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Rattanavalee Maisak 
Justin Brown 
Edith Cowan University
Over 600 million people with disabilities - 
The World Health Organization (WHO) 
The Thai government has been a signatory to 
the Convention on the Rights of Persons with 
Disabilities (CRPD) since 2007. 
This research aims to investigate the 
accessibility of Thai higher education 
websites.
What level of web accessibility is apparent in 
Thai universities against WCAG 2.0 
guidelines? 
Which aspects of the WCAG are the most 
issues seen?
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 
- 3 Levels: A, AA and AAA 
- POUR principles 
- Critical Failures: Checkpoint 1.4.2, 2.1.2, 2.2.2 
and 2.3.1 
Web Accessibility Evaluation 
- Automated testing 
- Manual Testing 
Related work
9 higher education websites in Thailand: 5 top 
ranked Thai universities, 2 open universities, 1 
special college for disabled students and 1 online 
institution. 
7 representative webpages according to WCAG-EM 
1.0 
University 
Homepage 
Selected 
websites 
Library 
Webmail 
login 
page 
Contact 
us 
E-learning 
Content 
E-learning 
Homepage 
E-learning 
Forums
WCAG 2.0 guidelines (POUR principles) 
Principle Level A Level AA % of total 
Perceivable 9 5 36.84 
Operable 9 3 31.58 
Understandable 5 5 26.32 
Robust 2 0 5.26 
Total 25 13 100% 
Automated Testing (SortSite, WAVE) 
Manual Expert Testing 
Scrolling : N/A, 0, 1
Tests of Normality 
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk 
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig. 
P .227 158 .000 .890 158 .000 
O .192 158 .000 .906 158 .000 
U .258 158 .000 .866 158 .000 
R .332 158 .000 .740 158 .000 
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction 
Test Statisticsa,b 
P O U R 
Chi-Square 12.888 10.946 4.487 4.144 
df 3 3 3 3 
Asymp. Sig. .005 .012 .213 .246 
a. Kruskal Wallis Test 
b. Grouping Variable: uni_purpose
GROUPS P O U R 
Common 
Mean 2.74 2.18 1.86 .75 
N 93 93 93 93 
SD 1.950 1.628 1.486 .816 
Open 
Mean 2.15 1.94 1.39 .61 
N 33 33 33 33 
SD 1.839 1.478 1.116 .788 
Online 
Mean 2.00 2.50 1.64 .57 
N 14 14 14 14 
SD 1.301 1.557 1.550 .756 
Special 
Mean 1.22 1.06 1.17 .33 
N 18 18 18 18 
SD .943 1.211 1.200 .485
1.1.1 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5 
80 
70 
60 
50 
40 
30 
20 
10 
0 
No. of Errors 
Common 69 5 3 3 0 3 75 4 10 13 1 33 28 8 
Open 23 1 1 1 0 1 17 3 1 1 0 10 9 3 
Online 9 1 0 0 0 0 10 1 1 0 0 3 2 1 
Special 7 2 0 1 1 0 6 0 0 0 0 2 2 1
2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.3.1 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.4.6 2.4.7 
70 
60 
50 
40 
30 
20 
10 
0 
No. of Errors 
Common 21 3 1 17 3 29 10 2 64 21 28 4 
Open 5 0 1 6 1 12 3 3 21 7 4 1 
Online 4 0 0 4 1 5 4 0 9 5 3 0 
Special 3 1 0 1 0 2 3 0 2 5 1 1
1.4.2 2.1.2 2.2.2 2.3.1 
18 
16 
14 
12 
10 
8 
6 
4 
2 
0 
No. of Errors 
Common 1 3 17 3 
Open 0 0 6 1 
Online 0 0 4 1 
Special 0 1 1 0
University 
Homepage 
E-learning 
Homepage 
Library 
Contact Us 
Page 
Webmail Login 
Page 
E-learning 
Forum 
E-learning 
Content Page 
P 529 387 483 396 270 189 125 
O 435 287 433 371 179 151 78 
U 248 193 225 215 239 182 89 
R 136 77 144 124 134 52 32 
600 
500 
400 
300 
200 
100 
0 
Total Errors
Accessibility problems on Thai university 
websites 
Possible causes: Lack of awareness, lack of 
policy and lack of WCAG 2.0 implementation, 
testing and knowledge 
Recommendation – the Thai government 
strengthen its policy and requirements 
around accessibility of online technologies.
Web accessibility on thai higher education websites

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Web accessibility on thai higher education websites

  • 1. Rattanavalee Maisak Justin Brown Edith Cowan University
  • 2. Over 600 million people with disabilities - The World Health Organization (WHO) The Thai government has been a signatory to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) since 2007. This research aims to investigate the accessibility of Thai higher education websites.
  • 3. What level of web accessibility is apparent in Thai universities against WCAG 2.0 guidelines? Which aspects of the WCAG are the most issues seen?
  • 4. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 - 3 Levels: A, AA and AAA - POUR principles - Critical Failures: Checkpoint 1.4.2, 2.1.2, 2.2.2 and 2.3.1 Web Accessibility Evaluation - Automated testing - Manual Testing Related work
  • 5. 9 higher education websites in Thailand: 5 top ranked Thai universities, 2 open universities, 1 special college for disabled students and 1 online institution. 7 representative webpages according to WCAG-EM 1.0 University Homepage Selected websites Library Webmail login page Contact us E-learning Content E-learning Homepage E-learning Forums
  • 6. WCAG 2.0 guidelines (POUR principles) Principle Level A Level AA % of total Perceivable 9 5 36.84 Operable 9 3 31.58 Understandable 5 5 26.32 Robust 2 0 5.26 Total 25 13 100% Automated Testing (SortSite, WAVE) Manual Expert Testing Scrolling : N/A, 0, 1
  • 7.
  • 8. Tests of Normality Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig. P .227 158 .000 .890 158 .000 O .192 158 .000 .906 158 .000 U .258 158 .000 .866 158 .000 R .332 158 .000 .740 158 .000 a. Lilliefors Significance Correction Test Statisticsa,b P O U R Chi-Square 12.888 10.946 4.487 4.144 df 3 3 3 3 Asymp. Sig. .005 .012 .213 .246 a. Kruskal Wallis Test b. Grouping Variable: uni_purpose
  • 9. GROUPS P O U R Common Mean 2.74 2.18 1.86 .75 N 93 93 93 93 SD 1.950 1.628 1.486 .816 Open Mean 2.15 1.94 1.39 .61 N 33 33 33 33 SD 1.839 1.478 1.116 .788 Online Mean 2.00 2.50 1.64 .57 N 14 14 14 14 SD 1.301 1.557 1.550 .756 Special Mean 1.22 1.06 1.17 .33 N 18 18 18 18 SD .943 1.211 1.200 .485
  • 10. 1.1.1 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 No. of Errors Common 69 5 3 3 0 3 75 4 10 13 1 33 28 8 Open 23 1 1 1 0 1 17 3 1 1 0 10 9 3 Online 9 1 0 0 0 0 10 1 1 0 0 3 2 1 Special 7 2 0 1 1 0 6 0 0 0 0 2 2 1
  • 11. 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.3.1 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.4.6 2.4.7 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 No. of Errors Common 21 3 1 17 3 29 10 2 64 21 28 4 Open 5 0 1 6 1 12 3 3 21 7 4 1 Online 4 0 0 4 1 5 4 0 9 5 3 0 Special 3 1 0 1 0 2 3 0 2 5 1 1
  • 12. 1.4.2 2.1.2 2.2.2 2.3.1 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 No. of Errors Common 1 3 17 3 Open 0 0 6 1 Online 0 0 4 1 Special 0 1 1 0
  • 13. University Homepage E-learning Homepage Library Contact Us Page Webmail Login Page E-learning Forum E-learning Content Page P 529 387 483 396 270 189 125 O 435 287 433 371 179 151 78 U 248 193 225 215 239 182 89 R 136 77 144 124 134 52 32 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Total Errors
  • 14. Accessibility problems on Thai university websites Possible causes: Lack of awareness, lack of policy and lack of WCAG 2.0 implementation, testing and knowledge Recommendation – the Thai government strengthen its policy and requirements around accessibility of online technologies.