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Merchandising Activities Guide
1.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin ACCOUNTING FOR MERCHANDISING ACTIVITIES Chapter 6
2.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Operating Cycle of a Merchandising Company 2. Sale of merchandise on account Cash Inventory Accounts Receivable
3.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Comparing Merchandising Activities with Manufacturing Activities Merchandising Company Purchase inventory in ready-to-sell condition. Manufacturing Company Manufacture inventory and have a longer and more complex operating cycle
4.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Retailers and Wholesalers Retailers sell merchandise directly to the public. Wholesalers buy merchandise from several different manufacturers and then sell this merchandise to several retailers.
5.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Income Statement of a Merchandising Company Computer Barn Condensed Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2002 Revenue from sales 900,000$ Less: Cost of goods sold 540,000 Gross profit 360,000$ Less: Expenses 270,000 Net income 90,000$ Cost of goods sold represents the expense of goods that are sold to customers. Gross profit is a useful means of measuring the profitability of sales transactions.
6.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin What Accounting Information Does a Merchandising Company Need? Financial Reporting Requirements Daily Business Operating Requirements Special Reporting Requirements Examples • Revenues • Expenses • Customer Ledgers •Tax Reports
7.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin General Ledger Accounts General Ledger Accounts Receivable Date Debit Credit Balance 2001 June 1 10,000 10,000 15 3,000 7,000 Although general ledger accounts provide useful information, they do not provide much of the detailed information needed in the daily business operations. Who owes us money?
8.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Subsidiary Ledgers: A Source of Needed Details Subsidiary Ledger Heather Jacobs Date Debit Credit Balance 2001 June 1 7,000 7,000 15 2,000 5,000 General Ledger Accounts Receivable Date Debit Credit Balance 2001 June 1 10,000 10,000 15 3,000 7,000Subsidiary Ledger Jake Sparks Date Debit Credit Balance 2001 June 1 3,000 3,000 15 1,000 2,000 Controlling Account
9.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Controlling Account in the General Ledger Unit of Organization Within the Subsidiary Ledger Inventory Each type of product offered for sale Plant assets Each asset (or group of similar assets) Accounts payable Each creditor Capital stock Each stockholder Sales Each department, branch location, or product line Cost of goods sold Same organization as the sales ledger Many expense accounts Each department incurring these types of expenses Payroll expenses Each employee
10.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Two Approaches Used in Accounting for Merchandise Transactions Perpetual Inventory System Periodic Inventory System
11.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Perpetual Inventory System The inventory account is continuously updated to reflect items on hand. Let’s look at some entries!
12.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Perpetual Inventory System On September 5, Worley Co. purchased 100 laser lights for resale for $30 per unit from Electronic City on account . GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Sept. 5 Inventory 3,000 Accounts Payable (Electronic City) 3,000
13.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Perpetual Inventory System On September 10, Worley Co. sold 10 laser lights for $50 per unit on account to ABC Radios. GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Sept. 10 Accounts Receivable (ABC Radios) 500 Sales 500 10 Cost of Goods Sold 300 Inventory 300 10 $30 = $300
14.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Perpetual Inventory System GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Sept. 10 Accounts Receivable (ABC Radios) 500 Sales 500 10 Cost of Goods Sold 300 Inventory 300Cost Retail On September 10, Worley Co. sold 10 laser lights for $50 per unit on account to ABC Radios.
15.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Perpetual Inventory System On September 15, Worley Co. paid Electronic City $3,000 for the September 5 purchase. GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Sept. 15 Accounts Payable (Electronic City) 3,000 Cash 3,000
16.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Perpetual Inventory System On September 22, Worley Co. received $500 from ABC Radios as payment in full for their purchase on September 10. GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Sept. 22 Cash 500 Accounts Receivable (ABC Radios) 500
17.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin The Inventory Subsidiary Ledger At the end of the period, management compares the physical inventory count with the inventory ledger to determine inventory shrinkage. Item LL002 Primary supplier Electronic City Description Laser Light Secondary supplier Electric Company Location Storeroom 2 Inventory level: Min: 25 Max: 200 Purchased Sold Balance Date Units Unit Cost Total Units Unit Cost Cost of Goods Sold Units Unit Cost Total Sept. 5 100 30$ 3,000$ 100 30$ 3,000$ Sept. 10 10 30$ 300$ 90 30 2,700
18.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Taking a Physical Inventory In order to ensure the accuracy of their perpetual records, most businesses take a complete physical count of the merchandise on hand at least once a year.
19.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Taking a Physical Inventory GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Dec. 31 Cost of Goods Sold 2,000 Inventory 2,000 Reasonable amounts of inventory shrinkage are viewed as a normal cost of doing business. Examples include breakage, spoilage and theft. On December 31, Worley Co. counts its inventory. An inventory shortage of $2,000 is discovered.
20.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Closing Entries in a Perpetual Inventory System Close Revenue accounts (including Sales) to Income Summary. Close Expense accounts (including Cost of Goods Sold) to Income Summary. Close Income Summary account to Retained Earnings. Close Dividends to Retained Earnings. The closing entries are the same!
21.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Next is the periodic inventory system!
22.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Periodic Inventory System No effort is made to keep up-to-date records of either inventory or cost of goods sold. Let’s look at some entries!
23.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Periodic Inventory System On September 5, Worley Co. purchased 100 laser lights for resale for $30 per unit from Electronic City on account . GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Sept. 5 Purchases 3,000 Accounts Payable (Electronic City) 3,000 Notice that no entry is made to Inventory.
24.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Periodic Inventory System On September 10, Worley Co. sold 10 laser lights for $50 per unit on account to ABC Radios. GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Sept. 10 Accounts Receivable (ABC Radios) 500 Sales 500 Retail
25.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Periodic Inventory System On September 15, Worley Co. paid Electronic City $3,000 for the September 5 purchase. GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Sept. 15 Accounts Payable (Electronic City) 3,000 Cash 3,000
26.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Periodic Inventory System On September 22, Worley Co. received $500 from ABC Radios as payment in full for their purchase on September 10. GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Sept. 22 Cash 500 Accounts Receivable (ABC Radios) 500
27.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Computing Cost of Goods Sold in a Periodic Inventory System The accounting records of Party Supply show the following: Inventory, Jan. 1, 2003 $ 14,000 Purchases (during 2003) 130,000 At December 31, 2003, Party Supply counted the merchandise on hand at $12,000. Calculate Party Supply’s cost of goods sold for 2003.
28.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Computing Cost of Goods Sold in a Periodic Inventory System Inventory (beginning of the year) 14,000$ Add: Purchases 130,000 Cost of goods available for sale 144,000 Less: Inventory (end of year) 12,000 Cost of goods sold 132,000$ Cost of Goods Sold can be calculated as follows:
29.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Creating Cost of Goods Sold in a Periodic Inventory System GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Dec. 31 Cost of Goods Sold 144,000 Inventory (beginning of year) 14,000 Purchases 130,000 Now, Party Supply must create the Cost of Goods Sold account.
30.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Creating Cost of Goods Sold in a Periodic Inventory System GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Dec. 31 Inventory (end of year) 12,000 Cost of Goods Sold 12,000 Now, Party Supply must record the ending inventory amount.
31.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Completing the Closing Process Close Revenue accounts (including Sales) to Income Summary. Close Expense accounts (including Cost of Goods Sold) to Income Summary. Close Income Summary account to Retained Earnings. Close Dividends to Retained Earnings. The closing entries are the same!
32.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Comparison of Perpetual and Periodic Inventory Systems Periodic Inventory System Jo’s Dress Shop Perpetual Inventory System Large Department Stores
33.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Modifying an Accounting System GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Most businesses use special journals rather than a general journal to record routine transactions that occur frequently.
34.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Credit Terms and Cash Discounts 2/10, n/30Read as: “Two ten, net thirty” When manufacturers and wholesalers sell their products on account, the credit terms are stated in the invoice.
35.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Credit Terms and Cash Discounts 2/10, n/30 Percentage of Discount # of Days Discount Is Available Otherwise, the Full Amount Is Due # of Days when Full Amount Is Due
36.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Credit Terms and Cash Discounts Purchases are recorded at their net amounts. Purchase discounts lost are recorded when payment is made outside the discount period. Net Method
37.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Credit Terms and Cash Discounts On July 6, Play Clothes purchased $4,000 of merchandise on credit with terms of 2/10, n/30 from Kid’s Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes. GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
38.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Credit Terms and Cash Discounts GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit July 6 Inventory 3,920 Accounts Payable (Kid's Clothes) 3,920 $4,000 98% = $3,920 On July 6, Play Clothes purchased $4,000 of merchandise on credit with terms of 2/10, n/30 from Kid’s Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes.
39.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Credit Terms and Cash Discounts On July 15, Play Clothes pays the full amount due to Kid’s Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes. GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
40.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Credit Terms and Cash Discounts GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit July 15 Accounts Payable (Kid's Clothes) 3,920 Cash 3,920 On July 15, Play Clothes pays the full amount due to Kid’s Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes.
41.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Credit Terms and Cash Discounts Now, assume that Play Clothes waited until July 20 to pay the amount due in full to Kid’s Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes. GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
42.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Credit Terms and Cash Discounts GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit July 20 Accounts Payable (Kid's Clothes) 3,920 Purchase Discounts Lost 80 Cash 4,000 Nonoperating Expense Now, assume that Play Clothes waited until July 20 to pay the amount due in full to Kid’s Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes.
43.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Recording Purchases at Gross Invoice Price Purchases are recorded at their gross amounts. Purchase discounts taken are recorded when payment is made inside the discount period. Gross Method
44.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Recording Purchases at Gross Invoice Price On July 6, Play Clothes purchased $4,000 of merchandise on credit with terms of 2/10, n/30 from Kid’s Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes. GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
45.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Recording Purchases at Gross Invoice Price GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit July 6 Inventory 4,000 Accounts Payable (Kid's Clothes) 4,000 On July 6, Play Clothes purchased $4,000 of merchandise on credit with terms of 2/10, n/30 from Kid’s Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes.
46.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Recording Purchases at Gross Invoice Price On July 15, Play Clothes pays the full amount due to Kid’s Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes. GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
47.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Recording Purchases at Gross Invoice Price GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit July 15 Accounts Payable (Kid's Clothes) 4,000 Cash 3,920 Purchase Discounts Taken 80 Reduces Cost of Goods Sold $4,000 98% = $3,920 On July 15, Play Clothes pays the full amount due to Kid’s Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes.
48.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Recording Purchases at Gross Invoice Price Now, assume that Play Clothes waited until July 20 to pay the full amount due to Kid’s Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes. GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
49.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Recording Purchases at Gross Invoice Price GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit July 20 Accounts Payable (Kid's Clothes) 4,000 Cash 4,000 Now, assume that Play Clothes waited until July 20 to pay the full amount due to Kid’s Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes.
50.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Returns of Unsatisfactory Merchandise On August 5, Play Clothes returned $500 of unsatisfactory merchandise purchased from Kid’s Clothes on credit terms of 2/10, n/30. The purchase was originally recorded at net cost. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes. GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
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© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Returns of Unsatisfactory Merchandise GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Aug. 5 Accounts Payable (Kid's Clothes) 490 Inventory 490 $500 98% = $490 On August 5, Play Clothes returned $500 of unsatisfactory merchandise purchased from Kid’s Clothes on credit terms of 2/10, n/30. The purchase was originally recorded at net cost. Prepare the journal entry for Play Clothes.
52.
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Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Transportation Costs on Purchases Transportation costs related to the acquisition of assets are part of the cost of the asset being acquired.
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© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Now, let’s talk about sales!
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Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Transactions Relating to Sales Computer Barn Partial Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2002 Revenue Sales 912,000$ Less: Sales returns and allowances 8,000$ Sales discounts 4,000 12,000 Net sales 900,000$ Credit terms and merchandise returns affect the amount of revenue earned by the seller.
55.
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Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Sales Returns and Allowances GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Aug. 2 Accounts Receivable (Play Clothes) 2,000 Sales 2,000 On August 2, Kid’s Clothes sold $2,000 of merchandise to Play Clothes on credit terms 2/10, n/30. Kid’s Clothes originally paid $1,000 for the merchandise. Because Kid’s Clothes uses a perpetual inventory system, they must make two entries.
56.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Sales Returns and Allowances GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Aug. 2 Cost of Goods Sold 1,000 Inventory 1,000 On August 2, Kid’s Clothes sold $2,000 of merchandise to Play Clothes on credit terms 2/10, n/30. Kid’s Clothes originally paid $1,000 for the merchandise. Because Kid’s Clothes uses a perpetual inventory system, they must make two entries.
57.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Sales Returns and Allowances On August 5, Play Clothes returned $500 of unsatisfactory merchandise to Kid’s Clothes from the August 2 sale. Kid’s Clothes cost for this merchandise was $250. Because Kid’s Clothes uses a perpetual inventory system, they must make two entries. GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Aug. 5 Sales Returns and Allowances 500 Accounts Receivable (Play Clothes) 500 Contra-revenue
58.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin On August 5, Play Clothes returned $500 of unsatisfactory merchandise to Kid’s Clothes from the August 2 sale. Kid’s Clothes cost for this merchandise was $250. Because Kid’s Clothes uses a perpetual inventory system, they must make two entries. Sales Returns and Allowances GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Aug. 5 Inventory 250 Cost of Goods Sold 250
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© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Sales Discounts On July 6, Kid’s Clothes sold $4,000 of merchandise to Play Clothes on credit with terms of 2/10, n/30. The merchandise originally cost Kid’s Clothes $2,000. Because Kid’s Clothes uses a perpetual inventory system, they must make two entries. GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit July 6 Accounts Receivable (Play Clothes) 4,000 Sales 4,000
60.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Sales Discounts GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit July 6 Cost of Goods Sold 2,000 Inventory 2,000 On July 6, Kid’s Clothes sold $4,000 of merchandise to Play Clothes on credit with terms of 2/10, n/30. The merchandise originally cost Kid’s Clothes $2,000. Because Kid’s Clothes uses a perpetual inventory system, they must make two entries.
61.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Sales Discounts On July 15, Kid’s Clothes receives the full amount due from Play Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Kid’s Clothes. GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
62.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Sales Discounts GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit July 15 Cash 3,920 Sales Discounts 80 Accounts Receivable (Play Clothes) 4,000 $4,000 98% = $3,920Contra-revenue On July 15, Kid’s Clothes receives the full amount due from Play Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Kid’s Clothes.
63.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Sales Discounts Now, assume that it wasn’t until July 20 that Kid’s Clothes received the full amount due from Play Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Kid’s Clothes. GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
64.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Sales Discounts GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit July 20 Cash 4,000 Accounts Receivable (Play Clothes) 4,000 Now, assume that it wasn’t until July 20 that Kid’s Clothes received the full amount due from Play Clothes. Prepare the journal entry for Kid’s Clothes.
65.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Delivery Expenses Delivery costs incurred by sellers are debited to Delivery Expense, an operating expense.
66.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Accounting for Sales Taxes GENERAL JOURNAL Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Cash 1,070 Sales Tax Payable 70 Sales 1,000 Businesses collect sales tax at the point of sale. Then, they remit the tax to the appropriate governmental agency at times specified by law. $1,000 sale 7% tax = $70 sales tax
67.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin Evaluating the Performance of a Merchandising Company Net Sales Gross Profit Margins • Trends overtime • Comparable store sales • Sales per square foot of selling space • Gross Profit Net Sales •Overall Gross Profit Margin •Gross Profit Margins by Department and Products
68.
© The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2002McGraw-Hill/Irwin End of Chapter 6
Editor's Notes
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