This document appears to be a lecture given by Huw Price on Bertrand Russell's 1912 essay "On the Notion of Cause". The lecture discusses Russell's challenge to traditional views of causation and his conclusion that causal principles cannot be derived from symmetrical laws of association. Price references other philosophers' engagement with Russell's essay, including their agreement or disagreement with his conclusions. The focus then turns to Nancy Cartwright's view that causal laws are necessary to ground the distinction between effective and ineffective strategies.
The document outlines Huw Price's talk on retrocausality. It discusses: 1) simplifying assumptions to make the issue simple, 2) using examples from quantum mechanics to argue how some correlations could imply retrocausality under reasonable assumptions, and 3) having a discussion section. The structure includes an overview, basic framework, main example, and discussion.
Career direct compared 20 other assessmentsMikhail Dickey
The document summarizes and compares 20 career assessment instruments. It provides details on each instrument including a general description, the types of scores provided, standard client reports, optional supplemental materials, and comments on the usefulness for career counseling. Career Direct is described as a comprehensive career guidance package that identifies strengths through personality, skills, interests and values assessments. It provides easily understood client reports that allow counselors to focus on assisting with career exploration rather than interpretation. The assessments vary in their focus, such as interests, personality traits, and aptitudes. Interpretation of results requires different levels of counselor training and several are designed more for self-administration and interpretation.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is everywhere, promising self-driving cars, medical breakthroughs, and new ways of working. But how do you separate hype from reality? How can your company apply AI to solve real business problems?
Here’s what AI learnings your business should keep in mind for 2017.
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving CarsLinkedIn
We asked LinkedIn members worldwide about their levels of interest in the latest wave of technology: whether they’re using wearables, and whether they intend to buy self-driving cars and VR headsets as they become available. We asked them too about their attitudes to technology and to the growing role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the devices that they use. The answers were fascinating – and in many cases, surprising.
This SlideShare explores the full results of this study, including detailed market-by-market breakdowns of intention levels for each technology – and how attitudes change with age, location and seniority level. If you’re marketing a tech brand – or planning to use VR and wearables to reach a professional audience – then these are insights you won’t want to miss.
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document describes the similarities between how a walrus can climb icy surfaces and how flies can climb vertical glass surfaces, explaining that they are both able to do so through using their bodies to create a vacuum that allows atmospheric pressure to adhere their feet. It then provides an explanation of atmospheric pressure and how removing air from one side of a surface creates pressure, before relating this back to how walruses and flies are able to overcome gravity.
The document provides analysis of the poem "Written in the Church Yard at Middleton in Sussex" by Charlotte Smith. It discusses constructing basic theses about the poem's themes and images. It then gives examples of nuancing an initial thesis to make it more specific and debatable. Key points made are that the poem combines images of the ocean and death to convey a sense of human insignificance in nature, in a way typical of Romanticism. The analysis also looks at poetic context, socio-historical context, and semantics.
The document discusses the history and symbolism of the Rough Ashlar and Perfect Ashlar in Freemasonry. It explores how the symbols have evolved over time, with the Broached Thurnel being replaced by the Perfect Ashlar. The Rough Ashlar represents man in his untutored state, while the Perfect Ashlar symbolizes man as educated and refined. The shaping of the Rough Ashlar into a Perfect Ashlar through skill, tools, and a plan is seen as representing the moral and spiritual development of man.
This document is the dissertation submitted by Makenna Mall for the degree of Master of Science in Medieval History at the University of Edinburgh. The dissertation analyzes the work of Caesarius von Heisterbach titled Dialogue on Miracles, focusing on his depictions of demons and what they reveal about clerical concerns in the High Middle Ages. The dissertation consists of an introduction laying out the context and themes that will be covered, followed by three chapters. Chapter One provides biographical background on Caesarius and contextualizes his work. Chapter Two examines the forms demons take in the Dialogue and their symbolism. Chapter Three analyzes how these demonic forms reflected contemporary socio-political issues facing the clergy.
The document outlines Huw Price's talk on retrocausality. It discusses: 1) simplifying assumptions to make the issue simple, 2) using examples from quantum mechanics to argue how some correlations could imply retrocausality under reasonable assumptions, and 3) having a discussion section. The structure includes an overview, basic framework, main example, and discussion.
Career direct compared 20 other assessmentsMikhail Dickey
The document summarizes and compares 20 career assessment instruments. It provides details on each instrument including a general description, the types of scores provided, standard client reports, optional supplemental materials, and comments on the usefulness for career counseling. Career Direct is described as a comprehensive career guidance package that identifies strengths through personality, skills, interests and values assessments. It provides easily understood client reports that allow counselors to focus on assisting with career exploration rather than interpretation. The assessments vary in their focus, such as interests, personality traits, and aptitudes. Interpretation of results requires different levels of counselor training and several are designed more for self-administration and interpretation.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is everywhere, promising self-driving cars, medical breakthroughs, and new ways of working. But how do you separate hype from reality? How can your company apply AI to solve real business problems?
Here’s what AI learnings your business should keep in mind for 2017.
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving CarsLinkedIn
We asked LinkedIn members worldwide about their levels of interest in the latest wave of technology: whether they’re using wearables, and whether they intend to buy self-driving cars and VR headsets as they become available. We asked them too about their attitudes to technology and to the growing role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the devices that they use. The answers were fascinating – and in many cases, surprising.
This SlideShare explores the full results of this study, including detailed market-by-market breakdowns of intention levels for each technology – and how attitudes change with age, location and seniority level. If you’re marketing a tech brand – or planning to use VR and wearables to reach a professional audience – then these are insights you won’t want to miss.
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document describes the similarities between how a walrus can climb icy surfaces and how flies can climb vertical glass surfaces, explaining that they are both able to do so through using their bodies to create a vacuum that allows atmospheric pressure to adhere their feet. It then provides an explanation of atmospheric pressure and how removing air from one side of a surface creates pressure, before relating this back to how walruses and flies are able to overcome gravity.
The document provides analysis of the poem "Written in the Church Yard at Middleton in Sussex" by Charlotte Smith. It discusses constructing basic theses about the poem's themes and images. It then gives examples of nuancing an initial thesis to make it more specific and debatable. Key points made are that the poem combines images of the ocean and death to convey a sense of human insignificance in nature, in a way typical of Romanticism. The analysis also looks at poetic context, socio-historical context, and semantics.
The document discusses the history and symbolism of the Rough Ashlar and Perfect Ashlar in Freemasonry. It explores how the symbols have evolved over time, with the Broached Thurnel being replaced by the Perfect Ashlar. The Rough Ashlar represents man in his untutored state, while the Perfect Ashlar symbolizes man as educated and refined. The shaping of the Rough Ashlar into a Perfect Ashlar through skill, tools, and a plan is seen as representing the moral and spiritual development of man.
This document is the dissertation submitted by Makenna Mall for the degree of Master of Science in Medieval History at the University of Edinburgh. The dissertation analyzes the work of Caesarius von Heisterbach titled Dialogue on Miracles, focusing on his depictions of demons and what they reveal about clerical concerns in the High Middle Ages. The dissertation consists of an introduction laying out the context and themes that will be covered, followed by three chapters. Chapter One provides biographical background on Caesarius and contextualizes his work. Chapter Two examines the forms demons take in the Dialogue and their symbolism. Chapter Three analyzes how these demonic forms reflected contemporary socio-political issues facing the clergy.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
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Where would we be without counterfactuals?
1. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell & the monarchy
Where would we
be without
counterfactuals?
Bertrand Russell
An inaugural lecture by Huw Price, Bertrand Russell
Professor of Philosophy
Bertrand Russell’s celebrated essay “On the
Notion of Cause” was first delivered to the
Aristotelian Society on 4 November 1912, as
Russell’s Presidential Address. The piece is best
known for a passage in which its author deftly
positions himself between the traditional
metaphysics of causation and the British crown,
firing broadsides in both directions: “The law of
Causality”, Russell declares, “Like much that passes muster in philosophy, is a relic
of a bygone age, surviving, like the monarchy, only because it is erroneously
supposed to do no harm.” To mark the essay’s centenary, the present lecture will
offer a contemporary view of the issues Russell here puts on the table, and of the
health or otherwise, at the end of its first century, of his notorious conclusion.
5:30pm, Thursday 1 November 2012
LB3, Lecture Block, Sidgwick Avenue
Russell image by permission of the Masters and Fellows of Trinity College.
Cambridge
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Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
2. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell & the monarchy
.
. Where would we be without counterfactuals?
Huw Price
Bertrand Russell Professor of Philosophy
University of Cambridge
November
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Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
3. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell & the monarchy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
4. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell & the monarchy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
5. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell & the monarchy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
6. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell & the monarchy
G. E. M. Anscombe, ‘Causality and Determination’ ( )
“Russell wrote of the notion of cause, or at any
rate of the ‘law of causation’ (and he seemed to
feel the same way about ‘cause’ itself ), that, like
the British monarchy, it had been allowed to
survive because it had been erroneously thought to
do no harm. In a destructive essay of great
brilliance he … argued that upon examination the
concepts of determination and of invariable
succession of like objects upon like turn out to be
empty: they do not differentiate between any
conceivable course of things and any other.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
7. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell & the monarchy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
8. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell & the monarchy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
9. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell & the monarchy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
10. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell & the monarchy
e Manhattan factor
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Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
11. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell & the monarchy
e Manhattan factor
Q: “Why is Manhattan so expensive?”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
12. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell & the monarchy
e Manhattan factor
Q: “Why is Manhattan so expensive?”
A: “You’re paying for all those counterfactuals.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
13. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell & the monarchy
e Manhattan factor
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.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
14. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell & the monarchy
Nancy Cartwright ( )
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.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
15. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell & the monarchy
Nancy Cartwright ( )
Russell’s two conclusions:
. “Laws of association are all the laws there are.”
. “Causal principles cannot be derived from the causally
symmetric laws of association.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
16. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell & the monarchy
Nancy Cartwright ( )
Russell’s two conclusions:
. “Laws of association are all the laws there are.”
. “Causal principles cannot be derived from the causally
symmetric laws of association.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
17. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell & the monarchy
Nancy Cartwright ( )
Russell’s two conclusions:
. “Laws of association are all the laws there are.”
. “Causal principles cannot be derived from the causally
symmetric laws of association.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
18. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell & the monarchy
Nancy Cartwright ( )
Russell’s two conclusions:
. “Laws of association are all the laws there are.”
. “Causal principles cannot be derived from the causally
symmetric laws of association.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
19. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Nancy Cartwright ( )
Russell’s two conclusions:
. “Laws of association are all the laws there are.”
. “Causal principles cannot be derived from the causally
symmetric laws of association.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
20. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Nancy Cartwright ( )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
21. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Nancy Cartwright ( )
“[e] objectivity of strategies requires the objectivity of causal laws. …
Causal laws cannot be done away with, for they are needed to ground the
distinction between effective strategies and ineffective ones. … [T]he
difference between the two depends on the causal laws of our universe, and
on nothing weaker.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
22. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Nancy Cartwright ( )
“[e] objectivity of strategies requires the objectivity of causal laws. …
Causal laws cannot be done away with, for they are needed to ground the
distinction between effective strategies and ineffective ones. … [T]he
difference between the two depends on the causal laws of our universe, and
on nothing weaker.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
23. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Nancy Cartwright ( )
“[e] objectivity of strategies requires the objectivity of causal laws. …
Causal laws cannot be done away with, for they are needed to ground the
distinction between effective strategies and ineffective ones. … [T]he
difference between the two depends on the causal laws of our universe, and
on nothing weaker.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
24. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Field on Cartwright
“is makes a compelling case against Russell’s view that
we should do without causal notions. But Cartwright
herself draws a much stronger conclusion, a kind of causal
hyper-realism …. She holds that the causal fact that a force
on an object makes the object go faster is not reducible to
Newton’s [second] law, nor to other noncausal facts either,
such as the equations of energy ow …. (Such equations
are just further parts of fundamental physics, which she
regards as “laws of association” rather than as causal.)
Rather, the claim that a force on an object makes the object
go faster states a further truth about the world that physics
leaves out. Evidently there is some sort of causal uid that
is not taken account of in the equations of physics; just
how it is that we are supposed to have access to its
properties I am not sure.” (Field )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
25. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Field on Cartwright
“is makes a compelling case against Russell’s view that
we should do without causal notions. But Cartwright
herself draws a much stronger conclusion, a kind of causal
hyper-realism …. She holds that the causal fact that a force
on an object makes the object go faster is not reducible to
Newton’s [second] law, nor to other noncausal facts either,
such as the equations of energy ow …. (Such equations
are just further parts of fundamental physics, which she
regards as “laws of association” rather than as causal.)
Rather, the claim that a force on an object makes the object
go faster states a further truth about the world that physics
leaves out. Evidently there is some sort of causal uid that
is not taken account of in the equations of physics; just
how it is that we are supposed to have access to its
properties I am not sure.” (Field )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
26. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Field on Cartwright
“is makes a compelling case against Russell’s view that
we should do without causal notions. But Cartwright
herself draws a much stronger conclusion, a kind of causal
hyper-realism …. She holds that the causal fact that a force
on an object makes the object go faster is not reducible to
Newton’s [second] law, nor to other noncausal facts either,
such as the equations of energy ow …. (Such equations
are just further parts of fundamental physics, which she
regards as “laws of association” rather than as causal.)
Rather, the claim that a force on an object makes the object
go faster states a further truth about the world that physics
leaves out. Evidently there is some sort of causal uid that
is not taken account of in the equations of physics; just
how it is that we are supposed to have access to its
properties I am not sure.” (Field )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
27. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Field on Cartwright
“is makes a compelling case against Russell’s view that
we should do without causal notions. But Cartwright
herself draws a much stronger conclusion, a kind of causal
hyper-realism …. She holds that the causal fact that a force
on an object makes the object go faster is not reducible to
Newton’s [second] law, nor to other noncausal facts either,
such as the equations of energy ow …. (Such equations
are just further parts of fundamental physics, which she
regards as “laws of association” rather than as causal.)
Rather, the claim that a force on an object makes the object
go faster states a further truth about the world that physics
leaves out. Evidently there is some sort of causal uid that
is not taken account of in the equations of physics; just
how it is that we are supposed to have access to its
properties I am not sure.” (Field )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
28. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
“e central problem in the metaphysics of causation”
“[D]espite the implausibility of the hyper-realist picture,
we have a problem to solve: the problem of reconciling
Cartwright’s points about the need of causation in a theory
of effective strategy with Russell’s points about the limited
role of causation in physics. is is probably the central
problem in the metaphysics of causation.” (Field )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
29. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Russell on the time-asymmetry of causation
“We all regard the past as determined simply by the fact that it has happened;
but for the accident that memory works backward and not forward, we
should regard the future as equally determined by the fact that it will
happen.”
“‘But,’ we are told, ‘you cannot alter the past, while you can to some extent
alter the future.’”
“[I]f you happen to know the future—e.g., in the case of a forthcoming
eclipse—it is just as useless to wish it different as to wish the past different.”
“‘But,’ it will be rejoined, ‘our wishes can cause the future, sometimes, to be
different from what it would be if they did not exist, and they can have no
such effect upon the past.’”
“is, again, is a mere tautology. An effect being de ned as something
subsequent to its cause, obviously we can have no effect upon the past.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
30. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Russell on the time-asymmetry of causation
“We all regard the past as determined simply by the fact that it has happened;
but for the accident that memory works backward and not forward, we
should regard the future as equally determined by the fact that it will
happen.”
“‘But,’ we are told, ‘you cannot alter the past, while you can to some extent
alter the future.’”
“[I]f you happen to know the future—e.g., in the case of a forthcoming
eclipse—it is just as useless to wish it different as to wish the past different.”
“‘But,’ it will be rejoined, ‘our wishes can cause the future, sometimes, to be
different from what it would be if they did not exist, and they can have no
such effect upon the past.’”
“is, again, is a mere tautology. An effect being de ned as something
subsequent to its cause, obviously we can have no effect upon the past.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
31. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Russell on the time-asymmetry of causation
“We all regard the past as determined simply by the fact that it has happened;
but for the accident that memory works backward and not forward, we
should regard the future as equally determined by the fact that it will
happen.”
“‘But,’ we are told, ‘you cannot alter the past, while you can to some extent
alter the future.’”
“[I]f you happen to know the future—e.g., in the case of a forthcoming
eclipse—it is just as useless to wish it different as to wish the past different.”
“‘But,’ it will be rejoined, ‘our wishes can cause the future, sometimes, to be
different from what it would be if they did not exist, and they can have no
such effect upon the past.’”
“is, again, is a mere tautology. An effect being de ned as something
subsequent to its cause, obviously we can have no effect upon the past.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
32. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Russell on the time-asymmetry of causation
“We all regard the past as determined simply by the fact that it has happened;
but for the accident that memory works backward and not forward, we
should regard the future as equally determined by the fact that it will
happen.”
“‘But,’ we are told, ‘you cannot alter the past, while you can to some extent
alter the future.’”
“[I]f you happen to know the future—e.g., in the case of a forthcoming
eclipse—it is just as useless to wish it different as to wish the past different.”
“‘But,’ it will be rejoined, ‘our wishes can cause the future, sometimes, to be
different from what it would be if they did not exist, and they can have no
such effect upon the past.’”
“is, again, is a mere tautology. An effect being de ned as something
subsequent to its cause, obviously we can have no effect upon the past.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
33. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Russell on the time-asymmetry of causation
“We all regard the past as determined simply by the fact that it has happened;
but for the accident that memory works backward and not forward, we
should regard the future as equally determined by the fact that it will
happen.”
“‘But,’ we are told, ‘you cannot alter the past, while you can to some extent
alter the future.’”
“[I]f you happen to know the future—e.g., in the case of a forthcoming
eclipse—it is just as useless to wish it different as to wish the past different.”
“‘But,’ it will be rejoined, ‘our wishes can cause the future, sometimes, to be
different from what it would be if they did not exist, and they can have no
such effect upon the past.’”
“is, again, is a mere tautology. An effect being de ned as something
subsequent to its cause, obviously we can have no effect upon the past.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
34. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Russell’s conclusion
“e facts seem to be merely ( ) that wishing generally
depends upon ignorance, and is therefore commoner in
regard to the future than in regard to the past, ( ) that
where a wish concerns the future, it and its realization very
often form a ‘practically independent system,’ i.e., many
wishes regarding the future are realized. But there seems
no doubt that the main difference in our feelings arises
from the fact that the past but not the future can be
known by memory.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
35. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Summary – Russell on the time-asymmetry of causation
. Russell tries to explain the time-asymmetry of causation as a product of a
difference in us, rather than a difference in reality. (I think he’s right.)
. e difference he picks concerns memory, but it’s doubtful whether that
can do the trick – it doesn’t draw a clean cut between past and future.
. He already has on the table the idea that the “realization of our wishes” is
important in explaining the illusion of asymmetry – though, hampered by
the thought that it is all about memory, he doesn’t get very far.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
36. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Summary – Russell on the time-asymmetry of causation
. Russell tries to explain the time-asymmetry of causation as a product of a
difference in us, rather than a difference in reality. (I think he’s right.)
. e difference he picks concerns memory, but it’s doubtful whether that
can do the trick – it doesn’t draw a clean cut between past and future.
. He already has on the table the idea that the “realization of our wishes” is
important in explaining the illusion of asymmetry – though, hampered by
the thought that it is all about memory, he doesn’t get very far.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
37. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Summary – Russell on the time-asymmetry of causation
. Russell tries to explain the time-asymmetry of causation as a product of a
difference in us, rather than a difference in reality. (I think he’s right.)
. e difference he picks concerns memory, but it’s doubtful whether that
can do the trick – it doesn’t draw a clean cut between past and future.
. He already has on the table the idea that the “realization of our wishes” is
important in explaining the illusion of asymmetry – though, hampered by
the thought that it is all about memory, he doesn’t get very far.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
38. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
F. P. Ramsey, ‘General propositions and causality’ ( )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
39. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
F. P. Ramsey, ‘General propositions and causality’ ( )
“It is, it seems, a fundamental fact that the future is due to
the present … but the past is not. What does this mean? It
is not clear and, if we try to make it clear, it turns into
nonsense or a definition ….
What then do we believe about the future that we
do not believe about the past; the past, we think, is
settled; if this means more than that it is past, it might
mean that it is settled for us, … that any present event is
irrelevant to the probability for us of any past event. But
that is plainly untrue. What is true is this, that any
possible present action volition of ours is (for us)
irrelevant to any past event. To another (or to ourselves in
the future) it can serve as a sign of the past, but to us now
what we do affects only the probability of the future.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
40. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
F. P. Ramsey, ‘General propositions and causality’ ( )
“It is, it seems, a fundamental fact that the future is due to
the present … but the past is not. What does this mean? It
is not clear and, if we try to make it clear, it turns into
nonsense or a definition ….
What then do we believe about the future that we
do not believe about the past; the past, we think, is
settled; if this means more than that it is past, it might
mean that it is settled for us, … that any present event is
irrelevant to the probability for us of any past event. But
that is plainly untrue. What is true is this, that any
possible present action volition of ours is (for us)
irrelevant to any past event. To another (or to ourselves in
the future) it can serve as a sign of the past, but to us now
what we do affects only the probability of the future.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
41. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
F. P. Ramsey, ‘General propositions and causality’ ( )
“It is, it seems, a fundamental fact that the future is due to
the present … but the past is not. What does this mean? It
is not clear and, if we try to make it clear, it turns into
nonsense or a definition ….
What then do we believe about the future that we
do not believe about the past; the past, we think, is
settled; if this means more than that it is past, it might
mean that it is settled for us, … that any present event is
irrelevant to the probability for us of any past event. But
that is plainly untrue. What is true is this, that any
possible present action volition of ours is (for us)
irrelevant to any past event. To another (or to ourselves in
the future) it can serve as a sign of the past, but to us now
what we do affects only the probability of the future.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
42. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
F. P. Ramsey, ‘General propositions and causality’ ( )
“is seems to me the root of the matter; that I cannot affect the past, is a
way of saying something quite clearly true about my degrees of belief. Again
from the situation when we are deliberating seems to me to arise the
general difference of cause and effect. We are then engaged not on
disinterested knowledge or classification (to which this difference is utterly
foreign), but on tracing the different consequences of our possible actions,
which we naturally do in sequence forward in time, proceeding from cause
to effect not from effect to cause. We can produce A or A′ which produces B
or B′ which etc. …; the probabilities of A, B are mutually dependent, but we
come to A first from our present volition. … In a sense my present action is
an ultimate and the only ultimate contingency.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
43. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Key points
Agency is the key to understanding causation.
Probability looks different from an agent’s point of view.
e time-asymmetry of causation.
e past is off-limits … or is it?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
44. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Key points
Agency is the key to understanding causation.
Probability looks different from an agent’s point of view.
e time-asymmetry of causation.
e past is off-limits … or is it?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
45. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Key points
Agency is the key to understanding causation.
Probability looks different from an agent’s point of view.
e time-asymmetry of causation.
e past is off-limits … or is it?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
46. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Key points
Agency is the key to understanding causation.
Probability looks different from an agent’s point of view.
e time-asymmetry of causation.
e past is off-limits … or is it?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
47. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Key points
Agency is the key to understanding causation.
Probability looks different from an agent’s point of view.
e time-asymmetry of causation.
e past is off-limits … or is it?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
48. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Key points
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
49. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Summary – what we get from Ramsey
Answers to the two big puzzles:
Field’s issue. If Ramsey’s idea works, it reconciles
Cartwright with Russell, without hyper-realism.
e direction of causation. e difference between
cause and effect turns on what we can manipulate to
do what, and the temporal orientation of this “causal
arrow” is explained in terms of a contingent
asymmetry in us – the fact that we deliberate
“past-to-future.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
50. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Summary – what we get from Ramsey
Answers to the two big puzzles:
Field’s issue. If Ramsey’s idea works, it reconciles
Cartwright with Russell, without hyper-realism.
e direction of causation. e difference between
cause and effect turns on what we can manipulate to
do what, and the temporal orientation of this “causal
arrow” is explained in terms of a contingent
asymmetry in us – the fact that we deliberate
“past-to-future.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
51. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Summary – what we get from Ramsey
Answers to the two big puzzles:
Field’s issue. If Ramsey’s idea works, it reconciles
Cartwright with Russell, without hyper-realism.
e direction of causation. e difference between
cause and effect turns on what we can manipulate to
do what, and the temporal orientation of this “causal
arrow” is explained in terms of a contingent
asymmetry in us – the fact that we deliberate
“past-to-future.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
52. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Summary – what we get from Ramsey
Answers to the two big puzzles:
Field’s issue. If Ramsey’s idea works, it reconciles
Cartwright with Russell, without hyper-realism.
e direction of causation. e difference between
cause and effect turns on what we can manipulate to
do what, and the temporal orientation of this “causal
arrow” is explained in terms of a contingent
asymmetry in us – the fact that we deliberate
“past-to-future.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
53. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
A basis for counterfactuals?
“When we deliberate about a possible action, we ask ourselves what will
happen if we do this or that. If we give a de nite answer of the form ‘If I do
p, q will result,’ this can properly be regarded as a material implication or
disjunction ‘Either not-p or q.’ But it differs, of course, from any ordinary
disjunction in that one of its members is not something of which we are
trying to discover the truth, but something it is within our power to make
true or false.¹ … [O]ur conduct is largely determined by these …
hypothetical belief[s].”
¹“It is possible to take one’s future voluntary action as an intellectual problem: ‘Shall I be able to
keep it up?’ But only by dissociating one’s future self.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
54. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
A basis for counterfactuals?
“When we deliberate about a possible action, we ask ourselves what will
happen if we do this or that. If we give a de nite answer of the form ‘If I do
p, q will result,’ this can properly be regarded as a material implication or
disjunction ‘Either not-p or q.’ But it differs, of course, from any ordinary
disjunction in that one of its members is not something of which we are
trying to discover the truth, but something it is within our power to make
true or false.¹ … [O]ur conduct is largely determined by these …
hypothetical belief[s].”
¹“It is possible to take one’s future voluntary action as an intellectual problem: ‘Shall I be able to
keep it up?’ But only by dissociating one’s future self.”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
55. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Russell: anarchist or republican?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
56. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
Russell on the monarchy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
57. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
58. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
59. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
60. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
61. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
62. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
63. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
64. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /
65. ‘On the Notion of Cause’ Challenges Russell on time-asymmetry Ramsey’s special agent Counterfactuals? Causal republicanism Russell the monarchy
e verdict on the streets
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Huw Price Where would we be without counterfactuals? /