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Why Kathmandu is not working as a city.pptx
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- 2. Research Background Delineationof Municipalities As administrative boundaries Urban issues Shared between the boundaries of municipalities 3 levels of government With numerous executive bodies PRIMATE CITY Metropolitan Region Smaller Cities Around LGOA, 2017: • Population>0.5M • 6 Metropolitan cities • Hence, the term metropolitan region 18 Municipalities in the valley; Various activities linked; Resulting into Daily Commuting Valley planning exercise in the paper, its tangible outcome has been barely felt. KATHMANDU VALLEY
- 3. Need of Research Distinctmunicipal regions have nearly merged into a single continuous constructed metropolitan area. Several federal, Provincial, and Local agencies are involved in Planning and implementation. Installing efficient metropolitan planning and administration systems will be crucial for guaranteeing integrated urban growth. Urgency of delineating Metro-region has been mentioned in the documents prepared by MUAN and MOUD.
- 4. Research objective The mainobjective of the research is to Recommend Models of the institutional frameworks of Metro region governance for the Kathmandu valley. •To develop an analytical picture of existing government institutions within the Kathmandu valley. •To study the Kathmandu Valley Development Authority’s power structure and functionality. •To review the existing international models of the institutional framework for metro region governance.
- 5. Limitation Not examinedthe institution’s detailed financial management Extraction of limited perceptions Nepalese federalism is young; lessons still to be learnt GOVERNANCE Private Sector Public Sector Civil Societies Government Government Institution Institutional structure
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- 7. POLICIES STUDIED • Constitutionof Nepal, 2015 • Kathmandu valley Development Authority Act, 1988 • Local Government Operation Act, 2074 BS • Land Acquisition Act, 2034 BS • 15th five-year plan (2019/20-2023/24) • Land Use Act, 2076 BS • National Urban Development Strategy, 2017 • Kathmandu valley Public Transportation Authority Act, 2076 Kathmandu valley Public Transportation Authority Act, 2076 To make public transport service easy, accessible, passenger- friendly, reliable, cost-effective. (Source: (My Republica , 2019)
- 8. Legislative unit Institutional setup of KVPTA KVPTA Council Mayor of KMC as Chairperson Mayor of LMC as Vice- chairperson Members 2 mayors Joint secretary (MOPIT), Concerned ministry of the province. •Representative from concerned departments. 3 representatives from the biggest private companies Chief executive officer as the member- secretary.
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- 10. Metro region governmentset-up S.N. Supra-Municipal Inter-Municipal 1 Purest Metropolitan Model Co-ordinated mechanism between smaller units 2 Have Direct Political Legitimacy Political legitimacy lies between the member (Basic Authorities) 3 Financial autonomy Rare Financial Autonomy 4 Example: The Greater London Council Example: Metro Manila Source: (Lefevre, 1998) • Inter-municipal governance setup • KVDA as a coordination unit • Lacks both political legitimacy and financial Autonomy CASE AREA: KATHMANDU VALLEY
- 11. Autonomy and Legitimacyof Metropolitan government For the activities of the metropolitan governance to be acknowledged and applicable by all, it needs political legitimacy(Lefevre, 1998). Whatever the modality of the governance be, • The legitimacy of the metro region governance model is only functional • Whereas the legitimacy of the local units is it’s identification by the citizens developed over a longer span of time.
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- 13. Metro manila NationalCapital Territory of Delhi • 17 administrative cities within 4 districts. • Each have relatively independent LGUs. • Only loosely connected by the MMDA that makes policies for the whole capital region. • Metro manila council : Mayors of the cities, Various departments of the country and National capital region police. • The chairman of MMDA is appointed by the President (Rank of Cabinet Minister). Does not fall within any one particular province and is one of the 8 independent regions of India. It is an autonomous capital of India having 9 districts. It has a 70-member unicameral legislature. The head of the executive government is called a lieutenant governor, appointed by the president of India. The government has a chief minister. This region is not a state but its nature is like a state.
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- 15. Kathmandu Valley DevelopmentAuthority MoUD KVDA Physical Development Board Minister of Urban Development as Chairperson Members Minister of the concerned Ministry of Bagmati Province Secretary of MOUD and other concerned Ministries Mayors of KMC, LMC, Bhaktapur and other 3 municipalities as assigned by MOUD Board of Directors Development commissioner as chairperson Members Mayors of KMC, LMC, Bhaktapur, Madhyapur Thimi and Kirtipur Municipalities Representatives from government institutions like NEA, NTC etc. 3 Urban development and management experts as recommended by MOUD.
- 16. SWOC Analysis ofKathmandu Valley Development Authority STRENGTH Existing KVDA Act Comprehensive Development Master Plan preparation in progress WEAKNESS Lack of Political Ownership Projects approval through Cabinet of ministers Outdated KVDA Act Budget dependency on Federal Government OPPORTUNITIES Acceptance of loans and grants from international donors Need of KVDA felt CHALLENGES Unable to gain trust of locals of KV Extensive Illegal land plotting supported by LG itself
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- 18. • Constructivist Paradigm •Truth has multiple realities • Every individual has their own idea of problem and their own interpretation. PARADIGM The methodology of this paradigm is that it is a value bound research and qualitative in nature. Epistemology: Reality is socially constructed. Focus on narratives, stories, perception and interpretation Inductive thinking : Search for pattern from observation and the development of explanations and finally theories for those patterns through series of hypotheses.
- 19. Primary data collection DataAnalysis Findings and Discussions Conclusion and Recommendation Secondary data collection Establish objective of the study Research methodology Data Collection Observation, KII Reports, journals, publications Method
- 20. Methodology for datacollection Literature: Established knowledge on Metro Region Governance and its related policy. KII: Semi-structured interview with key Policy makers including, Federal MP of all three districts, Provincial MP, Policy making Bureaucrats, Development commissioners and other KVDA’s implementation unit’s heads. Observation: Through direct observation and involvement in the institution.
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- 22. Findings KVDA'S function asa single Planning Unit 5% 95% Has KVDA been able to work satisfactorily as a single planning unit ? Yes No 85% 15% Is KVDA still Relevant ? Relevent Not Relevent Relevancy of KVDA in the federal Structure As mentioned in various literatures and news articles, this data support the fact that KVDA has not been able to work as a single planning unit but with reformations on it’s institutional structure it’s still relevant in this federal structure
- 23. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Models suggested byMayors New Co-ordinating agency with head as a person to which LG are Liable Involvement of all LGS as legislative body Supra-Municipal KVDA has been failing to make the Local Government pose Responsiveness and Ownership to the institution. KVPTA has incorporate this weakness of KVDA as it’s major strength.
- 24. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Models suggested byProvincial and Federal Politicians Formation of a legislative body with all LGS, Federal and Provincial MP Supra-Municipal New Co-ordinating agency to which LG are Liable The law makers of the country feels need of KVDA but demands the assurance of their participation in the major decision making of their electoral regions.
- 25. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Models suggested byMOUD Bureaucrats Involvement of all LGs in policy making Current Model of KVDA is fine New Co-ordinating agency to which LG are Liable • Strongly supports on the need of KVDA with involvement of Local Government • Contradicting result: 25% of the respondent totally support the current structure • This may be due to the requirement for assurance of MOUD’s leading representation in the institution
- 26. Federal Democratic Republic ofNepal Federal Government 10 Ministries 28 Institutions Provincial Government 6 Institutions Local Government 18 Municipalities Government institutions responsible for Planning, Developing and Managing Urban Infrastructures Total Count of Institutions: 52
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- 28. General Concepts AgreedUpon 16% 40% 10% 26% 8% Combined Result of Models suggested New Co-ordinating agency with head as a person to which LG are Liable Involvement of all LGS as legislative body Supra-Municipal Formation of a legislative body with all LGS, Federal and Provincial MP Current Model of KVDA is fine S.N. Models Agreed Upon 1 Involvement of all LGS as legislative body in the Existing structure of KVDA. 2 Formation of a legislative body with all LGS, Federal and Provincial MP in the Existing structure of KVDA. 3 Formation of New Co- ordinating agency directly under the President. 4 Supra-Municipal Model. 5 Current Model of KVDA. The most accepted model Involvement of all LGS as legislative body in the Existing structure of KVDA.
- 29. Name of the Document InstitutionProposed Model Long term Development Concept Plan of Kathmandu valley, 2059 BS Nepal Government Autonomous body not directly under any ministry called Kathmandu Valley Urban Development Council under PM. There may be a main council and another executive committee for administrative control. Kathmandu valley Autonomous Metro city, 2011 AD MUAN A Unicameral Legislative body with the equal number of members as that of province named as Metro-City Council that will be represented in the National assembly as well. For execution it will have different municipal governments. Models Proposed Earlier
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- 31. Supra-Municipal Model: TheLong-Term Solution PROS CONS Benefit of Economies of scale Address the equity problem Poor public service delivery Decline in Local democracy's vitality Supra-municipal: A metro- region with either a single mayor or running as a single regional unit Total 5 Models Summarized: • Supra-municipal Model (Long-term solution) • Inter-municipal Models (4 Immediate Solutions)
- 32. Four Immediate Solutions PROSCONS Some sense of Ownership by LGs Co-Financing between LGs and Federal Government Difficulty in achieving Co-financing fully PROS CONS • Political Legitimacy with the permanent local government • shared finances by the rich municipalities to the poor municipalities. • Direct representation of People’s voices • Local culture, History and Identity will be reflected even in the larger metro- projects • Possibility of Delay in Decision Making • Risk of Failure of mega projects because of Vested Interests
- 33. Four Immediate Solutions Chairperson:President or Prime Minister him/herself • Provincial chief and Mayors of the municipalities as members along with representatives from the line agencies PROS CONS • Higher Authoritative powers • Highest degree of political legitimacy • Full Financial Autonomy • • Possibility of Forced decision-making
- 34. Four Immediate Solutions PROSCONS • Strengthen the institution's political credibility on both provincial and national level. • Easy collaboration of the three levels of government to carry out large metro projects. • All the advantages of model 3. • Conflict might arise in the council itself.
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- 36. Objective Conclusion Analytical pictureof existing government institutions within KV. • Unclear Inter-ministry, Inter-institutional, or Inter- governmental co-ordination mechanism Kathmandu Valley Development Authority’s power structure and functionality. • Functioning of KVDA- Mostly driven by influential bureaucrats and politicians. • The PDB of the institutions has tried incorporating the 3-tiers of government. • However, the LGs considers this as pseudo-participation. International models of the institutional framework for metro- region governance. • Case Based- Success- Political Scenario • Inter-municipal to supra-municipal evolution Models of institutional Structure for metro-region governance • 4 immediate solutions identified : Each have their own advantages and disadvantages • Council as an umbrella organization- Policy makers shall make informed decisions
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- 38. • Formation ofKVPTA has shown the present day need for the involvement of LG in the metro- region institution • With the changed political scenario of the country and the implementation of the new constitution, strong representation of all three levels of government needed. • The Models 2,3, and 4 will help provide a clear way out for “co-ordination between the three levels of government and also the government institutions”.
- 39. For the implementationof immediate models, either the Minister of Urban Development or the Prime Minister himself/herself shall make a bold political decision. Supra-Municipal Inter-Municipal • LGOA, Article 7: Amalgamation of 2 or more municipalities in the same district • Constitution, Article 56(5): Creation of Special, Protected and autonomous regions • Substantially altering the KVDA act as it currently stands • The MOUD Shall process the act modifications after further discussion on the models generated The Implementation
- 40. Further Analysis Further researchshall be done • To develop the analytical picture of existing government institutions. • Incorporating the private sector and civil societies in governance • To establish a Co-financing mechanism between all three tiers of government. • On similar other regions as identified by NUDS
- 41. References • Lefevre, C.(1998). Metropolitan government and governance in Western countries: a critical review. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 22(1), 9–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00120 • Govt brings bill to set up Kathmandu Valley Public Transport Authority – My Republica - The New York Times Partner, Latest news of Nepal in English, Latest News Articles. (n.d.). Retrieved July 18, 2022, from https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/govt-brings-bill-to-set-up-kathmandu-valley-public-transport-authority/ • Acharya, K. K. (2018). The capacity of local governments in Nepal : from government to governance and governability ? Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 40(3), 186–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2018.1525842 • Bhattrai, P. (2019). The New Federal Structure in Nepal: Challenges and Opportunities for Quality Governance - EDP Network. https://www.external-democracy-promotion.eu/the-new-federal-structure-in-nepal-challenges-and-opportunities- for-quality-governance/ • Difference between Metro and Metropolitan City | Metro vs Metropolitan City. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2022, from http://www.differencebetween.info/difference-between-metro-and-metropolitan-city • Gaebler, T., Bryson, J. M., Kettl, D., & Greve, C. (n.d.). THE NEW PUBLIC GOVERNANCE ? • Mayors in Kathmandu Valley want govt to dissolve KVDA - OnlineKhabar English News. (n.d.). Retrieved June 13, 2022, from https://english.onlinekhabar.com/mayors-in-kathmandu-valley-want-govt-to-dissolve-kvda.html • Nepal’s urban population reaches 66.08 percent « Khabarhub. (2022). Khabarhub. https://english.khabarhub.com/2022/26/234307/
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Editor's Notes
- #3 in most of the cities of Nepal and Kathmandu valley is not an exception
- #9 Mayors of Lalitpur metropolitan city as vice-chairperson and Bhaktapur as a member. Other 2 mayors from any other municipality within the valley as designated by the Government of Nepal.
- #11 Evolution from inter-municipality to supra-municipality (and less frequently in the other direction) and can also borrow elements from both at the time of their creation). In many parts around the globe like in Italy, due to local units’ opposition none of the metropolitan structures exists. Even while some regions, such as the Milan Metropolitan Area, have associations for the inter-municipal administration of connected urban concerns like public transportation, sewerage, etc., they have not been able to manage urban issues at a regional level due to a lack of legislative framework.
- #21 got to know about the Institution in depth
- #32 Possibility of Lack of accountability, accessibility, and effectiveness in delivering public services. Ease in grabbing the benefit of Economies of scale (i.e., cost of production per unit). Amalgamating the rich and poor municipalities could help address the equity problem by effectively taxing wealthier towns and using some of the taxes to benefit the poor ones.
- #40 The sub-division of local governments has secured the position of numerous politicians and hence the probability of their willingness to voluntarily participate in the amalgamation in the near future could merely be expected. Nonetheless, the second such policy environment has been created by the constitution itself. According to Article 56(5) of the constitution, special, Protected and autonomous regions may be created for socio-cultural protection or economic development according to Federal law. This could be a way out for the establishment of KV as a single unit.