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微觀化學世界
第一週第二講
什麼?原子中的電子是無法隨意得到或失去任何能量!
授課老師:李大偉
電磁波 ≡ 光波
光譜學:利用電磁波探測原子中的「電子」
光波常用的參數
 光波的頻率 frequency
 n (nu)
 單位: 1 Hz = 1 s-1
 光波的波長 wavelength
 l (lambda)
 單位:公尺
 光波的振幅 amplitude
 A
 光波的速度 velocity
 c = 3×108 m/s
 愛因斯坦在狹義相對論中明白地指出:
「光速為一不變的常數。」
c=ln =波長×頻率
可見光的範圍 400 ~ 700nm*
Infrared (IR)
紅外線
Ultraviolet (UV)
紫外線
Visible 可見光
氫原子光譜 (1885 巴耳麥Balmer高中老師)
氫原子光譜 (1885 巴耳麥Balmer高中老師)
Hz
R
n
n
n
n
R
15
1
1
2
2
2
1
10
3.29
:
雷德堡常數
2
:
巴耳麥系列
1
:
來曼系列
1
1














n
氫原子中的電子振動頻率並非任意值!
黑體輻射:色溫
From “Elektronik Discussion : Main”
http://homepages.paradise.net.nz/nickamy/
黑體輻射:維恩定理(Wien’s law)
𝑻𝝀𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐. 𝟗 × 10−𝟑 𝑲 ∙ 𝒎
黑體輻射:維恩定理的應用
 太陽表面輻射的電磁波中,強度最強的電磁波其波長為 490 奈米。請問太陽表面的溫度
為多少呢?
𝑻 =
𝟐. 𝟗 × 10−𝟑 𝑲 ∙ 𝒎
𝝀𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑻 =
𝟐. 𝟗 × 10−𝟑
𝑲 ∙ 𝒎
490 × 10−𝟗 𝒎
𝑻 =
𝟐. 𝟗 × 10−𝟑
𝑲 ∙ 𝒎
490 × 10−𝟗 𝒎
≅ 5918 K
𝑻 =
𝟐. 𝟗 × 10−𝟑
𝑲 ∙ 𝒎
490 × 10−𝟗 𝒎
≅ 5918 K = 5645 ℃
Stefan–Boltzmann law
• 單位面積的輻射總功率: 𝑅 = 𝜎𝑇4
• Stefan–Boltzmann constant: 𝜎 = 5.67 × 10−8
𝑊 ∙ 𝑚−2
∙ 𝐾−4
解釋黑體輻射1:維恩定理的假設
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_body
長波區域與實驗值不符合!
解釋黑體輻射2:Rayleigh-Jeans Law
短波區域與實驗值不符合!
紫外線災難!!!
普朗克假說 (1900)
 物質中的原子是由彈簧連起來。
 原子所能釋放的電磁波頻率大小就等於彈簧的振動頻率大小 𝜈,因此
彈簧可以吸收或釋放的電磁波能量 E 公式為
 𝐸 = 𝟎, ℎν, 2ℎν, 3ℎν …
 ℎ 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑘′
𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 6.626 × 10−34
𝐽 ∙s
 物質與電磁波的能量交換只能以 ℎν 為單位,也就是說任何電磁波能量介於
𝑛ℎ𝜈 ~ 𝑛 + 1 ℎ𝜈 之間皆無法被物質吸收或釋放。
結果,完美解釋了「黑體輻射頻率與強度的關係」!!!
第一週第二講的回顧
 電磁波造成電場與磁場的波動,可探測電子的運動情形。
 所有的光就是電磁波!
 氫原子的線光譜發現氫原子中的電子振動頻率並非任意值!
 在古典物理的理論架構下,無法解釋
 氫原子的線光譜
 黑體輻射頻率與強度的關係
 普朗克認為原子中的振動能量是個非連續函數,而是 ℎ𝜈 的整數倍。結果
完美解釋了「黑體輻射頻率與強度的關係」。這就是量子力學的濫觴。
 但是,為什麼原子中的振動能量是個非連續函數?
 如何創造新的理論來正確計算「光的能量」及解釋「量子現象」?

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Week 1-2 原子中的電子是無法隨意得到或失去任何能量