World Downstream Maintenance Market Forecast 2015-2019

World Downstream Maintenance
Market Forecast 2015-2019energy business insight
e: research@douglaswestwood.com t: +44 (0)203 4799 505
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• Prospects
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© 2015 Douglas-Westwood 40World Downstream Maintenance Market Forecast 2015-2019
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Market Forecast: By Asset Type
Chapter 5 : Asset Integrity
Figure 32: Asset Integrity Expenditure by Asset Type 2010-2019
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Expenditure($billions)
Expenditure to total $ bn over the
2015-2019 period.
Refineries and Petrochemicals to ac-
count for % of forecast expenditure.
CAGR from 2015-2019:
% Refineries;
% Petrochemicals;
% Gas processing;
% LNG.
Table 6: Asset Integrity Expenditure by Asset Type 2014-2019
Figure 33: Asset Integrity Expenditure by Asset Type 2010-2014 and 2015-2019
35%
45%
9%
11%
Refineries Petrochemicals
Gas Processing LNG
34%
45%
9%
12%
The downstream market for Asset Integrity
is similar to the Asset Services market – it is
dominated by expenditure on petrochemi-
cal plants and refineries, which account for
% of total expenditure over 2015-2019,
in large part due to the sheer size of the
installed base.
An estimated $ bn and $ bn is to be
spent on petrochemical and refinery facili-
ties over the next five years. LNG and gas
processing are much smaller market sectors
with combined expenditure totalling almost
$ bn. However, LNG spend will be in-
creasing at the fastest rate: a CAGR of %
over the 2015-2019 period.
Similarly to Asset Services, the large growth
in LNG Asset Integrity expenditure can be
attributed to the increase in LNG facilities
in regions such as Australia and North
America.
$ bn $ bn
2015 2019
$millions 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Refinery
Petrochemical
Gas Processing
LNG
Total
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World Downstream Maintenance Market Forecast 2015-2019
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ent, your organ
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Supply Chain – Middle East
Chapter 3 : Market Structure and Methodology
The Middle East is chara
cteris
ed by
operators
awarding multiple contr
acts
direct to lots of differ
ent small
comp
anies, with the aim of achie
ving
perce
ived value
for mone
y. Bund
ling
is still uncommo
n.Whilst infras
tructure is agein
g, the
concept of fabric
maintenan
ce has
still not been
fully incorporat
ed by
the indus
try. In addition, much
of
the maintenan
ce work
is carrie
d out
in-ho
use.
EPC contr
actor
s (brow
nfield
and
green
field)
contr
act fabric
mainte-
nance
and other
specialist servic
e
provi
ders for servic
es such
as the
prepa
ration
and applic
ation
of spe-
cialist
coatings on modi
ficatio
n and
newb
uild work
.The Middle Easte
rn market is char-
acterised by many
local
provi
ders
acros
s all servic
e lines.
NOTE
: This supply chain
is intend
ed to illustrate the most
comm
on routes to market for the
main
servic
e lines.
The comp
anies
in each
box are intend
ed to be indica
tive key market players
not an exhau
stive portra
yal.
ADN
OCDolph
in Energ
yEquat
eKNPC
PDO
Petro
Rabig
hQatar
Petro
leum
Sabia
Sahar
a PCCSaudi
Aram
co
Saudi
Servic
es & OpsSinop
ecSipche
m ABS Consu
ltingBurea
u Verita
sDNV Intert
ekLloyd
s Regist
er
Oper
ators
Cons
ultancy
APM
Petro
maint
Desco
n
Intert
ek Qcon
SIS
Wood
Group
Asset Integrity Cont
racto
rs
Integrated
Services
Indivi
dual Services
Desco
nDietsm
annKhara
fi Natio
nalSaudi
Servic
es & OpsWood
Group
O&M
Cont
racto
rs
APM
Petro
maint
Herte
l
Intert
ekStork
Techn
ical Servic
es
Small
local provid
ersInspe
ction
Cont
racto
rs
APM
Petro
maintDesco
n
Herte
l
Qcon
SISSmall
local provid
ersE&I Cont
racto
rs
APM
Petro
maint
Herte
lIntert
ek
SISStork
Techn
ical Servic
es
Small
local provid
ersMech
anical Cont
racto
rs
Applu
sHerte
lIntert
ek
Qcon
SISStork
Techn
ical Servic
es
Small
local provid
ersFabric Maintenan
ce
APM
Petro
maintDesco
n
Herte
l
SISStork
Techn
ical Servic
es
Small
local provid
ersProce
ss Equip
. Cont
racto
rs
Alfana
rAPM
Petro
maintStork
Techn
ical Servic
es
Wood
GroupSmall
local provid
ersRotat
ing Equip
. Cont
racto
rs
Ali-Ru
shaid
Constr
uctionDAS
Group
Kentz
Khara
fi Natio
nal
Petro
fac
Saipem
Wood
GroupWorle
y Parso
nsEPC Cont
racto
rs
“The
[business]
culture is to give out
multiple contr
acts to lots of differ
ent
small
comp
anies. It’s a convolute
d supply
chain
…It’s
about value
for mone
y.”
Engin
eering Services Company
“In the Middle East I see a greater need
for asset
integrity and fabric
maintenan
ce. Scale
of infras
tructure and its age is as significant
as anyw
here.
Integrity is a new concept acros
s
the region due to a numb
er of unfor
tunat
e accidents that have
focus
ed atten
tion onto
asset
integrity servic
es.”Engin
eering Services Company
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Asset Lifecycle
Chapter 3 : Market Structure and Methodology
Pre-FEED
Studies
and Conceptual
Design
Operations &
Maintenance
Modifications
Decomm
issioning
CAPEX Phase
Liabilities
OPEX Phase
Com
missioning
and Start-up
Construction
FEED
Maintenance:
Ongo
ing inspe
ction, repair and upkeep of down
stream assets is a vital proce
ss within the
down
stream plant
lifecycle. Maintenan
ce servic
es reduc
e operational costs
over
the long-
term, maximise
uptim
e of the facility and ensur
e the efficie
nt running of all equip
ment
within
it. High
ongoing levels
of maintenan
ce can also prolo
ng the asset’s life; significantl
y pushi
ng
back
the plant’s decommis
sionin
g date.
Maintenan
ce servic
es are essen
tial to ensur
e the asset
is able to perfo
rm its requi
red function
effectively
and efficie
ntly whilst adhering to any health, safety
and environme
ntal regulations
in place
.
Asset Services
Asset Services encompas
s a numb
er of servic
e lines all imple
ment
ed with the
aim to reduc
e the operational cost and down
time
of the various electrical,
mech
anical, rotating and proce
ss equip
ment
that is vital to the smoo
th running
of the facility.
Mech
anical Services
Electrical & Instru
ment
ation
Fabric Maintenan
ce
Rotat
ing Equip
ment
Proce
ss equip
ment
Asset Integrity
Asset Integrity servic
es aim to prolo
ng the down
stream lifecycle throu
gh the
mana
geme
nt and developm
ent of maintenan
ce strate
gies, ensur
ing maximum
plant
uptim
e and an efficie
nt maintenan
ce sched
ule.
Cons
ultancy
Asset Mana
geme
nt
Integrity Services
The servic
e lines covered in this report are split into two sectio
ns:
“Prod
uct life-cy
cle is regulated by indus
try
stand
ards…
which
in turn affect
client
s’
requi
reme
nts. Valve
s should serve
30
years
, with regular maintenan
ce typica
lly
every
five years
.”
Oil & Gas Major
The typica
l lifecycle of a down
stream asset
which
demo
nstrates the occurrenc
e of
maintenan
ce servic
es.
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Refinery Yeild and Petrochemical Output
Chapter 2 : Drivers and Indicators
The two most
comm
on petro
chem
ical
feeds
tocks
are olefin
s and arom
atics.The major hydro
carbo
n sourc
es
used
in producing
petro
chem
icals
are obtained from
gas proce
ssing
and
petro
leum
refining.
The main
yields
from
refining are
gasoline, keros
ene, distill
ate fuel and
residual fuel.
In 2014
US refine
ries produced
45% of
their
yield
as gasoline, although yields
can be altere
d in respo
nse to price.
Figure
15: US Refine
ry Yield 2014Source
: EIA
45%
10%
30%
3%
20%
Figure
16: Petroc
hemic
al Feeds
tocks
and Outputs
Natural Gas
Crude Oil
Steam Cracker
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Plastics
Resins
Fibers
Textiles
ElastomersRubbers
Solvents
CoatingsDyes & PigmentsAdhesivesChemicals
Other Consumer Products
Methanol
Ethylene
PropyleneButadiene
Benzene
Toulene
Xylene
Naptha
Moto
r GasolineKerosene
Jet FuelDistillate FuelResid
ual FuelOthe
r
Refining YieldsThe chart
show
s the yield
from
US refine
r-
ies in 2014. Refiners can adjust product
yields
in respo
nse to chang
ing product
prices and other
market conditions
by
varyin
g refine
ry proce
sses and the types
of
crude
oil they choose to refine
. The refine
ry
outpu
t will also be deter
mined by the com-
plexity of the refine
ry; those
with a cataly
tic
converter
are generally more
comp
lex and
able to refine
heavi
er crude
s.The yields
sum to more
than 100%
due
to the proce
ssing
gain from
refining; the
volum
e by which
total
outpu
t is greater
than input
for a given
perio
d of time.
Dur-
ing refining proce
sses such
as fluid cataly
tic
crack
ing, volum
es can increase when
large,
heavy
molecules
are broke
n
into smaller and lighte
r molecules
that take
up more
space
.
Petrochemical process
The diagram show
s some
of the petro
-
chem
ical feeds
tocks
and the consu
mer
good
s produced
by them
. The two most
comm
on petro
chem
ical classe
s are olefin
s
and arom
atics.
Olefins includ
e ethylene,
propylene
and butad
iene and can be used
to produce indus
trial chem
icals,
plastics and
rubbe
r. Arom
atics includ
e benzene, toule
ne
and xylen
e (BTX
).
The main
hydro
carbo
n sourc
es used
in a
petro
chem
ical plant
are either obtained
from
gas proce
ssing
(methane, ethan
e, pro-
pane, butan
e) or petro
leum
refining (napt
ha
and BTX)
.
Gas-p
roduced ethan
e is typica
lly the
favou
red feeds
tock acros
s the petro
chem
i-
cal indus
try due to lower costs. With
the
majority of European
petro
chem
ical plants
focus
ing on naphtha-b
ased
crack
ing, this
has place
d press
ure on European
plants in
recen
t years
.
However,
the recen
t crude
oil price
down
turn has prom
pted
a sharp
declin
e in
the price
of naphtha. Ethan
e had an almost
tenfo
ld advan
tage over
naphtha at the start
of 2014. This had decre
ased
to less than
twofo
ld by Dece
mber
2014, benefiting
Eu-
ropean petro
chem
ical plants by increasing
their
margins. Altho
ugh, these
benefits may
be short
lived
depending
on the longe
vity
of oil price
declin
e.
“Margins are high curre
ntly, but it
really
depends on the equip
ment
in
the refine
ry and the comp
lexity. The
cataly
tic crack
er is the most
comp
lex
part of the refine
ry”
Integrated
Downstream Oper
ator
Operator budgets tighten, but
Downstream Maintenance spend still
sees rise
Between 2015 and 2019, global downstream
asset maintenance spend is expected to total
$322 billion (bn), an increase of 12% when
compared to the previous five-year period.
In 2014, expenditure totalled $63bn for the
world’s global downstream asset population of
approximately 13,000 facilities, DW expect this
to increase to $71bn by 2019. Despite a minor
drop in 2015, resulting from industry-wide price
deflation of equipment and services and budget
tightening, an ageing existing asset population as
well as a number of new installations drive the
overall growth.
By sector, Asset Services accounts for the
majority of expenditure, 72%, with Asset
Integrity accounting for the remaining 28%.
North America and Asia dominate global
expenditure, accounting for 35% and 28% of
spend over the forecast period respectively. US
downstream facilities are also expected to see
a revival as a result of the recent shale boom.
The World Downstream Maintenance Market
Forecast 2015-2019 analyses the demand for
maintenance in two key equipment and service
lines: downstream asset services and down-
stream asset integrity services, and across four
facility types: refineries, petrochemical plants,
gas processing and LNG.
The report includes:
• Drivers & Indicators – in depth discussion
of the factors encouraging asset mainte-
nance expenditure including: E&P trends, oil
& gas prices, analysis of the recent oil price
downturn), downstream facility popula-
tion, asset lifecycle, policies & regulation
and trends and drivers detailed by refinery,
petrochemical, gas processing and LNG.
• Service Line Analysis – for downstream as-
set services and asset integrity services split
out by service line, asset type and region
with competitive landscape and detailed
supply chain analysis.
• Regional Analysis – expenditure by service
line 2010-2019 with trend commentary
for Africa, Asia, Australasia, Eastern Europe
& FSU, Latin America, Middle East, North
America and Western Europe.
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Methodology: OverviewChapter 4 : Asset Services
Assumptio
ns
Asset based
As the asset
varies by age, capac
ity and
region the cost assum
ption
is adjusted.
Asset type
As each
asset
type perfo
rms differ
ent
proce
sses the cost assum
ption
is
adjusted to reflec
t this.
For LNG
facilit
ies, DW
accou
nts for
the differ
ences
in proce
ss and com-
plexity of export and import terminals
by adjusting the cost assum
ption
.
Regulation
and culture
These are adjusted for in the cost as-
sump
tion by apply
ing a regional index
.
Onshore
Douglas-Westwood
In-House
Database
Asse
tData
Mod
ellingProc
ess
Refining
Petrochemicals
Gas Processing
LNG
Expo
rt
Import
Capacity
Varying facility sizes
and the
associated level of maintenance
required is accounted for by the
use of a cost assumption per
barrel for refining, per mcf for
gas processing and per tonne for
petrochemicals and LNG.
Age
Age multiplier applied to all
assets to account for the extra
maintenance requirements as
facilities age.
Region
A regional index is applied to
account for environm
ental,
labour and regulatory differences
between regions.
Asset Integrity Mark
et
Comprised of:
Cons
ultancy
Asset Mana
geme
nt
Integrity Services
Asset Services Mark
et
Comprised of:
Electrical & Instru
ment
ation
Fabric Maintenan
ce
Mech
anical Services
Proce
ss Equip
ment
Rotat
ing Equip
ment
Annual Cost Assumption by Service Line (including Inflation Assumption)
The cost assumption will vary by asset
type,
accounting for the variations
in comp
lexity
of equip
ment
and mach
inery
used. DW
assign different cost assumptions for export and import terminals due to the higher comp
lexity
of export terminals.
Brownfield Expenditure per Asset
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Australasia
Chapter 6 : Regional Summary
Figure
39: Maintenan
ce Expenditur
e in Australasia
2010
-2019
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Expe
nditu
re($billions)
AI: Consultancy
AI: Asset Mana
geme
nt
AI: Integrity Services
AS: Mech
anical
AS: Electrical & Instru
mentation
AS: Fabric Maintenan
ce
Expenditure to total
$ bn over
the
2015-2019
perio
d, grow
ing at
%
CAG
R.
Grow
th of
% from
prece
ding five-
year perio
d – fastes
t grow
ing region.% of forec
ast globa
l spend
.Large
LNG
facilit
ies coming onstr
eam
durin
g the forec
ast perio
d drivin
g
grow
th.
CAG
R from
2015-2019
:
% Mech
anical Services;% E&I;
% Fabric Maintenan
ce;% Rotating Equip
ment
;
% Proce
ss Equip
ment
;
% Cons
ultancy;% Asset Mana
geme
nt;% Integrity Services.
% Refineries;% Petro
chem
icals;% Gas Proce
ssing;% LNG.
Table
14: Maintenan
ce Expenditur
e in Australasia
by Servic
e Line 2014
-2019
Table
15: Maintenan
ce Expenditur
e in Australasia
by Asset
Type 2014
-2019
Expenditure in Austr
alasia
is set to total
$
over
2015-2019
. This is an increase
of
% from
the previous five years
, due
mainly to LNG
facilities within the region
coming online in the coming years
; addin
g
some
% to curre
nt capac
ity.Over
2010-2014
, LNG
plants accou
nted
for
% of maintenan
ce spend
in the region,
refine
ries
%, petro
chem
ical plants %
and gas proce
ssing
plants %.Durin
g the forec
ast perio
d the comp
osi-
tion of expenditure will chang
e consider-
ably as Austr
alasia
invests heavi
ly in new
LNG
facilities. LNG
will accou
nt for
% of
expenditure durin
g the perio
d, petro
chem
i-
cals for
%, refine
ries for
% and gas
proce
ssing
for %.
Desp
ite being
a relatively small
market, the
continued
onset of LNG
plants post-
2014
mean
s that Austr
alasia
will be one of the
stron
gest grow
th regions, also with stead
y
grow
th in refine
ry, petro
chem
ical and
gas proce
ssing
plant
maintenan
ce spend
.
Furth
ermo
re, LNG
maintenan
ce spend
ing is
likely
to see
% CAG
R over
the forec
ast
perio
d as additional
proje
cts come
online.
Desp
ite the cance
llation of the Brow
se
LNG
expo
rt proje
ct in Austr
alia, a numb
er
of LNG
trains
are expected to come
online
throu
gh the forec
ast perio
d. This will drive
dema
nd for the asset
maintenan
ce servic
es
necessitated by the large
capac
ity increase.
But despite stron
g grow
th between 2015-
2019, DW
expect Austr
alasia
to only
accou
nt for % of globa
l plant
mana
geme
nt
expenditure.
Refinery capac
ity to see little increase over
the forec
ast, with only the Marsden Point
proje
ct in New
Zeala
nd expected to have
a
significant
affect
on throu
ghput. As a result,
refine
ry maintenan
ce expenditure is ex-
pecte
d to be predo
minantly driven by cost
inflation, thoug
h there
may be some
impact
from
increased
capac
ity. A simila
r story
is
likely
for petro
chem
icals.
Gas proce
ssing
on the other
hand
should
see relatively stron
g grow
th in maintenan
ce
spend
, as super
major investmen
t drives
capac
ity increases throu
gh the forec
ast.
$ millio
ns
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Asset
Servic
es
Mech
anical
E & I
Fabric
Maint
enanc
e
Rotat
ing Equip
mentProce
ss Equip
ment
Asset
Integr
ity
Consu
ltancy
6
Asset
Manag
emen
t
Integr
ity Servic
es
Total
$ millio
ns
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Refine
ry
Petro
chem
icalsGas Proce
ssing
LNG
Total

Market Forecast 2015-2019energy business insight
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Why purchase the Downstream
Maintenance Market Forecast
Douglas-Westwood’s market forecasting is
trusted by sector players worldwide, with
clients including the world’s top-10 oil & gas
companies, top-10 oilfield services companies
and top-10 private equity firms.
An essential report – for financial institu-
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Unique and proprietary data – updated
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databases for refineries, petrochemicals, gas
processing and LNG, an information system ex-
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provides a metric on which to establish future
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2015 World Downstream Maintenance
Market Forecast
Prospects, Technologies, World Markets
2015-2019

Contents
Table of Contents
1 Summary and Conclusions......................................7
Summary......................................................................................................................................... 8
Conclusions.................................................................................................................................... 9
2 Drivers and Indicators........................................... 10
Population & GDP Growth Drive Energy Demand .............................................................11
Changing Energy Mix..................................................................................................................12
Natural Gas..................................................................................................................................13
LNG...............................................................................................................................................14
Oil – Supply & Demand .............................................................................................................15
Oil Price Volatility.......................................................................................................................16
Refining Margins ..........................................................................................................................17
Downstream Facility Population..............................................................................................18
Refinery Yeild and Petrochemical Output..............................................................................19
Refining Trends & Drivers.........................................................................................................20
Petrochemical Trends & Drivers..............................................................................................21
Gas Processing Trends & Drivers............................................................................................22
LNG Trends & Drivers...............................................................................................................23
Politics and Regulation...............................................................................................................24
3 Market Structure and Methodology .................. 25
Asset Lifecycle.............................................................................................................................26
Asset Services – Definitions .....................................................................................................27
Asset Integrity – Definitions.....................................................................................................28
Supply Chain – Continental Europe........................................................................................29
Supply Chain – North America................................................................................................30
Supply Chain – Middle East.......................................................................................................31
4 Asset Services ......................................................... 32
Methodology: Overview............................................................................................................33
Barriers & Limitations................................................................................................................34
Market Forecast: By Service Line ............................................................................................35
Market Forecast: By Asset Type ..............................................................................................36
Market Forecast: By Region......................................................................................................37
5 Asset Integrity......................................................... 38
Market Forecast: By Service Line ............................................................................................39
Market Forecast: By Asset Type ..............................................................................................40
Market Forecast: By Region......................................................................................................41
6 Regional Summary.................................................. 42
Regional Summary.......................................................................................................................43
Africa.............................................................................................................................................45
Asia ................................................................................................................................................46
Australasia ....................................................................................................................................47
Eastern Europe & FSU................................................................................................................48
Latin America...............................................................................................................................49
Middle East...................................................................................................................................50
North America............................................................................................................................51
Western Europe..........................................................................................................................52
7 Appendix .................................................................. 53
Top 20 Countries .......................................................................................................................54
Data and Text Conventions......................................................................................................55

Contents
Figures
Figure 1: Global Maintenance Expenditure by Region 2010-2019........................................................8
Figure 2: Global Population Growth & Energy Demand, 1965-2035...............................................11
Figure 3: Historic Primary Energy Demand by Region, 1965-2013...................................................11
Figure 4: The Changing Energy Mix 1980-2013...........................................................................................12
Figure 5: Levellised Cost of Energy ($/mwh) ................................................................................................13
Figure 6: Natural Gas Prices ($/mbtu)..............................................................................................................13
Figure 7: LNG Supply by Region (excludes FLNG)...................................................................................14
Figure 8: FLNG Capex ...........................................................................................................................................14
Figure 9: Oil Price & Demand...............................................................................................................................15
Figure 10: World Liquids Production Growth, 2005-2014 ...................................................................15
Figure 11: Historical Brent and WTI Oil Prices, January 2007 – February 2015.........................16
Figure 12: Oil Price to Balance Budgets with Brent at $59 (20 February 2015).......................16
Figure 13: Historic Brent cracking margins relative to Brent oil price (Jan 08 – Feb 15) .......17
Figure 14: Global Downstream Population 2009-2018...........................................................................18
Figure 15: US Refinery Yield 2014......................................................................................................................19
Figure 16: Petrochemical Feedstocks and Outputs....................................................................................19
Figure 17: Global Oil Refinery Utilisation........................................................................................................20
Figure 18: Global Refining Capacity in 2014 and 2019 ...........................................................................20
Figure 19: Global Petrochemical Price Index 2009-2015........................................................................21
Figure 20: Global Petrochemical Capacity in 2014 and 2019 .............................................................21
Figure 21: Global Gas Processing Capacity in 2014 and 2019 ...........................................................22
Figure 22: LNG Demand Outlook 2005-2030.............................................................................................23
Figure 23: Global LNG Capacity in 2014 and 2019 .................................................................................23
Figure 24: Asset Service Expenditure by Service Line 2010-2019.....................................................35
Figure 25: Asset Service Expenditure by Service Line 2010-2014 and 2015-2019...................35
Figure 26: Asset Service Expenditure by Asset Type 2010-2019 .......................................................36
Figure 27: Asset Service Expenditure by Asset Type 2010-2014 and 2015-2019.....................36
Figure 28: Asset Service Expenditure by Region 2010-2019................................................................37
Figure 29: Asset Service Expenditure by Region 2010-2014 and 2015-2019..............................37
Figure 30: Asset Integrity Expenditure by Service Line 2010-2019...................................................39
Figure 31: Asset Integrity Expenditure by Service Line 2010-2014 and 2015-2019.................39
Figure 32: Asset Integrity Expenditure by Asset Type 2010-2019 .....................................................40
Figure 33: Asset Integrity Expenditure by Asset Type 2010-2014 and 2015-2019...................40
Figure 34: Asset Integrity Expenditure by Region 2010-2019..............................................................41
Figure 35: Asset Integrity Expenditure by Region 2010-2014 and 2015-2019............................41
Figure 36: Global Maintenance Expenditure 2010-2019.........................................................................44
Figure 37: Maintenance Expenditure in Africa 2010-2019.....................................................................45
Figure 38: Maintenance Expenditure in Asia 2010-2019.........................................................................46
Figure 39: Maintenance Expenditure in Australasia 2010-2019...........................................................47
Figure 40: Maintenance Expenditure in EE & FSU 2010-2019.............................................................48
Figure 41: Maintenance Expenditure in Latin America 2010-2019....................................................49
Figure 42: Maintenance Expenditure in Middle East 2010-2019.........................................................50
Figure 43: Maintenance Expenditure in North America 2010-2019.................................................51
Figure 44: Maintenance Expenditure in Western Europe 2010-2019..............................................52

Contents
Tables
Table 1: Primary Energy Demand Growth by Region...............................................................................11
Table 2: Asset Service Expenditure by Service Line 2014-2019..........................................................35
Table 3: Asset Service Expenditure by Asset Type 2014-2019............................................................36
Table 4: Asset Service Expenditure by Region 2014-2019.....................................................................37
Table 5: Asset Integrity Expenditure by Service Line 2014-2019........................................................39
Table 6: Asset Integrity Expenditure by Asset Type 2014-2019..........................................................40
Table 7: Asset Integrity Expenditure by Region 2014-2019...................................................................41
Table 8: Global Maintenance Expenditure 2014-2019.............................................................................44
Table 9: Global Forecast Maintenance Expenditure by Asset Type & Service Line 2015-1944
Table 10: Maintenance Expenditure in Africa by Service Line 2014-2019.....................................45
Table 11: Maintenance Expenditure in Africa by Asset Type 2014-2019 .......................................45
Table 12: Maintenance Expenditure in Asia by Service Line 2014-2019.........................................46
Table 13: Maintenance Expenditure in Asia by Asset Type 2014-2019...........................................46
Table 14: Maintenance Expenditure in Australasia by Service Line 2014-2019...........................47
Table 15: Maintenance Expenditure in Australasia by Asset Type 2014-2019.............................47
Table 16: Maintenance Expenditure in EE & FSU by Service Line 2014-2019.............................48
Table 17: Maintenance Expenditure in EE & FSU by Asset Type 2014-2019 ...............................48
Table 18: Maintenance Expenditure in Latin America by Service Line 2014-2019....................49
Table 19: Maintenance Expenditure in Latin America by Asset Type 2014-2019......................49
Table 20: Maintenance Expenditure in Middle East by Service Line 2014-2019.........................50
Table 21: Maintenance Expenditure in Middle East by Asset Type 2014-2019...........................50
Table 22: Maintenance Expenditure in North America by Service Line 2014-2019.................51
Table 23: Maintenance Expenditure in North America by Asset Type 2014-2019...................51
Table 24: Maintenance Expenditure in Western Europe by Service Line 2014-2019..............52
Table 25: Maintenance Expenditure in Western Europe by Asset Type 2014-2019................52
Table 26: Top 20 Countries – Refining Maintenance Expenditure 2015 & 2019........................54
Table 27: Top 20 Countries – Petrochemical Maintenance Expenditure 2015 & 2019 ..........54
Table 28: Top 20 Countries – Gas Processing Expenditure 2015 & 2019.....................................54
Table 29: Top 20 Countries – LNG Expenditure 2015 & 2019...........................................................54

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