as toxicology, food safety, and vector control.
This document discusses the main air pollutants - carbon monoxide, lead, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. It describes their sources, health effects, and regulations. It also outlines the history of air pollution control acts and standards in the United States, current issues regarding inadequate control and understanding health impacts, and recommendations for reducing air pollution exposure.
This document summarizes the history of lead use and exposure, health effects of lead poisoning, and strategies for protecting against lead exposure. It discusses how lead was used in ancient Rome to sweeten wine and in the 19th century as an insecticide. In the late 19th century, lead paint was found to be toxic to children. Several case studies show cognitive and academic impacts of low levels of childhood lead exposure. The document recommends testing homes for lead, especially older homes, and reducing lead exposure through diet, hygiene and abatement if needed.
This document discusses several public health issues and how geography influences political choices around them. It covers:
1) Community water fluoridation which reduced tooth decay by 50-70% in cities that implemented it. However, some debate individual choice vs collective good of this policy.
2) Smoking bans which aim to protect others from secondhand smoke but some argue it infringes on personal rights and could hurt businesses.
3) Air quality which affects everyone's health and varies by county. Pollution levels also rise in mountain valleys during winter temperature inversions.
4) Vaccination rates which are lower in some geographic clusters, increasing risk of disease outbreaks. The document examines recent mumps outbreaks
Public health professionals identify issues as public health problems based on key criteria like the size and severity of the problem's impact, availability of interventions, and economic and social effects. They examine leading causes of death and illness across populations to determine which medical issues warrant public health concern and action. Public health threats can include infectious diseases and other issues that negatively impact large groups, like addiction or natural disasters. Experts consider the criteria to prioritize problems and develop evidence-based solutions to address current and emerging threats to community well-being.
The Public Health Case for Risk-Based Regulation, George GrayOECD Governance
Presentation by Prof. George Gray, Director of the Centre for Risk Science and Public Health, George Washington University, at the Workshop on Risk Assessment in Regulatory Policy Analysis (RIA), Session 3, Mexico, 9-11 June 2014. Further information is available at http://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/
Nowhere to Hide - Persistent Toxic Chemicals in the Food Supply v2zq
Nowhere to Hide - Persistent Toxic Chemicals in the Food Supply - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ pesticideresearch.com
This is the first lecture for the module FN0449 Corporate Social Responsibility for Multi-Nationals. The module forms part of the MSc Business with International Management at Newcastle Business School
The document summarizes a panel discussion on lead emissions from the Hillsboro Airport in Oregon. It includes presentations from experts on lead exposure and health effects, results from air quality modeling and monitoring of lead levels near the airport, and perspectives from advocacy groups. Key points addressed include the health impacts of lead on children, the identification of lead paint as the primary source of lead exposure, results from monitoring one lead air quality monitor near the airport, and calls to reduce aircraft operations using leaded fuel to balance fuel replacement and community health.
The Week is an initiative of the Global Alliance to Eliminate Lead Paint (Lead Paint
Alliance), which is jointly led by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and World
Health Organization (WHO). It takes place annually in October. International Lead
Poisoning Prevention Week 2023 takes place from 22-28 October.
The week of action aims to draw attention to the health impacts of lead exposure,
highlight efforts by countries and partners to prevent childhood lead exposure, and
accelerate efforts to phase out the use of lead in paint and paint products in future.
#leadpoisoning
This document discusses strategies to reduce binge drinking among college students at UC Davis. It notes that binge drinking is common among college students and can lead to serious health and safety consequences. The proposed strategies include mandatory online alcohol education and screening for incoming students, social norming campaigns to correct misperceptions about drinking norms, and enforcement of alcohol laws. The document cites evidence that multi-pronged programs incorporating education, social norms messaging, screening and brief interventions for at-risk students, and enforcement can be effective in reducing high-risk drinking and its negative impacts.
Toxic Combination - Fact Sheet on Toxic Chemicals and Reproductive Healthv2zq
Reproductive health in the United States has declined as chemical production has increased. The document outlines numerous statistics showing rising rates of fertility issues, birth defects, learning disabilities, autism and more. It also discusses the large number of untested chemicals Americans are exposed to through various sources such as consumer products and the workplace. The document concludes by calling for stronger safety standards, testing and regulation to reduce human exposure to chemicals and address declines in reproductive health.
This document discusses the high costs of environmental illnesses related to housing conditions and the benefits of healthier housing upgrades. It provides statistics on the economic costs of various diseases that can be linked to environmental exposures. Research shows that for every $1 spent on interventions like reducing lead hazards or asthma treatments, there are benefits of $5.30-$220 in reduced healthcare costs and lost productivity. The document outlines tools and frameworks available for incorporating health considerations into housing and community development projects to create healthier homes and livable communities with significant returns on investment.
Environmental HealthTheme Outdoor Air QualityDescription TanaMaeskm
Environmental Health
Theme: Outdoor Air Quality
Description of the Environmental Health Theme
The environmental theme I choose from the Pilsen windshield survey outdoor air quality. It was resolved that the Pilsen community has had the problem of good quality outdoor air for over ten years. A smelting facility in the neighborhood has been associated with the degrading condition of air safety in the area. The goal of Healthy People 2020 is to create a healthy environment to promote people’s health (HealthyPeople.gov., 2021). Outdoor air quality is the first objective of Healthy People 2020 that focuses on reducing air pollution to reduce the increasing premature deaths associated with poor air quality such as cancer and cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses (HealthyPeople.gov., 2021).
Impact of Outdoor Air Pollution on Pilsen Community
According to the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (Illinois EPA), air emissions increase the lead concentration in the air. Lead is associated with various health effects when it accumulates in the body. After ingestion, lead enters into the bloodstream and gets distributed to other body parts and increases the risk of brain damage, and may impair prenatal development (Pilsen Environmental Rights and Reform Organization (PERRO), 2021). It can cause lead poisoning when people ingest contaminated substances such as water, soil, and dust. The Illinois Department of Public Health encourages children to be assessed to determine their exposure to lead, particularly those aged between 6 months and 6 years (Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (Illinois EPA), 2021). Illinois EPA identified that lead exposure was a community concern due to the proximity of the sources of emissions to schools and residents (Illinois EPA, 2021).
The Historical, Present, and Future Perspectives on Air Pollution in Pilsen
The issue of air pollution in the Pilsen community has been a target for EPA for over 10 years. Community inquiries raised in 2005 about the air emissions from a smelting company known as H. Kramer and Co. attracted the attention of EPA. EPA found that the facility had violated air pollution regulations. In 2013, the Illinois State and EPA started parametric monitoring to monitor lead emissions and ensure the emissions did not exceed the set limits and also prevent leakage. Reports indicate that there has been a reduction in lead concentrations in the air, particularly due to the measures that have been put in place to control emissions. Although significant efforts have been taken to control air pollution in Pilsen, unfiltered emissions still remain a major concern. It appears that the regulatory agencies have struggled to control air pollution from big industries such as H. Kramer and the Fisk and Crawford coal-fired plant. The U.S. EPA stated that there were excessive emissions from the facilities (Guzzardl, 2011). However, the facilities were only asked to set up plans ...
Moderator: Caroline Cox, Research Director, CEH. Caroline leads CEH’s research on toxic exposures, identifying, analyzing and substantiating the scientific bases for CEH’s work to eliminate threats to children and others expose to dangerous chemicals in consumer products.
TOPIC: “Hormonal Activity in Water Samples: Implications for Reproductive Health”
We’ll discuss hormonal activity in water near hydraulic fracturing sites, the potential for endocrine disruption, and the resulting health impacts. We’ll look at the influence of chemicals in the fracking process on the human endocrine system, estrogen action, prenatal origins of adult disease and epigenetics.
SPEAKER BIO: Susan Nagel, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, University of Missouri School of Medicine. Dr. Nagel works in the Reproductive and Perinatal Research clinic focusing on developmental origins of adult disease, fetal programming and endocrine disruption.
TOPIC: “Adverse Birth Outcomes and Natural Gas Development”
We’ll discuss how potential environmental impacts from unconventional natural gas development in Marcellus Shale may influence reproductive health and pregnancy outcomes.
SPEAKER BIO: Lisa McKenzie, M.P.H., Ph.D., Research Associate, Colorado School of Public Health, Environmental & Occupational Health. Dr. McKenzie has a background in epidemiology and environmental chemistry. Her research interests include exposure assessment, air pollution and natural gas development.
During the January webinar, Dr. Phil Landrigan, leading epidemiologist and pediatrician, and Director of the Program for Global Public Health and the Common Good at Boston College, and Julia Cohen, who holds a Masters of Public Health in Maternal & Child Health, and is Plastic Pollution Coalition's Co-Founder & Managing Director, discussed the latest findings from Dr. Landrigan’s new report Human Health and Ocean Pollution as well as how each of us can reduce exposure to plastic pollution and its toxic impacts. The webinar took place on January 27, 2021.
Cities are becoming the most prominent context for social change in the world today, and they offer exciting opportunities for participative governance. A model of “systematic civic stewardship” frames the city as community-based, action-learning system. Leaders play key roles in neighborhood teams focused on local challenges (graduation rates, health outcomes, etc.), while learning and working with peers via city-wide communities of practice. We have much to learn about learning systems in any context—understanding how they work in communities and cities draws on organization experience and provokes new insights.
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This document discusses key environmental health burdens such as household air pollution, ambient particulate matter pollution, and issues related to water, sanitation, and hygiene. Environmental risk factors are responsible for 25-33% of the global disease burden. The three leading causes of death in low- and middle-income countries are related to environmental health issues. There are high-impact, low-cost solutions to reducing this disease burden, such as improving access to water and sanitation, promoting better hygiene practices, and reducing household and ambient air pollution.
This document summarizes a literature review and spatial analysis conducted on human health effects from exposure to unconventional natural gas development (UNGD) in the U.S. The review examines the growth of UNGD in Pennsylvania from 1995-2015 and identifies vulnerable populations in environmental justice communities at higher risk. A systematic literature review analyzed epidemiology studies on the relationship between UNGD exposures and health outcomes. The results showed some evidence of increased risk of certain birth defects and respiratory symptoms. However, exposure assessment and the evidence were limited. Spatial analysis revealed disproportionate UNGD growth in low-income and minority areas, indicating a need for more prospective research addressing environmental justice.
The document provides an overview of environmental health topics including:
- Current issues like pollution, population growth, and poverty impacting the environment.
- Definitions of key terms like environmental health, ecology, and carrying capacity.
- Historical population trends and future projections showing continued growth.
- Career opportunities in the environmental health field such as toxicology, food safety, and vector control.
This document discusses the main air pollutants - carbon monoxide, lead, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. It describes their sources, health effects, and regulations. It also outlines the history of air pollution control acts and standards in the United States, current issues regarding inadequate control and understanding health impacts, and recommendations for reducing air pollution exposure.
This document summarizes the history of lead use and exposure, health effects of lead poisoning, and strategies for protecting against lead exposure. It discusses how lead was used in ancient Rome to sweeten wine and in the 19th century as an insecticide. In the late 19th century, lead paint was found to be toxic to children. Several case studies show cognitive and academic impacts of low levels of childhood lead exposure. The document recommends testing homes for lead, especially older homes, and reducing lead exposure through diet, hygiene and abatement if needed.
This document discusses several public health issues and how geography influences political choices around them. It covers:
1) Community water fluoridation which reduced tooth decay by 50-70% in cities that implemented it. However, some debate individual choice vs collective good of this policy.
2) Smoking bans which aim to protect others from secondhand smoke but some argue it infringes on personal rights and could hurt businesses.
3) Air quality which affects everyone's health and varies by county. Pollution levels also rise in mountain valleys during winter temperature inversions.
4) Vaccination rates which are lower in some geographic clusters, increasing risk of disease outbreaks. The document examines recent mumps outbreaks
Public health professionals identify issues as public health problems based on key criteria like the size and severity of the problem's impact, availability of interventions, and economic and social effects. They examine leading causes of death and illness across populations to determine which medical issues warrant public health concern and action. Public health threats can include infectious diseases and other issues that negatively impact large groups, like addiction or natural disasters. Experts consider the criteria to prioritize problems and develop evidence-based solutions to address current and emerging threats to community well-being.
The Public Health Case for Risk-Based Regulation, George GrayOECD Governance
Presentation by Prof. George Gray, Director of the Centre for Risk Science and Public Health, George Washington University, at the Workshop on Risk Assessment in Regulatory Policy Analysis (RIA), Session 3, Mexico, 9-11 June 2014. Further information is available at http://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/
Nowhere to Hide - Persistent Toxic Chemicals in the Food Supply v2zq
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The Week is an initiative of the Global Alliance to Eliminate Lead Paint (Lead Paint
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Health Organization (WHO). It takes place annually in October. International Lead
Poisoning Prevention Week 2023 takes place from 22-28 October.
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highlight efforts by countries and partners to prevent childhood lead exposure, and
accelerate efforts to phase out the use of lead in paint and paint products in future.
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Reproductive health in the United States has declined as chemical production has increased. The document outlines numerous statistics showing rising rates of fertility issues, birth defects, learning disabilities, autism and more. It also discusses the large number of untested chemicals Americans are exposed to through various sources such as consumer products and the workplace. The document concludes by calling for stronger safety standards, testing and regulation to reduce human exposure to chemicals and address declines in reproductive health.
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Environmental Health
Theme: Outdoor Air Quality
Description of the Environmental Health Theme
The environmental theme I choose from the Pilsen windshield survey outdoor air quality. It was resolved that the Pilsen community has had the problem of good quality outdoor air for over ten years. A smelting facility in the neighborhood has been associated with the degrading condition of air safety in the area. The goal of Healthy People 2020 is to create a healthy environment to promote people’s health (HealthyPeople.gov., 2021). Outdoor air quality is the first objective of Healthy People 2020 that focuses on reducing air pollution to reduce the increasing premature deaths associated with poor air quality such as cancer and cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses (HealthyPeople.gov., 2021).
Impact of Outdoor Air Pollution on Pilsen Community
According to the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (Illinois EPA), air emissions increase the lead concentration in the air. Lead is associated with various health effects when it accumulates in the body. After ingestion, lead enters into the bloodstream and gets distributed to other body parts and increases the risk of brain damage, and may impair prenatal development (Pilsen Environmental Rights and Reform Organization (PERRO), 2021). It can cause lead poisoning when people ingest contaminated substances such as water, soil, and dust. The Illinois Department of Public Health encourages children to be assessed to determine their exposure to lead, particularly those aged between 6 months and 6 years (Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (Illinois EPA), 2021). Illinois EPA identified that lead exposure was a community concern due to the proximity of the sources of emissions to schools and residents (Illinois EPA, 2021).
The Historical, Present, and Future Perspectives on Air Pollution in Pilsen
The issue of air pollution in the Pilsen community has been a target for EPA for over 10 years. Community inquiries raised in 2005 about the air emissions from a smelting company known as H. Kramer and Co. attracted the attention of EPA. EPA found that the facility had violated air pollution regulations. In 2013, the Illinois State and EPA started parametric monitoring to monitor lead emissions and ensure the emissions did not exceed the set limits and also prevent leakage. Reports indicate that there has been a reduction in lead concentrations in the air, particularly due to the measures that have been put in place to control emissions. Although significant efforts have been taken to control air pollution in Pilsen, unfiltered emissions still remain a major concern. It appears that the regulatory agencies have struggled to control air pollution from big industries such as H. Kramer and the Fisk and Crawford coal-fired plant. The U.S. EPA stated that there were excessive emissions from the facilities (Guzzardl, 2011). However, the facilities were only asked to set up plans ...
Moderator: Caroline Cox, Research Director, CEH. Caroline leads CEH’s research on toxic exposures, identifying, analyzing and substantiating the scientific bases for CEH’s work to eliminate threats to children and others expose to dangerous chemicals in consumer products.
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We’ll discuss how potential environmental impacts from unconventional natural gas development in Marcellus Shale may influence reproductive health and pregnancy outcomes.
SPEAKER BIO: Lisa McKenzie, M.P.H., Ph.D., Research Associate, Colorado School of Public Health, Environmental & Occupational Health. Dr. McKenzie has a background in epidemiology and environmental chemistry. Her research interests include exposure assessment, air pollution and natural gas development.
During the January webinar, Dr. Phil Landrigan, leading epidemiologist and pediatrician, and Director of the Program for Global Public Health and the Common Good at Boston College, and Julia Cohen, who holds a Masters of Public Health in Maternal & Child Health, and is Plastic Pollution Coalition's Co-Founder & Managing Director, discussed the latest findings from Dr. Landrigan’s new report Human Health and Ocean Pollution as well as how each of us can reduce exposure to plastic pollution and its toxic impacts. The webinar took place on January 27, 2021.
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Similar to Lead Exposures and Health Effects-SlideShare (20)
8. Major Sources and Distributions
• Lead Dust in Soil
Gasoline Emissions
9. Major Sources and Distributions
• Lead Dust in Soil
Gasoline Emissions
10. Major Sources and Distributions
• Lead Dust in Soil
Gasoline Emissions
Settles in urban soils
11. Major Sources and Distributions
• Lead Dust in Soil
Gasoline Emissions
Settles in urban soils
Home Paint Runoff
12. Sources and Distributions
Other sources of exposure (CDC, 2014)
Lead in Drinking Water – Lead Pipes
Industrial Air Pollutants
Lead Dust on Work Clothes
Other cosmetics, pottery glaze, toys and playground equipment
13. Sources and Distributions
• Lead Based Paint:
~3 million metric tons (CDC,
1991)
24 million homes in USA
(CDC, 2015)
• Leaded Gasoline Emission:
5.5–6.7 million metric tons
in soil (CDC, 1991)
75% remains
14. Sources and Distributions
• Homes built before 1978 have
lead based paint (HUD, 2011)
Before 1940*
• Nearly 4 million homes with
children living in them have lead
based paint (CDC, 2014)
16. Sources and Distributions
• Soils of metropolitan areas
(Mielke, 2010)
14.1% of pre1940 housing >1200
ppm
1% of post-1960 housing >1200
ppm
Inner city
Increased traffic
Low income areas
http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/getting-the-dirt-on-soil/
17. How many People are Exposed?
• Approximately 535,000 children have elevated blood lead (≥ 5μg/dL) (CDC, 2014)
• Roughly, 9.5 million U.S. children: 2-10 μg/dL (Gould, 2009)
• Women childbearing age (20-49 years) (CDC, 2010)
≥ 2.5 μg/dL: 30%
≥ 5 μg/dL: 6%
≥ 10 μg/dL: <1%
18. Who is Exposed?
• US sub-populations exposed to lead based paint:
Age:
36 months and less are at greatest risk
72 months and younger
Race (HUD, 2011) :
African American: 45.3%
Other Race: 49.3%
White non-Hispanic: 31.6%
Income (HUD, 2011) :
< $30,000: 35%
> $30,000: 18%
19. Who is Exposed?
• USA Children: 1 - 5 years old with BLLs ≥ 5 μg/dL (Wheeler, 2013):
Age:
1-2 years old: 3.1%
3-5 years old: 2.3%
Race:
non-Hispanic Black: 5.6%
White non-Hispanic: 2.4%
Mexican-American: 1.9%
Income (poverty-to-income ratio):
Poverty-to-income ratio <1.3: 4.4%
Poverty-to-income ratio ≥ 1.3: 1.2%
24. Routes of Exposure
• Inhalation
Dust
Soil
Air pollution
Vehicle exhaust
Industrial air pollution
Occupational hazards
Adult hazards
Exposure to children of workers
• Ingestion:
Paint chips and dust
Soil dust
Contaminated water
Fruits and vegetables in urban gardens
Children’s toys
25. Mechanism of Action
• Physiology
Lead mimics calcium in the body
Neurons
Bones and teeth
Interfere with kidney function
Acute high dose
May be reversible
Chronic low dose
Irreversible
Blood
Anemia
Lead can also interact with proteins and enzymes
26. How is Exposure Measured?
• What are best methods?
Blood Lead Levels (BLLs) – Direct measurement
Capillary
Venous
Protoporphyrin Levels – Measurement of Acute vs. Chronic
Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin (EPP)
Zinc Protoporphyrin (ZPP)
X-Ray techniques
Bones
Teeth
27. How is Exposure Measured?
• Improvements
BLLs are very accurate
Capillary false positive from lead on skin
Protoporphyrin measurement is very accurate
X-Ray technique is less common
28. Regulations & Exposure Limits
• Lead Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act (1971):
Prohibit lead-based paint in residential structures
Defined lead-based paint as ≥ 1% lead by weight
1973: Amendment
Mandated HUD elimination of pre-1950s home paint
Allowable levels
0.5% until 12/31/1974
0.06% (600 ppm) after 12/31/1974
1978: Consumer Product Safety Commission
Banned residential use of lead paint ≥ 0.06% or 600ppm
29. Regulations & Exposure Limits
• Clean Air Act (1970):
Regulated air pollution from stationary and mobile sources
1978: EPA sets standard airborne emissions to 1.5μg/m3
1990: Clean Air Act Amendment prohibited leaded gasoline
Starting 12/31/1995
1992: Motor vehicles requiring leaded gasoline were prohibited from the
market
30. Health Impacts
• Nervous System
• Kidneys
• Blood
Formation of cells
Anemia
• Endocrine
Calcium homeostatsis
Tooth and bone development
• Cardiovascular
Latent hypertension and heart
disease
31. Health Impacts
• Learning Impairments
4th grade standardized tests (Amato, 2012)
Reading
Mathematics
Language Arts
• Behavioral Impairments
4th grade suspension rates (Amato, 2013)
2.66 times more likely
23% of the racial discipline gap
Crime (Mielke, 2012)
Aggravated assault – 22 year lag time
33. Meeting with an Expert
City of Milwaukee Health Department –
Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program –
Program Manager
34. What is Unknown
• The health effect on adults is largely unknown
Small amount of research
Difficult to reproduce
• Transgenerational effects are unknown
Mother’s lead stores in the bone - developing fetus
• Childhood exposure and learning & behavior effects
Not well developed
Brain development
What is causing the learning & behavior deficits
• Other effects on the quality of life
IQ and decreased earning over the life time
Poverty
Housing displacement
35. Recommended Improvements in
Public Health
• Abatement requires continual effort
New paint deteriorates - lead hazards become exposed
• Federal Funding
In 2013, cut from $29 million to $2 million per year
Currently rely in state funding, grant money and donations
• Preparedness for Other Environmental Sources
Water main bursts may contaminate sewer systems
Natural Disasters
Lead Mines
39. Article Review: Amato, 2013
• Did the investigator use the correct measure of association?
Odds Ratio vs Relative Risk
• Were all confounders accounted for or could there be others?
Socioeconomic Status
Current Level of Poverty in the Neighborhood
Quality of the School System amplified effects?
• What Conclusions could be drawn from this study?
• What could the Education System do the assist these children?
40. References
• Amato, M.S., Moor, C.F., Magzamen, S., Imm, P., Havlena, J.A., Anderson, H.A., and Kanarek, M.S. (2012). Lead exposure and
educational proficiency on end-of-grade examinations. Annals of Epidemiology, 22(10), 738-743.
• Amato, M.S., Magzamen, S., Imm, P., Havlena, J.A., Anderson, H.A., Kanarek, M.S., and Moore, C.F. (2013). Early lead exposure (<3
years old) prospectively predicts fourth grade school suspension in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (USA). Environmental Research, 126, 60-65.
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention (1991, October 1). Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children: Chapter 3. Retrieved from:
http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/Publications/books/plpyc/chapter3.htm
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2014, June 19). Lead – Home Page. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2014, October 30). LCDC’s national Surveillance Data (1997-2013). Retrieved from:
http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/data/national.htm
• Cox, D.C., Dewalt, G., O’Haver, R., and Salatino, B. American Health Homes Survey; Lead and Arsenic Findings. U.S. Department of
Housing and Urban Development: Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control, April, 2011.Mielke, 2010
• Dearwent, S.M., Mumtaz, M.M., Godfrey, G., Sinks, T., and Falk, H. (2006). Health Effects of Hazardous Waste. Annals New York
Academy of Sciences, 1076; 439-448 Amato, M.S., Moor, C.F., Magzamen, S., Imm, P., Havlena, J.A., Anderson, H.A., and Kanarek, M.S.
(2012). Lead exposure and educational proficiency on end-of-grade examinations. Annals of Epidemiology, 22(10), 738-743.
• Gould, E. (2009). Childhood Lead Poisoning: Conservative Estimates of the Social and Economic Benefits of Lead Hazard Contro l.
Environmental Health Perspectives, 117, (7), 1162 - 1167
• Mielke, H.W. and Zahran, S. (2012). The urban rise and fall of air lead (Pb) and the latent surge and retreat of societal violence.
Environmental International, 43, 48-55.
• Wheeler, W. (2013). Blood Lead Levels in Children Aged 1-5 Years – United States, 1999-2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,
62, (13), 245-248.Roberts, 2009