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9 fo”o O;kikj laxBu xqykeh dk lfo/kku
PROVISIONS IN W.T.O AGREEMENT ON
AGRICULTURE
fo”o O;kikj la?kBu ds d`f’k fo’k;d le>kSrs esa dqy 13 [k.M gSaA bu [k.Mksa esa 21
vuqPNsn (Articles) gSaA igys [k.M esa lHkh rjg dh ifjHkk’kk;sa nh x;h gSaA nwljs [k.M esa
mu d`f’k mRiknksa dh lwph nh x;h gS] ftUgsa bl le>kSrs esa “kkfey fd;k x;k gSA ;g iwjh
lwph bl d`f’k le>kSrs ds ifjf”k’V&1 (Annex-1) esa nh x;h gSA bl d`f’k le>kSrs esa
dqy 5 ifjf”k’V fn;s x;s gSaA bl d`f’k le>kSrs esa nwljs [k.M ls os lHkh vuqPNsn “kq:
gksrs gSa] tks “krksZa ds :i esa ekuus gksaxsA uhps dqN eq[; vuqPNsnksa dks xSV djkj dh Hkk’kk
vaxzsth esa tSls dk rSlk fn;k tk jgk gSA bu vuqPNsnksa dk D;k nq’izHkko iMs+xk] og vkxs
fn;k x;k gSA igys ge bu vuqPNsnksa dks tku ysa] fQj muds nq’izHkko dks tkuuk vPNk
gksxkA
Article-3
1) The domestic Support and export subsidy commitments in part IV of each
members schedule constitute commitments limiting subsidiration and are here by
made an integral part 1994.
2) Subjects to the provisions of article 6, a member shall not provide support
in favour of domestic producers in excess of the commitments levels specified is
section I of part IV of its schedule.
3) Subject to the provisions of para 2(b) and 4 of article 9, a member shall not
provide export subsidies listed in para 1 of article 9 in respect of the agricultural
products or groups of products specified in section II of part IV of its schedule in
excess of the budgetary outlay and quantity commitment levels specified there
in and shall not provide such subsidies in respect of any agricultural product not
specified in that section of its schedule.
MEANING OF ARTICLE - 3
This article deals with domestic support and export subsidy reduction
commitments as specified in each member’s schedule. It bars a member from
granting export subsidies not specified in section II of part IV of its schedule.
The article also brings domestic support and export subsidy reduction
commitments with in pesrview of Gatt 1994
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ARTICLE - 4
1) Market access concessions contained in schedules relate to bindings and
reductions of tariffs, and to other market access commitments as specified there
in.
2) Members shall not maintain, resort to, or revert to any measure of the kind
which have been required to be converted into ordinary customs duties expect as
otherwise provided for in Articls 5 and annex. 5
MEANING OF ARTICLE - 4
The key elements of the market access commitments for agricultural
products are the establishments of tariffication, tariff reduction, and the binding
of all agricultural tariffs. commitments were also undertaken by members to
provide minimum market access for agricultural products through expahsion of
tariff rate quotas.
In the tariffication process the quantitative restrictions, variable levis,
import bans or other non tariff measures are replaced by an import duty so that
there is no change in the level of protection. The developed countries are
undertook to cut their agriculture tariffs by an average of 36% over six years.
While developing countries are committed to slash the same by 24% in ten years.
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25 fo”o O;kikj laxBu xqykeh dk lfo/kku
laoS/kkfud elys
WTO ls fuEu laoS/kkfud dfBukb;k¡ mRiUu gksaxh &
1½ jk’Vª ds lapkyu (Governance) ij ewyHkwr izHkko gksxkA
2½ lEizHkq rkdr dks bLrseky djus dh {kerk u’V gks tk;sxhA
3½ [kk|ké esa Hkkjr dh vkRe fuHkZjrk lekIr gksxh] vkSj jkT;ksa dk [kk|] lqj{kk miyC/k
djkus dk vf/kdkj de gks tk;sxkA
4½ cgqla[;d Hkkjrh; fdlkuksa dh vkthfodk dk vf/kdkj izHkkfor gksxkA ;fn mPp
mRiknu nsusokys chtkas ij fdlkuksa dk vf/kdkj ugha jgsxk rks [kk|ké mRiknu ij izfrdwy
vlj iM+sxkA
5½ nokvksa ds nkeksa esa dbZ xquk o`f) gksus ls Hkkjrh; yksxksa dk LokLF; dk vf/kdkj
izHkkfor gksxkA
6½ yksxksa ds thus ds vf/kdkj dks lqjf{kr j[kus dk mÙkjnkf;Ro ljdkj dks NksM+uk
iM+sxk tcfd lafo/kku ds eqrkfcd jkT; ;g mÙkjnkf;Ro ugha NksM+ ldrkA
7½ cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa vkSj NksVs Hkkjrh; m|ksxksa dh vleku izfr;ksfxrk dks c<+kok
nsuk gksxk] tcfd laoS/kkfud ftEesnkjh ds vuq:i vleku ds lkFk vleku O;ogkj djuk
pkfg;sA
8½ vkS|ksfxd fodkl dks mu rjhdksa ls jksdk tk;sxk ftudh btktr lafo/kku ugha nsrk
gSA
9½ Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk la?kh; Lo:i u’V gksxkA
10½ vius oSf”od Hkfo’; ds ckjs esa iwjh tkudkjh ds lkFk ppkZ djus dk yksxksa dk
vf/kdkj lekIr gks tk;sxkA
11½ dkuwuksa] tSls 1970 dk isVsUV dkuwu] dks turk ds fgrksa ds foijhr cukuk gksxkA
fo”o O;kikj laxBu ds nk;js dks ifjHkkf’kr djrs gq;s vuqPNsn &2 ds iSjk &1 esa
dgk x;k gS “The WTO shall provide the common constiutional framework for
the conduct of trade relations among the members in matters related to the
agreements and associated legal instruments------” ß;kfu MCY;w- Vh- vks- lnL; ns”kksa
ds chp O;kikj ds fy;s le>kSrs ls lECkfU/kr vkSj tqM+s gq;s dkuwuh igyqvksa ij ,d leku
laLFkkxr <kapk cuk,xkßA fo”o O;kikj laxBu ds dk;kasZ ds vUrZxr vuqPNsn&3 ds iSjk 5
esa dgk x;k gS “With a view to acheiving greater coherence in global economic
policy making, the WTO shall cooperate, as approsiate, with the international
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26 fo”o O;kikj laxBu xqykeh dk lfo/kku
Monetary fund (IMF)and with the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (World Bank) and its affiliated agencies” ;kfu fo”o O;kikj laxBu
Hkwe.Myh; vkfFkZd fodkl dh uhfr r; djus ds fy;s vkbZ- ,e- ,Q- vkSj fo”o cSad ls
lg;ksx djsxkA vuqPNsn 4 ds iSjk 7 esa dgk x;k gS fd “The ministerial conference
(which shall carry out the functions of the WTO) shall establisha Committee on
Trade and Development, a Committee on Balance-of-payments Restrictions and
a Committe on Budget, Finance and Administration which shall carry out the
functions assigned to them by this agreement.....” ;kfu O;kikj vkSj fodkl lfefr]
Hkqxrku larqyu ds izfrcU/kksa dh lfefr] vkSj ctV] foÙk vkSj iz”kklu lfefr le>kSrs ds
vUrxZr fn;s x;s dk;ksZa dks iwjk djsaxhA bu rhuksa vuqPNsnkas dh ckrksa ls Li’V gks tkrk gS
fd WTO le>kSrs ds ckn jk’Vªh; vFkZ O;oLFkkvksa vkSj izkFkfedrkvksa dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha
jg tk;sxkA vkfFkZd fodkl dh Hkwe.Myh; uhfr fo”o O;kikj laxBu }kjk fo”o cSad vkSj
vkbZ- ,e- ,Q- dh enn ls cuk;h tk;sxh vkSj mldh izkFkfedrk;sa jk’Vªh; izkFkfedrkvksa
ls vyx gksasxhA lHkh ns”kksa ds fy;s ,d leku dkuwu cusaxs ¼tcfd lnL;] ns”kksa dh
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa vkSj fo”o O;kikj esa ?kksj vlekurk,a gSa½ vkSj ;s dkuwu jk’Vªh; dkuwuksa ls
Åij gksaxsA lHkh ns”kksa dks vius dkuwwu WTO ds dkuwuksa ds eqrkfcd cukus gkasxsA bl
lUnHkZ esa vuqPNsn &16 dk iSjk&4 Li’V dgrk gS “Each member shall ensure the
conformity of its laws, regulations and administrative procedures with its
obligation as provided in the annexed agreements” ;kfu lHkh lnL; ns”kksa ds
le>kSrs esa fn;s x;s mÙkjnkf;Roksa ds vuq:i vius dkuwu&fu;e vkSj iz”kklfud fØ;kvksa
dh vuq:irk lqfuf”pr djuh gksxhA blh vuqPNsn ds iSjk 5 ds eqrkfcd “No
reservation may be made in respect of any provisons of the agreement.
Reservation may only be made in accordance with the provision set out in these
agreement” vFkkZr~ le>kSrs ds foijhr dksbZ Hkh ns”k fdlh Hkh izdkj dk cpko ¼vkj{k.k½
ugha dj ldrkA le>kSrs ds vuqPNsn&9 dk iSjk& 2 Li’V djrk gS & “The Ministerial
Conferrence and the General Council (to be constituted to carry out the function
of the WTO shall have the exclusive authority to adopt interpretations of this
agreement and of the Multifateral Trade Agreements” O;k[;k djus dk vf/kdkj
MCY;w- Vh- vks- ds rgr cuus okyh fefuLVªh;y dkUÝsal vkSj tujy dkmafly dks gksxkA
,sls esa gekjh lEizHkq laln dh gSfl;r D;k gksxh jcj LVSEi dh gksxh] tks fo”o
O;kikj laxBu ds dkuwuksa ij eqgj yxk;sxh vkSj ogka cSBs lkaln DydZ dk dke djasxs
D;ksafd vuqPNsn &8 dk iSjk 1 dgrk gS “The WTO shall have legal personality and
shall be accorded by each of its members such legal capacity as may be necessary
for the exercise of its function” vFkkZr~ fo”o O;kikj laxBu dh dkuwuh gSfl;r gksxh
vkSj] iSjk &2 “The WTO shall be accorded by each of its members such privilages
and in munities as are necessary for the excercise of its function” fo”o O;kikj
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27 fo”o O;kikj laxBu xqykeh dk lfo/kku
laxBu dks jk’Vªh; ljdkjksa }kjk vius dkuwuksa ds Åij fo”ks’kkf/kdkj rFkk muls lqj{kk
fnyokuh gksxhA
laln dh lEizHkqrk rks lekIr gksxh gh] lkFk esa vlyh lEizHkq Hkkjrh; turk dk Hkh
bl le>kSrs esa dksbZ n[ky ugha jg tk;sxkA ogha nwljh rjQ cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh
rkdr c<+ tk;sxhA fo”o O;kikj laXkBu fopkj foe”kZ ds fy;s xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa dks rks
vkefU=r djrk gS ijUrq turk dks ughaA vkSj xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvksa esa cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;k¡
izeq[k gSaA vuqPNsn &4 dk iSjk &2 dgrk gS & “The General council (to be
constituted to carry out function of the WTO) may make appropriate
arrangements for consultation and cooperation with non govermmental
organisation concerned with matters related to those of the WTO” vFkkZRk~ mu
¼cgqjk’Vªh; dEifu;ksa½ tks fo”o O;kikj laxBu ds elyksa ls lcls T;knk tqM+h gSa ls fopkj
foe”kZ vkSj lg;ksx dk cankscLr fd;k tk;sxkA
lafo/kku dk ewy fl)kUr gS fd fcuk jkT;ksa dh lgefr fy;s muds vf/kdkjksa esa dksbZ
dVkSrh ugha dh tk ldrhA blds fy;s lafo/kku esa jkT; vf/kdkj {ks=ksa dh *jkT; lwph* Hkh
nh gSA lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 249 ds vuqlkj] jkT; lHkh esa nks frgkbZ cgqer ls izLrko ikl
djok dj gh dsUnz *jkT; lwph* ds {ks=ksa esa dkuwu cuk ldrk gSA lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 252
ds eqrkfcd jkT;ksa dh btktr ysdj gh dsUnz ljdkj muds vf/kdkj {ks=ksa ls lECkfU/kr
dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA
ysfdu MCY;w- Vh- vks- tSls cgqvk;keh vUrZjk’Vªh; le>kSrs dks djrs le; ljdkj us
jkT;ksa ls iwNs fcuk gh *jkT; lwph* ds {ks=ksa ds ckjs esa le>kSrk dj fy;k gS vksj dkuwu
cukus dk vf/kdkj gkfly dj fy;k gSA jkT; lwph ds ;s {ks= gSa] d`f’k] d`f’k ij lfClMh]
xjhcksa dks lLrk vukt miyC/k djkuk] lsok tSls f”k{kk LokLF;] lQkbZ vkfn vkSj m|ksxA
bu lHkh {ks=ksa esa MCY;w- Vh- vks- le>kSrs ls jkT; ds vf/kdkjksa dk guu gksxkA lafo/kku dh
jkT; lwph esa fuEu fo”ks’k elys gSa ftu ij MCY;w- Vh- vks- le>kSrk gqvk gSA
lwph II vkbVe 6&lkoZtfud LokLF;] vLirky vkfn
14½ d`f’k vkSj d`f’k “kks/k] dhVksa ls lqj{kk vkSj i”kqvksa dh chekfj;ksa ls cpkoA
18½ Hkwfe] Hkwfe dk gLrkarj.k] d`f’k _.k
23½ [knku dk lapkyu vkSj [knku mRiknksa dk nksgu
24½ m|ksx
26½ jkT; ds vUnj O;kikj vkSj okf.kT;
27½ oLrqvksa dk mRiknu] vkiwfrZ vkSj forj.k
52½ LFkkuh; miHkksx ds fy;s oLrqvksa ds izos”k ij dj
ysfdu le>kSrk djrs oä ljdkj us jkT; ljdkjksa vkSj fo/kku lHkkvksa dks fo”okl
esa ugha fy;kA d`f’k lgk;rk ¼lfClMh½] [kk| vkiwfrZ] nok mi;ksx] jkT;ksa vksj LFkkuh;
cktkjksa esa O;kikfjd oLrqvksa ds izos”k ij ikcUnh] ewY; fu;U=.k dh lekfIr] vkSj fo”ks’k
m|ksxksa esa fuos”k vkfn ij le>kSrs dk O;kid izHkko iM+sxkA lkFk gh vius ukxfjdksa dks
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28 fo”o O;kikj laxBu xqykeh dk lfo/kku
f”k{kk vkSj LokLF; rFkk vU; ukxfjd lqfo/kkvksa&ty] fctyh] lQkbZ] vkfn nsus ds jkT;
vf/kdkjksa ij Hkh O;kid izHkko gksxkA
dqN {ks=ksa ds ckjs esa rks le>kSrs esa gh jkT; ljdkjksa vkSj LFkkuh; Lok;Ùk”kklh
fudk;ksa dh lgefr ysus dk lnL; ns”kksa ls vuqjks/k fd;k x;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,&
1& fVªIl le>kSrs dk vuqPNsn &6 dk iSjk 2 dgrk gSS & Each member shall
notify the WTO Secretariat of the publications in which TRIMS may be found,
including those applied by regional and local governments and authorities within
their territories izR;sd lnL; ns”k dks MCY;w- Vh- vks- lsØsVsfj;sV dks fVªEl ls lEcfU/kr
izdk”kuksa dh tkudkjh nsuh gksxh mlesa LFkkuh; vkSj {ks=h; ljdkjksa }kjk fd;s x;s
izdk”ku gks ldrs gSaA ¼izdk”ku ls ;gka vFkZ fu;e] dkuwuksa] xtV vkfn ds izdk”ku ls gS
ftlls ikjnf”kZrk cjdjkj jgsA½
2& O;kikj dh rduhdh :dkoVksa ds ckjs esa gq, le>kSrs (Agreement on
technical Barriers To Trade) dk vuqPNsn &7 ßLFkkuh; fudk;ksa }kjk vuq:irk ds
fu/kkZj.k dk rjhdkß (Procedures for Assessment of Conformity by Local
Government Bodies) crykrs gq;s dgrs gSa & “With respect to thier local
government bodies within their territories, the members shall take such
reasonable measures as may be available to them to ensure compliance
by such bodies--”
O;kikj esa vkus okyh rduhdh :dkoVksa dks nwj djus ds fy;s lnL; ns”kksa dks vius
LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ¼jkT; ljdkj] uxj egkikfydk,a] ftyk ifj’kn vkfn½ ds fu;e dkuwu
dk vuqikyu (Compliance) djus ds fy;s t:jh dne mBkus gksaxsA
3- lsok le>kSrs dk vuqPNsn &1 dk iSjk 3(a) lsok le>kSrs ds fy;s mBk;s x;s
dneksa (Measures) dks ifjHkkf’kr djrs gq;s dgrk gS fd] For the Purpose of this
agreement “measures by members” means measures taken by (i) central,
regional or local governments and authorities (ii) non governmental
bodies in the exercise of powers delegated by central, regional or local
governments or authorities”.
;kfu dsUnzh;] {ks=h; vkSj LFkkuh; ljdkjksa vkSj fudk;ksa ;gka rd fd xSj ljdkjh
fudk;ksa }kjk mBk;s x;s dne Hkh le>kSrs dh ifjHkk’kk esa “kkfey gks x;s gSaA
ge le>kSrs ls dHkh Hkh vyx gks ldrs gSaA MCY;w- Vh- vks- le>kSrs (Agreement
of Establishment of the W.T.O.) dk vuqPNsn &15 vyx gksus (withdrawal) dh
ckr djrk gSA blds vuqlkj “Any member may withdraw from this agreement.
Such withdrawal shall apply both to this agreement & the WTO agreement
and shall take effect upon the expiration of six months from the date on
which written notice of withdrawal is received by the Director General of