Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is a disease caused by hantaviruses carried by rodents. It was first recognized in 1993 and has since caused 318 cases and 38% fatalities in the US. Deer mice, cotton rats, rice rats and white-footed mice can transmit hantaviruses to humans. Cases have also occurred in South and Central America. Raccoon roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis) poses a risk to humans if raccoon feces are ingested. The worm can migrate to the brain and eyes and cause disease or death. Prevention includes cleaning areas of raccoon feces. Zoonotic diseases discussed include brucellos
this lecture has focus on definition,history of malaria,causative agents,life cycle,mode of transmission,epidemeolog,susceptibility,incubation period ,prevention and control
Learning objectives
At the end of this unit, the students will be able to know about:
Epidemiological aspects of blood, and tissue sporozoan
Life cycle and pathogenesis of each blood, and tissue sporozoan
Necessary laboratory procedures for the detection and identification of blood, and tissue Sporozoa.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
this lecture has focus on definition,history of malaria,causative agents,life cycle,mode of transmission,epidemeolog,susceptibility,incubation period ,prevention and control
Learning objectives
At the end of this unit, the students will be able to know about:
Epidemiological aspects of blood, and tissue sporozoan
Life cycle and pathogenesis of each blood, and tissue sporozoan
Necessary laboratory procedures for the detection and identification of blood, and tissue Sporozoa.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. Hantavirus Pulmonary
Syndrome (HPS)
The first recognized cases occurred in
May of 1993, in the four corners area of
the southwest USA.
– New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Utah
Through June 6, 2002 there have been a
total of 318 cases of HPS in the USA.
38% of all reported cases have resulted
in death
Cases have been reported in 31 states,
including most of the western ½ of the
country, and some eastern states
– Over half of the cases of HPS are found
outside the four corners area.
3. Hantavirus Pulmonary
Syndrome
Cases of HPS have
also been confirmed
from Argentina,
Bolivia, Brazil, Canada,
Chile, Panama,
Paraguay, and
Uruguay.
– HPS is classified as a
pan-American zoonosis
HPS has also been
linked with
hypertensive renal
disease in the inner
city
Carriers in the USA and
the virus they transmit:
Deer Mouse Sin Nombre virus -
most often
Cotton rat (Florida) Black canal
virus
Rice rat (Louisiana) Bayou
virus
White footed mouse (New
York) SNV
4. Bat viruses in Australia
All of the newly identified viruses are
Rhabdoviruses which are related to the
viruses that cause rabies and Lyssa
fever.
– Viruses in this family have a high fatality rate
often near 100%
Henda Virus (Equine Morbillivirus) -
infects humans, horses, cats and Guinea
pigs. Fruit bats are the natural reservoir.
– Fast response to outbreak in Australia
Australian bat lyssa viruses (Ballina
virus) - this is a close relative of rabies
Menangle virus - carried by fruit bats and
causes disease in pigs
5. Dog and Cat
Roundworms
(See assigned reading)
http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HT
ML/Toxocariasis.htm
(All 6 parts – “Causal agent”
through “Treatment”)
6.
7. Raccoon Roundworms
(Baylisascaris procyonis)
Common intestinal roundworm of raccoons
Eggs deposited in raccoon feces (infective in
thirty days)
Ingested by man or other animal
Aggressive migration (eyes, brain, other
tissue)
– Fatal nervous system disease, eye
disease in intermediate host (mice,
squirrel, chickens, quail, man etc.)
– Encyst and await ingestion by raccoon
scavenger.
9. Raccoon Roundworms
Transmission of Baylisascaris to
Humans
Eggs shed in raccoon feces, infective
in 30 days
Hatch after ingestion, penetrate
intestinal wall
Migrate to liver, lungs and muscle
Encyst in small fibrous nodules
causing no further problems or
Some enter the brain and eyes and
cause disease.
10. Raccoon Roundworms
Prevalence of Baylisascaris in
Raccoons
50- 89% of raccoons have the worm
One study of 520 raccoons 70% of all age
groups and 88% of juvenile raccoons
were infected.
Eggs are very resistant and can survive
three to five years.
Serious infection is rarely diagnosed;
<30 cases reported. Probably many
undiagnosed cases.
11. Raccoon Roundworm
Human infection
Ocular infection
– Primate research – multifocal retinal
hemorrhages, white spots, chorioretinitis,
inflammatory tracks, vascular sheathing, and
diffuse retinal degeneration
– Reaches eyes by 7 days post-ingestion
Diagnosis of Baylisascaris infection
– History of pica, raccoon exposure
– Serology (still experimental- ELISA & Indirect
immunofluroescent test).
– Difficult to diagnose in a living person but in
ocular cases there is often a diagnostic
lesion in the eye.
12.
13. Raccoon Roundworms
Control and/or Prevention of
Baylisascaris
Disinfectants for contaminated
areas (heat or lipid solvents)
Discourage raccoon ownership
(pets)
Regularly de-worm raccoons at
zoos, wildlife exhibits, etc.
Discourage raccoons from living
near people by removing sources
of food and/or shelter
14. Other Similar Roundworm
Species
Skunk roundworm (Baylisascaris
columnaris)
– Poorly understood
– Kills mice, rabbits, and woodchucks
by CNS migration
– Infection of man is unknown
15. Viral Hemorrhagic
Fever
Caused by a number of viruses – Lassa,
Marburg, Ebola, and Congo-Crimean
Hemorrhagic Fever
Most are transmitted by direct contact of
bodily fluids in the later stages of the
disease
– Vomiting, diarrhea, shock and hemorrhage.
– not transmissible via air.
– Caregivers often infected.
Ebola and Marburg are RNA viruses in
the filovirus family.
Electron
micrograph of
Ebola virus.
biosafety level four
(BSL-4) pathogens
16. Marburg
First occurred in Germany in 1967
when Laboratory workers were
exposed to infected monkeys from
Uganda.
Non-human primates can be
infected but they are not considered
to be the natural reservoir.
– The natural reservoirs for this virus is
unknown.
17. Ebola
First discovered in 1976 near the Ebola
river.
There are four known types of the Ebola:
Zaire, Sudan, Ivory Coast, and Reston
The Zaire and Sudan strains are associated
with disease in humans.
– Incubation period is up to 3 weeks.
– Initial clinical signs include fever, headache,
chills, myalgia, and malaise. Later abdominal
pain, vomiting, diarrhea and occasionally a
maculopapular rash are seen. Hemorrhagic
manifestations with disseminated intravascular
coagulation can be observed in fatal cases.
18. Zaire and Sudan strains (Continued)
– 50- 90% fatality has been
reported.
– Since its discovery in 1976, Ebola
has killed more than 800 people.
– Due to the high fatality of the
disease, the outbreaks have not
become large.
19. Zaire and Sudan strains (Continued)
Like Marburg, the natural reservoir is
unknown but human cases are often
preceded by large die-offs of non-human
primates. Epidemiologists, including
veterinarians, are currently investigating
many sources including plants as
possible vectors.
The last known cases of Ebola occurred in
The Republic of the Congo and Gabon in
late 2001 to 2002.
– As of 4/1/2002, these outbreaks took the lives of
96 people in 122 known cases (WHO).
20. Personal Safety Issues
Veterinarians chasing
around the jungle for Ebola
EIS Track record
“Outbreak” the movie
21. Ebola - Reston (“The Hot Zone”)
This strain of Ebola was discovered in Reston,
Virginia in 1989.
It was first identified in monkeys from the
Philippines.
Ebola-Reston is often fatal in monkeys, in four
known cases in humans however the virus
evokes an immune response but was
asymptomatic.
Four episodes of Ebola-Reston infection among
monkeys imported from the Philippines have
occurred in the USA and Italy.
Aerosol spread, while not documented in
humans, has been seen in non-human primates.
– Very scary!
22. Brucellosis
Undulant Fever, Mediterranean Fever, or Malta Fever.
Species of Brucella and the usual host.
– B. canis in dogs
– B. melitensis in goats and sheep
– B. suis in pigs
– B. abortus in cattle
B. melitensis is the most virulent in humans and
infection
is usually associated with unpasturized dairy
products
from Mediterranean countries or Mexico
Incidence of human infections:
1947 - 6300 cases a year
1990 – about 100 cases a year (but only 4 to 10%
are recognized and reported).
23. Brucellosis
Human cases:
– Incubation period- usually 30 days but can
be up to 5 months
– Symptoms - non-specific. Fever, chills,
headache, myalgia, arthralgia, anorexia,
fatigue, lymphadenopathy and
splenomagaly. The ratio to subclinical to
clinical cases is 1:1 to 12:1.
– Treatment - many different antibiotics -
Doxycycline Occupational exposures are
common. Occupational exposure is seen
among packing plant workers,
veterinarians, livestock producers, and
laboratory workers. Vets used to get strain
19 (vaccine)
– Exposures occur through breaks in the
skin, inhalation and conjunctival contact.
24. Brucellosis
Prevention:
– Reduce exposure by controlling the
disease in the animal population.
– Public health efforts to ensure the
proper pasteurization of dairy products.
Eradication Programs:
– Cattle Brucellosis program - the goal is
eradication. Most of the infected herds
are in Texas and the South Eastern
states.
– Swine Brucellosis program – Nearly
eradicated from US.
25. Bartonellosis
Two diseases: Cat Scratch Disease
and Bacillary Angiomatosis.
Cat Scratch Disease has been
described for 100 years. The agent,
slightly curved gram negative rods, was
identified in 1988.
The agent has been placed in the genus
Bartonella
– may be related to the agents which cause
Typhus, RMSF, tsutsugamushi, Q fever,
Brucella, and Richettsia quintana.
26. CSD
The disease is subclinical in cats.
Transmission to humans:
– Following cat bites, scratches, and
possibly bites
from cat fleas.
– Cat saliva over an area of compromised
skin integrity may also lead to infection.
– Kittens are more likely to infect people
because they scratch more often and
have a higher prevalence of Bartonella.
– Prevalence in cats of all ages can be 30
to 50%.
27. CSD
An estimated 22,000 cases occur in the
USA each year.
First a 2-3 mm macule occurs at the site
of exposure. The macule becomes
papular within a few days.
The duration of the disease is usually
several weeks
Regional lymphadenopathy may develop
with fever, fatigue, and headache.
Clinically it can look similar to tularemia
or bubonic plague.
28. CSD
14% of cases can progress to more
severe symptoms which can include
eye problems, encephalopathy,
arthritis, osteolysis, vascular system
lesions, hepatitis, or pneumonia.
Treatment:
– Uncomplicated cases resolve on their
own.
– Antibiotics are effective in more severe
cases.
29. Bacillary Angiomatosis
Mostly in HIV - infected and other
immuno-suppressed individuals.
Much more severe disease than is CSD.
– Vascular lesions may involve many organs,
with skin being the most common.
Prevention:
– Wash hands after handling cats.
– Do not encourage rough play with cats.
– Use flea control.
– Do not let cats lick areas of abraded skin or
open wounds.
– HIV patients may wish to avoid being
scratched by cats.
30. Are CSD and Bacillary Angiomatosis
caused by the same agent?
Despite the similarities in histochemical staining
properties and epidemiology, serious reservations
remained concerning a possible link between the
causative agents of CSD and BA.
The pathologic features of classical CSD
(granuloma) and BA (proliferative vascular lesions
without granuloma) are distinctly different.
The two diseases seem to respond differently to
antibiotic therapy.
– The majority of BA patients evaluated responded quickly
to single-agent therapy with either erythromycin or
doxycycline (14,23), whereas the symptoms and signs of
patients with CSD failed to show consistent rapid
resolution following antibiotic therapy.
31. Rat Bite Fever
The responsible agent is Streptobaccilus
moniliformis (more common in U.S.) or
spirillary RBF by Spirillum minus
Nasopharyngeal carriage rates in healthy
laboratory rats range from 10% to 100%;
carriage rates in wild rats range from 50% to
100%
Transmission is usually through a rat bite.
However, some cases have rat exposure but no
reported bite.
– Ingestion of food contaminated with rat feces
Children and laboratory workers are at high risk
to contract this disease.
Cases are rarely reported in the United States
and the true incidence of disease is unknown.
32. Rat Bite Fever
Clinical syndrome: 2-10 days after rat
bite.
Usually a mild protracted illness with a
fever, malaise, cough, maculopapular
rash, and occasionally arthritis.
– Human fatalities have been reported.
– Antibiotics are effective (Shot gun)
Susceptible to penicillin
diagnosed by blood culture only.
33. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
(LCMV)
The main reservoir is the house mouse (Mus
musculus) but hamsters and domestic mice can
also be infected.
Infection in people:
– Often subclinical.
– “influenza-like symptoms” but sometimes
meningeal symptoms of a stiff neck, fever,
headache, malaise, and muscular pain.
– Incubation period - 1 to 2 weeks.
– Pregnant women may transmit the disease to
the unborn fetus resulting in fetal or neonatal
death, hydrocephalus, chorioretinitis, or
psychomotor retardation.
Usually a history of a febrile illness during
their pregnancy.
34. LCMV
Prevalence- a study in Baltimore showed
that 9% of house mice and 4.7% of
residents had LCMV antibody
Transmission:
– Contact with mouse nasal secretions, urine,
semen, milk, and feces
– Mouse and hamster bites.
– Humans become infected by inhaling
infectious aerosolized particles of rodent
urine, feces, or saliva, by ingesting food
contaminated with virus, by contamination of
mucus membranes with infected body fluids,
or by directly exposing cuts or other open
wounds to virus-infected blood.
35. LCM
Risk factors:
– Recreational activates in rural
environments.
– Habitation in older rodent-infected
homes.
– Acquisition of rodents for pets
– Laboratory exposure to unscreened
rodents (rare)
– Pregnant women risk exposure to their
unborn children.
36. LCMV
Epidemiology of LCMV in mice:
– Much studied, interesting epidemiology, when
LCMV is introduced to a non-infected colony.
– Adult mouse infection shows some morbidity,
but most recover and no longer shed the virus.
– Infections acquired in utero lead to a persistent
tolerant infection with heavy shedding
throughout their lives (similar to BVD in cattle).
– Over time, the infection was only transmitted
congenitally in that all mice had been infected
before they were born.
– It appeared that transovarian infection was the
rule, rather than the exception.
37. LCMV
Prevention:
– Control the mouse population in
houses.
– Don’t touch dead mice.
– Pregnant women should avoid
hamsters, and other rodents.
– Most all laboratory animal colonies in
the US are LCMV-free.