This document examines the effects of job-related stress on law enforcement personnel. It discusses the physical, emotional, psychological, and social problems officers may experience due to stressors like violence, death, and trauma on the job. Job stress can cause health issues, absenteeism, burnout, and even PTSD. While women tend to experience more anxiety and depression from trauma, men are more likely to abuse alcohol. Social support from family, counseling, and exercise can help reduce stress. An officer's well-being is critical to their ability to perform their duties and support community health.
The Relationship between Aggressive Behaviour and Social-Psychological Adjust...Rula alsawalqa
This article aims to detect the relationship between aggressive
behaviour and social-psychological adjustment in students from the
Faculty of Sports Education, and to identify differences in aggressive
behaviour and social-psychological adjustment in accordance with
(gender and academic level) variables. The scale of aggressive
behaviour and social-psychological adjustment were distributed to
(80) undergraduate students in the Department of Physical Education
at An-Najah National University. The study results suggest that the
average level of aggressive behaviour amongst students was (2.79),
while the level of social-psychological compatibility was high at
(3.72). Moreover, the findings reveal that there is a close relationship
between social and psychological adjustment and aggressive behaviour
in students. Additionally, the variables of gender and academic level
have no effect on the level of aggressive behaviour and socialpsychological adjustment of students.
Emotional labour, social intelligence, and narcissism among physicians in JordanRula alsawalqa
Although many studies have investigated relationships between emotional labour and
emotional intelligence among hospital staff, few have paid attention to social intelligence in
this field. This study explored the relationships between emotional labour, social intelligence,
and narcissism among physicians in governmental hospitals in Jordan. The goal was to
improve the understanding of the causes of patients abusing physicians in Jordan. Some
patients have maintained that physicians are responsible for hostile behaviour against them,
as these resulted from medical errors, physician negligence, and a failure to provide adequate
care, exacerbated by physician narcissism, lack of empathy, verbal miscommunication, and
lack of sympathy in critical cases. Findings confirmed that whenever physicians engage in
strategies of emotional labour, they display higher social intelligence and lower levels of
narcissism. Moreover, social intelligence does not mediate the relationship between emotional labour and narcissism. The results of the study suggest that interventions by the Jordan
Medical Association to reduce physical and verbal assaults on physicians should encompass
more than a mere legal focus.
Pandemics deeply affect individuals and societies and create radical changes in their lives. With the
disruption of a habitual order, individuals and societies are exposed to social, physical, economic,
psychological, political and
Jordanian Men's Experience of Emotional Abuse in Marital Relationships: The R...Rula alsawalqa
Though emotional abuse is one of the worst and most common types of intimate partner violence, it has not been investigated in Arabic literature. Thus, this study explored the prevalence of emotional abuse among married Jordanian men. Furthermore, the moderating roles of marriage length, marriage motivation, age, and area in the path to emotional abuse were investigated. An online survey was conducted using a random sample of Jordanian married men in Amman. A total of 1,003 participants with an average age of 42.51 and a marital relationship duration ranging from 1 to 53 years were selected. The results revealed that isolation was the most prevalent emotional abuse domain, followed by degradation, property damage, and sexual coercion. However, all emotional abuse domains were more prevalent among rural rather than urban men, in both traditional and love marriages. Emotional abuse was higher among men who married for love. Younger men reported experiencing higher emotional abuse levels, which declined with age and increasing marriage length. Further research is required to explore the nature of emotional abuse forms and their underlying reasons among married men, as differences in sociodemographic characteristics could affect the identification and understanding of emotional abuse and contribute to developing an intellectual framework capable of finding solutions for abusive marital relations in the Jordanian context.
The Relationship between Aggressive Behaviour and Social-Psychological Adjust...Rula alsawalqa
This article aims to detect the relationship between aggressive
behaviour and social-psychological adjustment in students from the
Faculty of Sports Education, and to identify differences in aggressive
behaviour and social-psychological adjustment in accordance with
(gender and academic level) variables. The scale of aggressive
behaviour and social-psychological adjustment were distributed to
(80) undergraduate students in the Department of Physical Education
at An-Najah National University. The study results suggest that the
average level of aggressive behaviour amongst students was (2.79),
while the level of social-psychological compatibility was high at
(3.72). Moreover, the findings reveal that there is a close relationship
between social and psychological adjustment and aggressive behaviour
in students. Additionally, the variables of gender and academic level
have no effect on the level of aggressive behaviour and socialpsychological adjustment of students.
Emotional labour, social intelligence, and narcissism among physicians in JordanRula alsawalqa
Although many studies have investigated relationships between emotional labour and
emotional intelligence among hospital staff, few have paid attention to social intelligence in
this field. This study explored the relationships between emotional labour, social intelligence,
and narcissism among physicians in governmental hospitals in Jordan. The goal was to
improve the understanding of the causes of patients abusing physicians in Jordan. Some
patients have maintained that physicians are responsible for hostile behaviour against them,
as these resulted from medical errors, physician negligence, and a failure to provide adequate
care, exacerbated by physician narcissism, lack of empathy, verbal miscommunication, and
lack of sympathy in critical cases. Findings confirmed that whenever physicians engage in
strategies of emotional labour, they display higher social intelligence and lower levels of
narcissism. Moreover, social intelligence does not mediate the relationship between emotional labour and narcissism. The results of the study suggest that interventions by the Jordan
Medical Association to reduce physical and verbal assaults on physicians should encompass
more than a mere legal focus.
Pandemics deeply affect individuals and societies and create radical changes in their lives. With the
disruption of a habitual order, individuals and societies are exposed to social, physical, economic,
psychological, political and
Jordanian Men's Experience of Emotional Abuse in Marital Relationships: The R...Rula alsawalqa
Though emotional abuse is one of the worst and most common types of intimate partner violence, it has not been investigated in Arabic literature. Thus, this study explored the prevalence of emotional abuse among married Jordanian men. Furthermore, the moderating roles of marriage length, marriage motivation, age, and area in the path to emotional abuse were investigated. An online survey was conducted using a random sample of Jordanian married men in Amman. A total of 1,003 participants with an average age of 42.51 and a marital relationship duration ranging from 1 to 53 years were selected. The results revealed that isolation was the most prevalent emotional abuse domain, followed by degradation, property damage, and sexual coercion. However, all emotional abuse domains were more prevalent among rural rather than urban men, in both traditional and love marriages. Emotional abuse was higher among men who married for love. Younger men reported experiencing higher emotional abuse levels, which declined with age and increasing marriage length. Further research is required to explore the nature of emotional abuse forms and their underlying reasons among married men, as differences in sociodemographic characteristics could affect the identification and understanding of emotional abuse and contribute to developing an intellectual framework capable of finding solutions for abusive marital relations in the Jordanian context.
A qualitative study to investigate male victims’ experiences of female-perpet...Rula alsawalqa
Battered husband syndrome has not been investigated in an Arab context, despite evidence of a significant increase in violence against men by women. This study investigated male victims’ experiences of female-perpetrated domestic abuse in Jordan using a qualitative exploratory descriptive approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 33 married men from Amman and analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Five themes were identified: 1. causes of domestic abuse against men; 2. types of domestic abuse against men; 3. effects of domestic abuse against men; 4. men’s perception of reducing or stopping abuse by their wives; and 5. abusive wives’ characteristics. Participants experienced psychological, emotional and verbal abuse, coercive control, emotional neglect, and physical violence with varying degrees of severity, which affected both them and their families. Abusive wives used numerous tactics, including sex, children, isolation, and money to enable abuse. Moreover, clan and traditional thinking, societal structures, and norms led participants to divorce, stay in an abusive relationship, or use violence against their wives. The leading causes of abuse against the husband were wives’ neglecting the house, children, appearance, and personal hygiene; wasting money; wives’ family interfering in the couple’s private marital affairs; the wife’s betrayal; and traditional thinking. New perspectives toward domestic abuse in Jordan need to be developed to help us better understand the nature of abuse against men, provide resources and support for them, reduce the prevalence of domestic abuse, and protect Jordanian families.
Online Crisis Management + Case Studies - Elkottab WorkshopAhmed Maher
Online Crisis Management + Case Studies - Elkottab Workshopز
Please note that this presentation was designed to fit into a workshop, so not everything written in the slides, just headlines & less descriptions.
If you wish to have more explanations please don't hesitate to contact me as shown on my profile here.
A qualitative study to investigate male victims’ experiences of female-perpet...Rula alsawalqa
Battered husband syndrome has not been investigated in an Arab context, despite evidence of a significant increase in violence against men by women. This study investigated male victims’ experiences of female-perpetrated domestic abuse in Jordan using a qualitative exploratory descriptive approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 33 married men from Amman and analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Five themes were identified: 1. causes of domestic abuse against men; 2. types of domestic abuse against men; 3. effects of domestic abuse against men; 4. men’s perception of reducing or stopping abuse by their wives; and 5. abusive wives’ characteristics. Participants experienced psychological, emotional and verbal abuse, coercive control, emotional neglect, and physical violence with varying degrees of severity, which affected both them and their families. Abusive wives used numerous tactics, including sex, children, isolation, and money to enable abuse. Moreover, clan and traditional thinking, societal structures, and norms led participants to divorce, stay in an abusive relationship, or use violence against their wives. The leading causes of abuse against the husband were wives’ neglecting the house, children, appearance, and personal hygiene; wasting money; wives’ family interfering in the couple’s private marital affairs; the wife’s betrayal; and traditional thinking. New perspectives toward domestic abuse in Jordan need to be developed to help us better understand the nature of abuse against men, provide resources and support for them, reduce the prevalence of domestic abuse, and protect Jordanian families.
Online Crisis Management + Case Studies - Elkottab WorkshopAhmed Maher
Online Crisis Management + Case Studies - Elkottab Workshopز
Please note that this presentation was designed to fit into a workshop, so not everything written in the slides, just headlines & less descriptions.
If you wish to have more explanations please don't hesitate to contact me as shown on my profile here.
Literature Review (Review of Related Literature - Research Methodology)Dilip Barad
Literature Review or Review of Related Literature is one of the most vital stages in any research. This presentation attempts to throw some light on the process and important aspects of literature review.
Emotional burnout of the most important psychosocial phenomena which has roots Grounded in social
relations—reactions in social interactions—especially in
the work environment, and it goes beyond mental health
by focusing on specific stressors in the workplace to
emphasize total life and environmental pressures affecting
health. This article examines and reveals the levels of
Emotional Burnout among working wives, and how this
relates to the demographic dimension. For this purpose,
the general social surveying method was used to collect
data. T
FACTORS CAUSING STRESS AMONG FEMALE DOCTORS (A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN SELE...Editor Jacotech
It is an important task of working women to handle two
important tasks. Balancing these two roles at home and
work is very challenging task and causes stress at different
levels. Different dimension of working women’s life
involves in evolving the stress in working women’s life.
These stresses cause the imbalance at the front of and
handling family responsibility. In the current scenario,
doctors face many stressors that are peculiar to the medical
profession and doctors are required to have more
competencies than before in diagnosis ongoing
management of medical conditions. This means increased
responsibilities which may contribute to stress. Stress
experienced at work can have adverse outcomes for the
well-being of individual employees and organization as
whole. My study is focusing on identifying the factors
causing stress among female doctors working for public
and private hospitals and their stress levels associations
with respect to sector. A sample of 300 female doctors
from urban area participated in this study. Out of this, 150
each are from public and private hospitals respectively. A
self-made standardized tool was administered based on five
point scale. Results indicates that the values were found to
be 0.000 in all the cases except, psychosomatic problems
(0.004) which is lesser than (0.05) p-value resulting into
rejection of null hypotheses , consequently revealing an
association between sector of female doctors and stress due
to workload, working condition, physical exertion,
emotional exhaustion, job security, organizational support,
work family conflict, family adjustment, task demands,
psychosomatic problems, patient’s expectation and working
hours.
Employee well-being has a broad impact, such as on the school performance of children of working parents and on the
U.S. economy as a whole. We discuss that work, when organized and managed in certain ways, can produce various positive individual and societal benefits. The paper closes with a discussion of how governmental and organizational policies can promote well-being and, in turn, bring about these gains.
http://www.siop.org/SIOP-SHRM/2017_02_SHRM-SIOP_Employee_Well-being.pdf
There has been lot of debate on the reasons of stress experienced in organizations; consequently it has been realized that stress at workplace brings damages in terms of health of employees, work accidents, poor productivity and staff turnover. Now a days workrelated stress is an area of major concern and research in the behavioral sciences. Work- relates can be linked to physical and psychological health problems among people. The present study is an attempt to find out the difference in work-stressors among the workforces of BPO sector and Educational Institutes. The data was gathered from Delhi, Noida, Gurgaon and Ghaziabad. A sample of 400 respondents was considered for study. Only 375 respondents returned the filled form. Random convenient sampling technique was used to collect the data. Work-stressors scale identified by Cooper (1986) was used to measure work-related stressors and the results revealed that there is no significant difference among the workforces of both sector on the basis of work related stressors.
Running Head: LITERATURE REVIEW
LITERATURE REVIEW 2
Improving Comprehensive Care for OEF and OIF Vets (Literature Review)
Ashlie Burnett
DHA 8015
5/24/15
As discussed by Vilens and Sher (2010), Post-traumatic stress disorder can be described as a psychological disorder that occurs due to exposure to frightening, stressful or distressing events. The dominant events that can lead to a person getting this disorder involve serious road accidents, prolonged violence or sexual abuse, terrorist attacks and military combat. The PTSD can develop immediately or after some time after an exposure to these events. Essentially, it has grown into a major concern since its diagnosis has become more difficult. Moreover, the patients with PTSD are diagnosed only after the manifested symptoms have persisted for more than one month. The patients at this time tend to show functionality impairment. It is crucial to improve the quality of comprehensive care that is administered to these patients; particularly the OEF and OIF veterans since they are the majority of those who suffer (Vilens & Sher, 2010).
The OEF and OIF veterans are known to be the most recognizable PTSD population. This is because during the First World War, it was hypothesized that the physiological damage to people was caused by the exploding shells with high air pressure. This was later renamed as the “shell shock” (Miller, 2000). With years passing by, the percentage of the population suffering from PTSD drastically increased. It is crucial that the clinicians and the health care providers accurately diagnose PTSD and administer proper treatment method since this will aid the patient to have a control over the physiological and psychological reaction to a stressful event encountered. Moreover, the appropriate referral of patients to the mental health facilities and well trained professionals plays a major role in their recovery process (Miller, 2000).
According to Yahyavi et al. (2014), post-traumatic stress disorder is a normal response mechanism by the body system. It is the psychopathological response to any strange stressors to the normal body functioning. Majorly, it is characterized by constant re-experience of distress, insistent avoidance of anything that is associated with a traumatic event and the individual at the same time tend to have constant psychological and physiological arousal. Personal vulnerability and severe trauma are the essential components of PTSD development. Essentially, an individual’s levels of vulnerability play a crucial role towards the development of PTSD. This is often influenced by the biological factors such as the hormonal patterns and the autonomic nervous system. Additionally, it is influenced by psychological factors that are majorly characterized by a cognitive schema (Yahyavi et al., 2014).
The war experience that the veterans face not only includes injury to oneself and threats, but also includes the acts performance that usually tran.
The Influence of Organisational Citizenship Behaviour, Job Engagement and Soc...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Comparing stress levels in female doctors of selected public and private sect...Tapasya123
The health care industries have experienced profound changes, during the
past several decades. Doctors in health care profession and a major
component of health care delivery system is significantly affected by
changes in health care industry. Thus, they undergo tremendous stress in
their occupational life as well as their personal life. The present study was
aimed to focus to measure level of stress in female doctors of public and
private sector hospitals. For the present study, total sample was taken as
300 female doctors from public and private sector hospitals. Convenient
sampling technique was used to collect data through standardised selfmade
questionnaire. The result indicates that female doctors were working
in private sector hospitals are more stressed than female doctors were
working in public sector hospitals.
Stress and Emotional Bases, investigating the Effectiveness of Emotional Inte...QUESTJOURNAL
Introduction: Specific occupational environments such as mining activities are the source of various stressors. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of emotional intelligence training on job stress of the employees of GolGohar Mining and Industrial Company in Sirjan, Kerman. Method: A quasi-experimental design with pretest and posttest was used and 86 employees of GolGohar Mining and Industrial Company in Sirjan were selected using the stratified random sampling method and were divided into two groups of treatment and control. Experimental group received training protocol of ten sessions of 90 minutes and the control group was inserted in the waiting list. Structured clinical interview, demographic questionnaire, Bar-On emotional intelligence questionnaire and job stress questionnaire were used for data collection. Chi-square test and analysis of covariance were used for data analysis. Results: Data analysis showed that emotional intelligence training intervention on the components of workload, perceived incompetence, duplicity, restrictions and responsibilities has played a significant effectiveness (p<0.01).><0.01). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest the effectiveness of emotional intelligence training on occupational stress index. This finding can be taken into consideration in planning of the preventive and therapeutic interventions.
Promoting occupational stress management for a small office (final)Katrina Brown
The prevalence of stress throughout human civilization is a developing concern. Many are admittedly over-stressed in the workplace and studies have shown that stressful work environments lead to employee health problems and negative attitudes.Through my examination, I learned how to design a customized stress management program for employees by using an assessment of environmental stressors, health behavior limitations, and business culture.
Running head LITERATURE REVIEW-POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER .docxwlynn1
Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW-POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 1
LITERATURE REVIEW-POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 8
Literature Review-Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Amber Hope
Argosy University
Literature Review-Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Introduction
Using Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory in this situation creates relevance towards approaches employed to manage post-traumatic stress disorder. The theory is a framework and approach that looks into satisfying needs for positive mental and physical development. The steps are met before one move to above steps. The needs include physiological, self-esteem, love & belonging, safety & security, love & belonging, and self-actualization. The above factors are considered critical for the methods employed in dealing with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Brummelte & Galea, 2016). The model is essential in identifying the effects of PTSD on battered women, parenting of youths, the mental status of pregnant mothers, and factors that lead to future criminality among youths.
The Jungian theory is also being looked at in dealing with PTSD because of its capacity, just like the Hierarchy of Needs theory, in bridging the relationship between the mind and social developments. The situation discusses PTSD as a problem in limiting positivity in mental and physical health (Brown, 2017). The society may not work without a stable mental status. Therefore, it is essential to study the relationship between PTSD and health. This is with a focus on mood, behavioral traits, health, and another health status.
Literature Review of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Baumeister, Vohs, Aaker, & Garbinsky (2013) argue that an organism possesses a positive life depending on its capacity to maintain an internal milieu amidst challenges in its environment. Brummelte & Galea, (2016) supports the above factor by calling it homeostasis. Stress is seen as a factor that changes the homeostasis of organisms negatively. Adamsons & Johnson (2013) presents the various stakeholders who are affected by PTSD. Among them include women, children, and male adults. However, women, children, and youths are the ones that experience the problem the most. Adamsons & Johnson (2013) shows that a stressor derived from the PTSD condition acts as a threat to the life of anyone in the world. PTSD has evolved for many decades depending on the changing nature of society and modern society. Stress response also continues to undergo evolution to acquire its adaptive processes.
Dziwota, Stepulak, Włoszczak-Szubzda, & Olajossy (2018) presents data relating to prolonged response towards stress. The situation appears as the one which influences the development of tissue damages and the occurrence of illnesses. The situation is seen to invoke coping mechanisms and responses between human and animals depending on the nature of the threats they perceive to affect their liv.
The Moderating Role of Self-Determination in.docxdennisa15
The Moderating Role of Self-Determination in the relationship between high job
demand, organisational and psychological health outcomes
Student’s name: XXX
Student’s ID:
Tutor’s name: XXX
Tutorial date and time: XXX
Abstract
High job demand iscommonly associated with increased levels of stress, burnout and negative organisational outcomes especially among workers in the agricultural industry. According to the Job Demand Resources (JD-R) model, resources provide a buffer against the negative effects of high job demands. One such resource that shows promise in negating the effects of high job demands is individuals’ selfdetermination. Research has shown that individuals who possess high levels of selfdetermination are less likely to exhibit negative psychological and organisational outcomes. However, while autonomy among the agricultural workforce is highly prized, less is known wherher different elements of self-determination will moderate the relationships between high job demand and organisational outcomes as well as psychological outcomes among high workload agricultural workers. Thus, this study will examine the moderating role of self-determination (e.g., autonomy, competence and relatedness) in the relationship between high job demand, psychological health as well as organisational health outcomes among agricultural workers in Australia.
The agriculture industry is characterised by an autonomous working environment. Despite this, significant job stressors such as high workload pervade the industry due to the requirement to tend to animals and crops at various hours of the day and night (Australian Safety and Compensation Council, 2006). Consequently, many agriculture workers suffered high levels of stress and burnout. According to the Job-Demand Resources (JD-R) model, high job demands include any psychological, organisational, social and physical aspects of a job that require sustained physical and psychological effort (Demerouti, Bakker, Nachreiner, & Schaufeli, 2001). For instance, high workload has been cited as a job demand that incurs significant psychological and organisational (Schaufeli, & Bakker, 2004) costs, such as stress and burnout (Bakker, Demerouti, & Euwema, 2005). Research has also found that excessive workload can lend itself to low levels of effective work behaviours such as lack of helpful behaviours towards colleagues (Eatough, Chang, Miloslavic, & Johnson, 2011).
Stress is a physiological and psychological arousal that causes significant strain on employees (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2004). The JD-R model posits that depletion of psychological and physical resources results in occupational stress when demands exceed an individual’s resource to deal with those demands (Bakker & Demerouti, 2007). Similarly, Folkman and Lazarus (1984) propose that stress occurs when an individual perceives environmental stressors as threatening and fails to believe they have the resources to cope. Stress and .
1. With Duty Comes Hardship:
The Effects of Job Related Stress
on Law Enforcement Personnel
Kelsey B. Gillingham
October 23, 2010
PSY492: Advanced General Psychology
Instructor: Mary Viventi
Argosy University
2. Abstract
This paper reviews research and various reports in literature concerning
the job related stressors that law enforcement personnel encounter on a
daily basis. It focuses primarily on specific physical, emotional,
psychological and social problems that result from job related stressors
encountered within law enforcement. It takes into consideration gender
differences and methods in reducing stress that incorporate the inclusion
of intimate relationship, counseling, and exercise. It explores current gaps
in research and literature that address the specific job related stressor,
which events or incidents are most likely to cause significant stress within
an officer; as well as variations in culture, religion, and race. Job related
stress can play a huge role not only in the individual officer’s life and well
being but also in the overall well-being of the community that the individual
serves. This paper examines the ways in which job related stress
negatively effects law enforcement personnel and why such factors are
important.
3. Introduction
Today’s modern world is saturated with unfortunate and horrific
acts of violence, terrorism, abuse, sexual assaults, child neglect,
kidnapping, torture and tragic deaths.
It is the awful truth that people in our world frequently kill,
murder, torture, rape, molest, sodomize, shoot, stab, rob,
burglarize, trick, deceive, neglect, and steal from each other; as a
means of enjoyment, self fulfillment, greed, lust, ignorance and
even necessity.
Crime would take over our world completely if it were not for
the efforts of law enforcement and the criminal justice system.
4. In close comparison to the military; law enforcement is currently
considered to be one of the most dangerous, stressful and health-
threatening occupations (Tanigoshi, Kontos, and Remley Jr, 2008).
5. “Policing is psychologically stressful work, filled with danger, high
demands, human misery and exposure to death (Page, 2010).”
(After Collapse of Worlds Trade Center)
6. These job related stressors
within law enforcement have
a negative effect on officers
and cause significant physical,
emotional, social and
psychological problems that
can negatively impact their
life and their ability to
perform their job effectively.
7. Physical Symptoms
* Research has shown that the stressors
related to law enforcement can lead to
physical and psychosomatic conditions;
such as ulcers and headaches, as well as
negative psychological states such as
burnout, depression, anger and
frustration (Burke, 1998).
* Research has also shown a link
between job related stress in officers
and burnout, negative attitudes towards
people, life, and work, as well as
coronary heart disease, hypertension,
and ulcers (Li-Ping Tang and
Hammontree, 1992).
8. Social Effects
* Research has shown that the
stressors encountered within law
enforcement can lead to a
deteriorating work performance
known as absenteeism (Burke,
1998). Li-Ping Tang and
Hammontree (1992) report that
approximately 70 percent of all
work related absenteeism is linked
to stress-related illnesses.
* Often times, officers may feel torn
between their commitment to their
professional duties and their
responsibility and loyalty to their
families (Shaffer, 2010).
9. Emotional Effects
* First responders (such as law
enforcement officers) to incidents
involving “destruction to physical
property, violence, or death
commonly experience high levels
of trauma-related stress, a
circumstance that often results in
associated emotional suffering and
social problems (Chopko &
Schwartz, 2009).”
* Mann and Neece (1990) state that,
many officers exposed to such job
related stressors develop Post-
Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
and similar stress-related problems.
10. Psychological Effects
• Research has shown that the stressors
encountered within law enforcement
can lead to negative psychological
states that include depression, anger,
frustration and burnout (Burke, 1998).
• Research has shown that, as a “result of
such cognitive distortions, emergency
care workers may also become self-
destructive and predisposed to
increased violence and antisocial
behavior (Shaffer, 2010).”
• If an officer’s work related stress is not
managed properly, studies have shown
that it can cause them to become prone
to depression, alcoholism, anxiety
disorders and burnout; all of which may
increase their risk for committing
suicide (Ramos, 2010).
11. Differences in Gender
A study on the effects of job related
stress in law enforcement and fire
fighters determined that gender may in
fact influence the development of an
officer’s psychopathology after a
traumatic event has occurred (Shaffer, 2010).
Women experience a higher rate of
anxiety, depression and somatic
complaints as a result to trauma
exposure, whereas men are reported to
have a higher incidence of alcohol and
drug abuse as a result (Shaffer, 2010).
women have twice the rate of PTSD
that men have after witnessing or
experiencing a critical incident and
they are more vulnerable to developing
it, because they perceive that their lives
are more stressful than those of men
(Shaffer, 2010).
12. Differences in Race
The correlation between stress, race and
gender, both white and African-American
women were reported to have higher
levels of stress than white men, however
for unknown reasons; African-American
men showed much lower levels of stress
than white men (Page, 2010).
Although African-American men appear
to experience lower levels of stress
overall, they do tend to exhibit higher
levels of burn out then white men (Page,
2010).
13. Lasting Effects
Problems that an officer may have as a result of
exposure to a critical incident or disaster in the line
of duty can range from, “those that are transient and
self-correcting to those that are "longer-term,
incapacitating, and meet the criteria for a
psychological or psychiatric disorder" (Shaffer,
2010).
The health and mental and emotional state of law
enforcement officers can effect the officer’s ability
to do their job effectively, keep their partners safe,
and the overall performance and liability of the
specific agency.
Shaffer (2010) appropriately describes that,
“emotional conflicts and feelings of anger, hatred,
and intense apprehension reduce emergency care
workers' ability to respond effectively, even as they
often put their personal safety in jeopardy and ignore
personal risk while attempting to help victims
(Shaffer, 2010).”
(After Collapse of Worlds Trade Center)
14. More Lasting Effects
The health and mental and emotional states of law enforcement officers is a
critical factor in the officer’s ability to carryout their job related functions
within the community and can drastically effect the wellbeing of society as a
whole.
Job related stress can play a huge role in not only an officer’s life and well-
being but also the overall well-being of the community that the individual
serves.
15. Reducing Stress with Relationships
Support from loved ones, family,
friends, co-workers or an intimate
partner can greatly effect the
amount of impact that job related
stressors have on an officer
(Shaffer, 2010).
Studies have shown that
involvement in a significant
emotional relationship may
influence the degree to which one
receives effective emotional
support, which may lessen
symptoms of stress and depression,
regardless of gender (Shaffer,
2010).
16. Reducing Stress with Counseling/DebriefingReducing Stress with Counseling/Debriefing
“An important consideration for
counselors working with
emergency care workers is that, in
order to be successful at their
career, emergency care workers
may often shut down their emotions
(Shaffer, 2010).”
Debriefing can be used as a means
of addressing the event from a
“tactical” stand point, where their
actions are explained and then their
feelings regarding their actions and
the overall result of the incident.
17. Reducing Stress with Exercise
Research has shown that officers
who participate regularly in circuit
weight-training have a significant
increase in strength on
cardiovascular fitness, as well as
significant improvements in mood,
decreases in somatization, anxiety,
depression, and hostility (Norvelle
& Bells, 1993).
Additionally, officers who
participated in the circuit weight
training also had a decrease in
reports of physical symptoms and
improvements in their overall job
satisfaction (Norvelle & Belles,
1993).
18. To Sum it Up…
An officer’s physical, emotional, social, and psychological health
is a critical component in the officer’s ability to effectively do
their job and to protect and serve the community.
19. References
Burke, R. J. (1998). Work and Non-Work Stressors and Well-Being Among Police
Officers: The Role of Coping. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, Vol. 11. No. 4 (1). 345-362.
Chopko, B. A. and Schwartz, R. C. (2009). The Relation Between Mindfulness and
Posttraumatic Growth: A Study of First Responders to Trauma-Inducing Incidents. Journal
of Mental Health Counseling, Vol. 31, No. 4 (1). 363-376.
Li-Ping Tang, T. and Hammontree, M. L. (1992). The Effects of Hardiness, Police Stress,
and Life Stress on Police Officers' Illness and Absenteeism. Public Personnel
Management, Winter 1992, Vol. 21, No.4 (1). 493-510.
Mann, J. P. and Neece, J. (1990). Workers' Compensation for Law Enforcement Related
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, Vol. 8 (1). 447-456.
Norvelle, N. and Belles, D. (1993). Psychological and Physical Benefits of Circuit
Weight Training in Law Enforcement Personnel. American Psychological Association.
Journal Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 61, No. 3 (1). 520-527.
Page, D. (2010). Surviving Law Enforcement. Law Enforcement Technology, February
2010, Vol. 37(2). 26-32.
Ramos, O. (2010). Police Suicide Are You at Risk? FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, May
2010, Vol. 21 (3). 21-23.
Shaffer, T. J. (2010). A Comparison of Firefighters and Police Officers: The Influence of
Gender and Relationship Status. American Counseling Association’s Adultspan Journal;
Alexandria: Spring 2010, Vol. 9 (1). 36-50.
Editor's Notes
Module 7; Assignment 2: Review Paper – Power Point Presentation
Law enforcement personnel (or peace officers) are persons who have attended a Peace Officer Standard Training (POST) certified basic academy and graduated successfully with their POST certificate. Peace officers can include Police Officers, Deputy Sheriffs, (California) Highway Patrol, state/federal Marshal, State Park Ranger, District Attorney Investigator, FBI Agent, ATF agent, Department of Justice agent, CIA agent, etc. Law enforcement plays the “enforcement” role of the criminal justice system and is responsible for minimizing the criminal and deviant acts within society. Unfortunately, in order to minimize the most horrible and negative aspects of our society (crime and deviancy), law enforcement personnel must subject themselves directly to these events; physically and emotionally.
). In 1988, 78 law enforcement officers were killed in the line of duty and since then, hundreds of others been killed, exposed to a life threatening situation, witnessed traumatic events, or have had “near misses” in dangerous situations (Mann & Neece, 1990). Page (2010) describes that, “on any shift, police officers may be expected to shoot someone, be shot at, see a partner killed, use force to resist a physical attack, rescue a battered child, participate in a high-speed chase, and inform a parent that his or her child has been killed in a traffic accident.” Every person who signs up to be a peace officer is also signing up for a life-time of stress and negative psychological effects that occur as a result of being exposed to these traumatizing events day after day. Ramos (2010) notes that the nature of police work is inherently negative and the bulk of service calls are geared at taking care of others.
Therefore, operating in an environment that frequently exposes officers to high levels of frustration and danger can often lead to physical, emotional and psychological wear (Ramos, 2010). Chopko and Schwartz (2009) state that, officers are “especially vulnerable to both direct and vicarious traumatic events, because they must not only confront illegal and sometimes violent behaviors but they must also assist other first responders (e.g., fire fighters and paramedics) when they are called to duty.”
The duties of law enforcement involve a responsibility by each officer to dive head first into the most troubling and painful realities of our communities. Unfortunately, what we see, feel, do and experience on the job can cause not only physical pain and stress but also emotional distress and a variety of unhealthy medical and psychological problems. Research has shown that gender and race can be an important variable in predicting an officer’s outcome post trauma exposure (Shaffer, 2010; Page, 2010). Although every person reacts differently to what they see or experience on the job and the duration and intensity of the reaction can also vary drastically from person to person; indeed, every person in law enforcement is negatively effected by the job related stressors in some way.
It is important to tend to the physical, emotional, and psychological health of the law enforcement officers for multiple reasons. An officer’s physical, emotional, social and psychological health is a critical component in the officer’s ability to effectively live their life. Tanigoshi, Kontos, and Remley Jr. (2008) discuss that, officer wellness is a particularly important topic to address within the counseling profession, given the high occurrence of lifestyle-related diseases and disorders that lead to an officer’s likelihood of premature morbidity and mortality.
An officer can be negatively affected socially within their personal lives, relationships and at work.
Traumatic and/or disturbing events that officers encounter within their daily duties can lead to significant levels of stress, as well as emotional difficulties within officers. Additionally, officers may experience shock, disbelief, dread, anguish, anger and a pressing motivation to take action in response to the critical event (Shaffer, 2010).
Research has shown that, as a “result of such cognitive distortions, emergency care workers may also become self-destructive and predisposed to increased violence and antisocial behavior (Shaffer, 2010).” Chopko and Schwartz (2009) also estimate that 12-35% of police officers may meet the diagnostic criteria for PTSD at any given point. Shaffer (2010) notes that, “cognitive symptoms may cause an officer to have difficulty recalling information, lack the ability to maintain focus and concentration, have reduced capacity for problem solving, and less effective communication skills; all of which are important components of being effective in law enforcement. If an officer’s work related stress is not managed properly, studies have shown that it can cause them to become prone to depression, alcoholism, anxiety disorders and burnout; all of which may increase their risk for committing suicide (Ramos, 2010).
There have also been job related physical differences between men and women. The long-term study of 400 officers by Buffalo University concluded that approximately 72 % of female officers and approximately 43% of male officers have high cholesterol levels (Page, 2010). The BCOP study also revealed that female officers working the day shift had an increased amount of suicidal thoughts, whereas men had increased suicidal thoughts during swing and graveyard shifts (Page, 2010). Overall, approximately 23% of male officers and 25% of female officers reported having twice as many suicidal thoughts on a daily basis then the average person (Page, 2010).
There are also interesting differences in race when it comes to stress. During a study of the correlation between stress, race and gender, both white and African-American women were reported to have higher levels of stress than white men, however for unknown reasons; African-American men showed much lower levels of stress than white men (Page, 2010). Although African-American men appear to experience lower levels of stress overall, they do tend to exhibit higher levels of burn out then white men (Page, 2010).
The Job Effects Officers in many Ways
Personally
Law enforcement duties can cause significant problems within the lives of officers that are varying in effect. Problems that an officer may have as a result of exposure to a critical incident or disaster in the line of duty can range from, “those that are transient and self-correcting to those that are &quot;longer-term, incapacitating, and meet the criteria for a psychological or psychiatric disorder&quot; (Shaffer, 2010). Additionally, Shaffer (2010) states that, “officers, may experience disapproving and unfounded thoughts about their performance in responding to the critical incident and may even entertain the irrational thought that they are somehow responsible for the incident or resulting destruction.” An officer’s inability to control a situation completely or save every person can have a lasting effect. In fact, research has shown that a person in an emergency response profession has a 16% to 22.2% chance of developing PTSD over the span of their career (Shaffer, 2010). Officers may be reluctant to experience or feel the heavy emotions that come as a result of witnessing a traumatic event and repressing those emotions may lead to depression, anxiety, frustration and isolation (Shaffer, 2010).
Too many times the emotions, depression, guilt, shame, etc. that an officer may experience as a result of job related stressors can lead to a fatal ending. The FBI’s handbook by Ramos (2010) on police suicide states that, “tragically, too many times suicide becomes the way officers deal with the horrors they have witnessed in the daily performance of their duties, along with internal stressors from their departments and external problems in their personal lives.” Ramos (2010) explains that officers that also experience relationship problems, “coupled with alcohol abuse and the accessibility of a firearm, create a recipe for disaster among troubled officers who may view suicide as the only way out (Ramos, 2010).
Professionally
The health and mental and emotional state of law enforcement officers can effect the officer’s ability to do their job effectively, keep their partners safe, and the overall performance and liability of the specific agency. Police officers are at great risk for the development of posttrauma problems that can have an impact on their careers (Shaffer, 2010). Also disturbing is that the personal stress that officers may experience as a result of their duties, ultimately effects the safety of every one around them in their job. Shaffer (2010) appropriately describes that, “emotional conflicts and feelings of anger, hatred, and intense apprehension reduce emergency care workers&apos; ability to respond effectively, even as they often put their personal safety in jeopardy and ignore personal risk while attempting to help victims (Shaffer, 2010).”
Socially
The health and mental and emotional states of law enforcement officers is a critical factor in the officer’s ability to carryout their job related functions within the community and can drastically effect the wellbeing of society as a whole. Job related stress can play a huge role in not only an officer’s life and well-being but also the overall well-being of the community that the individual serves.
Officers that lack significant relationships and social support in their lives during a severe disaster or traumatic event may look to community and social support systems already in existence in their lives; whether good or bad (Shaffer, 2010). This can result in negatively effecting or hindering the emotional recovery of an emergency care worker (Shaffer, 2010). Page (2010) also notes that research has shown that family support tends to mitigate the negative effects of stress and burnout within an officer, greater than any administrative support can provide. In addition, the therapeutic healing that is greatly needed from PTSD is increased when an officer has the skills needed to maintain a circle of support (Shaffer, 2010). Thus, family, friends and loved ones are of extreme importance and value to a law enforcement officer. Interesting enough, research has shown that men are less skilled in requesting support from their spouses or family, however “women actually have the ability to modify how they present their emotions to others in such a way that helps them receive the emotional support they need (Shaffer, 2010).”
In addition, Shaffer (2010) suggests that it may prove beneficial to utilize Erikson’s developmental stages within counseling sessions when addressing trauma within emergency care workers. Studies have also indicated that effective “cop” counselors, “operate from a wellness model and will be well-advised to consider how trauma on the job can have an impact on typical development and use strategies that help steer troubled emergency care workers onto a healthier, meaningful path to wellness (Shaffer, 2010).” In regards to therapy aimed at post-traumatic stress disorder, Chopko and Schwartz (2009) describe that, &quot;the key element across several successful PTSD treatment approaches involves prescribing the direct opposite of avoidance and escape of trauma related internal and external cues.”
The results in Norvelle and Belles’ (1993) findings suggest that circuit weight training programs may prove to be of significant psychological benefit to officers.
Tanigoshi, Kontos, and Remley Jr. (2008) also state that, “issues of wellness, adaptive coping responses, health promotion, and disease prevention are significant health-related areas to address within the profession of law enforcement given that police work is considered to be one of the most stressful and health-threatening occupations. An officer’s physical, emotional, social, and psychological health is a critical component in the officer’s ability to effectively do their job and to protect and serve the community. Therefore, society, law enforcement agencies, and the individual officer’s themselves need to be educated on the importance of the officer’s emotional and psychological health. Whether this occur through federally funded grants that educate and regulate law enforcement agencies on officer wellness and job related stressors or by hand delivering brochures to local agencies at roll call.
With great concern for the health of working law enforcement personnel within our communities, as well as the welfare and safety of our communities, I feel it necessary to address the negative effects that the stressors experienced within the career of law enforcement can have; not only on an individual, but on their families, friends, co-workers, employers, and the people they are sworn to protect.