For physiotherapy student study purpose

2.  Disorders of ovulation-Anovulation/ Oligoovulation
 Disorders of cycle length- Oligomenorrhea (Light or
Infrequent Menstruation)
 Disorders of flow- Amenorrhea (Absence of
Menstruation)/ Menorrhagia (Heavy Bleeding)
 Dysmenorrhea- Painful Cramps

3.  Cysts are not harmful but lead to hormone
imbalances. The ovary is enlarged; and it
produces excessive amounts of androgen and
estrogenic hormones.
 Genetics may be a factor
 Acne, hair on face and body(hyper
androgenism) increased BP
 Weight gain, irregular periods.
 Regular exercise, healthy foods, and weight
control

4.  Associated conditions include type 2
diabetes, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea,
heart disease, mood disorders, and
endometrial cancer.
 Diagnosis is based on two of the following
three findings: no ovulation, high androgen
levels, and ovarian cysts.
 PCOS is the most common endocrine disorder
among women between the ages of 18 and
44.

5.  PMS is a term commonly used
to describe a wide variety of
physical and psychological
symptoms associated with
the menstrual cycle. About
30 to 40 percent of women
experience symptoms severe
enough to disrupt their
lifestyles.
 Symptoms of PMS may
increase in severity following
each pregnancy and may
worsen with age until they
stop at menopause.
 Premenstrual dysphoric
disorder (PMDD) is a more
severe form of PMS that has
greater psychological
symptoms
Symptoms :
 bloating
 swollen, painful breasts
 fatigue
 constipation
 headaches
 clumsiness
 anger
 anxiety or confusion
 mood swings and tension
 crying and depression
 inability to concentrate

6.  Symptoms may be worsened by a high-salt
diet, alcohol, or caffeine.
 The National Institute of Mental Health
research definition compares the intensity of
symptoms from cycle days 5 to 10 to the six-
day interval before the onset of the
menstrual period. To qualify as PMS,
symptom intensity must increase at least 30%
in the six days before menstruation.
Additionally, this pattern must be
documented for at least two consecutive
cycles.

7.  Calendar of Premenstrual syndrome
Experiences (COPE)
 Prospective Record of the Impact and
Severity of Menstruation (PRISM)
 Visual Analogue Scales (VAS)

8.  Reducing salt, caffeine, and stress along with
increasing exercise is typically all that is
recommended in those with mild symptoms.
 Calcium and vitamin D supplementation
 naproxen
 SSRIs- fluoxetine, sertraline .
 Hormonal contraception
 vitamin B6 and chaste berry

9.  Painful periods, or menstrual cramps during
menstruation
 uterine fibroids, adenomyosis, or
endometriosis may be the causes.
 Nausea and vomiting, diarrhea or
constipation, headache, dizziness,
disorientation, hypersensitivity to sound,
light, smell and touch, fainting, and fatigue.
 Types- Primary/secondary dysmenorrhea

10.  Transdermal nitroglycerin
 Omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, vitamin B6
 Lower dose of combined oral contraceptive
pills
 IUDs
 NSAIDs
 Behavioural therapies
 TENS