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Το πλαίσιο της επιστήμης του Web

Tim Berners-Lee, Wendy Hall, James Hendler, Nigel Shadbolt, Daniel J. Weitzner (2007), "Το πλαίσιο της επιστήμης του Web", εκδόσεις hyperconsult,

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ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Ë Ó¤· ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÊ¢ڤÙË ÙÔ˘ www ªÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË: Mȯ¿Ï˘ B·ÊfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜
™Â fiÛÔ˘˜ Ì ›ÛÙ„·Ó...
«∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web» ¢ÂΤ̂ÚÈÔ˜ 2007 ªÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË: ªÈ¯¿Ï˘ µ·ÊfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜ ∞fi‰ÔÛË Î·È ÂÈ̤ÏÂÈ· ÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ: ∫¤ÏÏ˘ √˘Û·ÓÙ˙ÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ ∆›ÙÏÔ˜ ÚˆÙfiÙ˘Ô˘: “A Framework for Web Science” ¶ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·Ú·ÔÌ¤˜ Î·È Â˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ ∫·ÏÏÈÙ¯ÓÈ΋ ÂÈ̤ÏÂÈ·: §È¿Ó· ¶··‰·ÊÓÈ¿‰Ë πSBN: 978-960—930361-3 Copyright © Hyperconsult 2007. Authorized translation of the English edition © T. Berners-Lee, W. Hall, J.A. Hendler, K. O’Hara, N. Shadbolt and D.J. Weitzner. This translation is published and sold by permission of Now Publishers, Inc., the owner of all rights to publish and sell the same.
9 µÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ ...........................................................................................11 ¶ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ηıËÁËÙ‹ °ÈÒÚÁÔ˘ ªËٷΛ‰Ë..........................................................................19 ¶ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ηıËÁËÙ‹ ™ˆÎÚ¿ÙË ∫¿ÙÛÈη............................................................................22 ¶ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ªÈ¯¿ÏË µ·ÊfiÔ˘ÏÔ˘ ........................................................................................24 ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ¤Î‰ÔÛ˘...................................................................................................27 1. ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹...............................................................................................................33 2.1 ∏ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ Web ...................................................................................39 3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web ......................................................................49 3.1.1 ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Web ............................................................................................50 3.1.3 √ÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜.............................................................................................................59 3.1.5 √ÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ‹ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜;..................................................................................64 3.2 ∞Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ∆·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ......................................................................................70 3.2.2 ¶fiÙ ‰‡Ô ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Â›Ó·È fiÌÔȘ;..........................................................................71 3.3.1 ÀËÚÂۛ˜ Web.....................................................................................................73 3.3.3 ∂Í·ÙƠ̂΢ÛË .......................................................................................................77 3.3.5 ∂ÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· º˘ÛÈ΋˜ °ÏÒÛÛ·˜.......................................................................79 4.1 ∏ ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Web ..........................................................................................83 4.1.2 ¢ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË £ÂˆÚ›· °Ú¿ÊˆÓ .......................................................85 4.2.1 ∆· ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈο ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· ..............................................................................92 4.2.3 ∞Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹..............................................................................96 4.2.5 ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ .............................................98 5.1 ∂ÚÌËÓ›·, Û˘ÓÂ·ÁˆÁ‹ Î·È ıÂÌÂÏ›ˆÛË Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ ....................................101 5.2.1 ∆È ¿ÏÏÔ ı· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ;.............................................................................................103 5.2.3 ™˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ οو ·fi ·Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ................................................................106 5.4 ∏ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Web ................................................................................109 5.4.2 ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷΤ˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ .........................................................111 5.4.4 º‹ÌË Î·È ›ÛÙË ..................................................................................................116 5.4.6 ∏ıÈΤ˜ Î·È Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈΤ˜ Ï¢ڤ˜ Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Web................................121 6.1 ¶ÚfiÙ˘· Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ......................................................................................127 6.3 ¶·Ú·‚·ÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿...............................................................................130 6.5 √ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ıÂÒÚËÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ .................134 7. ™˘˙‹ÙËÛË Î·È ™˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ..........................................................................137 ∂ÎÙÂٷ̤Ó˜ ÂÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂȘ fiÚˆÓ Î·È ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ.......................................................................143 µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ .......................................................................................................147 ∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ ....................................................................................................159 ∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ ·ÁÁÏÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ ......................................................................................................163 ∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ Î·È ‰È·ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ .........................................................................167 ∞fi‰ÔÛË ·ÁÁÏÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ ........................................................................................................169
µÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ
11 Sir Timothy Berners-Lee OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA O Tim Berners-Lee ÁÂÓÓ‹ıËΠÙÔ 1955 ÛÙÔ §ÔÓ‰›ÓÔ Ù˘ ∞ÁÁÏ›·˜. ∞ÔÊÔ›ÙËÛ ÙÔ 1976 ·fi ÙÔ Queen’s College ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ Ù˘ √ÍÊfiډ˘. ™ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ηٷÛ··Û ÙÔÓ ÚÒÙÔ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹ ·fi Û˘ÁÎÔÏÏËÙÈ΋ Ô˘Û›·, ÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ‡Ï˜, ¤Ó·Ó ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ M6800 Î·È ÌÈ· ·ÏÈ¿ ÙËÏÂfiÚ·ÛË. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ÂÚÁ¿ÛıËΠÁÈ· ‰‡Ô ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÛÙË ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›· ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ÙËÏÂÈÎÔÈÓˆ- ÓÈ·ÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ Plessey Telecommunications Ltd. ∞ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ··Û¯fiÏËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ‹Ù·Ó Ù· ηٷÓÂÌË̤ӷ ÙËÏÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È Ë Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· barcode. ∞fi ÙÔ 1978 ¤ˆ˜ ÙÔ 1980 Û˘Ó¤¯ÈÛ ÙËÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ηÚȤڷ ÛÙËÓ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›· D.G Nash Ltd fiÔ˘ Î·È Û˘Ó¤ÁÚ·„ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi ÁÈ· ¤Í˘ÓÔ˘˜ ÂÎÙ˘ˆÙ¤˜ Î·È ¤Ó· ÔÏ˘ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·ÛÙÈÎfi ÏÂÈ- ÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·. °È· ÂÓ¿ÌÈÛË ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÂÚÁ¿ÛıËΠˆ˜ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ˜ Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜. °È· ¤ÍÈ Ì‹Ó˜ (πÔ‡ÓÈÔ˜ – ¢ÂΤ̂ÚÈÔ˜ 1980) ··Û¯ÔÏ‹ıËΠˆ˜ Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙÔ ‰È¿ÛËÌÔ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ º˘ÛÈ΋˜ CERN Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÛÙÔ European Particle Physics Laboratory ÛÙË °ÂÓÂ‡Ë Ù˘ ∂Ï‚ÂÙ›·˜. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ·Ú·ÌÔÓ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂Ï‚ÂÙ›· ηٷÛ··Û ÁÈ· ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi ·Ôı‹Î¢Û˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ¿Ì‚·ÓÂ Ù˘¯·›Â˜ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ. ∆Ô ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ·˘Ùfi ÔÓÔÌ¿ÛıËΠ«Enquire» Î·È ‰ÂÓ ‰ËÌÔÛȇıËΠÔÙ¤, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ ÙËÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‚¿ÛË Ù˘ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙÔ˘ World Wide Web. ∞fi ÙÔ 1981 ¤ˆ˜ ÙÔ 1984 ÂÚÁ¿ÛıËΠÛÙËÓ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›· Image Computer Systems Ltd ÙÔ˘ John Poole ˆ˜ ˘‡ı˘ÓÔ˜ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ ۯ‰›·Û˘. ∏ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÏ¿Ì‚·Ó ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘Ú- Á›· real time control firmware, ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi ÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙËÏÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ Î·È ÌÈ· ÚˆÙÔ- ÁÂÓ‹ ÁÏÒÛÛ· Ì·ÎÚÔÂÓÙÔÏÒÓ. ∆Ô 1984 Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ˘ÔÙÚÔÊ›· ÛÙÔ CERN Ì ÛÎÔfi Ó· ÂÚÁ·Ûı› ÛÙ· ηٷÓÂÌË̤ӷ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Î·È Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ¯ÚfiÓÔ. ªÂٷ͇ ¿ÏψÓ, ··Û¯ÔÏ‹ıËΠÛÙÔ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· FASTBUS Î·È Û¯Â‰›·Û ¤Ó· ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓ¤˜ ÂÍ ·Ô- ÛÙ¿Ûˆ˜ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÎÏ‹ÛˆÓ. ∆Ô 1989 ÚfiÙÂÈÓ ¤Ó· ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ Îϛ̷η˜ ¤ÚÁÔ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ ˘ÂÚ-ΛÌÂÓÔ, ÁÓˆÛÙfi ˆ˜ World Wide Web. ∏ ÚfiÙ·ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ‚·Û›ÛıËΠÛÙËÓ ÚÔÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚË ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ «Enquire» Î·È Â›¯Â ۯ‰ȷÛÙ› ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ÙÔ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi ÁÓÒÛ˘ Û ¤Ó·Ó ÈÛÙfi ·fi ·Ú¯Â›· ˘ÂÚÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ. ∫·Ù·Û··Û ÙÔÓ ÚÒÙÔ Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹ (server) World Wide Web («httpd») Î·È ÙÔÓ ÚÒÙÔ ÂÏ¿ÙË (client) Ì ÙËÓ ÔÓÔÌ·Û›· «WorldWideWeb» Ô˘ ·Ô- ÙÂÏÔ‡Û ¤Ó· Ê˘ÏÏÔÌÂÙÚËÙ‹/Û˘ÓÙ¿ÎÙË WYSIWYG1 ˘ÂÚÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û ¤Ó· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ NeXTStep. H ÂÚÁ·Û›· ·˘Ù‹ ÍÂΛÓËÛ ÙÔÓ √ÎÙÒ‚ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 1990 Î·È ÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· «WorldWideWeb» ÂÓÂÚ- ÁÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÁÈ· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ ̤۷ ÛÙÔ CERN ÙÔ ¢ÂΤ̂ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ¤ÙÔ˘˜. ™ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ Ê¿ÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛıËΠ·fi ÙÔ Î·ÏÔη›ÚÈ ÙÔ˘ 1991. www 1 What You See Is What You Get. ªÈ· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ WYSIWYG ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÔıfiÓË ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹ ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ Î·È Ù· ÁÚ·ÊÈο ÛÙËÓ ·ÎÚÈ‚‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ô˘ ı· ¤¯Ô˘Ó fiÙ·Ó Ù˘ˆıÔ‡Ó, ‹ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ Î·Ù·Û΢- ‹˜ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ, ÛÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ô˘ ı· ¤¯Ô˘Ó fiÙ·Ó ‰ËÌÔÛÈ¢ıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ Web.
12 ∞fi ÙÔ 1991 ¤ˆ˜ ÙÔ 1993, Ô Tim Û˘Ó¤¯ÈÛ ӷ ÂÚÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË Û¯Â‰›·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web, ·ÍÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Ù· Û¯fiÏÈ· ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ·fi fiÏÔ ÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô. √È ·Ú¯ÈÎÔ› ÔÚÈÛÌÔ› ÙˆÓ URIs, ÙÔ˘ HTTP Î·È Ù˘ HTML ÙÚÔÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó Î·È ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Â˘Ú›·˜ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÍ¿ψÛË Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∆Ô 1994 ›‰Ú˘Û ÙÔ World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) ÛÙÔ ∂ÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ªπ∆ (LCS)2. ∞fi ÙfiÙ ̤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Â›Ó·È ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ W3C, ÂÓfi˜ ÊÔÚ¤· Ô˘ Û˘ÓÙÔÓ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ‰È¿‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔ ERCIM3 ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË Î·È ÙÔ ¶·ÓÂ- ÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ÙÔ˘ Keio ÛÙËÓ π·ˆÓ›·. ∏ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ W3C4 Â›Ó·È Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ Web ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÁÈÛÙÔ ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘, ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·˜ ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏ· Î·È Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ Ô˘ ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌË ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹ ÙÔ˘. ∆Ô 1999 ˘‹ÚÍÂ Ô ÚÒÙÔ˜ οÙÔ¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ¤‰Ú·˜ 3Com Founders chair ÛÙÔ LCS, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Û˘Á- ¯ˆÓ‡ıËΠ̠ÙÔ ∂ÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ ∆¯ÓËÙ‹˜ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘5 Î·È ÂÍÂÏ›¯ıËΠ۠«CSAIL»6. ™‹ÌÂÚ·, ˆ˜ ·ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ CSAIL, ‰È¢ı‡ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ √Ì¿‰· ∞ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤Ó˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ (DIG)7. ∆Ô ¢ÂΤ̂ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2004 ÂÎϤ¯ıËΠηıËÁËÙ‹˜ ÛÙÔ ÙÌ‹Ì· ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ Southampton ÛÙË µÚÂÙ·Ó›·. ∞fi ÙÔ 2006 Û˘Ó-‰È¢ı‡ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ∂Ú¢ÓËÙÈ΋ ¶ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web (WSRI)8. ∆Ô ‚È‚Ï›Ô Ô˘ Îڷٿ٠ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· Û·˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ÁÚ·Ùfi ΛÌÂÓÔ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜. ∆Ô ª¿ÚÙÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2007 ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘ Web Û ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˜ ÂÈÙÚÔ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ ∫ÔÁÎÚ¤ÛÔ˘, ÛÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ·fi Ì›· ÛÂÈÚ¿ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ æËÊÈ·Îfi ª¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙˆÓ ∏ÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ¶ÔÏÈÙÂÈÒÓ. ∂›Ó·È Û˘ÓÙ¿ÎÙ˘ ‰Âο‰ˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ¿ÚıÚˆÓ, ‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ Î·È ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, ÂÓÒ ¤¯ÂÈ Ï¿‚ÂÈ Ï‹ıÔ˜ ÙÈÌËÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÛˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ÙÔÓ Ù›ÙÏÔ «Sir» ·fi ÙË µ·Û›ÏÈÛÛ· Ù˘ ªÂÁ¿Ï˘ µÚÂÙ·Ó›·˜. √È ÔÌÈϛ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó¿ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ·‹¯ËÛË Î·È ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ ÙˆÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›ˆÓ ÂÙÒÓ. ¢È·ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ 1995: µÚ·‚Â›Ô ∫·ÈÓÔÙÔÌ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ π‰Ú‡Ì·ÙÔ˜ Kilby µÚ·‚Â›Ô ∫·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ˘ §ÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ Ù˘ ACM µÚ·‚Â›Ô Prix Ars Electronica ∞ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ˜ ¤·ÈÓÔ˜ Ù˘ µÚÂÙ·ÓÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ 1997: Œ·ÈÓÔ˜ ·fi ÙË µÚÂÙ·ÓÈ΋ ∞˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›· µÚ·‚Â›Ô Koji Kobayashi Ù˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ¤ÓˆÛ˘ ªË¯·ÓÈÎÒÓ IEEE ªÂÙ¿ÏÏÈÔ Duddell ÙÔ˘ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ Ù˘ º˘ÛÈ΋˜ Œ·ÈÓÔ˜ ‰È·ÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ¢È·‰Ú·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÀËÚÂÛÈÒÓ µÚ·‚Â›Ô ∫·ÈÓÔÙÔÌ›·˜ MCI Computerworld/Smithsonian www 2 Laboratory for Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 3 European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics, http://www.ercim.org. 4 ∏ ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ÁÚ·Ê›Ԣ Â›Ó·È http://www.w3c.gr. 5 Artificial Intelligence Lab. 6 Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. 7 Decentralized Information Group. 8 Web Science Research Initiative, www.webscience.org.
¢ÈÂıÓ¤˜ µÚ·‚Â›Ô ÛÙȘ ÙËÏÂÈÎÔÈӈӛ˜ ÙÔ˘ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ Columbus 13 1998: µÚ·‚Â›Ô Charles Babbage ªÂÙ¿ÏÏÈÔ Mountbatten Medal ÙÔ˘ ∂ıÓÈÎÔ‡ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ µÚ·‚Â›Ô ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ∂ÈÙ‡ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ §fiÚ‰Ô˘ Lloyd ÙÔ˘ Kilgerran µÚ·‚Â›Ô ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ∞ÚÈÛÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ PC Magazine ÀÔÙÚÔÊ›· MacArthur µÚ·‚Â›Ô ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Eduard Rhein ∂›ÙÈÌÔ Ì¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÏfiÁˆÓ ªË¯·ÓÈÎÒÓ ∞Ó·ÎËÚ‡¯ıËΠ¤Ó·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ 100 ηχÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÈÒÓ· ·fi ÙÔ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi TIME µÚ·‚Â›Ô ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˘ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ∂ÈÙ‡ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙȘ ∂ÈÎÔÈӈӛ˜ ∂›ÙÈÌÔ Ì¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ∆¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ 2000: µÚ·‚›· Paul Evan Peters, Educause and CNI ∞ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ µÚ·‚Â›Ô ÙÔ˘ π‰Ú‡Ì·ÙÔ˜ Electronic Freedom ∞ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ µÚ·‚Â›Ô George R. Stibitz ∂ȉÈÎfi ‚Ú·‚Â›Ô ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂ͤ¯Ô˘Û· ™˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔ ¢ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ºfiÚÔ˘Ì ∆ËÏÂ- fiÚ·Û˘ 2001: ªÂÙ¿ÏÏÈÔ Sir Frank Whittle Ù˘ µ·ÛÈÏÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜ ªË¯·ÓÈ΋˜ ÀfiÙÚÔÊÔ˜ Ù˘ µ·ÛÈÏÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ª¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜ ∆¯ÓÒÓ Î·È ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ 2002: µÚ·‚Â›Ô ÙÔ˘ π‰Ú‡Ì·ÙÔ˜ ∂ÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Î·È ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Ù˘ π·ˆÓ›·˜ ¶Ú›ÁÎÈ·˜ ÙÔ˘ π‰Ú‡Ì·ÙÔ˜ Asturias ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ Î·È Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ (Ì·˙› Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Larry Roberts, Rob Kahn Î·È Vint Cerf) ÀfiÙÚÔÊÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ π‰Ú‡Ì·ÙÔ˜ Guglielmo Marconi ªÂÙ¿ÏÏÈÔ Albert Ù˘ µ·ÛÈÏÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜ ∆¯ÓÒÓ, ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ∂ÌÔÚ›Ô˘ 2004: πfiÙ˘ (Sir) ÙÔ˘ µÚÂÙ·ÓÈÎÔ‡ ıÚfiÓÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ‰È¿‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ µÚ·‚Â›Ô ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Ù˘ ÃÈÏÈÂÙ›·˜ ∂ȉÈÎfi ‚Ú·‚Â›Ô Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈοÓÈ΢ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Î·È ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ª¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈοÓÈ΢ ºÈÏÔÛÔÊÈ΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ 2005: µÚ·‚Â›Ô Common Wealth ÁÈ· ÙȘ ¢È·ÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÀËÚÂۛ˜ ÛÙË ª·˙È΋ ∂È- ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· µÚ·‚Â›Ô Die Quadriga µÚ·‚Â›Ô ª¤ÁÈÛÙÔ˘ ∂ÈÙ‡ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰·˜ Financial Times 2006: ªÂÙ¿ÏÏÈÔ Â›ÙÈÌÔ˘ ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ º˘ÛÈ΋˜ 2007: µÚ·‚Â›Ô ∆ÈÌ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ µÚÂÙ·ÓÈÎÔ‡ ıÚfiÓÔ˘ µÚ·‚Â›Ô Charles Stark Draper Ù˘ ∂ıÓÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜ ªË¯·ÓÈ΋˜ ªÂÙ¿ÏÏÈÔ Lovelace Ù˘ µÚÂÙ·ÓÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ µÚ·‚Â›Ô D&AD President’s ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∫·ÈÓÔÙÔÌ›· Î·È ÙË ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· µÚ·‚Â›Ô MITX (Massachusetts Innovation & Technology Exchange) ∂͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˘ Ù˘ ∂ıÓÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜ ªË¯·ÓÈ΋˜
14 ∆ÈÌËÙÈο ¶Ù˘¯›·: Parsons School of Design, New York (D.F.A., 1995) Southampton University (D.Sc., 1995) Essex University (D.U., 1998) Southern Cross University (1998) Open University (D.U., 2000) Columbia University (D.Law, 2001) Oxford University (D.Sc., 2001) University of Port Elizabeth (DSc., 2002) Lancaster University (D.Sc., 2004) Wendy Hall ∏ Wendy Hall Â›Ó·È Î·ıËÁ‹ÙÚÈ· Î·È Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙÌ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈ- ÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ÙÔ˘ Southampton ÛÙË ªÂÁ¿ÏË µÚÂÙ·Ó›·, fiÔ˘ Î·È ›‰Ú˘Û ÙÔ ∂Ú¢ÓËÙÈÎfi ∂ÚÁ·ÛÙ‹- ÚÈÔ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, ¶ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ Î·È ¶Ú·ÎÙfiÚˆÓ. Œ¯ÂÈ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÛÂÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·fi 350 ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÛÙ· ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ‰›· ÙˆÓ ˘ÂṲ́ۈÓ, ÙˆÓ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ, ÙˆÓ „ËÊÈ·- ÎÒÓ ‚È‚ÏÈÔıËÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Web. ™‹ÌÂÚ· Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙÈÚfi‰ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ µ·ÛÈÏÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ªË¯·ÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÚ›ÊËÌ˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ (ACM), ÂÓÒ ‰ÈÂÙ¤ÏÂÛ Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ µÚÂÙ·ÓÈ΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔ- ÚÈ΋˜. ™˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙÔ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎfi fiÚÁ·ÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ¶Úˆı˘Ô˘ÚÁÔ‡ Ù˘ µÚÂÙ·Ó›·˜ Î·È Â›Ó·È ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ˆ˜ ÌË ÂÎÙÂÏÂÛÙÈÎfi ̤ÏÔ˜ ÛÙ· ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈο Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈ· ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆ- ÊÂÏÒÓ È‰Ú˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ. ¶ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ÔÚ›ÛıËÎÂ È‰Ú˘ÙÈÎfi ̤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ŒÚ¢ӷ˜ Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÈÌË- ı› Ì ‰Âο‰Â˜ ‚Ú·‚›· Î·È Â·›ÓÔ˘˜. James A. Hendler √ James Hendler η٤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ¤‰Ú· Tetherless World Senior Constellation ÛÙÔ ¶ÔÏ˘Ù¯ÓÈ- Îfi πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ Rensselaer, fiÔ˘ Î·È ‰È¢ı‡ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ Ì ٛÙÏÔ «∆Ô ª¤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔ- Ú›·˜». ¢È‰¿ÛÎÂÈ ÛÙÔ ∆Ì‹Ì· ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ ªπ∆ Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÚÈÛı› ·Ó·ÏËÚˆ- Ù‹˜ ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ Ù˘ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web (Web Science Research Initiative) Ô˘ ÛÙÂÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ. ∂›Ó·È Ô Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·˜ 200 Î·È ϤÔÓ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ÛÙ· ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ‰›· Ù˘ ∆¯ÓË- Ù‹˜ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, ÙÔ˘ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Web, ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Ú·ÎÙfiÚˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÂ- ÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ˘„ËÏÒÓ ÂȉfiÛˆÓ. ø˜ ¤Ó·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÊ¢ڤÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Web ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÈÌËı› Ì ÙÔ ‚Ú·‚Â›Ô ÙÔ˘ ȉڇ̷ÙÔ˜ Fulbright ÙÔ 1995, ÂÓÒ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯Â ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÂÈÙÚÔ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÌÂÚÈη- ÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÓfiÏˆÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÓ. ∂›Ó·È ˘fiÙÚÔÊÔ˜ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈοÓÈ΢ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∆¯ÓËÙ‹ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË. À‹ÚÍ ÂÈÎÂÊ·Ï‹˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ‹˜ Ù˘ ÂÚ›ÊËÌ˘ DARPA, ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ·Ê›Ԣ ÚÔËÁ- ̤Ó˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÓfiÏˆÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÓ. ø˜ ̤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ W3C ¤Ï·‚ ÙÔ 2002 ÙÔ ÌÂÙ¿ÏÏÈÔ ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜ ·fi ÙȘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÔϘ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ
ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Web. 15 ∂›Ó·È ·Ú¯ÈÛ˘ÓÙ¿ÎÙ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ IEEE Intelligent Systems Î·È Ô ÚÒ- ÙÔ˜ ÚÔÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ·˜ Ô˘ ˘ËÚ¤ÙËÛ ÛÙÔ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎfi Û˘Ì- ‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÒÓ (Reviewing Editors for Science). Kieron O’Hara √ Kieron O’Hara Â›Ó·È ·ÓÒÙÂÚÔ˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˘ ÙÔ˘ ÙÌ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ- ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ Southampton Î·È ˘fiÙÚÔÊÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Science Research Initiative. ∏ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó¿ ÙÔ˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ÙË ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜. Œ¯ÂÈ Û˘ÁÁÚ¿„ÂÈ Ù· ‚È‚Ï›·: «Plato and the Internet» (2002), «Trust: From Socrates to Spin» (2004), «After Blair: Conservatism Beyond Thatcher» (2005), «The Referendum Roundabout» (2006), «inequality.com: Power, Poverty and the Digital Divide» (2006, Ì·˙› Ì ÙÔÓ David Stevens), Î·È «After Blair: David Cameron and the Conservative Tradition» (2007). ∂Ú¢ÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÔÓÙ·È Û ÁÓˆÛÙ¿ ÂÚÈÔ‰Èο Î·È ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰Â˜, ÂÓÒ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ÒÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÛÂÈÚ¿ Û˘ÓÂÓÙ‡ÍÂˆÓ Û ÙËÏÂfiÚ·ÛË Î·È Ú·‰ÈfiʈÓÔ. Nigel Shadbolt √ Nigel Shadbolt Â›Ó·È Î·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙÌ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ Southampton. ∂›Ó·È ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚ›Ô˘ ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ Î·È Ë ¤ÚÂ˘Ó¿ ÙÔ˘ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ∆¯ÓËÙ‹ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ·Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È ÙË ‚ÈÔ-ÚÔÌÔÙÈ΋. ∆Ô 2000 ËÁ‹ıËΠÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎÔÓÛfiÚÙÛÈÔ˘Ì ¤ÓÙ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›ˆÓ Ì ÙËÓ Âˆ- Ó˘Ì›· EPSRC Interdisciplinary Research Collaboration in Advanced Knowledge Technologies (AKT). ø˜ ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏ˘‰¿·ÓÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ·Í›·˜ ÂηÙÔÌÌ˘Ú›ˆÓ ÏÈÚÒÓ ÚÔˆı› ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È ÚÔˆıÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÚ¿Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Web. Œ¯ÂÈ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÛÂÈ ¤Ú·Ó ÙˆÓ 250 ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜ Ù˘ ∆¯ÓËÙ‹˜ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, ÂÓÒ ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘ÁÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ¤ÓÙ ‚È‚Ï›·. ∞fi ÙÔ 1985, Ô Î·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ Shadbolt ¤¯ÂÈ ÚˆÙÔÛٷًÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË 30 ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ ÌÂ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi Ô˘ ˘ÂÚ‚·›ÓÂÈ ÙȘ 20 ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ϛژ ∞ÁÁÏ›·˜. ∂›Ó·È Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ µÚÂÙ·ÓÈ΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ Î·È ˘fiÙÚÔÊÔ˜ Ù˘ µ·ÛÈÏÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜ ªË¯·ÓÈ΋˜. ∞fi ÙÔ 2001 ¤ˆ˜ ÙÔ 2004 ‰ÈÂÙ¤ÏÂÛ ·Ú¯ÈÛ˘ÓÙ¿ÎÙ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ IEEE Intelligent Systems Î·È ÙÔ 2005 ·Ó·ÎËÚ‡¯ıËΠÂ›ÙÈÌÔ˜ Û˘ÓÙ¿ÎÙ˘ ÙÔ˘. ∂›Ó·È Â›Û˘ ˘fiÙÚÔÊÔ˜ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ∆¯ÓËÙ‹ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË (ECCAI). Œ¯ÂÈ ‰È·ÙÂϤÛÂÈ Ì¤ÏÔ˜ Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÚÔ¤˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔ̤Ó˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÁÓˆÛÙ‹˜ ÂÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ ÛÙËÓ ŒÚ¢ӷ Î·È ÙËÓ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ µÚÂÙ·Ó›·˜ (UK EPSRC Strategic Advisory Team).
16 Daniel J. Weitzner √ Daniel Weitzner Â›Ó·È ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) Î·È Û˘Ó-‰È¢- ı‡ÓˆÓ Ù˘ √Ì¿‰·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓË ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÛÙÔ ªπ∆. ∂›Ó·È ÂÈÊÔÚÙÈṲ̂ÓÔ˜ Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ Web Ó· Â›Ó·È Û˘Ì‚·Ùfi Ì ÙȘ ÓÔÌÈΤ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ. ¢È‰¿ÛÎÂÈ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ıˆڛ· ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ÛÙÔ ªπ∆. ø˜ Ë ËÁÂÙÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÛÙËÓ ÂÊ·Ú- ÌÔÁ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ‹Ù·Ó Ô ÚÒÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ·ÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ȉȈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ. ∏ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›· ¤·ÈÍ ηıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË-ÛÙ·ıÌfi ÂχıÂÚ˘ ¤ÎÊÚ·Û˘ ̤ۈ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Ô˘ ÂΉÈοÛÙËΠÛÙÔ ∞ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ ‰ÈηÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ (Reno v. ACLU, 1997). ∆Ô 1994 ¤Ù˘¯Â ÙË ÓÔÌÈ΋ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ email Î·È ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÏÔÁ›ˆÓ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ¶Ú¿Í˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ π‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ (Electronic Communications Privacy Act). √ Weitzner ‰È·ÙÂÏ› ·ÓÒÙÂÚÔ˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˘ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÚÁ·ÛÙËÚ›Ô˘ ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ Î·È ∆¯ÓËÙ‹˜ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÙÔ˘ ªπ∆, Â›Ó·È È‰Ú˘ÙÈÎfi ̤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· Î·È ÙËÓ π‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· Î·È ÙËÓ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·. ÀËÚÂÙ› ˆ˜ ̤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢.™. ÛÙÔ ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂Ï¢ıÂÚ›· ÙÔ˘ §ÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÛÙÔ ÿ‰Ú˘Ì· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ˘·Î‹ ∂Î·›‰Â˘ÛË. √È ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ËÌÔÛÈ¢ı› Û ÂÈÊ·Ó‹ ÂÚÈÔ‰Èο ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘, Ù¯ÓÔ- ÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ.
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19 ¶ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ηıËÁËÙ‹ °ÈÒÚÁÔ˘ ªËٷΛ‰Ë9 ∂›¯· ÙËÓ Î·Ï‹ Ù‡¯Ë Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›Ûˆ ÙÔÓ Tim Berners-Lee Ùo 1992 fiÙ·Ó ÙÔ Web ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ·ÎfiÌ· ·Ú¿ ÌÈ·… Ï¿Ì„Ë ÛÙ· Ì¿ÙÈ· ÙÔ˘. £˘Ì¿Ì·È ÌÈ· ‚Ú·‰È¿ ÛÙÔ Û›ÙÈ ÌÔ˘ ÛÙȘ µÚ˘Í¤ÏϘ fiÔ˘ ‡ÛÙÂÚ· ·fi ·ÚÎÂÙfi ηÏfi ÎÚ·Û›, Ô Tim ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡Û ӷ ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙÔ ªÈ¯¿ÏË ¢ÂÚÙÔ‡˙Ô Î·È Û Â̤ӷ Ò˜ ÙÔ Web ı· ÌÔ- ÚÔ‡Û ӷ Á›ÓÂÈ –¤Ú· ·fi ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘– ¤Ó·˜ ηıÚ¤Ù˘ Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ù˘. √ ªÈ¯¿Ï˘ ÎÈ ÂÁÒ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ Î·Ù·Ï¿‚·ÌÂ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ «ÓÈÒÛ·Ì» fiÙÈ ‹Ì·ÛÙ·Ó ·ÓÙÈ- ̤وÔÈ Ì ÌÈ· Û‡ÏÏË„Ë Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ ÔÏÏ¿ Î·È ÌÂÁ¿Ï·. ∞fi ÙËÓ ÂfiÌÂÓË Ì¤Ú· Ô ªÈ¯¿Ï˘ ¢ÂÚÙÔ‡˙Ô˜ ÍÂΛÓËÛ ÙȘ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ ÛÙȘ ∏.¶.∞. Î·È ÂÁÒ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÓˆÛË Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛË Ù˘ ›‰Ú˘Û˘ ÙÔ˘ World Wide Web Consortium ÙÔ 1993 Ì ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹ ÙÔÓ Tim Berners-Lee. ∆· ˘fiÏÔÈ· ›ӷÈ, fiˆ˜ ϤÁÂÙ·È, ÈÛÙÔÚ›·. ™ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ·˘Ù‹ ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ÙÒÚ· Ó· ÚÔÛı¤ÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ηÈÓÔ‡ÚÈÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ, Ë Ó¤· ÚˆÙÔ- ‚Ô˘Ï›· ÙÔ˘ Tim Berners-Lee Ì ÌÈ· Û˘ÓıÂÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ ÂͤÏÈ͢ ÙÔ˘ Web, Ë ÔÔ›· ‚·Ù›ÛÙËΠ̠ÙËÓ (fiˆ˜ Ô ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˘ ı· ‰ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı›) ÛÎfiÈÌ· ‰ÈÊÔÚÔ‡ÌÂÓË ÔÓÔÌ·Û›· Web Science ‹ ∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web. ∆Ô ‚È‚Ï›Ô Ô˘ Îڷٿ٠ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· Û·˜ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÚÒÙË ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ó· ÂÍËÁËı›, Û ÚÔÛÈÙfi Â›‰Ô, Ë ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ·˘Ù‹, Ó· ηÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÛ˜ Ù˘ Î·È Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ·Ú¯ÈÎfi˜ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ Ô‡ Î·È Ò˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔÛı¤ÛÂÈ ·Í›· Û ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Î¿Ùˆ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÌڤϷ ÙˆÓ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ. £· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û –Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ‰›Î·È·– Ó· ıˆÚËı› ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏ‹ ‹ Î·È ¤·ÚÛË Ô ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌfi˜ fiÙÈ Ì ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍ‹ ÙÔ˘ –·fi ÙÔ 1993 ̤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ·– ÙÔ Web ¤¯ÂÈ ‹‰Ë Á›ÓÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˜ ÊÔÚ¤·˜ Î·È Î·ıÚ¤Ù˘ Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ù˘. www 9 √ °ÈÒÚÁÔ˜ ªËٷΛ‰Ë˜ Û˘Ó¤‚·ÏÏ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÛÙËÓ Â›ÛÔ‰Ô Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏ› ˙ˆÓÙ·Ófi ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘. ¢È·Ù¤ÏÂÛ ηıËÁËÙ‹˜ ÛÙÔ MIT, ÛÙȘ ∏¶∞, ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ∫ÔÚÓ¤Ï Î·È ÙÔ˘ ƒfiÙÛÂÛÙÂÚ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÎÏÂÁ› ηÙfiÈÓ ˆ˜ Ù·ÎÙÈÎfi˜ ηıËÁËÙ‹˜ ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ Ù˘ ¶¿ÙÚ·˜. Œ¯ÂÈ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÛÂÈ ÛÂÈÚ¿ ¿ÚıÚˆÓ Î·È ‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋, ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ∂ÈÛÙ‹Ì˘. ∂›Ó·È Â›ÙÈÌÔ˜ ‰È‰¿ÎÙÔÚ·˜ ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ¡ÈԇηÛÙÏ, ÛÙÔ ∆¯ÓÈÎfi ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ µÔ˘ÎÔ˘ÚÂÛÙ›Ô˘, ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ Ù˘ £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔӛ΢ Î·È Â›ÙÈÌÔ˜ ηıËÁËÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ Ù˘ ªfiÛ¯·˜. ∂›Ó·È ̤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÚˆÛÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜ º˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ, Â›ÙÈÌÔ Ì¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ƒÔ˘Ì·ÓÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ Î·È Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Ù˘ ƒÔ˘Ì·Ó›·˜ Û ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘. Œ¯ÂÈ Ï¿‚ÂÈ Ï‹ıÔ˜ ‚Ú·‚›ˆÓ Î·È ÙÈÌÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÂÓÒ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰È·ÙÂϤÛÂÈ Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ √Ì¿‰·˜ ŒÚ¢ӷ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘. ◊Ù·Ó ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ESPRIT Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ·fi ÙÔ 1993 ̤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛ‹ ÙÔ˘, ÙÔ 1998 Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ «Essential Technologies and Infrastructures in Europe». ∞˘Ù‹ ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Â›Ó·È Î·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ¶·ÙÚÒÓ Î·È ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ π∆À, Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˘ ∂ÈÙÚfiÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∫·ÈÓÔÙÔÌ›· Î·È Ù˘ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Ù˘ ƒÔ˘Ì·Ó›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜.
20 ∏ ÂͤÏÈÍ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·˘Ù‹, Ì ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘, Â›Ó·È ·ÎfiÌ· ÛÙ· Û¿ÚÁ·Ó·! ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿ Î·È ¤Ú· ·fi ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÊÔÚ¤·/ηıÚ¤ÙË, ÙÔ Web ¤¯ÂÈ ÍÂÂÚ¿ÛÂÈ –ÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ Ì·˜ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ– ·Ú¯ÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘ Û fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ Ó· ÚÔ- ηÏ› ‹‰Ë Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Û ÔÏϤ˜ ·ÙÔÌÈΤ˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜, ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ- Τ˜, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜. ™Â ÌÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜ ÔÈ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ –̤¯ÚÈ ÙÒÚ· ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ– Â›Ó·È Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÂÚÈıˆÚȷΤ˜. ™Â ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È ‰˘ÓËÙÈο ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ‰›¯ˆ˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ÌÂÏÂÙË̤ӷ ÚÔËÁÔ‡- ÌÂÓ·. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο, ÙÔ Web ¤¯ÂÈ ‹‰Ë ʤÚÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ· ÏËıÒÚ· ÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ- ÎÒÓ ÔÓÔÎÂÊ¿ÏˆÓ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·Ú¿ ÌfiÓÔ ÙËÓ ÎÔÚ˘Ê‹ ÂÓfi˜ ·Áfi‚Ô˘ÓÔ˘ ‰ÈÏËÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· (privacy), ÙËÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·, Ù· ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈο ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· Î·È –›Ûˆ˜– ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙË Ê‡ÛË Ù˘ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Û ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ Â›‰Ô. ∫·ıÒ˜ ÙÔ Web ˘ÂÚ‚·›ÓÂÈ ÂıÓÈο Û‡ÓÔÚ·, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› Ú‹ÁÌ·Ù· Û ÂıÓÈΤ˜ ÓÔÌÔıÂۛ˜ Û¯Â- ‰È·Ṳ̂Ó˜ Ó· ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó Û ۷ÊÒ˜ ηıÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜, fiˆ˜ ¿ÏψÛÙ ··ÈÙ› Ë ›‰È· Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ ¤ıÓÔ˘˜-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜. ∞Ïfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· (Î·È fi¯È ÙÔ ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi) ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ô ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂÈÒÓ Ô˘ ‰È·Ó¤ÌÔ˘Ó ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· Î·È ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÛÙÔ Web, ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ë ÂÁÁÚ·Ê‹, ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË, ÙÔÔıÂÛ›· Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙÒÓ, ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Î·È ·Ôı‹Î¢ÛË ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡ ÎÒ‰Èη ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ‰È·- ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Ë Î¿ı ̛·. ∏ ÂÎıÂÙÈ΋ ·‡ÍËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓÔًوÓ, Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ peer to peer (P2P) Î·È ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Web, ÌÂٷ͇ ¿ÏψÓ, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ‰Ô̤˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ë Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÂÈÎfiÓÈ- ÛË ·Ê’ ÂÓfi˜ Î·È Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÂÈÙÒÛÂˆÓ ·Ê’ ÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ó¤Â˜, ‰È·ÚÎÒ˜ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂ- Ó˘ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ. ¢È·¯ÚÔÓÈΤ˜ ·Í›Â˜ fiˆ˜ Ô Û‚·ÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ȉȈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ (ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÚÔÛٿ٢·Ó ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÚˆÙfiÁÔÓ˜ ÎÔÈӈӛ˜) ‰ÔÎÈÌ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È. ∞fi ÙȘ ÛÎÔÙÂÈÓfiÙÂÚ˜ Ï¢ڤ˜ ÙÔ˘, ÙÔ Web ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ·¤Ó·Ë˜ ϤÔÓ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ˘ ·ÙfïÓ, ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ, Ì ·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏ˘ ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ·˜ ÚÔ··ÈÙÔ‡ÌÂÓ· Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛ˘. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›˜ Î·È (Â˘Ù˘¯Ò˜ Û ÌÂÌÔӈ̤Ó˜ ̤¯ÚÈ ÙÒÚ· ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ) ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ ηٷ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ‰È·Î›ÓËÛ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ó¤Ô˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÛÙÔ Web ·fi ¿ÙÔÌ· ‹ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Ô˘ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ¤˜ (‚Ϥ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›˜ „˘¯·ÁˆÁ›·˜) ‹ ·ÂÈϤ˜ (‚Ϥ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ). ∆Ô Web ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ·ÎfiÌË Î¿Ùˆ ·fi Ù· ÌÈÛ¿ Ù˘ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚ˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ‡·ÚÍ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÌfiÏȘ ÙÒÚ· ·Ú¯›˙ÂÈ Ó· ‚Á·›ÓÂÈ ·fi ÙË ‚ÚÂÊÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô!
21 √È ÂÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓ˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ı· ʤÚÔ˘Ó fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÌÂÁ¿Ï· Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈο ¿ÏÌ·Ù· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ –‰È·Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ˜ Î·È ÌË– ηıÒ˜ ÙÔ Web ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È Î·È ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿ Ì ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ÌÔ›Ú·. ∏ ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ô˘ ÂÈÛËÁÂ›Ù·È Ë ∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ÌÈ· ÚÒÙË ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Ô ÙfiÌÔ˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ¢ÂÏÈÛÙ› Ó· Ì·˜ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ Î·È ›Ûˆ˜ Ó· ÌÔÚ¤ÛÔ˘ÌÂ, Ô Î·ı¤Ó·˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÙÔ˘, Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÔ˘Ì ıÂÙÈο Û ·˘Ù¤˜. ∞ı‹Ó·, 10.10.2007 °ÈÒÚÁÔ˜ ªËٷΛ‰Ë˜
22 ¶ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ηıËÁËÙ‹ ™ˆÎÚ¿ÙË ∫¿ÙÛÈη10 √È ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ Î·È ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ϤÔÓ ÂÓۈ̷وı› ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Ì·˜, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈÛ·¯ı› Î·È ·ÍÈoÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÙÔÌ›˜ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ Î·È ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ Ì·˜ ˙ˆ‹, ·ÏÏ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÚÁ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙÂ, ÂÓËÌÂÚˆÓfiÌ·ÛÙÂ, ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÔ‡ÌÂ, Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·Á¤˜, ‰È·ÛΉ¿˙Ô˘ÌÂ, ÊÚÔ- ÓÙ›˙Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ ˘Á›· Ì·˜, Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ˙ˆ‹. ∆Ô ÈÔ ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ, ·fi ¿Ô„Ë ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ, ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Î·È, ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÙÔ Web. Ÿˆ˜ Î·È ÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô, ¤ÙÛÈ Î·È ÙÔ Web ·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËΠ·Ú¯Èο ÁÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÛÎÔfi ·fi ·˘ÙfiÓ Ô˘ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Â͢ËÚÂÙ›: ÁÈ· Ó· Â͢ËÚÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Ù˘ º˘ÛÈ΋˜ À„ËÏÒÓ ∂ÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ. ™‹ÌÂ- Ú· ·ÍÈÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È (‹ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ùfi Ó· ·ÍÈoÔÈËı›) ·fi ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ οı ËÏÈΛ·˜, ÂÈ¤‰Ô˘ ÌfiÚʈÛ˘, ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ı¤Û˘ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â͢ËÚ¤ÙËÛË ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ Ô˘ Ë Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ Î˘Ì·›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ·Ï‹ Â͇ÚÂÛË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ̤¯ÚÈ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ, Î·È ·fi ·Ï‹ ÂÓË̤ڈÛË ÁÈ· Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈο Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ‰ÚÒÌÂÓ· ̤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁfi Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ Û ·˘Ù¿. ∂Âȉ‹ Ë Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·˘ÙÔÛÎÔfi, ·ÏÏ¿ ¤¯ÂÈ (‹ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ) ˆ˜ ÛÎÔfi ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ Ì·˜, Ô ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ·›˙ÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹ Ù˘ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛ‹ Ù˘. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, fiÙ·Ó ÌÈ· Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ·fi ÙË Ê‡ÛË Ù˘ Â›Ó·È ·ÓıÚˆÔÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋, fiˆ˜ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Web, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ·˘Ù‹ ηı·˘Ù‹, ·ÏÏ¿ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ŒÙÛÈ, ¤Ú· ·fi ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Web, Ì·˜ ··Û¯ÔÏÔ‡Ó Û‹ÌÂÚ· Î·È ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web, ÛÙËÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ, ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜. Ÿˆ˜ Û˘¯Ó¿ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, ÔÈ www 10 √ ™ˆÎÚ¿Ù˘ ∫. ∫¿ÙÛÈη˜ Â›Ó·È ¢Èψ̷ÙÔ‡¯Ô˜ ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÏfiÁÔ˜ ªË¯·ÓÈÎfi˜, Master of Science in Electrical & Computer Engineering Î·È ¢È‰¿ÎÙÔÚ·˜ ªË¯/Îfi˜ ∏/À & ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜. ™‹ÌÂÚ· Â›Ó·È ∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ∆Ì‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ¢È‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È æËÊÈ·ÎÒÓ ™˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ¶ÂÈÚ·ÈÒ˜. ¢ÈÂÙ¤ÏÂÛ ¶Ú‡Ù·Ó˘ (2003-2006), ∞ÓÙÈÚ‡Ù·Ó˘ √ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ & ∞Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ (1997-2003), ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∆Ì‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ªË¯·ÓÈÎÒÓ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ & ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ·ÎÒÓ ™˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (1997-1998 Î·È 2000), ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∆Ì‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ™Ù·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ∞Ó·ÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ – ÃÚËÌ·ÙÔÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ (2003-2006) Î·È ¢È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÚÁ·ÛÙËÚ›Ô˘ ∞ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ Î·È ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ·ÎÒÓ ™˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (1997 – 2005) ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ÈÁ·›Ô˘. ∂¯ÂÈ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÂÈ ‹ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¿Û¯ÂÈ Û ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·fi 60 ∂˘Úˆ·˚ο Î·È ÂıÓÈο ¤ÚÁ· ŒÚ¢ӷ˜ Î·È ∞Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÛÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∂›Ó·È Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚˆÓ ·fi 150 Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÛÂˆÓ Û ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ÂÚÈÔ‰Èο, ‚È‚Ï›· Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈο Û˘Ó‰ڛˆÓ. ¢ÈÂÙ¤ÏÂÛ ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÔ‡ ™¯Â‰È·ÛÌÔ‡ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÀÔ˘ÚÁ›Ԣ ÀÁ›·˜ Î·È ¶ÚfiÓÔÈ·˜ (2000-2002) Î·È Ù˘ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÔ‡ ™¯Â‰È·ÛÌÔ‡ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÀÔ˘ÚÁ›Ԣ ¢ÈηÈÔÛ‡Ó˘ (2002-2004), ÂÓÒ ‹Ù·Ó ̤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÔ‡ ™¯Â‰È·ÛÌÔ‡ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÀÔ˘ÚÁ›Ԣ ¶·È‰Â›·˜ (2000-2004). À‹ÚÍ (2004-2007) ∂ıÓÈÎfi˜ ∂ÌÂÈÚÔÁÓÒÌÔÓ·˜ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙÔ˘ 1Ô˘ ∂ȉÈÎÔ‡ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÛÙȘ ∂ȉÈΤ˜ ¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ 6Ô˘ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ¶Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ŒÚ¢ӷ Î·È ÙËÓ ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË. ∂›Ó·È ̤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÂÌÂÈÚÔÁÓˆÌfiÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌÈ·ÎÒÓ È‰Ú˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›ˆÓ (European University Association – EUA), ̤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ∞Ú¯‹˜ ¢È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∞ÓÒÙ·ÙË ∂Î·›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È ∂ıÓÈÎfi˜ ∂ÎÚfiÛˆÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ «ÕÓıÚˆÔÈ» ÙÔ˘ 7Ô˘ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ¶Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘.
23 ÔχÌÔÚʘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘. ªÂÚÈΤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜, ÙÔ Ï‹ıÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÏ¿‰ˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Ô˘ ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Â›Ó·È Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi ÌÈ·˜ Ó¤·˜ «ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘». ∆Ô ‚È‚Ï›Ô ·˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ› ÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ¶Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÂÙ·È ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web, ÙËÓ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘, ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ, ÙË Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÌÔÓÙÂÏÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο, ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈο, ÔÏÈÙÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ Î·È ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Î·È ‰È·- ¯Â›ÚÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘. ∏ ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÛÙ· ÂÏÏËÓÈο ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈ΋ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›·, Ô˘ ı· ‰ÒÛÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ ÎÔÈÓfi, Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÂÍÔÈÎÂȈ̤ÓÔ Ì ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·, Ô‡ÙÂ Î·È Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ·ÁÁÏÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ, Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙË Ó¤· ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË. ª·˙› Ì ٷ ·˘ÙÔÓfiËÙ· Û˘Á¯·ÚËÙ‹ÚÈ¿ ÌÔ˘ ÛÙÔÓ Ê›ÏÔ Î·È Û˘Ó¿‰ÂÏÊÔ ªÈ¯¿ÏË µ·ÊfiÔ˘ÏÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· ÙÔ˘ ·˘Ù‹, ηٷı¤Ùˆ ÙËÓ Â˘¯‹ Î·È Û˘Ó¿Ì· ÙËÓ ÂÏ›‰· ÌÔ˘ ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÂÊ·ÏÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ- ÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È¿‰ÔÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙÔ Web ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Î·È Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ·È- Ù¤Úˆ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ì ÁÓÒÌÔÓ· ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ Ì·˜ ÚfiÔ‰Ô. ¶ÂÈÚ·È¿˜, 15.10.2007 ∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ™ˆÎÚ¿Ù˘ ∫. ∫¿ÙÛÈη˜ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ¶ÂÈÚ·ÈÒ˜
24 ¶ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ªÈ¯¿ÏË µ·ÊfiÔ˘ÏÔ˘ ∆· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Ë ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ¤¯ÂÈ Î·ÙÔÚıÒÛÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÂÈ Ì ¿ÌÂÛÔ ‹ ¤ÌÌÂÛÔ ÙÚfiÔ Û fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ. ∏ ‰È¿‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ „ËÊÈ·ÎÒÓ ·Á·ıÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ ÚˆÙÔÊ·Ó¤˜ ¯·ÚÙÔÊ˘Ï¿ÎÈÔ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙˆÓ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ, ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ∏ ÁÓÒÛË Ì·˜ ÁÈ· ÔχÏÔη, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·Ï¿, ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ ı¤Ì·Ù· ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È Ë̤ڷ Ì ÙËÓ Ë̤ڷ Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ‚·ıÌfi ÂÍ ·ÈÙ›·˜, ΢ڛˆ˜, Ù˘ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÂÓÈ·›Ô˘ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘, ÙÔ˘ Web. √ ¯ÒÚÔ˜, Ô ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ Î·È ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ Û˘ÚÚÈÎÓÒÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È ·ÂÏ¢ıÂÚÒÓÔ˘Ó ÏÂÔÓ¿˙Ô˘Û· ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ÁÈ· Ӥ˜ Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓ·Û¯ÔÏ‹ÛÂȘ Û fiÏÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜. √ ·ÛÙ›Ú¢ÙÔ˜ ÂÓıÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÌfi˜ Ì·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ó¤Ô Ì¤ÛÔ Î·È Ë Û·Á‹ÓË Ô˘ ÚԤ΢„ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó·Á¤ÓÓËÛË Ù˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ÏÂÈ- ÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜, Ì·˜ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ ÛÙÔ Ó· ÌËÓ ÂÓÙÚ˘Ê‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÛÙ· Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Î·È ÙȘ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web. ™‹ÌÂÚ·, Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Web ÍÂÂÚÓ¿ÂÈ ÙÔ ¤Ó· ‰ÈÛÂ- ηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈÔ, ÂÓÒ Ë ¿ÌÂÛË Î·È Ë ¤ÌÌÂÛË ·Í›· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ·‰‡Ó·ÙÔÓ Ó· ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛı›, Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο Â›Ó·È ¿ÂÈÚË. £· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ԇ̠fiÙÈ ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·ÈÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜. ∏ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ, Û ÚÒÙË Ê¿ÛË, ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜, ÙȘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÌÂÙ¿‚·Û˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ Î·È Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÂÈ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÔÏÈÙÈ- ΋˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·ÚÔÊfiÚ· ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÔÎÂÓÙÚˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ªÂÙ¿ ·fi ‰Âη¤ÓÙÂ Î·È ϤÔÓ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ·fi ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘, Î·È ¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ Û¯ËÌ·Ù›ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· –fi¯È ·Ï¿ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌË ·ÏÏ¿– ÂÎÚËÎÙÈ΋ Ì¿˙·, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ·ÈÒÓ·. ◊ÚıÂ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, Ë ÒÚ· Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÈÔ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·, ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜, ÙȘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ Î·È ÙË ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ Ù¯ÓÔ˘ÚÁ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Web. ¡· ÂÈÛ¯ˆÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚ· ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ï‹ ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛË Î·È ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓ›·˜ ÈÛÙÔÛÂ- Ï›‰ˆÓ. ¡· Û˘Ó‰˘¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÙË ÁÓÒÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Ì·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÔ˘Ì ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÎÂÓÙÚˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙË- Ì¿ÙˆÓ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ∆ÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ ·˘Ùfi ÊÈÏÔ‰ÔÍ› Ó· ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›ÛÂÈ Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web, ·ÍÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ Ù· ÔχÙÈÌ· ÔÚ›ÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Û˘Óı¤ÙÔÓÙ·˜ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ¤Ó· ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ‰›Ô ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘. ªÈ· Ó¤· ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÍÂÎÈÓ¿ÂÈ Ì ÚˆÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ‹ ÙÔÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁfi ÙÔ˘ Web, ÙÔÓ Tim Berners-Lee ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ Ô˘ Îڷٿ٠ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· Û·˜! ª˘ÙÈÏ‹ÓË, 16.10.2007 ªÈ¯¿Ï˘ µ·ÊfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜
∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ¤Î‰ÔÛ˘
27 ∆Ô ‚È‚Ï›Ô ·˘Ùfi ·¢ı‡ÓÂÙ·È Û fiÏÔ˘˜ fiÛÔ˘˜ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο, ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜, ÙȘ ÂȉڿÛÂȘ Î·È ÙȘ ÂÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÎÂÓÙÚˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÙÔ˘ Web. ªÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ‚¿ÛË ÁÈ· Â- Ú·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ıÂ̤ÏÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÚı‹ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚÈÒÓ Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Û fiÏ· Ù· Â›‰·. ¶¤Ú· ·fi ·˘Ùfi fï˜, Ë ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web. ª›·˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Ô˘ ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ ÙËÓ Á¤ÓÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘. ∂ÓÒ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÛËÌÂÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ‰‡Ô ŒÏÏËÓ˜, Ô ªÈ¯¿Ï˘ ¢ÂÚÙÔ‡˙Ô˜ Î·È Ô °ÈÒÚÁÔ˜ ªËٷΛ‰Ë˜ ¤·ÈÍ·Ó Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯‹ ÂÍ¿ψÛË Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∏ ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË ÛÙ· ÂÏÏËÓÈο ÂÓfi˜ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ì ÙfiÛÔ «˘ÎÓ¿» Î·È ‚·ıÈ¿ ÓÔ‹Ì·Ù· Ì ‰ÈÂÈ- ÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ηٷ‚ÔϤ˜ Î·È ÚÔ‚ÔϤ˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ì›· Û˘Ó·Ú·ÛÙÈ΋ ÚfiÎÏËÛË Ì ÔÏÏ¿ ‰ÈÏÏ‹Ì·Ù·. ∆Ô ÚÒÙÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‰›ÏÏËÌ· ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÙËΠÛÙËÓ ·fi‰ÔÛË ‹ ÌË Ù˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ ÙÔ˘ «Web» ÛÙ· ÂÏÏËÓÈο ˆ˜ «πÛÙfi˜». ∏ ÙÂÏÈ΋ ·fiÊ·ÛË ‹Ù·Ó Ó· ·Ú·Ì›ÓÂÈ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο Ô ÌfiÓÔ˜ ·ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛÙÔ˜ ‚·ÛÈÎfi˜ fiÚÔ˜, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë Ï¤ÍË «πÛÙfi˜» ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ ·ÎfiÌ· ÛÙËÓ Î·ıÔÌÈÏÔ˘Ì¤ÓË ÙËÓ ·Ó·Áη›· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·, fiˆ˜ Ë Ï¤ÍË «¢È·- ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô»11. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÂÛÊ·Ï̤ӷ ˆ˜ «ÙÔ Web», ·ÓÙ› ÙÔ˘ ÔÚıÔ‡ «Ô Web» ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ¤ÎÊÚ·Û˘. ∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, ηٷϋͷÌ ÛÙËÓ Ì¤ÛË Ï‡ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ «Web Science» Û «ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web» Î·È fi¯È «ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ πÛÙÔ‡». ™Â ÌÂÚÈο ÛËÌ›· ÚԤ΢„Â Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÓÂÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÒÓ fiˆ˜ ÔÈ «Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜» (folksonomies) Î·È Ë «πÛÙÔÌÂÙÚ›·» (webmetrics). ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Û ÔÏÏ¿ ÛËÌ›· Ë Û˘ÓÙÔÌÔÁÚ·Ê›· SW Î·È ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Web (Semantic Web). ∂›Û˘, ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÂÍËÁËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ˘ÔÛËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÛÙÂı› ·fi ÙÔÓ ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ·ÛÙ‹, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú·ÔÌ¤˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÌÔÚÊ‹ [ÃÃÃ] Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ fiÔ˘ ·Ú·Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο ÔÈ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ·Ú·ÔÌ¤˜ ÁÈ· ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚ¤ÛÙÂÚË ÂÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ [·‡ÍˆÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜, ÛÂÏ›‰· ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘]. ¢ËÏ·‰‹, Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË [2, ÛÂÏ›‰· 144] ÂÓÓÔԇ̠fiÙÈ ÌÔÚ›Ù ӷ ‚Ú›Ù ÙËÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ·Ú·ÔÌ‹ Ì ·ÚÈıÌfi 2 ÛÙËÓ ÛÂÏ›‰· 144. √˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ·˘Ùfi ‰›ÓÂÙ·È Ë ÛÎ˘Ù¿ÏË ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ οı ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ (Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜, ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ Î·È Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜) ÁÈ· Ó· Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ Â˘ÂÚÁÂÙÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔ‡ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ÔÏÔÛÙ·Û›Ô˘ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È Ë ‰¤ÛÌË ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Web. www 11 ªÂ ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ «¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô» (Internet) Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, ÂÓÓÔÔ‡ÌÂ Û˘ÓÔÏÈο ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Ô˘ Ì·˜ ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ó·ÎÙԇ̠ÈÛÙÔ- ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜. ™ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ Web (WWW ‹ World Wide Web) Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi Ô˘ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Ë ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Î·È Ë ·Ó¿- ÎÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ.
28 ¶·Ú·Î·ÏÒ ıÂÚÌ¿ οı ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË Ó· ÌËÓ ‰ÈÛÙ¿ÛÂÈ Ó· ÌÔ˘ ·ÔÛÙ›ÏÂÈ Û¯fiÏÈ·, ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ, ‰È·ÊˆÓ›Â˜ Î·È ‰ÈÔÚıÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚfiÓÙÔ˜ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÛÙÔ vaf@aegean.gr, ÂÓÒ Û ÌÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ Ì‹Ó˜ ı· ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ www.webscience.gr. ∫·Ï‹ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË!
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31 µ·ÛÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔΛÌÂÓÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·Ó·Ï˘ıÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· (·Ó·)Û˘ÓÙÂıÔ‡Ó Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È Û˘Ó·ÊÒÓ Ì ·˘Ùfi ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ. £· ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ӷ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web ̤۷ ·fi ¤Ó· ¢ڇ Ê¿ÛÌ· ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ˘ÔÂÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ó Ó· ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÔ˘Ì ÔχÏ¢ڷ Î·È ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ÙË ıˆڛ· Î·È ÙËÓ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∞˘Ù¿ Ù· ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÔÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ «·ÓÔ›ÁÔ˘Ó» ÙËÓ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web, Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÎÂÓÙÚˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∏ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web, ·ÊÂÓfi˜, Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ Web, ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘, ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ì›· ̤ıÔ‰Ô ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚˆıԇ̠ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌˆÓ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Û fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙÔ Web. ™ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ì›· ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË Û ‚·ÛÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Web, ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Web Î·È Ù· ‰›ÎÙ˘· P2P. ∂ÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È, Â›Û˘, ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο ÔÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web, ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Î·È ÔÈ ‰È·ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ÂÂȉ‹ ÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È Ì›· Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ϤÔÓ ÂÓۈ̷و̤ÓË ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Ì·˜, ÌÂÏÂÙ¿Ì ٷ ÔÈΛϷ ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê‡ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ Î·È ·fi ÙË ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘.
1. ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹
33 ¶·ÚfiÙÈ ÙÔ World Wide Web (WWW ‹ ·Ï¿ Web) Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· Ôχ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë, Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘, ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÓۈ̷وı› Î·È ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÏÔÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ‚·ıÌfi ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓfiÙËÙ¿ Ì·˜. ∏ ·Ú¯È΋ ÙÔ˘ Û‡ÏÏË„Ë Û¯ÂÙÈ˙fiÙ·Ó Ì ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ Ù˘ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ù˘ º˘ÛÈ΋˜ À„ËÏÒÓ ∂ÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ. ™‹ÌÂÚ·, ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÂÎÙ·ı› Û fiÏÔ˘˜ ·ÓÂÍ·ÈÚ¤Ùˆ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔÌ›˜, ÛÙÔ ÂÌfiÚÈÔ, ÙË ‰È·ÛΤ‰·ÛË, ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ηÈ, ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ۯ‰fiÓ Û οı ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ [142, 143]. ∆· ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Î·È Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ ‰È·Ó¤ÌÔÓÙ·È Ù·¯‡Ù·Ù· ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ÂÎÙ‡ˆÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛ˘. ∏ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ÏÔ‡ÛÈÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÔÈ Î·ÈÓÔÙfi̘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÙÔ˘ Web ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘Ó·Ó ÙȘ ¢ηÈڛ˜ ÁÈ· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ∆· ÈÛÙÔÏfiÁÈ·12 Î·È Ù· wikis13 ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÛfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏ›·˜, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ Â˘Î·Èڛ˜ ‰È¿‰Ú·Û˘ ̤۷ ·fi ÙȘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÂÍ¿ÓÙÏËÙ˜. Ÿˆ˜ Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ Á‡Úˆ Ì·˜, ¤ÙÛÈ Î·È ÙÔ Web ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÛÙ¿ÛÈÌÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È ·ÓÙ·Ô- ÎÚÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÛÙȘ ȤÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÂÈÛً̘, ÙÔ ÂÌfiÚÈÔ, Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ ÎÔÈÓfi. ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘14, ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ¯¿ÚÈÓ, ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Û˘ÓÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏ¢Û˘ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈˆÓ ÔÛÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, ÂÓÒ Ë ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË15 Î·È ÙÔ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎfi ÂÌfiÚÈÔ16 ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó Â›Û˘ ÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ [34]. ∂›Ó·È Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·È ÙȘ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Î·È ÂͤÏÈ͢ ÙÔ˘ Web ÁÈ·Ù› ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· Ì·˜ ‰È·Ê‡ÁÔ˘Ó Â˘Î·Èڛ˜ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷ΋˜ Î·È ·Ú·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜. ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È Ë ‰È¿‰ÔÛË ˆÛÙfiÛÔ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·˘ÙÔÛÎÔfi˜. ¶¤Ú· ·fi ÙËÓ ÔχÏ¢ÚË Î·È ÂÂÎÙ¿ÛÈÌË Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘, ÙÔ Web ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ··Ú¿‚·ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈÎÒÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Ô˘ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¯‹ ‰È¿‰ÔÛË Î·È, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ó· ÂÌÓ¤ÂÈ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ó¤Ô˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Ô˘ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Îχ˙Ô˘Ó. ∏ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË, Ô ·˘ÙÔ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È Ô Û‚·ÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰ÂȘ Ù˘¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú·‚ϤÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ Ù·¯Â›· ÂÍÂÏÈÎÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÙÔ˘. ∏ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web ı· Ú¤ÂÈ ÔˆÛ‰‹ÔÙ ӷ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚˆı› Û ‰‡Ô ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ: (·) ÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú·Ì›ÓÂÈ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfi Î·È (‚) ÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ. ™Â ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È ·ÊÂÓfi˜ Ó· Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ www 12 Weblog ‹ ·ÏÒ˜ blog. 13 ¶ÚÔʤÚÂÙ·È Ô˘›ÎÈ Î·È Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ Ù‡Ô˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘ Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Û ÔÔÈÔÓ‰‹ÔÙ ӷ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·ÛÙ› ÙȘ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ ÙÔ˘. 14 e-science. √ fiÚÔ˜ e-science (‹ eScience) ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Î·È ·˘ÍË̤Ó˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ¯ÒÚ· Û ηٷÓÂÌË̤ӷ ‰›ÎÙ˘· ‹ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ϤÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ Û ÁÈÁ·ÓÙÈ·›· Û‡ÓÔÏ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. 15 e-government. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Â›ÛËÌÔ ÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ∂.∂. Â›Ó·È «Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÙËÏÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ ÛÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Î·È Ó¤Â˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡, Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ Â͢ËÚ¤ÙËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡, ÙËÓ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ». 16 e-commerce. ∏ ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ Ì ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈο ̤۷ (Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘ Web).
1. EÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ 34 ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÔÈ ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ› Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ› (fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Web) ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Â͢ËÚÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘, Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘, Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Î·È ÙȘ ‰Ô̤˜ Ô˘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡Ó Û ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì˯·- ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ [34]. ÀÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ì fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙˆÓ ·ÔÎÂÓÙÚˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÈ ˙ˆÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ¿Ù˘ÔÈ Î·È Ù˘¯·›ÔÈ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜, ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘˜ Î·È È‰ÈˆÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÊÔÚ›˜, ‚¿ÛÂȘ ‰Â‰Ô- Ì¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÏÔÈÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ηχ„Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷΤ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ, fiˆ˜ Ë ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË Î·È Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË. ∆Ô ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ¤Ó·˜ ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ Â›Ó·È ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfi˜ [34]. ∏ ÊÚ¿ÛË «Web Science» Â›Ó·È ÛÎfiÈÌ· ‰ÈÊÔÚÔ‡ÌÂÓË. ∞fi ÙË Ì›· ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÙȘ Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛً̘, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙË ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË ÓfiÌˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈ- Ô˘ÚÁ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ӈÓØ Ë ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋, ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ˆ˜ Â› ÙÔ Ï›ÛÙÔÓ Û˘ÓıÂÙÈ΋, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÔÈ ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔÈ Î·È ÔÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔÈ ÊÔÚ- Ì·ÏÈÛÌÔ› ηٷÛ΢¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. ∏ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ÂÓÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ‰‡Ô ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘, ·ÊÂ- Ófi˜ ‰ÈfiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙËı› Î·È Ó· ηٷÓÔËı› ÙÔ Web, Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ú¤- ÂÈ Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÂÂÎÙ·ı› ̤ۈ Ù˘ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘. ™Â ÌÈÎÚÔÎϛ̷η, ÙÔ Web ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ˘Ô‰ÔÌ‹ Ù¯ÓËÙÒÓ ÁψÛÛÒÓ Î·È ÚˆÙÔÎfiÏψÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ۯ‰›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Ë ÏÔÁÈ΋ Ù˘ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ Î·È Ë ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË, Ô˘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡Ó ÛÙÔ Web, ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û·Ó ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Û ̷ÎÚÔÛÎÔÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ (οÔÈ· ·fi Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ·˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È ıÂÌÈÙ¿ Î·È Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·‰ÔıÔ‡Ó, ÂÓÒ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· οÔÈ· ¿ÏÏ· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú·- ÏÂÈÊıÔ‡Ó). ∫·È ‚¤‚·È·, Ë ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÂÓfi˜ ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹- Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ Î·È ‰È¤ÂÙ·È ·fi ¤Ó· ϤÁÌ· ÓfiÌˆÓ Î·È Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ. ∏ ÔÏ˘Â- ›Â‰Ë Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Web ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ªÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË, Ô˘ ı· ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÂÈ ÙÔ Web Û ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ‡¯ÚË- ÛÙ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜, ·Ô˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Î·È ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈËı›. ªÂ ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÛÙfi¯Â˘ÛË ‰ÈÔÚÁ·ÓÒıËΠÙÔ ™Â٤̂ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2005 ÛÙÔ §ÔÓ‰›ÓÔ ¤Ó· Û˘Ó¤‰ÚÈÔ Ì ı¤Ì· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web17. ∆Ô Û˘Ó¤‰ÚÈÔ ÌÂϤÙËÛ ÌÈ· ¢Ú›· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›· Û˘ÓÔ„›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ˆ˜ ÂÍ‹˜: ñ ÔÈ Ó¤Â˜ Ù¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Web ñ ÔÈ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ Î·ıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ñ Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÒÓ Î·Ù¢ı‡ÓÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚÈÒÓ Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó Ë ÊÔÚËÙfiÙËÙ·, Ù· Ó¤· ÔÏ˘Ì¤Û·, ÔÈ ·ÓÙ·¯Ô‡ ·ÚÔ‡Û˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜18 Î·È Ë ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓË ÔÛfiÙËÙ· ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙÔ Web www 17 Web Science Workshop, http://www.cs.umd.edu/~hendler/2005/WebScienceWorkshop.html. ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· «∂˘¯·ÚÈÛٛ˜». 18 Ubiquitous computing (‹ ubicomp) Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ô˘ ı· ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÂÓۈ̿وÛË ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚˆÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓÒÓ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ Î·È ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ñ Ë ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ·Á·ıÒÓ fiˆ˜ Ë È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È 35 ñ Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·È Ë ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ÛÙ·ıÂÚÒÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Ë ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÛÙÔ Web. ∆Ô Î›ÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ Ô˘ Îڷٿ٠ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· Û·˜ ÚԤ΢„ ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Û˘Ó¤‰ÚÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ÚÔÛ·ı› Ó· Û˘ÓÔ„›ÛÂÈ, Ó· ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÂÈ Î·È Ó· Û¯ÔÏÈ¿ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ı¤ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó Û ·˘Ùfi. ŸÏÔÈ ÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ˘ÔÁÚ¿ÌÌÈÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÚÈÎÏ›ÂÈ ÙËÓ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙȘ Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜, Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛً̘. ™Â ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web ‰ÂÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÌfiÓÔ ÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË, ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÌÈÎÚÔÛÎÔÈο Î·È Ì·ÎÚÔÛÎÔÈο Â›‰·. ∞ÊÔÚ¿ Â›Û˘ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÚˆÙÔÎfiÏÏˆÓ Î·È ˘Ô‰ÔÌÒÓ Ô˘ ı· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ (hardware) Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Ô˘ ÙÔ ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓ›. ∏ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÓÙÔÓ›ÛÂÈ ÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ì ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ, ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ì ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜, ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ì ÙË Û‡ÓıÂÛË. ∏ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È ÂÍ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ‰›Ô ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Î·È ÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ ‚È‚Ï›Ô Â›Ó·È ·ÊÔÛȈ̤ÓÔ ÛÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÚԉȷÁÚ·Ê‹. ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ Web ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙË ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÏÔ‹ÁËÛ˘ Û ·˘Ùfi. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙÔ ÛÊ¿ÏÌ· 40419 ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ô‰ËÁ› Û ηٷÛÙÚÔÊÈ΋ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·, ÂÓÒ Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ URI20 Î·È Ë Ï‹Ú˘ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÚÔ-¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ˘Ô‰ÔÌ‹˜ (.¯. DNS21) ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÏËÊıÔ‡Ó Û ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈÎfi Â›‰Ô. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÎÔÈÓÒÓ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Î·È Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ÙÔ W3C22 ·›˙ÂÈ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ. ∏ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÚfiÙ·Û˘ Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ηıÔÏÈο ·Ô- ‰ÂÎÙÒÓ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘Ì‚·‰›˙ÂÈ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ‰È·‚Ô‡Ï¢Û˘. ™ÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÎÙÂÓÒ˜ ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Web. ¢ÈÂÚ¢ÓÒÓÙ·˜ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚÈο ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ «ÂͤÏÈ͢» Â›Ó·È Èı·Ófi Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ Web ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ÔÏ˘ÏËı¤˜ ÔÈÎÔÛ‡ÛÙËÌ·, ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÌÂ Û˘Ó‹ıÂȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ, ÓfiÌÔ˘˜ Î·È Î·ÓfiÓ˜. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, Ë Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÔÈÎ›ÏˆÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛˆÓ, ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Î·È ¯ˆÚÔ¯ÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÁÂıÒÓ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË Û ¤Ó· ¢ڇ Ê¿ÛÌ· ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ‰›ˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û· ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÁÈ· οı ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ·. ∆Ô ÙÚ›ÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ·Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ù·È Ì ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÒıËÛË Ó¤ˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Î·È ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ (.¯. ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο ϤÁÌ·Ù·23). ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· www 19 ∂ÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰·. 20 Uniform Resource Identifier. ∂ÓÈ·›Ô˜ ∞Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙ‹˜ ¶fiÚˆÓ. ∞ÏÊ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈÎfi Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ (.¯. ÂÓfi˜ ·Ú¯Â›Ô˘) ·fi ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ Web, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔÓ Ù‡Ô Î·È ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ (1-ÛÂÏ›‰· 143). 21 Domain Name System. ™‡ÛÙËÌ· √ÓÔÌ¿ÙˆÓ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ. ∆Ô Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÙ·È Ë ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›· Î·È Ë ÚÔÛ¤Ï·ÛË ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ ÛÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô (2-ÛÂÏ›‰· 144). 22 World Wide Web Consortium. ∫ÔÈÓÔÚ·Í›· ÙÔ˘ Web. ∆Ô W3C Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ‰ÈÂıÓ‹˜ ÎÔÈÓÔÚ·Í›· fiÔ˘ ÔÈ √ÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ›-ª¤ÏË, ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi Ï‹ÚÔ˘˜ ··Û¯fiÏËÛ˘ Î·È ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi ‰Ô˘ÏÂ‡Ô˘Ó Ì·˙› ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó ÚfiÙ˘· ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web, Ì ÛÎÔfi Ó· ÙÔ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÁÈÛÙÔ ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘. 23 Grids. °ÂˆÁÚ·ÊÈο ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ˘Ṳ̂ÓÔÈ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ‰ÈÎÙ˘ÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÒÛÙÂ Ë Û˘Ó‰˘·Ṳ̂ÓË ÈÛ¯‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ‰È·Ù›ıÂÙ·È ÛÙË ˙‹ÙËÛË.
1. EÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ 36 ·Ó·Ï‡ÂÙ·È Ì›· ·fi ÙȘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜ ÌÂÙÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Web, ÙÔ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Web (SW)24. ∆Ô Web ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ˆ˜ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Û˘Ó‰Â‰ÂÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÁÁڿʈÓ, Ë ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÚÔÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ·fi ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ì˯·ÓÈο ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÈÌÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ··ÈÙ› ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Â˘ÚËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ‰›Ô˘ Ù˘ ÂÂ- ÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜25 (NLP). ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ÙÔ SW, ¤Ó· fiÚ·Ì· Â¤ÎÙ·Û˘ Î·È ·ÍÈÔ- Ô›ËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web, ·ÔÛÎÔ› ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏ¢ÛË Ù˘ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ·˘ÙfiÌ·ÙË ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÏËıÒÚ·˜ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈο Û¯ÂÙÈ˙fiÌÂÓˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ™ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ÙÔ̤· ‰ÈÂÍ¿ÁÂÙ·È Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ¤Ú¢ӷ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÁψÛÛÒÓ Î·È ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÒÓ Ô˘ ı· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË, ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. °È· Ó· ¢‰ÔÎÈÌ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ SW, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È¤ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ›‰È· ·ÔÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈ΋ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Ô˘ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ Î·È ÙÔ Web. ªÈ· ÚfiÎÏËÛË Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Â›Ó·È Ó· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Ù· ÌÂÌÔӈ̤ӷ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘Á¯ˆÓ¢ıÔ‡Ó ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο Û ÙÔÈÎfi Â›‰Ô, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÂȉÈÒÎÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·˜ Û ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ Â›‰Ô. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ Ë ÎÔÈÓ‹ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ (.¯. URI) ·fi ÊÔÚ- Ì·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ (.¯. ηÓfiÓ˜ Î·È §ÔÁÈ΋26), ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ «‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡» ‹ «ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÔ‡» ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ Web. ŒÓ· ÙÚ›ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿- ‰ÂÈÍË ÙˆÓ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Â·Ó·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, ηıÒ˜ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÛÙËÓ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÔıËÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó· Û ·ÔÌÔӈ̤ӷ ÛËÌ›· Î·È ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÔÈË̤ӷ, fiˆ˜ Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÛÙÔ Web. ™ÙÔ ∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 4 ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Ì ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜. ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈο, Ë Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ Web ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÓ·ÚÌfiÓÈÛË Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·- ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷ΋˜ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ, ȉ›ˆ˜ ÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ‰›· fiˆ˜ Ë ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜, Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Î·È Ë ˘Ô- ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ. ∏ ηٷÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ Ì·ÎÚÔÛÎÔÈ΋˜ ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ı· Ì·˜ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·ıȤڈÛË Ó¤ˆÓ ÓfiÌˆÓ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ Î·È ‰È·‚¿ıÌÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. Ÿˆ˜ ÙÔÓ›ÛıËΠÚˆÙ‡ÙÂÚ·, Ë ·Í›· ÙÔ˘ Web ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ·ÊÂÓfi˜ ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ·fi ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ Ó· Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷΤ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ηٷÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÈ ¿ÏϘ ·ÍÈfiÏÔÁ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ‰È¿‰Ú·Û˘. ∞˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ·˘Ù¤˜, ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÌÊ›‰ÚÔÌË Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÚfiÔ‰Ô. ¶·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈ΋˜ ˘Ê‹˜ ·Ó·Ï‡ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 5. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈο ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ÓfiËÌ· ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚fiψÓ, ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· §ÔÁÈ΋˜, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ (reasoning methods), Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆ- ÓÈο ı¤Ì·Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÂÁηı›‰Ú˘ÛË Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ Î·È ÙË ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË ÙˆÓ „ËÊÈ·ÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Web. www 24 Semantic Web. 25 Natural language processing. ∞ÔÙÂÏ› ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ Ù˘ ∆¯ÓËÙ‹˜ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ Î·È Ù˘ °ÏˆÛÛÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ÌÂÏÂÙ¿ÂÈ Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ·˘ÙfiÌ·Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛ˘ ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜. 26 ªÂϤÙË Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ ÔÚı‹˜ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ∫¿ÔȘ ·fi ÙȘ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂȘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· 37 Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù˜ Î·È ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ë ÔÔ›· ı· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Úfi- ÛÎÔÙË ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙÔ SW ÂÓı·Ú- Ú‡ÓÂÈ ÂÌÊ·ÓÒ˜ ÙË ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË Î·È ÙË ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË ·ÙÔÌÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÙ·ÈÚÈÎÒÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘, ÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÙËÓ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ- ΋ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›· ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì¤Û· Û ÌÈ· ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓ‹ ‚¿ÛË ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ. ∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ı¤Ì·Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 6. ∆Ô ∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 7 ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÙÔÌÔ Â›ÏÔÁÔ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ fiÚ·Ì·, ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Î·È Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web fiˆ˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ Î›ÌÂÓÔ.
2. ∆Ô Web Î·È Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘
39 ™ÙËÓ ·ÁÁÏÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ·, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ·Ú·ÊÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÙË Web Science ˆ˜ science of the Web. ªÔÏÔÓfiÙÈ Ë ÈÛÔ‰˘Ó·Ì›· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ ÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÚÔÊ·Ó‹˜, ı· ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ ·fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ··ÚÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È, ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ Web Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ˆ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·. ™ÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 2.1 ı· ·Ó·ÛÎÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Web, Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ۯ‰ȷÛÙ› ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË Î·È ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ·Í›Â˜ Ù˘ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, Ë ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 2.2 ı· Ì·˜ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÌÂÚÈο ÌÂ- ıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈο ÔÚ›ÛÌ·Ù· ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. 2.1 ∏ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ Web H ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ Web ·ÍÈÔÔÈ› ·Ϥ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Û˘Ó‰˘·˙fiÌÂÓ˜ Ì ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ¤Ó·Ó ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi ¯ÒÚÔ Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ¢ÂÏÈÍ›·, ¢¯ÚËÛÙ›· Î·È –ÙÔ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙÂÚÔ–, ÂÂÎÙ·ÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·. ∆Ô Web ·ÔÙÂÏ› ‹‰Ë ÌÈ· ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛȷ΋ Ï·ÙÊfiÚÌ· Ì ¯ÈÏÈ¿‰Â˜ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓÔ˘˜ ηÚÔ‡˜ Î·È ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ϤÔÓ ÂÏ›˙Ô˘ÌÂ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÂÂÎÙ·ı› ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÂÈ Ó¤Â˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜, Ó· Â›Ó·È ÏÔ˘ÛÈfiÙÂÚÔ Û ÔÏ˘Ì¤Û· Î·È ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜, Ó· ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓ› ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜, Î·È ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Ó· ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Ù· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Î·È ÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ™ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ÌÈ· Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ÂÈ- ÛÎfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ Ù˘ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ Web27. ∆Ô Web Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˜ fiÔ˘ ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ28 ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È Ù·˘ÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) [33], ÂÓÒ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏ· Ù· ÔÔ›· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ Ú·ÎÙfiÚˆÓ29 Î·È ÙȘ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜30 ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ. ∞˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È Ù· ‚·ÛÈο Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ·fi ÙË Û¯Â‰›·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È Ë ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ë ‰È¿‰ÔÛ‹ ÙÔ˘. ∞ÎÔÏÔ‡ıˆ˜, Ë Û¯Â- ‰›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ·fi ·Ú¯¤˜, οÔȘ ·fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ·Ó Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ·Ú¯È΋˜ Û‡ÏÏ˄˘, ÂÓÒ ¿ÏϘ ÚԤ΢„·Ó ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË. √ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Â›Ó·È ˙ˆÙÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜, ·ÊÂÓfi˜ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔ- Û¿ıÂÈ· ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·Û˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ Î·È ·ÈÙÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜, Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ÛÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹˜ Î·È ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ŒÓ·˜ fiÚÔ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÔÙȉ‹ÔÙ ‰‡Ó·Ù·È Ó· ‰È·Û˘Ó‰Âı› ‹/Î·È Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê›. ªÂÚÈÎÔ› fiÚÔÈ ·Ô- ÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·ÌÈÁÒ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷο ÛÙÔȯ›·, ÂÓÒ ¿ÏÏÔÈ ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù·Ù¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È fiÏÔÈ ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ ÛÙÔ WebØ ÂÓÒ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÔ Web www 27 °È· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ‰Â›Ù ÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ [155]. 28 Resources. ŒÓ·˜ fiÚÔ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÔÙȉ‹ÔÙ ¤¯ÂÈ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ËÏÂ- ÎÙÚÔÓÈÎfi ·Ú¯Â›Ô, ÌÈ· ÂÈÎfiÓ· ‹ ÌÈ· ˘ËÚÂÛ›·. ¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È fiÏÔÈ ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ ·Ó·ÎÙ‹ÛÈÌÔÈ. 29 Agents. ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÂÎÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· ·Ú·ÛÎËÓȷ΋ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Î·È ÙÔÓ ÂȉÔÔÈÔ‡Ó fiÙ·Ó ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆı›. 30 Formats. ∏ ‰ÔÌ‹ ‹ Ë ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‹ ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘.
2. ∆Ô Web Î·È Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ 40 ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÂÈ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ùfi Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó·ÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ̤۷ ·fi ·˘Ùfi. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ·ÌÈÁ›˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Î·È ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÔ‡Ó Ï‹Úˆ˜ ̤۷ Û ÌÈ· ÊÚ¿ÛË ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÂÍÂȉ›Î¢ÛË ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ› fiÚÔÈ. °È· Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Û ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙË Ë ‡·ÚÍË ÂÓfi˜ ÂÓÈ·›Ô˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˘ ÚÔÙ‡Ô˘. √È URIs ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÚÔÙ˘ÔÔ›ËÛ˘. £· ‹Ù·Ó ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ·Ó·Ù˘¯ıÔ‡Ó ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ˘„ËÏ‹ Ë ÚÔÛÙÈı¤ÌÂÓË ·Í›· Ù˘ ‡·Ú͢ ÂÓfi˜ ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎÔ‡ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi, ÙË ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Î·È ÙË Û‹Ì·ÓÛË31 ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓÒÓ fiÚˆÓ. √È fiÚÔÈ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔÈ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ URIs Î·È Î¿ı URI ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ Û ȉ·Ùfi Â›Â‰Ô ¤Ó·Ó ÌfiÓÔ fiÚÔ32, ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓfi ÙÔ˘. √È URIs ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó fiˆ˜ Ù· ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· Î·È ÔÈ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ33 ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ Ì·˜ ˙ˆ‹, Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ (·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È Û›ÁÔ˘ÚÔ) Ó· Ì·ÓÙ¤„Ô˘Ì ÙË Ê‡ÛË ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔÓ URI ÙÔ˘. √È ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ Û¯¤Û˘ ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ URIs ·ÚfiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ¤˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ï‹Úˆ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÈ̘. ∆Ô ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ Ì ¤Ó·Ó URI Â›Ó·È Ë ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Û ·˘ÙfiÓ, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ‰‡Ô fiÚˆÓ ÛÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ URI Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ÚÔÛ¤Ï·Û˘, ηıÒ˜ Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÙÔ˘ ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔÓ. √È URIs ‰È·Û˘Ó‰¤Ô˘Ó ÙÔ Web Ì ÙÔ «ÂÎÙfi˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘»34 ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Á›ÁÓÂÛı·È, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Î·ıÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈο Û¯‹Ì·Ù· fiˆ˜ Ù· ÁÓˆÛÙ¿ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ HTTP, FTP Î·È mailto, Ù· ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È Î·ÙÔ¯˘ÚˆÌ¤Ó· Û ÂȉÈÎfi ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi35. °È· Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο Ù· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ Û¯‹Ì·Ù· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Ì ‚¿ÛË ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Î·È ‰Ô̤˜. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ HTTP, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÔÈ HTTP URIs ‰È·ÎÈÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó Û ·Ó- ıÚÒÔ˘˜ ‹ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜, Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Ë ‰È·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Ì ˘‡ı˘ÓÔ ‹ ·Ó‡ı˘ÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Â›Ó·È ÂÈı˘ÌËÙfi ¤Ó·˜ HTTP URI Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó·Ó ÌÔÓ·- ‰ÈÎfi fiÚÔ, Ó· ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ Û ¤Ó·Ó ȉÈÔÎÙ‹ÙË Î·È Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚ› ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈο ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ ÙË ‰È·Û‡Ó‰Â- Û‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ fiÚÔ36. ∏ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ Web ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ‹ ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ37 ÁÈ· ¤Ó·Ó fiÚÔ. ŒÓ·˜ Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔÓ URI ‹ Ë ·ÔÛ‡Ó‰ÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔÓ URI. ∞Ó Û ¤Ó·Ó fiÚÔ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰Ôı› ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ·Ó·- ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘, Â›Ó·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ ÌfiÓÔ ·Ó Ì·˜ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘. ∏ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Û ¤Ó·Ó fiÚÔ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙÔ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ, Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÂÓfi˜ ηٿÏÏËÏÔ˘ ‰Â›ÎÙË. ∂Ó·fiÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ˘‡ı˘ÓË ·Ú¯‹ ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›·˜ fiÚˆÓ Ó· ıÂÛ›ÛÂÈ www 31 Bookmarking. ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÛÂÏȉԉ›ÎÙË. ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡ ÛËÌ·‰ÈÔ‡ Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙË ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚË Â·Ó·ÊÔ- Ú¿ Ì·˜ Û ¤Ó·Ó fiÚÔ, ÌÈ· ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰· ‹ ÌÈ· ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘. 32 ™Â ȉ·ÓÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜, fiÙ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·. 33 °È· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÏÂÙÔ̤ÚÂȘ ‰Â›Ù ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÛÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 3.1.2. 34 Off-line. ∂ÎÙfi˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ì οÔÈÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ ‹ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. 35 IANA – http://www.iana.org/assignments/urischemes. 36 °È· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÏÂÙÔ̤ÚÂȘ ‰È·‚¿ÛÙ ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 5.4.6. 37 ¢ÔÌË̤ӷ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÁÈ· ¿ÏÏ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web οÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯È΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘ Î·È ·Ó¿- 41 ÎÙËÛ˘. √È Ù·¯˘‰ÚÔÌÈÎÔ› ÎÒ‰ÈΘ, ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ¯¿ÚÈÓ, ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· ÈÂÚ·Ú¯È΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ Ô˘ Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ÂÓfi˜ ÎÙÈÚ›Ô˘. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÁÈ· Ó· ‚ÚÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ˜ ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ‰ÚfiÌÔ ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ¿ ÙÔ˘ Î·È fiÙÈ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ §ÔÓ‰›ÓÔ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ı› ÙÔÓ Ù·¯˘‰ÚÔÌÈÎfi Ô‰ËÁfi London A-Z. √ÌÔ›ˆ˜, ÙÔ DNS ·ÍÈÔÔÈ› ÙËÓ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯È΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ URIs, ηıÒ˜ ·Ó ı¤ÏÔ˘Ì ӷ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ‹ÛÔ˘Ì Ì ÙÔÓ Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹38 Ô˘ ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓ› ÙË ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË foo.cs.bar.edu ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ·Ú¿ Ó· ÛÙ›ÏÔ˘Ì ¤Ó· Ì‹Ó˘Ì· ÛÙÔÓ Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹ Ô˘ ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ÙÔ˘ Bar ÛÙȘ ∏.¶.∞. ŸÛÔ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÂÚȤ¯ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· ‹ ÙÔ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘, ÙfiÛÔ ÈÔ Â‡ÎÔÏË Â›Ó·È Ë Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ì ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ ·˘Ùfi. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ù· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ó· Û˘ÓÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ˘‡ı˘Ó˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ ̤ۈ URI. ∞Ó Ô Ù·¯˘‰ÚÔÌÈÎfi˜ Ô‰ËÁfi˜ London A-Z ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·ÓÂÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘¯Ó‹ ‚¿ÛË ı· Á›ÓÂÈ ¿¯ÚËÛÙÔ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi Ô‰ÒÓ Î·È ÎÙÈÚ›ˆÓ, Ì ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ı· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÚÔÛ¤Ï·ÛÙÔÈ ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ Bar Â¿Ó ‰ÂÓ Û˘ÓÙËÚËı› ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi Î·È ÙÔ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓ›·˜ ÛÙÔÓ Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹. ∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ Û ¤Ó·Ó ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi fiÚÔ ÔÈΛÏÏÂÈ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ È‰È·›ÙÂÚÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓfi ÙÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ Ë ÈÔ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Ô˘ ·ÔÎÔÌ›˙Ô˘Ì fiÏÔÈ Â›Ó·È Ë Ï‹„Ë Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Û ¤Ó·Ó ÏÔËÁfi ÙÔ˘ Web. ∞˘Ùfi ‚¤‚·È· ‰ÂÓ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ˆ˜ Ë ÚÔÛ¤Ï·ÛË ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ ̤ۈ URI Ô‰ËÁ› Î·È Û ÚÔÓÔÌȷ΋ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Û ·˘ÙfiÓ. ™Â ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌËÓ ˘Ê›ÛÙ·Ù·È ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ ‹ Ó· ÚԂϤÂÙ·È ‰È·- ‚·ıÌÈṲ̂ÓË ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË39, ·ÏÏ¿ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ Ë ÚÔÛ¤Ï·ÛË ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ ̤ۈ URI ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÂÎÙ›ıÂÙ·È Û ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ı¤·. ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ Web ˆ˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘, Î·È fi¯È ˆ˜ ÙÂÚ¿- ÛÙÈÔ˘ Î·È Û‡ÓıÂÙÔ˘ ›Ó·Î· ·Ó·ÎÔÈÓÒÛˆÓ, ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ Ó· ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Î·È Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂȘ Î·È ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ̤۷ ·fi ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘. ∏ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ù˘ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓ˘ «·ÛÊ·ÏÔ‡˜» ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È Î·Ì›· ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ë ·Ó¿ÚÙËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ·Ú¯Â›Ô˘ Û ÌÈ· Ï›ÛÙ· Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· «·Ó·ÛÊ·Ï‹˜» ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ. ¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È fiÏÔÈ ÔÈ URIs ηٷÛ΢·Ṳ̂ÓÔÈ ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·È Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙÔ Û¯‹Ì· mailto: ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛÂÏ¿ÛÈÌÔ˘˜ ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Ù·¯˘‰ÚÔÌ›Ԣ (.¯. ÙÔ mailto:romeo@example.edu ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ mailbox), ¯ˆÚ›˜ fï˜ Ó· ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ·Ó·ÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ fiˆ˜ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Ì ÌÈ· ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰·. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈԇ̠ÙÔÓ URI ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÔÛÙ›ÏÔ˘Ì email ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ mailbox ‹ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó·ÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ٷ emails Ì·˜ Â¿Ó Ì·˜ ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ Ë ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË ·˘Ù‹. www 38 Server. ŒÓ· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· client-server Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ÂÓÒÓÂÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜, ÒÛÙ ÔÈ clients Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ˙ËÙÔ‡Ó ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ·fi ¤Ó·Ó server, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ‹ ÂÈÚfiÛıÂÙË ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡. 39 ∂ÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓË ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ Έ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Î·È Û˘ÓıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Ϥ͢.
2. ∆Ô Web Î·È Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ 42 ∆Ô Web ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÌÈ· ¢Ú›· Áο̷ ·fi Ù‡Ô˘˜ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ, Ì ÈÔ ‰ËÌÔÊÈÏ‹ ÙÔÓ HTML. ∏ ÔÈÎÈÏ›· Î·È Ë Â˘ÂÏÈÍ›· ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ Ù‡ˆÓ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ Â͢ËÚÂÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ÂÙÂÚfiÎÏËÙË Ê‡ÛË Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÛÙÔ Web. ∆Ô ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ Web Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÚÔÛ‚¿ÛÈÌÔ Ì¤Û· ·fi fiϘ ÙȘ Û˘Û΢¤˜ (Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, ̤ۈ ÂÓfi˜ ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔ‡ ‹ ÊÔÚËÙÔ‡ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ∏/À), ηıÒ˜ ·ÔÎÙ¿ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ·Í›· Â¿Ó Â›Ó·È fiÛÔ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÈÔ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓ Ù‡Ô ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ. ∏ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË Ì ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÛˆÛÙ‹ ·fiÊ·ÛË. ™Â ¤Ó· ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜, ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ, Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË Î·È Ë ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â·Ó·Û˘ÓıÂıÔ‡Ó Ì ¤Ó·Ó ‡¯ÚËÛÙÔ ÙÚfiÔ. ∏ Â·Ó·Û‡ÓıÂÛË ·˘Ù‹ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ ·fi ÙÔÓ Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹ Î·È ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ ·fi ÙÔ ÙÔÈÎfi ÙÂÚÌ·ÙÈÎfi ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔÓ Ù‡Ô Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘. ∏ ÈÛ¯‡˜ ÙÔ˘ Web ËÁ¿˙ÂÈ ·fi ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ. ŒÓ·˜ fiÚÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Û ¤Ó· ¿ÏÏÔÓ fiÚÔ Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ÂÓۈ̷و̤ÓÔ˘ URI, ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔÛÂÏ·ı›. √È Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ ·˘ÙÔ› ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÙË Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÙÈ΋ ÏÔ‹ÁËÛË ÛÙÔ Web. °È· Ó· Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ Ë ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Î¿ı ÌÔÚÊ‹˜, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ Û ¿ÏϘ ËÁ¤˜, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ì οı fiÚÔ ÛÙÔ Web Î·È ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Á- ÁÚ·Ê›˜ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û¯ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ URIs. ŒÓ·˜ ‚·ÛÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Ó· ηıÔÚ›ÛÂÈ Ù· ˙ˆÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ ·Ó·- ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘, Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ Â‡Ú˘ıÌË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È Ó· ÂÈÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÎÂ›ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ˘Ô- ÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·È ‰È·‰›‰Ô˘Ó ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ¤˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜. ∏ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ÂÁÁÚ¿ÊˆÓ Î·È –ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿– ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î¿ı ›‰Ô˘˜, Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈ· ‰‡Ó·ÌË ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÈ- Ô˘ÚÁÔ‡˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜. ∏ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÂÈÙ˘¯Ô‡˜ Â·Ó·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÂÚÈÂ- ¯Ô̤ÓÔ˘ ÛÙÔ Web ÂÓ‰˘Ó·ÌÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜, Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Û ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÔÔÈ·‰‹Ô٠ٯÓÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ. ™Â ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ÙÚÂȘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Web: Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘, Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘. ∏ ÚÔÛı‹ÎË ‹ Ë ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Âȉڿ ÛÙ· ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓ· ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ ‹ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÙ·È Ë ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙË Î·È ·ÚıÚˆÙ‹40 ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ Web, ηıÒ˜ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó Û˘Ó¯Ҙ Ӥ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Î·È Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜. Èڛ˜, ‚¤‚·È·, ·˘Ùfi Ó· ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ˜ (‹ ÔÚıÔÁÒÓȘ) ÚԉȷÁڷʤ˜ ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÓÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Ì ΢ÎÏÈÎfi Î·È ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÂÎÙ¿ÛÈ̘ Ì ٤ÙÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ‰È·Î˘‚‡ÂÙ·È Ë ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯¤ÛË. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ô ·Ïfi˜ Î·È Â˘¤ÏÈÎÙÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÛÊ·ÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ‚·ÛÈ΋ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂ- ÎÙÔÓÈ΋ ·Ú¯‹ ÙÔ˘ Web. ™Â ¤Ó·Ó ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi ¯ÒÚÔ Ì ̤ÁÂıÔ˜ ¯ÈÏÈ¿‰ˆÓ terabytes41, Ì www 40 Modular. ªÈ· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ‹ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡, ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ¤Ó· ¤ÚÁÔ ·Ó·Ï‡ÂÙ·È Û ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ˜, Û˘Ó‰ÂfiÌÂÓ˜ ˘ÔÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜. 41 1 terabyte = 1012 bytes.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÂηÙÔÓÙ¿‰Â˜ ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜, Î·È Ì ·ÓÔÌÔÈÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ Î·È ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘Ú- 43 ÁÒÓ, Ù· ۯ‰ȷÛÙÈο ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·Ù· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ıÂÌÂÏÈ҉˜ ̤ÁÂıÔ˜. ∏ ‡·ÚÍË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ- ÎÒÓ Û˘Ó‰¤Û̈Ó42, ÂÏÏÈÔ‡˜ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÔÔÈÔ˘‰‹ÔÙ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ÚԂϤ„ÈÌÔ˘ ÛÊ¿Ï- Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÚÚ¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÔÈ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜43 ÚԉȷÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Â·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ οı ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ¤Ó· ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·, ¯ˆÚ›˜ fï˜ Ó· ·Ú·‚ϤÂÙ·È Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂ- ÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·ÙÔ˜. ∫·ıÒ˜ ÙÔ Web ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È Î·È ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È ÁÈ· Ó· ÈηÓÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ Ó¤Â˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ù·È ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Î·È Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÚÔfi‰Ô˘ Ù˘ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ ۯ‰›·Û˘. ∏ ÂͤÏÈÍË, fï˜, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÛÙ·‰È·Î‹ Î·È ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈ΋, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ·Ú·‚È¿˙ÂÙ·È Ë ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›·˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜. ∆Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÏÔÁÈ΋ Â͢ËÚÂÙÔ‡Ó Î·È ÔÈ ¯ÚÔÓÔ‚fiÚ˜ Î·È Â›ÔÓ˜ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÛÂȘ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙˆÓ ÂÈÙÚÔÒÓ ÚÔÙ˘ÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ W3C. ∏ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙÔ˘ Web ÔÊ›ÏÂÈ Ó· Û¤‚ÂÙ·È ÙȘ ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰ÂȘ ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¤˜ ÙÔ˘, fiˆ˜, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙˆÓ URIs Î·È Â›Ó·È ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ‰È·Ê˘Ï¿ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÙ¤˜, Û οı ÂÚ›- ÙˆÛË, Ù· Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ̤ÚË ÙÔ˘ Web Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·Ê˘Ï·¯ıÔ‡Ó. √ ÛÎÔfi˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ Â͢- ËÚÂÙÂ›Ù·È ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ Ù˘ √Ì¿‰·˜ ∆¯ÓÈ΋˜ ∞Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ W3C44. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, Ù· ÚfiÙ˘· ‰ÂÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Ï‹Ú˜ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÌ· ÙÔ˘ Web ·ÏÏ¿ ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ‰È·‚Ô‡Ï¢Û˘ ÂÓÙfi˜ Î·È ÂÎÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ W3C. 2.2 ∏ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ∂¿Ó ÂÈı˘Ìԇ̠ӷ ÂÓÙ¿ÍÔ˘Ì ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘ Web ÛÙË Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ, ÙfiÙ ÙÔ ¿ÌÂÛÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ Â›Ó·È Ò˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛı› Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ‰›Ô. ªÂ ÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛı› ÙÔ Web ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ÒÛÙ ӷ ηٷÓÔËı› Ë Û¯¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ Ì ÙËÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È Ó· ÂÍÂÏȯı› Ì ηÈÓÔÙfiÌÔ ÙÚfiÔ; ªÂÚÈΤ˜ Ï¢ڤ˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Û¯ÂÙÈο ηٷÓÔËÙ¤˜, ηıÒ˜ ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Ù¯ÓËÙ¿ ηٷÛ΢·Ṳ̂ÓÔ Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ªË¯·ÓÈ΋˜ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ê˘ÛÈÎfi Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÎÚËÍË Ù˘ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÏ·Ï·ÛÈ·ÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ‰È¿‰Ú·Û˘ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, ¤¯Ô˘Ì ηٷϋÍÂÈ Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ì ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÁÈ· ÌÂÚÈο Û‡ÓıÂÙ· Ê˘ÛÈο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ÁÔÓȉ›ˆÌ·, ·fi fi,ÙÈ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ù¯ÓËÙfi ηٷÛ··ÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ Web. √ÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË, ¿ÓÙˆ˜, fiˆ˜ ÎÈ ·Ó ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÏËÚÔ› οÔȘ ÚÔÊ·Ó›˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜, ÁÈ· Ó· ·Í›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÌfi ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ùfi˜ Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ˘Ôı¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ë Â·Ó·ÏËÙÈ΋ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·˜. ¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ηıÈÂÚˆıÔ‡Ó ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Î·È ÚfiÙ˘· Ì ‚¿ÛË Ù· ÔÔ›· ı· ÂϤÁ¯ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Î·ıÈÂڈ̤Ó˜ ˘Ôı¤ÛÂȘ. ¶ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ÙÔ Ú·ÎÙÈÎfi ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ı¤ÛÈÛ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ Î·È ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ. ∫·È Ê˘ÛÈο, ÔÈ ÌÂıÔ- ‰ÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Î·È Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È ÛÎfiÈÌÔ Ó· Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË Î·È ÙËÓ 42 ™‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó URI ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÙÔ˘ ‰È·Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘. 43 ∏ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Ì ÂÓÈ·›Ô Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ·fi ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ www Î·È ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·. 44 Technical Architecture Group [154].
2. ∆Ô Web Î·È Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ 44 ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·ÈÓÔÙfiÌˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Î·È Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙË ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ‡ˆÛË Ù˘ ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web45. ¶ÔÈ· Ú¤ÂÈ fï˜ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ë ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛË Ô˘ Ì·˜ ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔÈ ¯¿ÚÙ˜46; √È ÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·ÂÈÎÔ- Ó›ÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È Û˘¯Ó¿ Ôχ ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛȷΤ˜, ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÚÈۉȿÛٷٷ ÁÚ·ÊÈο Î·È ¤Á¯ÚˆÌÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜. ¶Ò˜, fï˜, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÏÂÁ¯ı› Ë ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· ÙˆÓ ¯·ÚÙÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ; ªÂ ÔÈ· ÏÔÁÈ΋ Ì¿˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web; ¶ÔÈÔÈ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ› ÙÔ˘˜; ªÂ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜, Ë ÚÔÊ·Ó‹˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ¯·ÚÙÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÁÚ·ÊËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Ë ¿ÌÂÛË ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏË„›·47, ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ È‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ù· ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ Î·È Ù· ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·. ∏ Ú·Á‰·›· ÂÍ¿ψÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· η٤ÛÙËÛ ·‰‡Ó·ÙË ÙËÓ Ï‹ÚË ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘, ηıÒ˜ ÔÈ ÂÈÛً̘ Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ªÂÏÂÙÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ¿ÌÂÛ· Ù·¯¤ˆ˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈ˙fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÛÙ·- ÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰Â›ÎÙ˜. ∏ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ¢ÙÈ΋ ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏË„›· Â›Ó·È Ë ·¿ÓÙËÛË-ÎÏÂȉ› ÛÙËÓ ÚÔ- ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓË ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÁÂÓÓ¿ÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘Ïϯı› ¤Ó· ‰Â›ÁÌ· ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÔηÏÂ›Ù·È ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ¢ÙÈÎfi [188]. ŒÓ· ‰Â›ÁÌ· ÁÈ· Ó· Â›Ó·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Ù˘¯·›Ô, fiÔ˘ ˆ˜ «Ù˘¯·ÈfiÙËÙ·»48 ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È –Û ̛· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ‰›·– Ë È‰ÈfiÙËÙ· οı ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÈÛÔ›ı·ÓË Â˘Î·È- Ú›· Ó· ÂÈϯı›. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ̤ÚË. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ì·˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ ‹ ÔÈ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜; ¢ÈfiÙÈ Â¿Ó Ì·˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Â‡ÎÔÏ· ηٷÓÔËÙfi fiÙÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·Ó˘- ¤Ú‚ÏËÙ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ηıÒ˜ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ï‹Ú˘ ··Ú›ıÌËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏË„›·˜ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ IP49 ÂÚÈϤÎÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÏfiÁˆ ÙÔ˘ «·Ú·ÈÔηÙÔÈÎË̤ÓÔ˘» ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂˆÓ [219]. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯·ÌËÏÔ‡ ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ̤۷ ÛÙÔ Web, ¤Ó·˜ ÌÈÎÚfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ·ÏÏÔÈÒÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÙÂÏÈÎfi ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ fiÛÔ ÚÔ- ÛÂÎÙÈο Î·È ·Ó ÂÈϤÍÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ‰Â›ÁÌ·. ªÈ· Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ50 ·ÔÎ¿Ï˘„ fiÙÈ ÙÔ 27% ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Ì ηٿÏËÍË .de ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È Î¿ı ‚‰ÔÌ¿‰·, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ηٿ 3% Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Î·Ù¿ ̤ÛÔ fiÚÔ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∞ԉ›¯ıËΠÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· fiÙÈ Ë ·ÈÙ›· Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ «·Ú·Ï·ÓËÙÈ΋˜» Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ‰ÂÓ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÈ- ¯ÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚˆÙÔÙ˘›· ÙˆÓ °ÂÚÌ·ÓÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ ·fi ¤Ó· Âη- ÙÔÌ̇ÚÈÔ URLs51, ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ ÛÙËÓ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙÔ˘˜ –·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È fiÏÔÈ– Û ÁÂÚÌ·ÓÈÎÔ‡˜ Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ¤˜, η٤ÏËÁ·Ó Û ̛· IP ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË ÂÓfi˜ ·˘ÙfiÌ·Ù· Î·È Û˘Ó¯Ҙ ÌÂÙ·‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓÔ˘ ÔÚÓÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÔ‡ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘. ∆Ô Web ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÔÏϤ˜ ·Û˘Ó‹ıÈÛÙ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ηıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË ÙË ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏË„›·. ¶Ò˜ fï˜ ı· ‚Úԇ̠ÌÈ· ̤ıÔ‰Ô ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏË„›·˜ Ô˘ ı· Û¤‚ÂÙ·È Ù·, ÂÎ ÚÒÙ˘ fi„ˆ˜, www 45 ¶ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÌÔÚ›Ù ӷ ‰È·‚¿ÛÂÙ ÛÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 4.1. 46 ¢È·‚¿ÛÙÂ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ [80]. 47 Direct sampling. ∆· ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙÔ˘ ‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ̤ÏË ÙÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡. 48 Randomness. ∏ ϤÍË «Ù˘¯·›Ô˜» ÛÙË ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ÌÈ· Â·Ó·Ï·Ì‚·ÓfiÌÂÓË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ‰ÂÓ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· ÓÙÂÙÂÚÌÈÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹, ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÈ· ηٷÓÔÌ‹ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ·˜. 49 Internet Protocol. ∂›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏÔ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Î·È ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÛÙË ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·Ì¤ÛÔ˘ Ù˘ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ·Î¤ÙˆÓ Û ¤Ó· ‰È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô. 50 ¶·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ [99]. 51 Uniform Resource Locator. √ ∂ÓÈ·›Ô˜ ∂ÓÙÔÈÛÙ‹˜ ¶fiÚˆÓ (1, ÛÂÏ›‰· 143).
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ Web, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ 45 Ô˘ ÂÓËÌÂÚÒÓÂÙ·È Û ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ‹ ‚‰ÔÌ·‰È·›· ‚¿ÛË Î.Ô.Î; ¶Ò˜ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÔ˘Ì ı¤Ì·Ù· fiˆ˜ Ë ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›· ÙˆÓ ˘ÔΛÌÂÓˆÓ fiÚˆÓ; Œ¯Ô˘Ì ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÁψÛÛÒÓ ÛÙÔ Web52 (Î·È ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Ô˘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó); ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ò˜ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ Ë ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓË Â˘Ê˘˝· ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ [138]; ∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È ·Ó ›̷ÛÙ ¢¯·ÚÈÛÙË̤ÓÔÈ ·fi ÙȘ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏË„›·˜, Ì ÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ‡ÓÔ˘Ì ٷ ÂÚÈÙÙ¿ ÛÙÔȯ›·53 Î·È Ó· ÂÍ·Á¿ÁÔ˘Ì ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌ· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· [191]; ¶·ÚfiÙÈ Û ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈԇ̠ÙÔ Web Û·Ó ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi˜ Î·È Û˘Ó¯Ҙ ÂÍÂÏÈÛÛfiÌÂÓÔ˜. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, οı ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ‚·ıÈ¿˜ ηٷÓfiËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ˘fi„Ë ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË [218]. ™Â ¤Ó·Ó ȉ·ÓÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ, Ù· ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÌÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹- Ì·ÙÔ˜54 ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙË ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈο ÌÂÙ·‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓË Û˘Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ Î·È ÙȘ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚˆÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ˘fiÎÂÈÓÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘Ó¯‹ ·Ó·ıÂÒÚËÛË [253]. ∏ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈ΋ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË, fiÙ·Ó Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÙ› ÌÂ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο Û˘ÏÏÂÁ̤ӷ ÂÌÂÈÚÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙȘ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜ ‰È·ÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ‹ ÙÚÔÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÂ- ¯Ô̤ÓÔ˘ ÌÈ·˜ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰·˜. ŒÓ· ›ڷ̷ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ ÂηÙÔÓÙ¿‰ˆÓ ¯ÈÏÈ¿‰ˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ Ì‹Ó˜ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ Û ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌ· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·: ÙÔ 20% ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ- ÛÂÏ¿˙ÔÓÙ·Ó ·Ó¿ ¿Û· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ‹Ù·Ó «Ó·ÚfiÙÂÚ˜» ÙˆÓ 11 ËÌÂÚÒÓ, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ 50% ›¯Â Úˆ- ÙÔÂÌÊ·ÓÈÛÙ› ̤۷ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÙÚÂȘ Ì‹Ó˜. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, ÙÔ 25% ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔ- ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ ‹Ù·Ó «ÁËÚ·ÈfiÙÂÚ˜» ÙˆÓ 12 ÌËÓÒÓ, fiÔ˘ ˆ˜ ËÏÈΛ· ÔÚÈ˙fiÙ·Ó ÙÔ ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· ·fi ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ·Ó·Ó¤ˆÛË Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤Ï·ÛË ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋ ÔÌ¿‰· [43]. ™Â ¤Ó· ¿ÏÏÔ ›- Ú·Ì·, ÚÔÛÂÏ¿˙ÔÓÙ·Ó ¿Óˆ ·fi 150 ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· HTML ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜, Ì›· ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ Â‚‰ÔÌ¿- ‰·, ÁÈ· ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· 11 ‚‰ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ, Î·È ‰È·ÈÛÙÒıËΠÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·- ÏËÎÙÈ΋ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË (.¯. .gr, .com) Î·È ÙË Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ÔÈ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ .com ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·Ó Û˘¯ÓfiÙÂÚ· ·fi ÙȘ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ .edu Î·È .gov, ÂÓÒ Ù· ÌÂÁ¿Ï· Û fiÁÎÔ ·Ú¯Â›·, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ ‰È·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ Úfi‚Ï„Ë, ¿ÏÏ·˙·Ó ÈÔ Û˘¯Ó¿ ·fi Ù· ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ·. ∏ Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÚ·ÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ ·ԉ›¯ıËΠηÏfi˜ ‰Â›ÎÙ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Úfi‚ÏÂ„Ë Ù˘ Û˘¯Ófi- ÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔÔ›ËÛ ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙˆÓ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓˆÓ Web crawlers55 [99]. ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏË„›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web ÂÈÙ¿¯˘Ó ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘. √È Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ online56 ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, ›ÙÂ Â›Ó·È §ÔÁÈΤ˜, ›Ù ¢ÚÂÙÈΤ˜57, ›Ù ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ, ›Ù ÚÔ- ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙ˘ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. 52 ◊ ·ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Û οı ÁÏÒÛÛ· [167]; www 53 °ÓˆÛÙ¿ ˆ˜ ıfiÚ˘‚Ô˜ (noise) ÛÙË ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ÔÚÔÏÔÁ›·. 54 ªÂ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ÚfiÛıÂÛ˘ Ó¤ˆÓ ·ÎÌÒÓ Î·È ÎÔÚ˘ÊÒÓ ÛÙÔ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ÁÚ¿ÊËÌ· ÙÔ˘ Web. 55 ŒÓ·˜ Web crawler (‹ Web spider ‹ Web robot) Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÏÔËÁÂ›Ù·È ÛÙȘ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Web Ì ¤Ó· Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎfi Î·È ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ. 56 ŸÙ·Ó ›̷ÛÙÂ Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔÈ ÛÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô. 57 Heuristic. ¶ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ‹ ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˜ Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ χÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ì ÌË ·˘ÛÙËÚÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜. ¶ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ ÊÚ¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ ∞Ú¯ÈÌ‹‰Ë «∂‡ÚËη!».
2. ∆Ô Web Î·È Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ 46 ªÈ· ÔÙÈ΋ ÁˆÓ›· ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ·ÂÈÏÒÓ, ¢ηÈÚÈÒÓ Î·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚÒÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÍÂÏÈÎÙÈ΋ ÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ Web. ªÈ· ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ Ó¤ˆÓ Î·È Èı·ÓÒ˜ ÌË ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Û ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ¶·ÚfiÌÔȘ ηٷÛ΢·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔ¤ÏıÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ Î·È ÙË ‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋. ∏ Û‡ÓıÂÛË Ó¤ˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÁψÛÛÒÓ, ·ÏÁÔÚ›ıÌˆÓ Î·È ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÎÏÂȉ› ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓË Î·È Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙË̤ÓË ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ Web, fiˆ˜ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÛÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ58, fiÔ˘ ÙÔ ÌÂÁ·- χÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÚÔfi‰Ô˘ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔ¤ÏıÂÈ ·fi ÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË, ηıÒ˜ Â›Û˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ [51]. ∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ¢ڤˆ˜ ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·Û˘ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘ÌÂ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· P2P59 Î·È Ó· ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ·˘Í·- ÓfiÌÂÓË Îϛ̷η ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜. ∆¤ÙÔȘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÚˆÙÔÔÚȷ΋˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Â›Ó·È ˙ˆÙÈ΋˜ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ Web. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, ·˜ ÌËÓ Í¯ӿÌ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ù›ÔÙ· ¿ÏÏÔ ·Ú¿ ¤Ó· Ù¯ÓËÙfi ηٷÛ··ÛÌ·. ∏ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÔÔȈӉ‹ÔÙ ӤˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙÔ˘ Web ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ ÙË ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È fi¯È ÙËÓ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ ÂÌÏÔ΋ ÙÔ˘˜, ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Î·Ù·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ÊÔÚ›˜ ÚÔÙ˘ÔÔ›- ËÛ˘. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜ Û‡ÓıÂÛ˘, ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Î·È ‰È·- ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘. ™Ù· ÂfiÌÂÓ· ÎÂÊ¿Ï·È· ı· ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÔ˘Ì ‰È·‰Ô¯Èο ÙË Û‡ÓıÂÛË, ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Î·È Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ Web, ÂÓÒ ı· ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒ- ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û‹ Ì·˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÂͤٷÛË ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘. www 58 Cognitive systems. 59 Peer-to-Peer ‹ ÔÌfiÙÈÌ· ‰›ÎÙ˘·. ∞ӷʤÚÂÙ·È Û ÌÈ· ÎÏ¿ÛË ·fi Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Î·Ù·ÓÂÌË̤ÓÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ·Ú¯‹. ŒÓ· P2P Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Û ‰‡Ô ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜ Ó· ÌÔÈÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛÔ‰‡Ó·Ì·. ∆Ô ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ·˘Ùfi ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ÙËÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·ÛÙÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡, ÙÔÓ ·ÔıË΢ÙÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ Î·È ÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ ˙ÒÓ˘ ÙˆÓ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ. ŸÏÔÈ ÔÈ ÎfiÌ‚ÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ›Û· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù·.
48 3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web
49 √È ‚·ÛÈÎÔ› ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Û˘Ó›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙˆÓ ÂˆÊÂÏÒÓ ÂÂÎÙ¿ÛˆÓ60 Î·È ÙËÓ ·- Ú¿ÏÏËÏË ÂÏ·¯ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ61. ™ÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ı· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ì ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û˜ ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ Ù˘ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Web. ™ÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 3.1 ı· ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÔ˘Ì ٷ ‚·ÛÈο ÛËÌ›· Î·È ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú·ı¤ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Web (Semantic Web). ∆· ı¤Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ SW, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Î¿ı ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ (∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 3.2). ™ÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 3.3 ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi Û˘Ó·Ê›˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Web, Ù· ‰›ÎÙ˘· P2P Î·È ÙÔ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎfi ϤÁÌ·. 3.1 ∏ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Web To Web Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ‰ÔÌË̤ÓË ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋ Ì ÚfiÙ˘·, ÁÏÒÛÛ˜ Î·È ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡˜, ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ¤Ó· ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ ÔÏÏ·ÏÒÓ ·ÓÔÌÔÈÔÁÂÓÒÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ. ∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ‡ÎÔÏ· Ó· ÚÔηϤÛÂÈ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Û‡Á¯˘ÛË Î·È ÔÈ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· Ù· ÚfiÙ˘· Ô˘ ηıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌfi, Ó· Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Û ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÂÈÏÔΤ˜ Î·È ÔχÏÔΘ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈΤ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ [146]. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, ÔÈ ÔÏÏ·Ϥ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ·fi ÙÔ Web ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ÂÈÚ·ÛÌfi ÁÈ· ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ì ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ·Í›·˜. ™˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, fï˜, ÌÈ· ÙfiÛÔ ˘„ËÏ‹ ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ Ù›ÌËÌ· ÙË Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ¢¯ÚËÛÙ›·˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÍ¿ÏÂÈ„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Ï›ÁˆÓ Î·È ·ÏÒÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, Û ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, Ë ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈ΋ Û¯¤ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ˘„ËÏ‹ ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ Â˘¯ÚËÛÙ›· Á›ÓÂÙ·È ı‡Ì· Ù˘ η΋˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÒÓ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ¤Ó·˜ ‰Â‰Ëψ̤ÓÔ˜ ÎÔÈÓfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ SW [35, 17]62 Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓ Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓÔ˘ Web. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ fï˜ ÙÔ˘ ۯ‰ȷÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È Ë Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÛÙË ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ·ÓÙfi˜ Ù‡Ô˘ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È fi¯È Ë ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ‹ Ë ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÂÛËÌ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘63. ÿÛˆ˜, fiˆ˜ ÔÏÏÔ› ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·È ÂÏ›˙Ô˘Ó, Ù· ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· ÙÔÈ΋˜ ÂÌ‚¤ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È Ë ·Ó·Ù˘ÛÛfiÌÂÓË ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∞Ó ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó Ù· ·ÓˆÙ¤Úˆ, ÙfiÙ ı· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› ÌÈ· Û¯¤ÛË ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔ‡ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Ì ÙË ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ªËÓ Í¯ӿÌ fiÙÈ Ù· ÔʤÏË Ù˘ ‰ÔÌË̤Ó˘ Î·È Î·Ù·ÓÂÌË̤Ó˘ www 60 °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ù· ‰›ÎÙ˘· P2P. 61 °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ phishing. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙÚfiÔ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ÂÍ·¿ÙËÛ˘ ·Ó˘Ô„›·ÛÙˆÓ ÂÏ·ÙÒÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÌËӇ̷ٷ ·fi «·ÍÈfiÈÛÙ˜» ËÁ¤˜ (ÙÚ¿Â˙˜, ÂÙ·ÈÚ›˜ Î.Ï.) Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ˙ËÙÔ‡Ó Î¿ÔÈ· ÚÔÛˆÈο ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔȯ›· (Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡˜ ÈÛÙˆÙÈÎÒÓ Î·ÚÙÒÓ, ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡˜ ÏÔÁ·ÚÈ·ÛÌÒÓ ÙÚ·¤˙˘, Έ‰ÈÎÔ‡˜ ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ Î.¿.), ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ‰ÈÂÎÂÚ·ÈÒÛÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·Á‹. 62 ∞ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÂÎÙÂÓ‹˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË. 63 Annotated text. ∫›ÌÂÓÔ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÛÙÂı› ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›·. ∞ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web.
3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 50 ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·Û˘ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·64. ∞Ó ˘Ô-¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙË ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· ·Ó·Áο˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË- ¿ÓıÚˆÔ Ó· ÂˆÌÈÛÙ› ÙÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ì ٷ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ ƒ2ƒ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·, Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ˘ÔÙ˘Ò‰ÂȘ Î·È ¯·ÌËÏÔ‡ ÂÈ¤‰Ô˘ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ë ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ Ô ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ SW Â›Ó·È Û¯Â‰È·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ› ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ ۠ΛÌÂÓ·, Ô‰ËÁ› Û ·Ú·Ï·ÓËÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· «Â‡ÎÔÏ·» Ó¤· ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈο Û¯‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÙË «‰‡ÛÎÔÏË» §ÔÁÈ΋. ¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ›̷ÛÙ ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈÎÔ› ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌË Û˘Ó‰¤Ô˘Ì ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ‰›· ÂÈ- ÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜. 3.1.1 ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Web To Web ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËΠ̠ÛÎÔfi Ó· ÂÈʤÚÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ. Ÿˆ˜ Û οı ÂÔ¯‹, ¤ÙÛÈ Î·È Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÔÏÏÔ› ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ Û˘ÓÙ¿ÛÛÔ˘Ó ¤ÁÁÚ·Ê·. ¶ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ¤Ï¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web, fï˜, ÙÔ ¤ÁÁÚ·ÊÔ ‹Ù·Ó ȉȈÙÈÎfi ÎÙ‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ë ·fiÊ·ÛË ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ‚¿Ú˘Ó ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ‰ÂÓ ˘‹Ú¯Â Ë Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰˘Ó·- ÙfiÙËÙ· Ë ÔÔ›· ı· Â¤ÙÚÂ ÛÙÔÓ Î·ı¤Ó· Ó· ‰ËÌÔÛȇÂÈ Î·È Ó· ‰È·Ó¤ÌÂÈ ¤ÁÁÚ·Ê· Î·È ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈο ·Ú¯Â›·, Ì ·Ïfi Î·È ·Ó¤ÍÔ‰Ô ÙÚfiÔ. √ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ Web ‹Ù·Ó Ó· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ ‰Ú·ÛÙÈο ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Ì ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ηٿÏÏËÏ˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜. √ ηı¤Ó·˜ ϤÔÓ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ‰È·ı¤ÛÂÈ Ù· ΛÌÂÓ¿ ÙÔ˘ Û ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Û ·˘Ù¿. ∏ Ú·Á‰·›· ‰È¿‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È Ë ÎÔÏÔÛÛÈ·›· ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙË ¢˘ÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ¤¯ÂÈ, ›Ûˆ˜, ·ÏÏÔÈÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÂͤÏÈ͢ ·˘Ù‹˜. ∆Ô SW Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÌÈ· ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Â¤ÎÙ·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Web, ÂÈÎÔ˘ÚÔ‡ÌÂÓ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ Â·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıË ÚÔ¤ÎÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ∏ Âȉ›ˆÍË ÙÔ˘ SW Â›Ó·È Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Ó· ‰È·ı¤ÛÔ˘Ó Û ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘˜ Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÙÔ˘˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ÙÔ fiÚ·Ì· ÙÔ˘ SW Â›Ó·È Ë Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Web ·fi Ù· ·Ú¯Â›· ÛÙ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ. ∏ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË, Â¿Ó Á›ÓÂÈ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ‹ Î·È Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈËı›, ı· ·ÂÏ¢ıÂÚÒÛÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ Web ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ- ÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û ¢ڇÙÂÚ˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ì ÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔÈ- ËÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È «¯ÂÈÚÔΛÓËÙˆÓ» ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ [34]. µ¤‚·È·, Ë ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛË ·˘Ù‹ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÌÂÁ¿- ÏË ··›ÙËÛË ÁÈ· Ù· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÙÔ˘ SW: ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ·ÓÔÌÔÈÔÁÂÓÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘Ïϯı› Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜. ∏ ‰‡Ó·ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web ı· ·˘ÍËı› ‰Ú·Ì·ÙÈο Â¿Ó Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÔÚÈÛıÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ‰È·Û˘Ó‰ÂıÔ‡Ó Ì ٤ÙÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ, ÒÛÙ ÔÈ Ì˯·Ó¤˜ Ó· ÍÂÂÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ù˘ ·ÂÈÎfiÓÈÛ˘ Î·È Ó· ÂÂÎÙ·ıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔÓ ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, ¤Ú· ·fi Ù· fiÚÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ, ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ. ™‹ÌÂÚ· ÙÔ Web ·Ô‰›‰ÂÈ Ôχ ηϿ ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, Ù˘ ÌÔ˘ÛÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜, ·ÓÂÎÙ¿ ÛÙÔ ‚›ÓÙÂÔ Î·È ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÔÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ [135]. √ ÛÎÔfi˜ ÙÔ˘ SW Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È¢ÎfiÏ˘ÓÛË Î·È Ë ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û ·ÓÒÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·fi ·˘ÙfiÓ Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ Google. www 64 ∏ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ηÓfiÓ· ˆ˜ Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ÁψÛÛÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ∫¿Ùˆ ·fi ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Ú›ÛÌ·, Â›Ó·È ıÂÌÈÙfi Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË 51 Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜65 Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ66 ‹ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÚˆÙ·ÔÎÚ›ÛˆÓ. √ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÂÈ Ù· ·Ú¯Â›· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÌÈ· ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·˘Ùfi Ó· ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Â›Ó·È ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi, ηıÒ˜ ÌÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ‹ ÌÂÙ·ÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚË ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ë ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂȉÈÒÎÂÈ Ó· ‰ÒÛÂÈ ÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ÂÚÒÙËÛË ‹ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙȘ ‰È·- ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Ù‡Ô˘˜ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÈ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ Ë ÂÌÌÔÓ‹ Û ·˘ÛÙËÚ¤˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ηٿ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÚÙÈÛË ÙˆÓ Û¯ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ™Â Ú·ÎÙÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ·fi ¤Ó· ¤ÁÁÚ·ÊÔ Î·È, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, Ë ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ Ô˘ ı· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ Web ÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙÂÚË. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚ› ¤Ó·˜ ÔÚ˘Ì·Á‰fi˜ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ «ÂΛ ¤Íˆ». ∆Ô ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ·ÓÔÈÎÙfi ˙‹ÙËÌ· ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ·ÎÚÈ‚‹ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› Ì ÙË ıÂÌÂÏ›ˆÛË Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂˆÓ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ËÁ¤˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ¶·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο, ÛÙËÓ ∆¯ÓËÙ‹ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË (∆¡)67 ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÔÈ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÁÓÒ- Û˘68, Ù· ¤ÌÂÈÚ· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·69 Î·È ÔÈ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û ¤Ó·Ó ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÈÛÙÔÔÈË̤ÓË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·, Ë ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙË, ¤Á΢ÚË Î·È Û˘ÓÂ‹˜ Î·È ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ Î·È ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏ· ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘. ™ÙÔ Web, ‚¤‚·È·, Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ·˘Ù¿ ‰ÂÓ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó Û fiϘ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛÈÁÔ˘Ú¢Ùԇ̠fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ (ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓ˜ ÛÙÔ Web) ‰ÂÓ ı· ÂÎÙÚԯȿ˙Ô˘Ó fiÏ· Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÍ·¯ıÔ‡Ó ·fi ÌÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÔÌ¿‰· ·ÌÔÈ‚·›· ·Û˘Ì‚›‚·ÛÙˆÓ ËÁÒÓ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ¶·ÚfiÙÈ ÔÏϤ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ SW ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘ÈÔıÂÙËı› ·ÎfiÌ·, Ë ‰˘ÓËÙÈ΋ ·Ù·Í›· Ô˘ ÂÓ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Ó· ÚÔ·„ÂÈ, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÔÚı¿ ‰ÔÌËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·fi ÔÏÏ·Ϥ˜ ËÁ¤˜, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÛÔ‚·Úfi ˙‹ÙËÌ· [278]. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·˘Ù‹, Ë ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ SW Â›Ó·È Ó· ·Ú·Û¯Âı› ¤Ó· ÎÔÈÓfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, ‚·ÛÈṲ̂ÓÔ ÛÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· RDF70, Ô˘ ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÂÈ ÔÈΛϘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· XML71 ˆ˜ ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ [195]. ∆· «·Î·Ù¤ÚÁ·ÛÙ·» ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ô˘ ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û ‚¿ÛÂȘ www 65 Information retrieval (IR). 66 Data retrieval. 67 Artificial Intelligence - AI. ∆¯ÓËÙ‹ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË Â›Ó·È Ô ÙÔ̤·˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ Ô˘ ·Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙË Û¯Â‰›·ÛË Â˘Ê˘ÒÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÂȉÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙Ô˘Ì Ì ÙË ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ÛÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. 68 Knowledge base ‹ ÂÓ Û˘ÓÙÔÌ›· KB, kb ‹ ¢. ∂›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÂȉÈ΋ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ‚¿Û˘ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÁÓÒÛ˘. ¶·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Ù· ̤۷ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹, ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Î·È ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘. 69 Expert systems. ∞ÔÛÎÔÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ Ì ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ·˘ÙfiÌ·Ù˘ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ∆¡ ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙȘ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ÂÌÂÈÚÔÁÓˆÌfiÓˆÓ Û ÂȉÈο ı¤Ì·Ù·. ŒÓ· ŒÌÂÈÚÔ ™‡ÛÙËÌ· ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È ÙÔ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹. 70 Resource Description Framework. °ÏÒÛÛ· Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ Îˆ‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË, ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ Î·È ÙËÓ Â·Ó·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÔÌËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ¶·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÚfiÛıÂÙ· ̤۷ (Ù· ÂÂÍÂÚÁ¿ÛÈÌ· ÏÂÍÈÏfiÁÈ·) Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù·ÓÔ‹ÛÈÌ· ·fi ÙÔÓ ¿ÓıÚˆÔ Î·È ÙË Ì˯·Ó‹. 71 eXtensible Markup Language. ∂›Ó·È ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÁÈ· ÙË ‰fiÌËÛË ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓØ ı˘Ì›˙ÂÈ Ï›ÁÔ ÙËÓ HTMLØ Â›Ó·È Û ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÎÂÈ̤- ÓÔ˘Ø Â›Ó·È «Êχ·ÚË» ÁÏÒÛÛ· Î·È Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙ÂÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜. ∏ XML ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜ ηÈÓÔ‡ÚÁÈ· ÁÏÒÛÛ·. O‰Ë- Á› ÙËÓ HTML Û XHTML, ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ·ÓÂÍ·Úًو˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ù˘Á¯¿ÓÂÈ Â˘Ú›·˜ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ηıÒ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ‚¿ÛË Ù˘ RDF Î·È ÙÔ˘ SW.
3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 52 ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È ‚¿ÛÂÈ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ÂÌ‚¤ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ, fiˆ˜ ı· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ì ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·. ªÂ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Û˘Ó¿- ıÚÔÈÛ˘ Î·È ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÓÂÒÓ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·fi ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓ›˜ ËÁ¤˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ∆Ô Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ›ӷÈ, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ·˘Ù¿ ηı·˘Ù¿. ∆Ô SW ‰ÂÓ ·ÏÒ˜ ÌÈ· ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Û‹Ì·ÓÛ˘ HTML72 ÂÁÁÚ¿ÊˆÓ ÛÙÔ Web, Ô‡Ù ÌÈ· ·Ú·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Û ¤ÁÁÚ·Ê·. ∂›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆıÔ‡Ó Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· ÛÙÔ Web ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› ÌÈ· ·¤Ú·ÓÙË ‚¿ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ı· ÍÂÂÚÓ¿ Ù· ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘, ÂÈÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓÒÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ. ∫·Ù¿ ·Úfi- ÌÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ÙÔ CS AKTive Space, ηıÒ˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÏÔ‹ÁËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ÔÏÏ·Ϥ˜ ËÁ¤˜ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ ÛÙÔ ∏ӈ̤ÓÔ µ·Û›ÏÂÈÔ [251]. ∆Ô ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘ SW Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÂÓ¿ Ì ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ73 ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ·Ó··Ú›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È ˆ˜ n-·‰ÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔÈ¯Ô‡Ó Û ¤Ó·Ó ›Ó·Î· [62]. ∏ Û¯¤ÛË Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÂÓ‹ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·¢ı›·˜ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·fi ÙȘ Û¯ÂÛȷΤ˜ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ RDF. ªÈ· Û¯ÂÛȷ΋ ‚¿ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÊÙÈ·Á̤ÓË ·fi ÂÁÁڷʤ˜ ÙÔÔıÂÙË̤Ó˜ Û ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈ· ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹. ∫¿ı ÂÁÁÚ·Ê‹ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ‰›· ·Ó¿ οıÂÙË ÛÙ‹ÏË Î·È Î¿ı ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ù›ÔÙ· ¿ÏÏÔ ·Ú¿ Ù· ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· ÙˆÓ ‰›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘74. ∆· ÛÙÔȯ›· Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÎfiÌ‚ÔÈ Ù˘ RDF, Ù· ‰›· Â›Ó·È ÔÈ È‰ÈfiÙËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ Î·È Ù· ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· ÙˆÓ ‰›ˆÓ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÙÈ̤˜ [28]. ŒÙÛÈ, ·˜ ˘Ôı¤ÛÔ˘ÌÂ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, fiÙÈ ¤Ó·˜ ›Ó·Î·˜ ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ·˘ÙÔÎÈÓ‹ÙˆÓ. ∫¿ı ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹ (ÂÁÁÚ·Ê‹) ·ÊÔÚ¿ ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ·˘ÙÔΛÓËÙÔ Î·È Î¿ı ÛÙ‹ÏË ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ÌÈ· ȉÈfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘, fiˆ˜ ¯ÚÒÌ·, fiÓÔÌ· ȉÈÔÎÙ‹ÙË, ·ÚÈıÌfi ηٷ¯ÒÚÈÛ˘, Ù‡Ô, ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi ÂÈÛ΢ÒÓ Î.Ô.Î. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ÌÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË È‰ÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔÎÈÓ‹ÙÔ˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÙ˘ÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ ‰›Ô Ù˘ ÂÁÁÚ·Ê‹˜. √ ›Ó·Î·˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û Â›Û˘ Ó· ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÂÈϤÔÓ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÂÎÊÚ·Ûı› Ì RDF ‹ Ì ÙÔ Û¯ÂÛÈ·Îfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ¤ÛÙˆ fiÙÈ Ë ¶ÔÏÈÙ›· Ù˘ ª·Û·¯Ô˘Û¤Ù˘ ‰È·ÙËÚ› ÌÈ· Û¯ÂÛȷ΋ ‚¿ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÁÈ· Ù· ·˘ÙÔΛÓËÙ·, Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· ‰›Ô ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÈӷΛ‰Â˜ Ù˘ ª·Û·¯Ô˘Û¤Ù˘. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·˘Ù‹ Ë ‚¿ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ·˘ÛÙËÚfi ÔÚÈÛÌfi, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ¤Ó· ·˘ÙÔΛÓËÙÔ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ·Ó, Î·È ÌfiÓÔ ·Ó, ¤¯ÂÈ ÓfiÌÈÌË ÈӷΛ‰· ª·Û·¯Ô˘Û¤Ù˘. ∞˘Ù‹ ›ӷÈ, Û›ÁÔ˘Ú·, ÌÈ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ȉÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ›Ó·Î· [28]. ∏ ÂÌÙÔ˘Û›· ÙÔ˘ SW ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ ËÁÒÓ ·ÚfiÌÔÈˆÓ Ì ÙË ‚¿ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÙÔ SW Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· Â¤- ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Û fiÚÔ˘˜ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘, ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È fi¯È ·ÏÒ˜ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ ‹ ÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ. ¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÌfiÓÔ Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓˆÓ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ ÛÙÔ Web ‹ ¤Ó·˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÈÂÚ·Ú¯‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓ˜ www 72 HyperText Markup Language. ∏ HTML ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡. ∂›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ·, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ¤Ó·˜ ÂȉÈÎfi˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘. √ ηı¤Ó·˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ·Ú¯Â›Ô HTML ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ·ÏÒ˜ ¤Ó·Ó ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘. 73 Relational data. ÿÛˆ˜ ÙÔ ϤÔÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi Î·È Â˘Ú¤ˆ˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Ó· Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Û¯ÂÛÈ·Îfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ, Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËΠ·fi ÙÔÓ Ted Codd Á‡Úˆ ÛÙÔ 1970. ∆Ô Û¯ÂÛÈ·Îfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚˆÓ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. 74 Ÿˆ˜ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, Ù· ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· ÙˆÓ ÎÂÏÈÒÓ ÂÓfi˜ ›Ó·Î·.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜, Ô‡Ù ·ÏÒ˜ ÌÈ· ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·fi ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ‹ 53 ¤Ó·˜ ˘ÂÚ-Â˘Ê˘‹˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÛÎÔ‡ÂÈ Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Ô˘Û›· ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÂÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ∏ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Â›Ó·È ÙÔ «ÎÏÂȉ›» ÙÔ˘ SW. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ·ÚfiÙÈ Ë ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ RDF Â›Ó·È Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜, ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ë Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÂ›Ù·È Â›Ó·È Ë ÌÂÙ·ÙÚÔ‹ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û RDF Î·È Ë ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ͯˆÚÈÛÙ¿ ·fi ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔ‹ Î·È ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ÁψÛÛÒÓ, ÙˆÓ ÌÂ- ıfi‰ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ SW ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆı› ̤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ·, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÚfiÙ˘· ·Ó¿ Â›Â‰Ô ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘. ∂›Ó·È ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ÂȉfiÛÂȘ Ù˘ RDF, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ·ÎfiÌ· ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿ Û¯ÂÙÈο ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÎfiËÛË, ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, ηıÒ˜ Ë ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û˘¯Ó¿ Ù· ·ÔÎfiÙÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, Ë Ó¤· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Ê·ÓÙ¿˙ÂÈ ÁÈ· ÔÏ- ÏÔ‡˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ¯ÂÈÚfiÙÂÚË ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔ-SW ÂÔ¯‹. ∂›Ó·È ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÏÏ¿ ·fi Ù· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÊÔÚ¤· ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘„ËÏfi ‚·ıÌfi ÏÂÈÙÔ˘Ú- ÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ·ÔÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ÂÎÏËÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ∂Ó Ùˆ ÌÂٷ͇, Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ˘ÔÁÚ·ÌÌ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÈϤÔÓ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ SW. ∆Ô ÂfiÌÂÓÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÙÔ˘ SW Â›Ó·È Ë Î·Ù·Û΢‹ Ù˘ °ÏÒÛÛ·˜ √ÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web75 [198], Ë ÔÔ›· ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈο ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÁÈ· ÙË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì ÙÔÓ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ ÎfiÛÌÔ (ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË ÎÈÓÂ›Ù·È Î·È Ë RDF Schema ‹ RDF-S [44]). ∏ RDF Î·È Ë OWL Trust Proof Logic framework Encryprion Signature Rules Ontology RDF Schema RDF M&S XML Namespaces URI Unicode ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 3.1 ∆· Â›‰· ÙÔ˘ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Web www 75 Ontology Web Language – OWL.
3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 54 Â͢ËÚÂÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ™Â ¤Ó· ·ÓÒÙÂÚÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÙÔÔıÂÙÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ76 ÁÈ· ÙËÓ RDF, Ë ÔÔ›· ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û ηٷÓÂÌË̤ӷ Û‡ÓÔÏ· ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì ÔÏÏ·Ϥ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜. ∏ SPARQL ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙË ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÂ Û˘Á¯ˆÓÂ˘Ì¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏ· ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ Â·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıË ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÛÙË Û˘Ó‰˘·Ṳ̂ÓË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó [232]. ∆Ô ·Ú¯ÈÎfi fiÚ·Ì· ÙÔ˘ SW Û˘Ì˘ÎÓÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ‰ËÌÔÊÈϤ˜ ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÙˆÓ ∂È¤‰ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ SW (¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 3.1). Ÿˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È, Ë ÂÍÂÏÈÎÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÙÔ˘ SW ÎÈÓÂ›Ù·È ·fi οو ÚÔ˜ Ù· Â¿Óˆ, Ì ÙËÓ RDF Î·È ÙËÓ OWL Ó· ÙÔÔıÂÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘. ∏ RDF ÙÔÔıÂÙÂ›Ù·È ¤Ó· Â›Â‰Ô ¿Óˆ ·fi ÙËÓ XML, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ Î·ÙÒÙ·ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Î·Ù·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È User Interface & applications Trust Proof Unifying Logic ontology: Rules: Query: OWL RIF SPARQL RDF-S Crypto Data interchange: RDF XML URI Unicode ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 3.2 ∏ ˘Ú·Ì›‰· ÙÔ˘ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Web (2006) ·fi ÙÔÓ URI. ™ÙËÓ ÂfiÌÂÓË ˘ÔÂÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔ ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÈ Ô URI ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÚ¿Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ SW. Ÿˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓÔ, ÙÔ fiÚ·Ì· ÂÍÂÏ›¯ıËΠηٿ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘. ªÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ OWL ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ, ÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˘˜ ÌÂٷʤÚıËΠÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÙˆÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ Î·È ÛÙȘ ηٿÏÏËϘ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤ÎÊÚ·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ™ÙËÓ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û· Ê¿ÛË, ÙÔ Û¯ÂÙÈÎfi ˘fi ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÚfiÙ˘Ô ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÙ·È Rule Interchange Format (RIF)77 [112] Î·È ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÙÔÔıÂÙËı› ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ì ÙËÓ OWL ˆ˜ ¿ÏÏË Ì›· Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ RDF-S. ∆· Â›‰· ·˘Ù¿ Û˘Ó˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Ì ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ SPARQL. ∏ ÙÚÔÔÔÈË̤ÓË ÂΉԯ‹ ÙÔ‡ ¢È·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ∂È¤‰ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ SW, ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Ù˘ www 76 Query language. ÀÔÛ‡ÓÔÏÔ Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È, ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÙÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÂΛÓÔ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·fi ÌÈ· ‚¿ÛË ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. 77 Œ¯ÂÈ ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Û ÂͤÏÈÍË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ηÓfiÓˆÓ Ë ÔÔ›· ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Û fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ηÓfiÓ˜ Ó· Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·ÓÙÈÏËÙÔ› ·fi fiϘ ÙȘ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜ Î·È Ù· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ηÓfiÓˆÓ, http://www.w3.org/2005/rules/wg.html.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ·Ó¿Á΢ ÁÈ· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÂ·ÊÒÓ78 Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ 55 ·ÔÙ˘ÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 3.2. 3.1.2 URIs: ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· ‹ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ; ‹ Ì‹ˆ˜ Î·È Ù· ‰‡Ô; ∏ RDF ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙˆÓ URIs, Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ȉÈfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ [195]. ∂› ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, Ë XML ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ XLink79, Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÓÒ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÁÈ· ¤Ó·Ó Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔ, ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Î·Ì›· Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ Ì ÙÔ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔ ·˘Ùfi. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Ë RDF http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#person http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#fullName Eric miller http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#mailbox mailto:em@w3.org http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#personalTitle Dr. ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 3.3 °Ú¿ÊËÌ· RDF Ì ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ‡ˆÛË ÙˆÓ URIs ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ URIs ۠ͯˆÚÈÛÙ¿ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· fiˆ˜ ı· ‰Â›ÍÔ˘Ì ÛÙÔ ÂfiÌÂÓÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·. ∂›Ó·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ Ó· ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÙˆÓ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÙfiÍˆÓ ÂÓfi˜ RDF ÁÚ·Ê‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ (¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 3.3) ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈԇ̠ÙÔ˘˜ URIs ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙˆÓ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ. ŒÓ·˜ URI ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ˆ˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˜ Û ¤Ó· RDF ÁÚ¿ÊËÌ· ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘. ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ¤Ó·Ó URI ˆ˜ ηÙËÁfiÚËÌ·, ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ë Û¯¤ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰ÂfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ [172]. ∞ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ô ÎÒ‰Èη˜ RDF Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ› ÛÙÔ ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 3.3.: www 78 Interface. ¢ÈÂ·Ê‹, ‰ÈÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ· ‹ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÔÓÔÌ¿˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÚÔ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ·˜ (.¯. ÙÔ ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ ÂÓfi˜ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡, ÌÈ· Û˘Û΢‹ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡, ¤Ó· ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘, ÎÙÏ.) Ì ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘. 79 ∂ÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÛÙ· ·Ú¯Â›· XML ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÙ·È Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Î·È Ë ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û fiÚÔ˘˜.
3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 56 <?xml version="1.0"?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:contact="http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#"> <contact:Person rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me"> <contact:fullName>Eric Miller</contact:fullName> <contact:mailbox rdf:resource="mailto:em@w3.org"/> <contact:personalTitle>Dr.</contact:personalTitle> </contact:Person> </rdf:RDF> °ÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ URIs ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ Web [33]. ∏ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘ (·ÚfiÙÈ, ·˘ı·›ÚÂÙÔ˘) ÙÚfiÔ˘ ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›·˜, ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ıÂÙÈÎfi «·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘»80 Û ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ Îϛ̷η, ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ËÁ¿˙Ô˘Ó Î·È Ù· ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ Web. √È URIs ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ‚ÂÏËÓÂΤ˜ Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÌÂ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Û fiϘ ÙȘ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË ÂÓfi˜ URI Ì ¤Ó·Ó fiÚÔ ˘ÏÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È fiÙ·Ó ÂÈı˘Ìԇ̠ÙË ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË, ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘ [155]. √È Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ URIs ‰È·Û˘Ó‰¤Ô˘Ó fiÚÔ˘˜ ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Ì ÙËÓ ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È ·˘ÙÔ› ·fi URIs. °È· Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› Ë Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·81, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‚·ÛÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ SW, Ú¤ÂÈ Ë Ì˯·Ó‹ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙË Û¯¤ÛË, Ó· ÌÔÚ› ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ó· ·ÔΈ‰ÈÎÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ·Ó·ÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙË Û¯¤ÛË Ô˘ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ URI. ™Â ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ô˘ Ë ÚÔÛΛÌÂÓË ÛÙË Û¯¤ÛË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· (.¯. ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ› ÛÙȘ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜) ‰È·Ù›ıÂÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ URI, ÙfiÙÂ Ë Ì˯·Ó‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁËı› ÛÂ Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË Û¯¤ÛË. ∏ RDF-S Î·È ÔÈ ÔχÏÔΘ ÂÎÊ¿ÓÛÂȘ Ù˘ OWL ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌÒÓ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÛÙȘ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ Û¯¤Û˘, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ÂÈ- ÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÔÚÈÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ªÂ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÔÈ URIs ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ SW. ∏ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ URIs ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÛÙȘ Ì˯·Ó¤˜ Ó· ÂÂÍÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Â˘ı¤ˆ˜ Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË Û¯Â‰È·Ṳ̂ÓË ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ΤÓÙÚÔ˘ ‚¿ÚÔ˘˜ ·fi Ù· ·Ú¯Â›· ÛÙ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ. Ÿˆ˜ ÛËÌÂÈÒÛ·Ì ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜, Ë Û‡ÏÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘ SW ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ Û¯ÂÛȷΤ˜ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. °È· Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ıÔ‡Ó Ù· ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ÔʤÏË ÛÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ‚¿Û˘ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, Ù· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍ·¯ıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ Web ˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ÚÒÙ˘ Ù¿Í˘ ηÈ, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙË Ë ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÙˆÓ URIs. ∏ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ SW, ¤Ú· ·fi ÙÔ ‰Â‰Ëψ̤ÓÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô Ù˘ ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ ıÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web, ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Ï‡ÛÂȘ ÛÙ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·- ‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ [278]. ŸÌˆ˜, Ë ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ô˘˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ··ÈÙ› ÌÈ· ÌÂÙ·ÙfiÈÛË ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛ˘ Î·È ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙˆÓ URIs. ™˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, Ù· ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· Î·È ÔÈ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È www 80 Network effect. ªÈ· ˘ËÚÂÛ›· ‹ ¤Ó· ÚÔ˚fiÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ıÂÙÈÎfi «·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘» fiÙ·Ó Ë ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Î·Ù·Ó¿ÏˆÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·fi οı ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Í›· ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜. ªÂÏÂÙ¿Ù·È ÂÎÙÂÓÒ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ √ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË. 81 Machine-readability. ∞ӷʤÚÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ·fi Ì›· Ì˯·Ó‹ (Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ∏/À) Έ‰ÈÎÔÔÈË̤Ó˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù·. ∆Ô fiÓÔÌ· ÂÓfi˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È Â˘ı¤ˆ˜ Û ·˘Ùfi, ÂÓÒ 57 Ë ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì·˜ ˘·ÁÔÚ‡ÂÈ Ô‡ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È. ™ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÒÓ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÁψÛÛÒÓ, Ù· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Ì¿˜ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Û ÙÔÔıÂۛ˜ ÛÙË ÌÓ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹. ∆· ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· Â›Ó·È «Î·Úʈ̤ӷ» ¿Óˆ ÛÙ· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Î·È ÔÈ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ ¿Óˆ ÛÙȘ ÙÔÔıÂۛ˜, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· οı ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· ÈÛfi‚ÈÔ fiÓÔÌ·, ÂÓÒ Ë ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È Ôχ Û˘¯Ó¿ Ì ·˘ı·›ÚÂÙÔ ÙÚfiÔ. ¶·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ÏÔÁÈ΋ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÂ›Ù·È Î·È ÛÙÔ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi Web, ηıÒ˜ ˘Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ¤Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈÎfi (URI ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓË ÂÚ›- ÙˆÛË) ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ÈÙÙ‹ ʇÛË. ∂›Ù ı· ʤÚÂÈ ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· οÔÈÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÙËÓ ÙÔÔıÂÛ›· ÙÔ˘ (¤Ó· URN, 1-ÛÂÏ›‰· 143), ›Ù ı· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÙÔÔıÂÛ›· ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤- ÓÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ (¤Ó· URL). ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ URIs ‰È·¯ˆÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ URNs Î·È ÙˆÓ URLs (›Ûˆ˜ Î·È Û ¤Ó· ‹ ‰‡Ô ·ÎfiÌË Û‡ÓÔÏ·, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi ÙˆÓ URCs82). ∆Ô Û¯‹Ì· HTTP, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈÛÙ› ˆ˜ ¤Ó· Û¯‹Ì· URL. ∞˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÂÈϤÔÓ Â›Â‰Ô ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÂÚÈÏÔ΋˜ ·ԉ›¯ıËΠÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ ˆ˜ ÌÂȈ̤Ó˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ URI ηıÈÂÚÒıËΠˆ˜ ÂÓÈ·›·. √È URIs ÂÈÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘˜ ›Ù ·¢ı›·˜ ̤ۈ ÔÓÔÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â›Ù ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÙÔÔıÂÛ›·˜, ‰›¯ˆ˜ ‚·ı›˜ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ÙÔ HTTP Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Û¯‹Ì· URI, ·ÚfiÙÈ ¤Ó·˜ HTTP URI ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓfi ÙÔ˘ ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔÓ ·Ú¯ÈÎfi Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ Î·È ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi ÌÔÚԇ̠(·ÓÂ›ÛËÌ·) Ó· ϤÌ fiÙÈ ¤Ó·˜ HTTP URI Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ URL. √ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û fiÓÔÌ· Î·È ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÙÔÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ë ÔÔ›· ÏÂÈ- ÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ¿„ÔÁ· ÛÙÔ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ηٷÚÚ¤ÂÈ Û ‰ÈÎÙ˘ˆÌ¤Ó· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·. √ÌÔ›ˆ˜, Ù· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÌÂÙÔÓÔÌ·ÛıÔ‡Ó, fiˆ˜ Û˘¯Ó¿ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË (ÔÈ ÏfiÁÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ·˘Ùfi ÂÍËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ÛÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 5.4.6). ŸÙ·Ó ¤Ó· ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›·˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ù·È Î·È Û˘ÓÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÌÈ· ∞Ú¯‹, ÙÔ «fiÓÔÌ·» ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Î·È ·ÔηχÙÂÈ ÙË ‰‡Ó·Ì‹ ÙÔ˘ ÌfiÓÔ fiÙ·Ó Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ∞Ú¯‹ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·ÓÂÏÏÈÒ˜ Î·È Û ‚¿ıÔ˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ›̷ÛÙ ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈÎÔ› fiÙ·Ó ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ ÙÔÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›·˜ fiÓÔÌ·/‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚÈۉȿÛÙ·ÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ. ™Ù· ‰ÈÎÙ˘ˆÌ¤Ó· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ›̷ÛÙ ·fiÏ˘ÙÔÈ Ì ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ÂÓÓÔԇ̠ϤÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· ‹ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ ‹ Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ı¤ÛË Û ¤Ó· ÎÂÏ› ÌÓ‹Ì˘, fiÔ˘ ·˘Ù¿ ·ÔıË·ÔÓÙ·È. ∏ ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ÌÓ‹Ì˘ Û ¤Ó·Ó ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹ Â›Ó·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ÌÈ· ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË Û ¤Ó·Ó ÂÈÎÔÓÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ ÌÓ‹Ì˘ ÂÓfi˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ Û ÌÈ· ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ÌÓ‹Ì˘. √È ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ πƒ ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ˘Ô- ÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÌ̤ۈ˜ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Û ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ‰ÚÔÌÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙÂ Ô ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹˜ Ô˘ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙË ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË πƒ Ó· ÌËÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ˘Óı› ·fi ÙËÓ ‰ÔÌ‹ ‰ÚÔÌÔÏfiÁËÛ˘. ∆· √ÓfiÌ·Ù· ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Û ¤Ó·Ó ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹ ‹ ÛÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ Î·È Ù· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ Ô Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹˜, fiÙ·Ó ÂÈı˘Ìԇ̠ӷ ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· ÌÂٷΛÓËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ·fi ¤Ó· ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ ¢È·- ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Û ¤Ó· ¿ÏÏÔ. ∫·ıÒ˜ ÙÔ DNS Â›Ó·È ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ ·fi ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ‰ÚÔÌÔÏfiÁËÛ˘, ‰ÂÓ www 82 Uniform Resource Citations. ŒÓ· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ·fi ˙‡ÁË ÙÈÌÒÓ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ. ªÂÚÈΤ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ÙÈ̤˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È URIs ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ Ù‡ˆÓ. ÕÏϘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂΉfiÙË, ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·, ÙËÓ ËÌÂÚÔÌËÓ›· ‹ Ù· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜.
3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 58 ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ πƒ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰ÔıÔ‡Ó Û ¤Ó·Ó ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ‰Â‰Ô- ̤ÓÔ˘ √ÓfiÌ·ÙÔ˜ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜. ∆Ô DNS fiÓÙˆ˜ ÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ì ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÔÓÔÌ¿ÙˆÓ, fiÔ˘ ÔÈ ‰È¢- ı‡ÓÛÂȘ πƒ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ [26]. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù·Ê·Ó¤˜ fiÙÈ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË Ù· √ÓfiÌ·Ù· ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ ÁÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ù· ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏ· ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›·˜ ·ÏÏ¿˙Ô˘Ó, ηıÒ˜ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÂÓۈ̷و̤ÓË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Û οı fiÓÔÌ·. ™ÙÔÓ ÂÎÙfi˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ (offline) Ù· ÔÓfi- Ì·Ù· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÈ‚ÈÒÛÔ˘Ó ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ·Ó ¿„Ô˘Ó Ó· ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ÂÓۈ̷و̤- Ó˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο, Ô John Stuart Mill ‰›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ù˘ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜ «Dartmouth» Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ Ë ÙÔÔıÂÛ›· ÛÙËÓ ÎÔ›ÙË ÙÔ˘ ÔÙ·ÌÔ‡ Dart ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ú·Ì›ÓÂÈ ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ ‹ Ó· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ. ªÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·. ŸÌˆ˜ fiÙ·Ó Â›Ì·ÛÙÂ Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔÈ ÛÙÔ WWW Ë Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ‰˘ÛÎÔχÂÈ. ∞˜ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ù˘ ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛ˘ http://pegasus.cs.example.edu/disk1/students/- romeo/cool/latest/readthis.html [26]. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏÔ› ÏfiÁÔÈ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ URI. √È Ï¤ÍÂȘ «pegasus», «cs», «students» Î.Ï. Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËıÔ‡Ó ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈο ηıÒ˜ ı· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ› ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ‹ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙÔ˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·fiÊÔÈÙÔÈ ÙÔ˘ Romeo ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ˜. £· ˘¤ıÂÙ ηÓ›˜ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÂÚ› «cool»83 ‹ «latest»84 ı· ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËı› Ì ÙÔ ¤Ú·ÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘. ∆Ô «http» ˆ˜ ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏÔ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ «readthis» ˆ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο ·ÓÔ‡ÛÈ· ÔÓÔÌ·Û›· Â›Ó·È Ù· ̤ÚË ÙÔ˘ URI Ì ÙË ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚË Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹˜. √ ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ú·Ù¤ıËΠÙÔ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ¤Ó· fiÓÔÌ· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÚÔÛ‚¿ÛÈÌÔ Ì ‚¿ÛË ¤Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈÎfi, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ì ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ fiÓÔÌ·. ™˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·˘Ù‹ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ ‹ Û‡ÓÔÏ· ‰ÂÈÎÙÒÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿ ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ Î·È Ì ηÓÔÓÈÎfiÙËÙ˜ ‹ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· ¿Ù˘ÔÈ Î·È ¯·Ï·Ú¿ ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ. ∆¤ÙÔÈÔÈ ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ Â›Ó·È Û ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈÎÔ›, fiˆ˜ Ù· ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· ÛÙÔ DNS, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË. ∂Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ··Ï›„Ô˘Ì fiÏË ÙËÓ ÏË- ÚÔÊÔÚ›· ·fi ¤Ó· ŸÓÔÌ· ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜ Î·È Ó· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi ·Ó·ÁÓˆ- ÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ (Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î·Ó¤Ó·˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ· ÛÙÔȯ›· Â›Ó·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¿85, Ó· ÌËÓ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÈÌÔ Î·È ÙÔ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈÎfi), ÏËÚÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ fï˜ ÙÔ Ù›ÌËÌ· Ù˘ ‰˘Û¯ÂÚÔ‡˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ Ì ‚¿ÛË ¤Ó· Î·È ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈÎfi. ∞fi ÙËÓ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ ÙÔ Web ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËΠ·fi ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜, ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù· ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·Ó ˆ˜ ÂÔ˘ÛÈÒ‰Ë, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘ URI ·ÚfiÙÈ ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÙÈ΋ ‰ÂÓ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÚÚ¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. √È ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Û¯ÂÙÈο ¢¤ÏÈÎÙÔÈ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ online ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ó¯ıÔ‡Ó Î¿ÔȘ ‰˘ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜. ŸÌˆ˜ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰›ÔÏÔ˘ fiÓÔÌ·/‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË www 83 ªÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜. 84 ¶ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ, Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ. ∆· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· Ó¤·. 85 ∆Ô ÁÓˆÛÙfi ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· ceteris paribus. ¶Ò˜ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ı· ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËı› ÙÔ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎfi ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·, fiÙ·Ó ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËı› ÌfiÓÔ ¤Ó·˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ Î·È ÔÈ ˘fiÏÔÈÔÈ ·Ú·Ì›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔ›.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Â¿Ó ÂÈı˘Ìԇ̠ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ URIs ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ86. ∆Ô SW Â›Ó·È 59 ¤Ó· ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÛÊ·›Ú· Î·È fi¯È ·ÏÒ˜ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi Ù‡ˆÓØ Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, Â›Ó·È ·Ó·Áη›Ô Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ì Û ÙÈ ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌ·ÛÙÂ Î·È Ò˜ ı· ÚÔÛÂÏ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ fiÙ·Ó ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Û ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÌÔÚ›Ô˘ ÂÈı˘Ìԇ̠ӷ ·Ó·ÊÂÚıԇ̠¯ˆÚ›˜ ·Û¿ÊÂȘ Û ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, fiˆ˜ ¤ÁÁÚ·Ê· (Ï.¯. ÏÔÁ·ÚÈ·ÛÌÔ› Î·È ÂÌ‚¿ÛÌ·Ù·), Î·È Û ·ÊËÚË̤ӷ (Ï.¯. ÙÈ̤˜) ‹ ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ¿ ÛÙÔȯ›· (Ï.¯. ·ÁÔÚ·ÛÙ¤˜ Î·È ÂÌÔÚ‡̷ٷ). √ Tim Berners-Lee [31] Û˘ÓÔ„›˙ÂÈ Î·È ·ÛΛ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ ÙÚfiˆÓ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤- ÓÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ HTTP. ∏ ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›·, ÙÂÏÈο, Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ì‚¿ÛˆÓ. ¢ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú·Û˘Úıԇ̠·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÔÓÈ΋ ʇÛË ÙÔ˘ ∫˘‚ÂÚÓÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘ Î·È Ó· ÎÏ›ÛÔ˘Ì ٷ Ì¿ÙÈ· ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ˙ËÙÔ‡Ó, ÏËÚÒÓÔ˘Ó Î·È Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó √ÓfiÌ·Ù· ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ Î·È ¯ÒÚÔ Û Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ¤˜. √È ∞Ú¯¤˜ Ô˘ η٤¯Ô˘Ó Î·È Û˘ÓÙËÚÔ‡Ó Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· ·˘Ù¿, ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· Î·È ˆ˜ ÔÈ ¿ÚÔ¯ÔÈ ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ Ì ‚¿ÛË ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈο. ∏ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ· ÛÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ıÂÛÌÔıÂÙË̤ÓË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ì¿˜ ‚ÔËı¿ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙË ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web. 3.1.3 √ÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ™ÙÔ ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 3.2 (ÛÂÏ›‰· 54) ¿Óˆ ·fi ÙËÓ RDF Î·È ÙËÓ RDF-S ÙÔÔıÂÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ÔÓÙÔÏÔ- Á›·. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ Û‡ÏÏË„Ë [123], ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ÙȘ Úԉȷ- Áڷʤ˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÌÈ· ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹, ÙÔ ··- Ú·›ÙËÙÔ ÏÂÍÈÏfiÁÈÔ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ·˘Ù¤˜, ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ì ÙÔ ÏÂÍÈÏfiÁÈÔ Î·È, ÂÈϤÔÓ, ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ÔÚ›- ˙ÔÓÙ·È, ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È Î·È ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÎÏ¿ÛÂȘ, Ù· ÛÙÈÁÌÈfiÙ˘· Î·È ÔÈ È‰ÈfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ªÈ· ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È Ù˘È΋ ‹ ¿Ù˘Ë. ∆Ô ÏÂÔÓ¤ÎÙËÌ· Ù˘ Ù˘ÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Î·ıÈ- ÛÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›· Ì˯·ÓÈο ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÈÌË Î·È, Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÛÙË Ì˯·Ó‹ Ó· ÂÍ·Á¿ÁÂÈ ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚ· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· fiÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Web. ∆Ô ÌÂÈÔÓ¤ÎÙËÌ· ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙË ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ‰ËÌÈ- Ô˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈˆÓ Ù˘ÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÚʈ̿وÓ. ∆· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ·ÊËıÔ‡Ó Û ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ¢ڤˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈÏËÙ‹ ÁÏÒÛÛ· ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÂȉÈÒÎÔ˘Ó Ó· ‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó Ù¿ÍË Û ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓ›˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Î·È ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ È‰Â·Ù‹ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙÔ˘ Web Ô˘ ı· Â›Ó·È Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷ΋ ËÁ‹. ªÂ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·, ÌÈ· ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›· ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ì ¤Ó· Û¯‹Ì· ‚¿Û˘ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, Ì ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ fiÙÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÈ- ÙÈο ÈÔ ÏÔ‡ÛÈ·˜ Î·È ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜. ∏ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Â›Ó·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ‰ÔÌË̤ÓË Î·È ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ıˆڛ· ÂÓfi˜ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ Î·È fi¯È ·ÏÒ˜ ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ [96]. www 86 Formal systems. ™ÙË §ÔÁÈ΋ Î·È ÛÙ· ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ¤Ó· Ù˘ÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ‰‡Ô ̤ÚË: ÌÈ· Ù˘È΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· Î·È ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‹ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ. ŒÓ· Ù˘ÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ηٷÛ΢¿˙ÂÙ·È Â›Ù ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ·Í›· ÙÔ˘, ›Ù ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ӈÓ.
3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 60 √È ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ˙ˆÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛı‹Î˜ ÛÙË ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ˘¤ÚÙ·ÙÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚÔ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Û ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ ËÁ‹ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜. ∏ ı¤ÛË fï˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÚÔηÏ› Î·È ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ. ¶ÔÏÏÔ› Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÙ¤˜ ·ÓËÛ˘¯Ô‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙË ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ· Ô˘ ÚÔÛ‰›‰ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ηٿ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÂȂ‚·›ˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÌÂÏ- ÏÔÓÙÈÎfi Web, ηıÒ˜ ÙÔ Û˘¯ÓfiÙÂÚÔ Ï¿ıÔ˜ Ô˘ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ˘ÂÚÙ›ÌËÛË ÙˆÓ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Î·È ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ [113]. £· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÙÔÓÈÛı› fiÙÈ ÔÏϤ˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÛÙË ‚ÈÔ- Ì˯·Ó›·, Â›Ó·È Ù·ÍÈÓƠ̂˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÈÂÚ¿Ú¯ËÛË ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‹ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈο ‰ÔÌË̤Ó˜ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ÂÈ¤‰Ô˘ [88]. ∏ OWL ¤¯ÂÈ ÙȘ Ú›˙˜ Ù˘ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚË ÁÏÒÛÛ· DAML+OIL [65], Ë ÔÔ›· ¤¯ÂÈ ÂËÚ·Ûı›, ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏψÓ, ·fi ÙËÓ ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋87 [42]. ∏ OWL ˆÛÙfiÛÔ ÚÔ¯ˆÚ¿ÂÈ ¤Ú· ·fi ÙËÓ ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Î·ıÈÂÚÒÓÂÈ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ Î·È ÙË ‰ÔÌË̤ÓË ÔÚÔÏÔÁ›· Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ Ù˘ RDF. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÛÙȘ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Ó· ηٷӤÌÔÓÙ·È Û ÔÏÏ·Ï¿ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·, Ô‡Û˜ ·ÓÔÈÎÙ¤˜, ÂÂÎÙ¿ÛÈ̘, ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÈ̘ Î·È Û˘Ì‚·Ù¤˜ Ì ٷ ÚfiÙ˘· ÙÔ˘ Web. √È ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ηٷÓÂÌËıÔ‡Ó ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë OWL ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Û fiÚÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ. ªÂ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ë OWL ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web Î·È ÙÔ SW, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ÔÏϤ˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜ Ì ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈÛÌfi [134]. ∂›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÂÍÂȉÈ·ÛÔ˘Ì Ì ·˘ı·›ÚÂÙÔ ÙÚfiÔ ¤Ó· ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌfi Ô˘ ı· Û˘ÏÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ fiÏË ÙËÓ ÁÓÒÛË Û ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ‰›Ô. º˘ÛÈο ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Â͢ËÚÂÙÔ‡Ó ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜. ∂›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ÏÔ‡ÛÈÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ (ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛË Û ¤Ó· ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô Î·È ¿Ú· ı· Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔϘ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÙÔ˘˜) ‹ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÈÔ «Ú˯¤˜» (Î·È ¿Ú· Ó· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ Ô- ÛfiÙËÙ˜ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì ۯÂÙÈο Ï›ÁÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ Î·È ¤ÓÓÔȘ [34]). ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛ˘, ¤ÎÊÚ·Û˘ Î·È ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ¤Ú· ·fi ÙȘ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ë ∞ÈÙÈ҉˘88, Ë ÃÚÔÓÈ΋ (TL)89 Î·È Ë ¶Èı·ÓÔÙÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋90. ∏ ∞ÈÙÈ҉˘ §ÔÁÈ΋ [258] ÚԤ΢„ ·fi ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ∆¡ Î·È ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋˜ ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÏÔÁÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∏ ÃÚÔÓÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊÔÔÈ› ÙÔ˘˜ ηÓfiÓ˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯Ë̤Ó˜ Û ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ Îϛ̷η. ™Ù· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ Ù·¯¤ˆ˜ ·Ó·Ù˘ÛÛfiÌÂÓÔ˘ Web, Ë ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛË Ù˘ online ηٷÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÛËÌ›Ԣ οı ‰Ú¿Û˘ Î·È ÔÈ Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔÈ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÚÔÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚˆÓ ‹ «ÍÂÂÚ·Ṳ̂ӈӻ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ, ıÂÌÂÏÈÒÓÂÈ ÙË ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ TL. ™Â ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÙ·ı› ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Ù˘ TL ÛÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂΉfiÛÂˆÓ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ [149]. ∏ ¶Èı·ÓÔÙÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ ‚·ÛÈṲ̂ÓË Û Ú¿ÍÂȘ Èı·ÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÁÈ· ÌÂÌÔӈ̤ӷ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· ‹ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ. ∏ ÈÔ ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ¶Èı·ÓÔÙÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋ ηٿ Bayes, Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈ̇ÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi Èı·ÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÁÈ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ·, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÚÔÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚ˜ ıˆڛ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ¤Ó·Ó ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ www 87 Description Logic. 88 Causal logic. 89 Temporal logic. 90 Probabilistic logic.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ∏ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ *Bayes Â›Ó·È ÎÔÈÓfi˜ ÙfiÔ˜ ÛÙȘ Ì˯·Ó¤˜ ·Ó·- 61 ˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Ì·˙ÈÎÒÓ Ô¯ÏËÚÒÓ ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ91 [117]. ™Â ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ Ô˘ Ë ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÂ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ·‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜, fiˆ˜ Ë ‚ÈÔÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋, ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ηٿ Bayes ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÙ·ı› ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Û ٤ÙÔȘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ [19]. ∏ ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Bayes ÛÙ· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙËı›, Â›Ó·È fï˜ ·ÌÊÈÏÂÁfiÌÂÓ˜ ÔÈ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÌÈ·˜ ÌÂÚ›‰·˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÒÓ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙË ıˆڛ· ÙÔ˘ Bayes [118]. ™ÙËÓ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· Ù˘ Ë ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· Û˘ÓËÁÔÚ› ÛÙÔ fiÚÈÛÌ· fiÙÈ Ë ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎÙÈÌËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Bayes [162]. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÈÔ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÒÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ó Û˘Ó¯Ҙ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ÙȘ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ Ӥ˜ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜, ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ô Û˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈÎfi˜ ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ·fi ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜. ¶ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙÔ Web ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ÂÛÊ·Ï̤ӷ ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˜, ÂÓÒ ·ÏÏ¿˙ÂÈ ‰È·ÚÎÒ˜. ∏ ‰È·- ¯ÚÔÓÈο ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· Â›Ó·È ¿ÚÚËÎÙ· Û˘Ó˘Ê·Ṳ̂ÓË Ì ÙȘ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÛÙÔ Web, fiˆ˜ Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘, ÔÈ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ Ì ÙËÓ Î·ıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË, Ô ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜, Ù· ·ÙÔÌÈο ÚÔÊ›Ï ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ Î.Ô.Î. [104]. ÀÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜ ÙÔ˘ SW, fiˆ˜ Ô Fry Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘, ÈÛÙÂ‡Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ‚·ÛÈ΋ ˘fiıÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÚ¿Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ SW Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· Â›Ó·È ‰ËψÙÈ΋ – ¿ÏψÛÙÂ, ·ÓÙÈÌÂ- Ùˆ›˙Ô˘Ì Ì ·ıËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÎÙ‹ÛÈÌ· ·fi ¤Ó·Ó Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹, Î·È ÔÈ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÚÁ¤˜– ηıÒ˜ Ë ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Û·ÓÈfiÙÂÚ· ·fi ÙËÓ ÏÔ‹ÁËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Ë ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ÚÔÊ›Ï ÙÔ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Î·È ÔÈ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ·ÍÈfiÏÔÁÔ ı¤Ì·. √ÌÔ›ˆ˜, ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Î·È Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ÂÚÈ‹ÁËÛ˘ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈ ÔÈΛϘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÏÔ‹ÁËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë Ó¤ˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ, ÂÓÒ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì¤Ûˆ Ú·ÎÙfiÚˆÓ Î·È ÙË Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓË ·Ó·Ó¤ˆÛË ÂÚȯÔ- ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ. ¶ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, Ë ‡·ÚÍË ÂÓfi˜ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔ‡ ÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ÔÏÔÛÙ·Û›Ô˘ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈ ÌÈ· ÏËıÒÚ· ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∆Ô ‚·ÛÈÎfi Âȯ›ÚËÌ· ÙˆÓ ÔϤÌÈˆÓ Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ [113] ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È Ë ÂÎ ‚¿ıÚˆÓ Î·È ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓË ÂÓۈ̿وÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘92 (‹ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘) ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‰ÂÓ ·Ô‰›‰Ô˘Ó Ù· ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÏ·Ï·ÛÈ·ÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·ÊËÚËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÒÓ. ∆ËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹, fï˜, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔʇÁÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ ÙÔ SW ÚÔÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ˆ˜ ·ÓÙÔ‰‡Ó·ÌÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, Ì ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎÔ‡˜ ηÓfiÓ˜ Ù· ÚÔ·- ·ÈÙÔ‡ÌÂÓ· Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Ô˘ ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ÁÓÒÛË Û ̛· ÂÓÈ·›· ÌÔÚÊ‹ [158]. * ªÂ ·Ï¿ ÏfiÁÈ·, ÙÔ ıÂÒÚËÌ· ÙÔ˘ Bayes Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÈ Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚfiÓÙÔ˜ (Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›·) Ì ٷ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘- Ì fiÙÈ ¤Ï·‚·Ó ¯ÒÚ· ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ (ÙÔ ÚÔÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚÔ) Î·È Ì ȉ¤Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÙÈ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È Ó· Û˘Ì‚Â› (ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ). www 91 ∆Ô ÁÓˆÛÙfi Û fiÏÔ˘˜ spam. ∞ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ ·ÓÂÈı‡ÌËÙˆÓ ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ. 92 Conceptualization.
3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 62 Ÿˆ˜ ›‰·ÌÂ, ÙÔ SW ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏ¢ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ∞Ó Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ·˘Ù¿ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Í›· ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ÙfiÙ Â·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıˆ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Í›· Î·È ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ SW, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· (·) ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÚfiÛıÂÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È (‚) ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó, ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ, ÙË ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Ì ¤Ó· ‰˘ÓËÙÈο ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô- Ì¤ÓˆÓ Û ¿ÏϘ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, Ô ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ SW ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ fiÏ· Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ‹ Ë ÁÓÒÛË Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰‡Ó·ÓÙ·È Ó· ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ·ıÔ‡Ó ·fi ¤Ó· ÌÈÎÚfi Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÔ›ıËÛË fiÙÈ Ë ‰‡Ó·ÌË Ù˘ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹ ¯ÚËÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜. ™Â ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, ·Ï¿ Î·È fi¯È ˘ÂÚÊ›·Ï· Û¯‹Ì·Ù· ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘, ‰›¯ˆ˜ ÏÔ‡ÛÈÔ ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎfi ÚÂÂÚÙfiÚÈÔ, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Û ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·. ∆Ô SW ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ô˘ ı· οÓÂÈ Ù· ¿ÓÙ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Ì Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ Ù˘ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ÌÈ·˜ ÚˆÙÔÊ·ÓÔ‡˜ ÔÛfiÙËÙ·˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. √È ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ηٷÓfiËÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓÒÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÌfiÓÔ fiÙ·Ó Ù· ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔȯ›· Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎ- Ï‹ÚˆÛË ÂÓfi˜ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘. ∏ ÊÈÏÔ‰ÔÍ›· Î·È Ë ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓË ˘ÂÚ·Í›· ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ SW ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó Î·È fi¯È ÛÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ‰‡Ó·ÓÙ·È Ó· ÂÍ·¯ıÔ‡Ó (·ÚfiÙÈ Â›Ó·È Â›Û˘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ‰È¢ڢÓı› Î·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ). 3.1.4 §·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜93 Î·È ÔÈ Ó¤Â˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ∏ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙË ‰fiÌËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, fiÙ·Ó ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÈηÓfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ·ÙfïÓ, Ë ‰ÔÌ‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ÛÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛ‹ Ù˘, ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ·fi οı ¿ÙÔÌÔ Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿. ∞˘Í¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ‰È·ÚÎÒ˜ ÔÈ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÔÎÂÓÙÚˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È Î·Ù·Ù¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ‰ËÌÔÊÈϤ˜ (·ÚfiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ Ì ϿıÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ) ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙÔ wiki Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˜ Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Û ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Î·È ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˜ Ó· ÚÔÛı¤ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·ÛıÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ, Ó· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ‹ÛÔ˘Ó, Ó· Û¯ÔÏÈ¿ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó. ∂ͤ¯ÔÓ ‰Â›ÁÌ· ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ηÙËÁÔÚ›·˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Wikipedia94, ηıÒ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· online ÂÁ΢ÎÏÔ·›‰ÂÈ·, ÁÚ·Ì̤ÓË ·fi ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ Ù˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ˘„ËÏ‹ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·, ·Ú¿ ÙËÓ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ Î‡ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·- ¯ˆÚ›ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È¿¯˘ÙÔ˘˜ Êfi‚Ô˘˜ ÁÈ· ‚·Ó‰·ÏÈÛÌfi. √È ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈ- ¯ıÔ‡Ó ·fi ÙȘ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó fiÙ·Ó ¤Ó·˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ ÂӉȷʤÚÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Î·È ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ‹ Ó· ÙÔÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ÂÙÈΤٷ (tag). ∏ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÂÙÈΤٷ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Ì ÂÁˆÈÛÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ‹ ·ÏÙÚÔ˘ÈÛÙÈο, Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙË ‰È¢ÎfiÏ˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ÏÔ‹ÁËÛ˘ ÙÚ›ÙˆÓ. ™Â ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÌÈ· ÎÂÓÙÚÈο ηıÔÚÈ˙fiÌÂÓË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ηÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÚÔÛı¤ÛÔ˘Ó Ï¤ÍÂȘ-ÎÏÂȉȿ ۠ΛÌÂÓ· Î·È ÏÔÈÔ‡˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜. π‰›ˆ˜ fiÙ·Ó ÔÈ ÂÙÈΤÙ˜ www 93 ¡ÂÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ·fi ÙË Û‡ÓıÂÙË ·ÁÁÏÈ΋ ϤÍË folksonomies (folk+taxonomies). ∏ Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔÓ ·Ïfi ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Î·È fi¯È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜ Û ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô. 94 ∏ ·ÁÁÏÈ΋ ¤Î‰ÔÛ‹ Ù˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÌ·‰ÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È, ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó Ôχ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·. ¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· 63 ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈÙ‡¯ÂÈ Ó· «¯·ÏÈÓ·ÁˆÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó» Î·È Ó· ÂÎÌÂÙ·ÏÏ¢ÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÂÙÈÎÂÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Flickr95 Î·È ÙÔ del.icio.us96. √È Î¿ÙÔ¯ÔÈ ·ÓÂ›ÛËÌˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÏÔÁ›ˆÓ ÙÔÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó ÂÙÈΤÙ˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÔÛȇԢÓ. ∏ ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ µÚÂÙ·ÓÈ΋ ƒ·‰ÈÔÙËÏÂfiÚ·ÛË (BBC) ‰È¤‚Ï„ ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË Â˘Î·ÈÚÈÒÓ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ Ú·‰ÈÔʈÓÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ÁÈ· Ô ÌÔ˘ÛÈ΋ ̤۷ ·fi ÂÙÈΤÙ˜ Ô˘ ‰È·‚È‚¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ ÎÈÓËÙÔ‡ ÙËÏÂÊÒÓÔ˘ [61]. ∫·ıÒ˜ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÙÈÎÂÙÒÓ Û ÌÈ· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹, ·Ó·‰‡ÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ‰ÔÌ‹, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÙÈΤÙ˜ Â·Ó·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È Â·Ó·ÏËÙÈο Û Ӥ· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ·fi Ó¤Ô˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜, Ô‰ËÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓËıÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ˘·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Î.Ï. √È ‰Ô̤˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜. ∂›Ó·È Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· ȉÈÔÛ˘ÁÎÚ·ÛȷΤ˜, ‰ÂÓ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ÔÚ›ÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ §ÔÁÈ΋˜, ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏ¿ ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÙÈο ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Û˘ÓˆÓ˘Ì›·˜97 Î·È ÔÏ˘ÛËÌ›·˜98, ÂÌÔ‰›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË, Î·È ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ·fi ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ·Ó¿ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË. ∫·È ‰ÂÓ ÊÙ¿ÓÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ·˘Ùfi, ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÔÚ› ηÓ›˜ Ó· Ê·ÓÙ·Ûı› ÙÈ ı· Û˘Ì‚Â› fiÙ·Ó Ë Â˘Ú›· ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÙÈÎÂÙÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Web ÚÔÛÂÏ·ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ›˜ ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÙÈÎÒÓ ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ (spammers), ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ı· ·Ú¯›ÛÔ˘Ó Ó· ÙÔÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó ·˘ÙfiÌ·Ù· ÂÙÈΤÙ˜ ÛÙԯ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙË Û˘¯ÓfiÙÂÚË ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, ÔÈ ÂÙÈΤÙ˜ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË Ì ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÛÙÔÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, ·ÔηχÙÔ˘Ó ·˘ıÂÓÙÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·Úfi¯Ô˘˜ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜. ∏ ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÙÈÎÂÙÒÓ Û ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈ· Û‡ÓÔÏ· ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙËı› Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓ ·ÔÎ¿Ï˘„Ë Ù˘ ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ [84]. ¶·ÚfiÌÔÈ·˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ̤۷ ·fi ¤ÌÌÂÛÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÔ‡˜. √È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔÈ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÔ› ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Á¤ÓÔ˜, ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi, ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ‹ ÙÔ ÚfiÛˆÔ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ Ï¤ÍˆÓ, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÓÙÔ- ÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ¿ÌÂÛÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÔ‡˜. ∆Ô ‰›Ô Ù˘ ™ËÌÂȈÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘99 ‚·Û›- ˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ È‰¤· ˆ˜ Ë ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ì ·ÌÔÈ‚·›· Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÚÒÓ, ‹ Ù· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤Ó˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„˘ Î·È ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢Û˘ [268]. ÀÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¤ÌÌÂÛÔÈ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÔ›, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ù˘ ηٿ ·Ú·ÁÁÂÏ›· «ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·Û˘» ·fi ÙÔ ¤Ó· ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi Û¯‹Ì· ÛÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ô‰ÂȯıÔ‡Ó Â·ÚΛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÌÈ·˜ ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ηٿÏÏËÏ˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ηٷÓÂÌË̤Ó˘ ·Ó·- ˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Û ƒ2ƒ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·ÓÔÈÎÙfi ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ÙÔ Î·Ù¿ fiÛÔÓ Ë Î·Ù·Û΢‹ Ù¤ÙÔÈˆÓ ¤ÌÌÂÛˆÓ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÒÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Â›Ù¢Í˘ ÔÏÏ·ÏÒÓ ÛÎÔÒÓ [2]. www 95 http://www.flickr.com. ŒÓ·˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘Û˘ Î·È ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·Û˘ ʈÙÔÁÚ·ÊÈÒÓ. 96 http://del.icio.us. ŒÓ·˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·Û˘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÛÂÏȉԉÂÈÎÙÒÓ. 97 ¢È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ϤÍÂȘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÓfiËÌ· .¯. science fiction, sci-fi and SF. 98 ¢È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÓÔ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· ϤÍË .¯. SF = science fiction ‹ San Francisco. 99 Semiotics. ∏ ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÛËÌ¿ÙˆÓ.
3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 64 3.1.5 √ÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ‹ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜; ¶·ÚfiÙÈ Ë Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÂ›Ù·È Ì ·ÚÁÔ‡˜ Ú˘ıÌÔ‡˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜ Â›Ó·È ÚÔÙÈÌfiÙÂÚ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓ˜ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈο ηıÔÚÈ˙fiÌÂÓ˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ [259]. √ Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓˆÓ ÏÂÍÈÏÔÁ›ˆÓ ı· ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÛÂÈ ÙȘ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ó· ÂÌÊ·ÓÈÛÙ› Ë «ÛˆÛÙ‹» ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰· Û ÌÈ· ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË, ÂÓÒ ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ‚ÚÂı› ¤Ó· ÈηÓfi Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ ‹ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ, ̤۷ ÛÙÔÓ ˆÎ·Ófi Ù˘ ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓÔ‡˜ ‚¿Û˘ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ, Ô˘ ı· Â›Ó·È Úfiı˘ÌÔ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· Û˘ÓÙËÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·. ∏ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÓۈ̿وÛË ÌÈ·˜ Ó¤·˜ ÔÙÈ΋˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ Î·È ÙËÓ Â¤Ó‰˘ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛË ÁψÛÛÒÓ Î·È ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ, ÂÓÒ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· Ë ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÂÙÈΤٷ˜ Â›Ó·È «¯·Ï·Ú‹», ¿ÌÂÛË Î·È ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚË. ∏ ÂÙÈΤٷ ÂÓfi˜ ÌÂÌÔӈ̤ÓÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ¿¯ÚËÛÙË ‹ ·Ó·ÍÈfiÈÛÙË Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÌÊÈ‚ÔÏ›· ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ È‰È·›ÙÂÚË Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓË ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÂÙÈÎÂÙÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ͯӿÌ fiÙÈ Ë ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÌ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÌÔӈ̤ÓÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË ÁÓÒÛË Î·È ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛË ÁÈ· οÔÈÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔÓ. ™ÙÔÓ ·ÓÙ›Ô‰·, ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó Â¤Ó‰˘ÛË Û ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È fiÚÔ˘˜ Î·È Ë ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛË ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È Ì ÈÔ ·ÚÁÔ‡˜ Ú˘ıÌÔ‡˜. ∫·È ÙÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ fiψÓ, Ù· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Ô˘ ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ¿ÚÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÌÔ‰›ˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Â›ÛÔ‰fi Ì·˜ ÛÙ· ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓ· ÏÂÍÈÏfiÁÈ· ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Ì Ôχ ÈÔ ·ÚÁÔ‡˜ Ú˘ıÌÔ‡˜ ·’ fi,ÙÈ Ù· ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ [61]. ∏ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÂÙÈÎÂÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· ÌÈ· Û˘Ó·Ú·ÛÙÈ΋ ÂͤÏÈÍË Î·È ¤Ó· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú¯›ÛÔ˘Ì ӷ ·ÓËÛ˘¯Ô‡Ì ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÂÙÈΤÙ˜ Î·È ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Û˘Ó·ÁˆÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ˙ˆÙÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ. ∏ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÂÙÈÎÂÙÒÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ‰˘ÓËÙÈ΋ ËÁ‹ ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È fiÏ· Ù· ÌÂÈÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ¤ÏÏÂȄ˘ ·˘ÛÙËÚÒÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ Î·È fiÏ· Ù· ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ¯·ÌËÏÒÓ ÂÌÔ‰›ˆÓ ÂÈÛfi‰Ô˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ ‚¿Û˘ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ. ∞ÏÏ¿ Ë ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÙÈÎÂÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ˘fiıÂÛ˘ ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Web [128]. √È ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Î·È ÔÈ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ·Ù˘¯Ò˜ Û·Ó Î·ÚÈηÙÔ‡Ú· ‰‡Ô ÌÔÓÔÌ¿¯ˆÓ. ™ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ·ÚfiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù·, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ·Ó·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙ· ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ·fi ÙȘ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜ Û ÔÏÏ¿ Â›‰·. ™ÙÔ ı¤Ì· ·˘Ùfi ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰‡Ô ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÚÔ˜ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË. ∏ ÚÒÙË Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ˘ÔÙÈı¤ÌÂÓË ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈ΋ Û¯¤ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Î·È ÙȘ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜ Î·È Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ̇ıÔ˘˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÔ‰Â‡Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜. √È ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Î·È ÔÈ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜ ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÁÈ· Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· Î·È Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ. √È Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ϤÍÂȘ-ÎÏÂȉȿ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· ηÈÓÔÊ·Ó‹ Î·È ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û· ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜. ∞·ÓÙÔ‡Ó ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Û ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ «Ò˜ ÌÔÚÒ Ó· ·Ó·ÎÙ‹Ûˆ ·Ú¯Â›· (Ï.¯. ʈÙÔÁڷʛ˜) Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ı¤Ì· Ô˘ Ì ÂӉȷʤÚÂÈ;». √È ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙÌËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÙË ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË Î·È ÙË Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ Î·È ÙÔÔıÂÛ›· ‹ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘Ïϯı› ·fi ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›Â˜. ∞˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È Û·Ó
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Û¯¤ÛË ˘ÔηٿÛÙ·Û˘, ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ‹ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Û·Ó ·›ÁÓÈÔ ÌˉÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ·ıÚÔ›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜100 65 ı· ‹Ù·Ó ÚÔÙÈÌfiÙÂÚÔ Ó· ÏÔÁ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Û ·ÓfiÌÔÈ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·. ∂›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÂÈÎ·Ï˘ÙfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Ì·˜ ·Ó·Áο˙Ô˘Ó Ó· ÂÈϤÍÔ˘Ì ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Î·È ÙȘ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ fï˜ Ó· ·ÏÏ¿˙ÂÈ Ë Ô˘Û›· ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙÔ˜ fiÙÈ Î·È ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Û ÂÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂÈ Î·ÚÔÊfiÚÔ˘˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰ÚfiÌÔ˘˜ [257]. Œ¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯı› fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Â›Ó·È ÈηӤ˜ Ó· ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÛÔ˘Ó ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi ·fi ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi Î·È Ù· ‰›ÎÙ˘·, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë ‰ÔÌË̤ÓË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË [201]. ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ·˘Ùfi ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Ó¤ˆÓ ¢ηÈÚÈÒÓ. ∞˜ ÛÎÂÊÙÔ‡ÌÂ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÂȉÈÎÔ‡ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ·˘ÙfiÌ·Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÁÈ· ÈÛÙÔÏfiÁÈ·, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÍÈÔÔÈ› ÌÈ· «·fi οو ÚÔ˜ Ù· ¿Óˆ» ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÏÔÁÈ- ÛÌÈÎÔ‡ [163]. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, Ë ‚¿ÛË ¿Óˆ ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌÂ›Ù·È Ë ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô –fiÙÈ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÔÈ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ·Ê’ ·˘ÙÒÓ Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ˘„ËÏfi ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ Î·È ‰˘Û‚¿ÛÙ·¯ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘– Â›Ó·È ·ÌÊÈ‚fiÏÔ˘ ·Í›·˜. ™ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ‰È·ÈÛو̤ÓË ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ, ‰ËÌÈ- Ô˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È «ÂÏ·ÊÚȤ˜», ¢¤ÏÈÎÙ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÈÛ¯˘Ú¤˜ Î·È Ì ¢Ú›· ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Friend-of-a-Friend (FOAF – [45]) Î·È ÙÔ˘ Flink [200]. °ÂÓÈο, ·ÚfiÌÔȘ ÂÚÈÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Û˘Ì›ÙÔ˘Ó Ì ÙË ‰˘·‰È΋ Î·È Û˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ SW ·fi ÙË Ì›· ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Î·È Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔ-ÔÚÁ¿- ÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Web, ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË [101]. √È ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ Ì·˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ·ÓˆÙ¤Úˆ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛ˘. ∞˜ ‰Ô‡ÌÂ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ. ∫·Ù·Ú¯¿˜, ı· ˘¿ÚÍÔ˘Ó ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ‰›· ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ı· ¤¯ÂÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÏËÚˆı›. ™Â «Î·ÏÔ¯ÙÈṲ̂ӷ» ‰›· fiˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜, Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ÏÂÍÈÏÔÁ›Ô˘ ·Í›˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÔ Î·È Ô‰ËÁ› Û Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ SW ÎÂÚ‰›˙Ô˘Ó Û˘Ó¯Ҙ ¤‰·ÊÔ˜ Û ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ‰›· Ì ÏÔ‡ÛÈ· Û ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Î·È Â›Ù¢Í˘ Û˘ÁÎÏ›ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ. °È· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÂÌÔ- ÚÈΤ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜, ÙÔ ‰˘ÓËÙÈÎfi ΤډԘ ·fi ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο ‰ÔÌËÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È Û˘Ì‚·ÙÒÓ ÏÂÍÈÏÔÁ›ˆÓ ı· ˘ÂÚ·ÎÔÓÙ›ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÌË-·Ó·ÎÙ‹ÛÈÌÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜101 Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ‹ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ ÔÚÈ·Îfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜102 ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ‰È¢ÎfiÏ˘ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ·Ôı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÏÈ·ÓÔˆÏËÙ‹ Ì ·˘Ùfi ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔÌËıÂ˘Ù‹, ·Ô‚·›ÓÂÈ ÂˆÊÂϤ˜ Î·È ÁÈ· Ù· ‰‡Ô ̤ÚË. ∫·È ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌÂȈı› ηıÒ˜ ı· ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ Ë ‚¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ Ù˘. ∞Ó ˘Ôı¤ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ‰È·ÌÔÈÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ, ÙfiÙÂ Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÎÒÓ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Ô˘ ·Ó·- Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ı· ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Ì ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· www 100 Zero-sum game. ∆Ô fiÊÂÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ·›¯ÙË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·ÒÏÂÈ· ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔÓ. 101 Sunk cost. 102 Marginal cost. ¶ÚfiÛıÂÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ÂÈϤÔÓ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜.
3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 66 Ô ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ·Ó¿ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Û‡ÓÙÔÌ· Ôχ ÌÈÎÚfi˜ [29]. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ë Â˘Ú›· ÂÍ¿ψÛË Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÍÔÈΛˆÛË Î·È ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ Â·Ó·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ηٿÙÌËÛ˘ Î·È ¤ÓˆÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ [212, 256, 10], ÂÓÒ ı· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› ÌÈ· Û˘Ó¯Ҙ ‰ÈÔÁÎÔ‡ÌÂÓË ‚¿ÛË ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ÚÔ˜ ÎÔÈÓ‹ (Â·Ó·)¯Ú‹ÛË(ÌÔÔ›ËÛË). ∫·Ù¿ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, ÂÈÎÚ·Ù› Ë ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÔÏ˘Ù·Ú¯ÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ۯ‰ȷṲ̂Ó˜ «·fi ¿Óˆ ÚÔ˜ Ù· οو», ¿Û¯ÂÙ˜ ‹ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ· Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ Ì ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ·ÊÂÓfi˜, Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÈÏÔÌÔÚÊ›· ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ ‹ ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰›Ô˘ [158]. ∂›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÂÔ›ıËÛË Ó· ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ È‰¤· Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÌÔÓ·‰È΋˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÔ‡˜ √ÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ¶¿ÓÙˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ¯¿ÚË Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Ì ÙÔ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ CYC [183]. ªÈ· ÙfiÛÔ Â˘Ú›·, Ï‹Ú˘ Î·È Û·ÚˆÙÈ΋ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›· ›Ûˆ˜ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ó·È ÍÂοı·ÚÔ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÎÏÈÌ·- Έı› Î·È Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛı›. ∞Ó ‰Ô‡Ì ÙÔ SW ˆ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Ô˘ ·fi ¤Ó· ÛËÌÂ›Ô Î·È ÌÂÙ¿ ··ÈÙ› Î·È ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙË Ì·˙È΋ ‰È¿‰ÔÛË, ÙfiÙ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÓÙÈÏËÙfi fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·Ó·Î‡ÙÔ˘Û˜ ‰Ô̤˜, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜, ı· Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È fiÏÔ Î·È ÂÏ΢ÛÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜ [259]. ∞˘Ù‹, fï˜, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ··›ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ SW. ™ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ SW ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ˆ˜ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·Û˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. √È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ‰‡Ó·ÓÙ·È Ó· ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÔ˘Ó Î·È ·ÏÏËÏÂȉÚÔ‡Ó ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ‹ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Â›Ù¢Í˘ ÁÂÓÈ΋˜ ‹/Î·È ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆÙÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·˜ Î·È Î¿Ï˘„˘. ŒÓ· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ù· ÂÌÔÚ‡̷ٷ ÂÓfi˜ ÏÈ·Ó¤ÌÔÚÔ˘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÏ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘, ı· ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ·fi ÙË ‚¿ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÌËıÂ˘Ù‹ (Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÂÙÂÚÔ- ÁÂÓ›˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ) Ì ÛÎÔfi Ó· ÙȘ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ·Ê‹ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÙȘ ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›ÛÂÈ ÂÎ Ó¤Ô˘ Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ô˘ ÚÔÙÈÌ¿ÂÈ Ô Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˜ ¤ÌÔÚÔ˜. ∆· ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔÈË̤ӷ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÈ- ÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ÊfiÚÔ˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ÙÚ·Â˙Èο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÚÔÙ›ÌËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÙÚ¿Â˙·˜ Î·È Ù· ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ·ÊÔ‡Ó ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ Â›Ó·È ¤ÙÔÈÌ· ÁÈ· ÊÔÚÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË. ™ÙȘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜. √‡Ù ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔ›¯ÈÛË ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Î·È ÙË ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË ÁÂÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÌËÓÂÈÒÓ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙÔ ˘ÔÛ‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·Á‹. √È ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ›ÛÂȘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ Û ÙÔÈÎfi Â›‰Ô. √ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ SW Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ȉˆı› ˘fi ÙÔ Ú›ÛÌ· Ù˘ Â·Ó·ÏËÙÈ΋˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔ›¯ËÛ˘ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„·Ì ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜. ∆Ô SW ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛı› ÚfiÙ˘· Ô˘ ı· ÂÈÛ·Á¿ÁÔ˘Ó Î·È ı· ηٷÛÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÌÂÚÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔ›¯ÈÛË Û fiϘ ÙȘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ∆¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÚfiÙ˘· ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û ÁÂÓÈ΋ Îϛ̷η Ì ÔÏÏ·- Ï·ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο Û˘ÓÂ·ÁfiÌÂÓ· ÔʤÏË. 3.1.6 ªÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ∆· ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙË ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· ‹ ÙËÓ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙÔ˘ Web ËÁ·›ÓÔ˘Ó ¤Ú· ·fi ÙÔ SW. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ù· ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ‹ ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ Ì ÛÎÔfi Ó· ηٷÛÙ› ÈÔ Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙfi˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜. √È ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ, ÔfiÙ ٷ ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ·‰fiÌËÙ·, ‹
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È Ì˯·Ó¤˜ Î·È Ù· ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ì˯·ÓÈο ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÈÌ·. 67 ™˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, Ù· ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈο Î·È ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ‚·ÛÈο ÛÙÔȯ›·, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡, ÙÔÓ Ù›ÙÏÔ ‹ ÌÈ· Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë ÂÓfi˜ ÂÁÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ Î·È ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘, fiˆ˜ Ô Ù‡Ô˜ ·Ú¯Â›Ô˘, Ù· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘, Ù· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡, Ë ËÌÂÚÔÌËÓ›· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜, Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ¤Î‰ÔÛ˘ Î.Ô.Î. ∆· ÛÙÔȯ›· Ì ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ103 Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛıÔ‡Ó Ì ÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÁڷʤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ ϤÍÂȘ-ÎÏÂȉȿ Ô˘ ı· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË. °ÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ù· ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË (ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ Â‡ÚÂÛË fiÚˆÓ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÌÈ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Áο̷ ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ Î·È ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛı‹ÎË ‰ÔÌÒÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Û ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜), ÛÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ (.¯. ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰ÈÎÙ˘·Î¤˜ ‡Ï˜ ÙËÓ ·˘ÙfiÌ·ÙË «Û˘Ó·ÚÌÔÏfiÁËÛË» ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ ·fi ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈο), ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯ÂÈÔı¤ÙËÛË [58] Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ (fiˆ˜ Ë ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎÔ‡ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÈχÂÙ·È ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ¤Ó·˜ fiÚÔ˜ ÛÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È «fiÌÔÈÔ˜» Ì ¤Ó·Ó ¿ÏÏÔ). ∏ ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋, fï˜, ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ÚÔÒıËÛË Ù˘ ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÔ‡ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓÒÓ fiÚˆÓ Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ Ï·ÙÊfiÚ̘, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ ·ÒÏÂÈ· ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘. ŒÓ· Û¯‹Ì· ‹ ÚfiÙ˘Ô ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì ÌÈ· Ù˘ÔÔÈË̤ÓË ÌÔÚÊ‹, ÛÙԯ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙË ÌÂÁÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. Œ¯ÂÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› ¤Ó·˜ ÈηÓfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈˆÓ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Dublin Core104 Î·È ÙÔ Text Encoding Initiative105 (TEI). ∏ RDF ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ·ÚfiÌÔÈˆÓ Û¯ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ∆ËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹, ÁÂÓÓÒÓÙ·È ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· Ù· ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ. ¶ÚÒÙÔÓ, ÙÈ Â›‰Ô˘˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ; ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, Ì ÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ı· ÂËÚ¿ÛÂÈ Ë ÌÂÙ·-ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ; £· ÙË ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ; ∆È ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Ì ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘; Œ¯Ô˘Ó ÁÚ·Ê› ÔÏÏ¿ ÁÈ· Ù· ÂÚˆ- Ù‹Ì·Ù· ·˘Ù¿, ·ÏÏ¿ ÈÛÙ‡ˆ fiÙÈ ·Í›˙ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÌÈÎÚ‹ ·Ú¤Î‚·ÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ·. ∂›Ó·È ÂÚÈÙÙfi Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·Ó¿ ÂÚ›- ÙˆÛË ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ ÛÎÔfi ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ô Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi˜ ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘. ™Â ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, –Ï.¯. ÛÙË ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË „ËÊÈ·ÎÒÓ ÊˆÙÔÁÚ·ÊÈÒÓ– Ù· ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· «ÊÚÔÓÙ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜», fiˆ˜ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓÔ˘ Flickr. ™Â ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ, Èı·Ó¤˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈΤ˜ ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤- ÓˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ë ¯ÚÔÓÔÛ‹Ì·ÓÛË, Ë ÚԤϢÛË, Ë ·‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÔÈ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ› ÛÙËÓ ¿‰ÂÈ· ¯Ú‹Û˘. ∏ ¯ÚÔÓÔÛ‹Ì·ÓÛË Â›Ó·È ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û·, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ‚·ÛÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘. ŸÙ·Ó, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ‰È·‚¿˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔ 2006 ÌÈ· ÌÂϤÙË ÁÈ· ÙË ÁˆÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Û ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ Â›‰Ô, Â›Ó·È Ô˘ÛÈ҉˜ Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘ÌÂ Â¿Ó ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ www 103 Multimedia. «¶ÔÏÏ·Ï¿ ̤۷», ΛÌÂÓ· Î·È ÁÚ·ÊÈο, ‹¯Ô˜, ÎÈÓÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ, ‚›ÓÙÂÔ Î·È ÔÙȉ‹ÔÙ ¿ÏÏÔ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ Ë ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ·ÔıË·ÂÙ·È, ÌÂÙ·‰›‰ÂÙ·È, ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ‹ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÓÙÈÏËÙ‹. 104 http://dublincore.org. 105 http://www.tei-c.org.
3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 68 ·˘Ùfi Û˘ÓÙ¿¯ıËΠÚÈÓ ‹ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ 11Ë ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ 2001. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó «ËÌÂÚÔÌËÓ›· Ï‹Í˘» ‹ ¤Ó· ÛËÌÂ›Ô ¤Ú·Ó ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·È Û ·Ó·ÍÈfiÈÛÙ˜ ‹ ¿¯ÚËÛÙ˜. ™˘¯Ó¿, ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔ‚ÏÂÊı› Ì ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰ÔıÔ‡Ó ÌfiÓÔ ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ ÂӉ›ÍÂȘ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ·Ó Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÚÔÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÎÚ›ÛÈÌ˘ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ Î·È ·fi ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ·ÓÔ¯‹˜ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·˘Ùfi. ∏ ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÁÈ· ¤Ó·Ó fiÚÔ, Û ÁÂÓÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰Ôı› ·fi ÌÈ· ÂÙÈΤٷ XML Ì ÙÔ Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Â›Ó·È Èı·Ó‹ Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ‡·Ú͢ Î·È ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ÛÙÔ Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ̤ÚÔ˜ (ÛÒÌ·) ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ (ηıÒ˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ˘Ôı¤ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ‰ÔÌË̤ÓÔ˜) Ë ÔÔ›· ı· Â›Ó·È ÚÔÛ‚¿ÛÈÌË ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Ì «¯ÂÈÚÔΛÓËÙÔ» ÙÚfiÔ. ™Â ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, Â›Ó·È Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ Û ¤Ó· ·‰fiÌËÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ÙËÓ ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Î·È Ó· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ Â¿Ó Ë ¯ÚÔÓÔÛ‹Ì·ÓÛË ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ fiÚÔ ‹ ·ÊÔÚ¿ οÔÈÔÓ ÙÚ›ÙÔ. ∂› ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ȉ¤Â˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Ù˘ ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ Û ÈÔ ‰ÔÌË̤ÓÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó, Ì ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË Ó· ·ÔÊ¢¯ı› Ë ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ [173]. ∂›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ fï˜ Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ì ÙË ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È ÙȘ ˘Ôı¤ÛÂȘ Ì·ÎÚÔ‚ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Â¿Ó ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ «Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ ‹ Ó· ·ÔÛ˘Úı› ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÚÔÂȉÔÔ›ËÛË, ÙfiÙÂ Ë ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÙÂÏ› ˘fi ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛË Î·È Ë ·Í›· ÙÔ˘ ˆ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ·Á·ıÔ‡ ÌÂÈÒÓÂÙ·È ‰Ú·Ì·ÙÈο» [107]. ∏ ÚԤϢÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ·Í›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘. ∏ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ „ËÊȷ΋ ·Ú¯ÂÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÚԂϤÔ˘Ó ÍÂοı·Ú· ÙËÓ ÚԤϢÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Ô˘ ··ÈÙ›ٷÈ. ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· Open Archival Information System (OAIS) Ù˘ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ¢È·ÛÙËÌÈÎÒÓ ¢Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ106, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ··ÈÙ› ÙËÓ ËÁ‹ ‹ ÙËÓ ÚԤϢÛË ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘, ÙÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi (log) ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ï¿‚ÂÈ ¯ÒÚ·, ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ˘fi Ù›ÓÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·ÈÁ›‰· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËηÓ, Î·È ÌÈ· ÂÁÁÚ·Ê‹ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ï˘Û›‰· ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏÒÓ [57]. ∆· ÚfiÙ˘· ÛÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ Digital Archives (Cedars) ËÁ·›ÓÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ‚‹Ì· ·Ú·¤Ú·, ··ÈÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ηٷÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ËÁÒÓ ÚÔ¤Ï¢Û˘ (Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÏfiÁˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ Ô fiÚÔ˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËÎÂ, Ù˘ Ï‹ÚÔ˘˜ Ï›ÛÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ˘‡ı˘ÓˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ ̤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Î·È ÁÈ·Ù› Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú¯ÂÈÔıÂÙËı›), ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ (Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜), ÙÔ ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi (Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡ Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ·Ú¯ÂÈÔı¤ÙËÛ˘, ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰Ú¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ıËÎ·Ó ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ·Ú¯ÂÈÔı¤ÙËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘) Î·È ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ ÂÁÁÚ·Ê‹˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ٷ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈο ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ [58]. ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ fiˆ˜ Ë ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·È ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ϤÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ËÁÒÓ ÚÔ¤Ï¢Û˘ Ì ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÛÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÚԤϢÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Έ‰ÈÎÔÔÈËı›. √‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó, Â›Û˘, ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛ‹Ì·ÓÛË ÙˆÓ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔ- www 106 Consultative Committee on Space Data Systems.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Á›·˜ ·Ôı‹Î¢Û˘ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ÚÔ¤Ï¢Û˘ Î·È ÁÈ· Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ 69 ·˘Ù‹˜, fiˆ˜ Ë Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ Ù˘ Î·È ÔÈ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜107 [122]. ŒÓ·˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˜ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÂÁÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌÒÓ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Û ·˘Ùfi. ∆· ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÚÔ¤Ï¢Û˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÂÈÎÔ˘ÚÈο Û ٤ÙÔȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, ·ÏÏ¿ Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ÌËÓ Â›Ó·È ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ÁÈ· Ó· ÙȘ ÂÈχÛÔ˘Ó. ∏ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ‚¤‚·È˘ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋ ‹Ù·Ó ¿ÓÙ· ÌÈ· ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË ˘fiıÂÛË. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÂÈ- ÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÂÍ‹˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ: Ë ÀÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋108, Ë ÔÔ›· ·ÚÈÛÙ¿ ÌÈ· ÁÓÒÌË Ì ¤Ó· ÙÚ›Ù˘¯Ô Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÈÌÒÓ (›ÛÙË, ‰˘ÛÈÛÙ›·, ·‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ·) ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·ıÚÔ›˙ÂÈ ÛÙË ÌÔÓ¿‰· [159, 160], Ë ‰È·‚¿ıÌÈÛË Ì ‚¿ÛË ÔÈÔÙÈ΋ ÎÚ›ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÚÔÛ‰›‰ÂÙ·È ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈÎfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ Î·È ıÂÌÂÏÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·ԉ›ÍÂȘ [110, 115], Ë ∞Û·Ê‹˜ §ÔÁÈ΋109 [248] Î·È ÔÈ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜ [148]. °È· ¿ÏÏË Ì›· ÊÔÚ¿ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ê·ÓÂÚfi ÙÔ ‰›ÏËÌÌ· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚ- Ì·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ì ˘„ËÏ‹ ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÛÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ì ·ÏÔ‡ÛÙÂÚË ÌÔÚÊ‹. ∆ÂÏÈο, Ë Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· Ù· ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ù· ÔÔ›· Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÛÙËÓ ·‰ÂÈÔ‰fiÙËÛË Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ‰È¢ڇÓıËΠ̠ÙÔ Î›ÓËÌ· ÙˆÓ ÏÂÁÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ «creative commons», ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ù˘ ¢¤ÏÈÎÙ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web Î·È Ù· ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· Ì ·˘Ùfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·. ∆· ÂÏ·ÛÙÈο ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙÔÓ ¿Î·ÌÙÔ ÓfiÌÔ ÂÚ› ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜, ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡˜ Ó· Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÔ˘Ó Ì ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜, ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ÌÂÚÈ΋ ·Ú·›ÙËÛË Î·È Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ηıÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ Ï·›ÛÈ· [187]. ∆· ı¤Ì·Ù· ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÂÚ·È- Ù¤Úˆ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ÛÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 6.2. ∆· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙȘ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì¤Û· ·fi Ù· ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Ô ÁÈÁ·ÓÙÈ·›Ô˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌÔ‡ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ‰È¿Ï·Ù· ·ÓÔÈÎÙ¿. Œ¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯı› fiÙÈ Ô Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÂ- ¯Ô̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ı· ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂÈ ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔÈË̤Ó˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ¢Ú›·˜ Îϛ̷η˜ Î·È Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ù¤ÙÔȘ ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ı· ·ÍÈÒÛÔ˘Ó È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÈÛ¯˘Ú¤˜ ·Ú·‰Ô¯¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ [170]. µ¤‚·È·, ÌÈ· ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ‰Ú¿ÛË ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÍÂοı·ÚÔ ·Ó ı· ÂÓ·ÓÙȈı› ÛÙÔ ·Ô- ÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔ Ó‡̷ ÙÔ˘ Web. £· ÂÍ·ÚÙËı›, ηٿ Ôχ, ·fi ÙÔ Î·Ù¿ fiÛÔ ı· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËıÔ‡Ó ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÙÚÂ¯Ô˘ÛÒÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Û Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È ÙˆÓ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓÔ Web «‚¿ıÔ˘˜»110 [283]. www 107 ∞ÔÙÂÏ› ÂÈÚˆÓ›· Ù˘ Ù‡¯Ë˜ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ˆ˜ ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜, ηٿ ÙÔÓ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ·Ú¯Â›Ô ˘fi ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ·‰fiÌËÙË ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ÚÔ¤ÏÂ˘Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘. 108 Subjective logic. 109 Fuzzy logic. 110 Deep Web. ∆Ô ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ Web Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌË̤ÓÔ (Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ÌË ÚÔÛ‚¿ÛÈÌÔ) ·fi ÙȘ Ì˯·Ó¤˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘.
3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 70 3.2 ∞Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ∆·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ∆Ô SW ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ Û˘Ì‚¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ οÓÔ˘Ì ÁÈ· Ù· ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ URIs ηÈ, ‚‚·›ˆ˜, οı ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÂÙÈÎÂÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ Web ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Ì ‚¿ÛË ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ¿ÏϘ Û˘Ì‚¿ÛÂȘ. ∆Ô Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ù˘ ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›·˜ ‹ Ù˘ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛ˘ ÂÙÈÎÂÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ Web ËÁ¿˙ÂÈ ·fi ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÊÚÔ˘ÚÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ Î·Ï‹˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÈfiÏ·ÈˆÓ Û¯ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÂÓÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ηٿÚÚ¢Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓÔ˘ ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. 3.2.1 ∞Ó·ÊÔÚ¿: fiÙ ‰‡Ô ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Â›Ó·È ›‰È·; ∏ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ‰‡Ó·Ì˘ Ì·ÎÚÈ¿ ·fi ÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Úfi‚ÏËÌ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡˜ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔ ÏÂÔÓ¤ÎÙËÌ·. ∆Ô ›‰ÈÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙÔ Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ ÎfiÛÌÔ ÔÏÏ·Ϥ˜ ÔÓÔ̷ۛ˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ηӤӷ Úfi‚ÏËÌ·, .¯. Û˘Ó·- ÓÙ¿Ì ÂΉԯ¤˜ fiˆ˜ «Jane Doe», «Janey Doe», «Jane A. Doe», «Doe, J.A.» Î.Ô.Î. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, ÌÂÚÈΤ˜, ‹ fiϘ, ÔÈ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓ˜ ÂΉԯ¤˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·. Èڛ˜ Ó· ·ÁÓÔԇ̠‚¤‚·È· ÙËÓ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· Ë Jane Doe Ó· ·ÔηÏÂ›Ù·È Ï·ıÂ̤ӷ «Jnae Doe» Î.Ï. √È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›Â˜ ÌÔÓ·‰È΋˜ Î·È ÂÓÈ·›·˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Â›Ó·È Û¯ÂÙÈο ‡ÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÍÂÂÚ·ÛıÔ‡Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô ÁÈ· ÙȘ Ì˯·Ó¤˜. ¶fiÛÔ ‰Â Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ·Ó ÚÔÛ·ıԇ̠ӷ ÂÍ·Á¿ÁÔ˘Ì ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ·fi ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙȘ ·Ôı‹Î˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, fiÔ˘ ÔÈ «¯ÂÈÚÔΛÓËÙ˜» χÛÂȘ Î·È ÔÈ ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ Ì ÙÔ Ì¿ÙÈ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙ¤˜. ™ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ë Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤Ï·ÛË Â›Ó·È ÌÔÓfi‰ÚÔÌÔ˜. ∆· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ fiÙ·Ó ÔÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷΤ˜ ËÁ¤˜ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Û˘Á¯ÒÓ¢Û˘. ∆¤ÙÔÈ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Â›Ó·È Â˘Ú¤ˆ˜ ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Î·È È‰È·ÈÙ¤Úˆ˜ ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ SW, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓË Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web ÂÌÔ‰›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÔÓfiÌ·ÙÔ˜, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ Ô Reiter [240]. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, ÔÈ URIs ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ Web ÙÔ ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜, fiÙ·Ó ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈÏ˘ı› Ë Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ‰‡Ô ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ô˘ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ URI. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ·Ó Î·È ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ «morning star» Î·È «evening star» ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó ·¢ı›·˜ ÛÙËÓ http://ex.org/planets.owl#venus, ÙfiÙ οı ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ·ÈÙÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÙÙ‹. ∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜, Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ› URIs Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Ì ÌË ÚÔÊ·Ó‹ ÙÚfiÔ ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÌfiÓÔ ÁÈ· οÔȘ ·fi ÙȘ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘. ªÂÚÈΤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜, ¤Ó· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ·ÓȯÓ‡ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ·ÏÁÔÚÈıÌÈ΋ Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË (ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ù· √ÓfiÌ·Ù· ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ·ÓÂÍ·Úًو˜ Â˙ÒÓ ‹ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›ˆÓ ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÙ·È Ë ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÌÔÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜), ·ÏÏ¿ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ùfi. ∏ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ URIs ‰ÂÓ ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÓÂÈ Î·È Ôχ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ‰˘ÓËÙÈ΋ ‚¿ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ Û ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛÙȘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi Ù˘ÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·È Û˘Ìʈӛ· ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚fiψÓ. ªÈ· ¢ÚÂÙÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ·ÚfiÌÔÈˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ Â›Ó·È Ó· οÓÔ˘Ì ÌÈ· «¤Í˘ÓË» ÎÚ›ÛË Ì ‚¿ÛË ·ÚÂÌÊÂÚ›˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Î·È Ó· ÙË ‰ÔÎÈ- Ì¿ÛÔ˘Ì online, ÂϤÁ¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ÙˆÓ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂˆÓ Á‡Úˆ ·fi Ù· ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙÔ‡ÌÂÓ·
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÛÙÔȯ›·. ∂¿Ó, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë «Jane Doe» Î·È Ë «Doe, J.A.» ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ 71 Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË Ì ÙÔ «University of Loamshire» (UoL), Ë Ì›· ÂÂȉ‹ ÂÚÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÂΛ Î·È Ë ¿ÏÏË ÂÂȉ‹ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙ› Û ¤Ó· ¤ÚÁÔ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯Â ÙÔ UoL, ÙfiÙ ÂÎ ÚÒÙ˘ fi„ˆ˜, ·˘Ùfi ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·fi‰ÂÈÍË fiÙÈ ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌ·ÛÙ ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ, ·ÚfiÙÈ ¤Ó· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Âȯ›ÚËÌ· Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Û·ıÚfi [11]. °ÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ë ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Î·È Ë ÂÎÛÊ·ÏÌ¿ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ ı· Â›Ó·È ¿ÓÙ· Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔϘ, ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Web ηχÙÂÈ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙȘ ÔÛfiÙËÙ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Û˘- Ó˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÁÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ- ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ™Â ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ˆÎ·Ófi ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Ù· ÓÔ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÔÈ ÂÚÌËÓ›˜ Û˘¯Ó¿ ·ÏÏ¿˙Ô˘Ó Î·È Î·Ù¿ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ·ÔÎÏ›ÛÂȘ ÛÙ· Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÌÈ·˜ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜. ŒÓ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ı¤Ì· ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Ó· ·ÓÙÈÏËÊıԇ̠̠·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Î·È Ó· ηıÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì ٷ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ı· Ì·˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ó Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ηχÙÂÚ· Î·È Ó· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Web. 3.2.2 ¶fiÙ ‰‡Ô ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Â›Ó·È fiÌÔȘ; ªÈ· ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ΋ ‰›Ô‰Ô˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ηıÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙ ‰‡Ô ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Â›Ó·È fiÌÔȘ. ∫¿ÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Û ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È ÙÂÙÚÈÌ- ̤ÓÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÙÔ «‚·ÛÈÎfi» ΛÌÂÓÔ ·ÓÙÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ·fi ÙË Ì›· ÛÂÏ›‰· ÛÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË Î·È ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È ·fi ‰È·ÊËÌ›ÛÂȘ, ÏÔÁfiÙ˘·, Ù›ÙÏÔ˘˜ Î·È ˘fiÙÈÙÏÔ˘˜. À¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÏËıÒÚ· ÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ111 ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÛÔÙÈÎfi ηıÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ‚·ıÌÔ‡ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛ˘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ‰‡Ô ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜. ∏ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ·˘ı·›ÚÂÙË Î·È Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ (.¯. Ë ·ÔÎ¿Ï˘„Ë ÏÔÁÔÎÏÔ‹˜ ‹ Ë ·Ú·‚›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜), ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÙË £ÂˆÚ›· Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Û·Ó Â›ÛÔ‰ÔÈ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘. ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ·fiÛÙ·ÛË Levenshtein Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ·ÏÁÔÚ›ıÌˆÓ ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ·Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi ÂÓfi˜ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ ·fi ¤Ó· ‚·ÛÈÎfi Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚÔ‹˜ Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ [38]. ∏ ‚¿ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ‰ÂÓ ËÁ¿˙ÂÈ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÌfiÓÔ ·fi ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ÛÂÏ›‰·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÚÔ¤ÏıÂÈ Î·È ·fi ÙËÓ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ Ì¤Û· ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È ÂÓۈ̷و̤ÓË Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÛÂÏ›‰·. ∏ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Ô˘ ·ÍÈÒÓÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘ ‰ÂÓ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È Î·Ù’ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ·fi Ì›· ÌfiÓÔ ÛÂÏ›‰·, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÛÙ·¯˘ÔÏfiÁËÌ· ·fi ÌÈ· ‰¤ÛÌË Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ Ì ÙÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ı¤Ì· ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ ηÈ, Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÔÈ ‰Ô̤˜ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ˘ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜. ŒÓ·˜ ÚfiÛıÂÙÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È Ó· ·ÓÙÈÏËÊıԇ̠ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ù˘ ÛÂÏ›‰·˜. ª‹ˆ˜ ‰‡Ô ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ ÚÔÛÂÏ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ÛËÌ›· ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ÏÔ‹ÁËÛ˘ ÛÙÔ Web [76]; www 111 ªÂÙÚÈ΋ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔ›¯ÈÛË ÂÓfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ Û ̛· ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ·, Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi Ù˘ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜.
3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 72 ∏ ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙÔ Ù·›ÚÈ·ÛÌ· ϤÍÂˆÓ ‹ ˘Ô-·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÈÒÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Û¯ÂÙÈο ·Ϥ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ‚·ıÌÔ‡ ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ‰‡Ô ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜112 Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‚·ıÌÔ‡ Û˘ÌÂÚ›Ï˄˘ Ù˘ ÌÈ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË113 [48]. √È ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÌÂÙÚ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ114 Î·È ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ÂÈÛÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÂÍÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓ˜ ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙˆÓ ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô. √È ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ¯Ú‹Û˘ ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Ô˘ Û˘ÏϤÁÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹ Î·È ¿ÏϘ ËÁ¤˜ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Â›Û΄˘, ·ԉ¯fiÌÂÓ˜ ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÈÛΤ„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰· Â›Ó·È Î·Ù·Ú¯‹Ó115 Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈ˙fiÌÂÓ˜. ŸÛÔ ÈÔ fiÌÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ù· ¯ÚÔ- ÓÈο ÛËÌ›· ÚÔÛ¤Ï·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ ÙfiÛÔ ÈÔ ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ Â›Ó·È Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÔÈ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ó· Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ‚¿ÛË Î¿ÔÈ· ηÓÔÓÈÎfiÙËÙ· [227]. 3.3 ¡¤Â˜ ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ ÛÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜ ‡·Ú͢ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ, ·‰fiÌËÙ˘ ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤Ó˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜, ηÈÓÔÙÔÌ›·˜ Î·È ÂÎÔ‡ÛÈ·˜ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ηٷÛ΢‹˜. ™ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ı· ÂÛÙÈ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÛÙÔ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ÛËÌÂ›Ô Î·È ı· ·Ó·ÛÎÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÚÔÂͤ¯ÔÓÙ· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ·ÓÔÈÎÙ¿ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ʇÛ˘. ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÌÊÈ‚ÔÏ›· Ô ÂÈ- ‰ÈˆÎfiÌÂÓÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜. ∏ ·Ôı‹Î¢ÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚˆÓ ÔÛÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ Á¤ÓÔ˘˜ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ›¯·Ì ÔÙ¤, ı· Â›Ó·È ˙ˆÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ ÚԂϤ„ÈÌÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ. ∏ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Â˘Ê˘¤- ÛÙÂÚˆÓ Î·È Ù·¯‡ÙÂÚˆÓ ÙÚfiˆÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·¯fiÚÙ·ÁˆÓ Û ÌÓ‹ÌË ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ‚›ÓÙÂÔ, ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÂÓ Ù¤ÏÂÈ ÙÔ Web Û ÌÈ· ˘ÂÚ‰ÈfiÁΈÛË Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ı· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯı› ·fi ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ô ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˜ PageRank ··ÈÙ› ÙË Û¿ÚˆÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ôı‹Î¢ÛË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÔ‡ ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Web. ÕÏψÛÙÂ Ë ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ Î·Ù¿ fiÛÔ Ë Google ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÙË ÌÓ‹ÌË ·˘Ù‹, ·Ú¿ ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıfi˜ Ù˘, ÚÔÛ‚¿ÛÈÌË Î·È ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÈÌË. ∏ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÚÔÛˆÔÔÈË̤Ó˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Î·È ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË ›ÂÛ˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ·. ∏ ‰È‡ڢÓÛË Ù˘ ÂÌ‚¤ÏÂÈ·˜ Ù˘ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔȯ›· fiˆ˜ ÔÏ˘Ì¤Û·, ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ‹ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÚÙÈÛË ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÈηÓÒÓ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÓ٤ψÓ, ÚÔÙÔ‡ ÔÈ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Á›ÓÔ˘Ó Ì·˙Èο ÂÌÔÚÈΤ˜. √È ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û˜ Î·È ÔÈ ˘fi ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Ìfi¯Ï¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛıÔ‡Ó ÚÔ˜ Ù· Ó¤· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ (fiˆ˜, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ù· ‰›ÎÙ˘· P2P). www 112 ∏ ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ Ù˘ ÙÔÌ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ˘Ô-·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÈÒÓ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ Ù˘ ¤ÓˆÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜. 113 ∏ ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ Ù˘ ÙÔÌ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ˘Ô-·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÈÒÓ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚ›Ï˄˘. 114 Citations. 115 ªÂ ‚¿ÛË Î¿ÔÈ· ·Ú¯‹.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web 3.3.1 ÀËÚÂۛ˜ Web116 73 √È ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÎÔÌ‚È΋ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÁÈ· Ù· ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È Â›Ó·È ·Ó·Áη›Ô Ó· Ì·˜ ··Û¯ÔÏ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ Ë Â¤ÎÙ·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜. √È ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Î·Ù·ÓÂÌË̤ӷ ̤ÚË ·fi ÎÒ‰Èη, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÁÚ·Ê› ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÈχÛÂÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Î·È ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ› Ì ¿ÏϘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ. √È ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ ˘„ËÏ‹˜ Îϛ̷η˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ó·Ï˘ıÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ‰È·Û·ÛÙÔ‡Ó ·Ó·‰ÚÔÌÈο Û ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ˘Ô-ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÂÈ Ë ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔ›¯ÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Ô˘ Â͢ËÚÂÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜. ™Â ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, Â¿Ó ÔÈ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÙÔÔıÂÙËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙÔ˘ Web, ÙfiÙ ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ‰‡Ó·ÓÙ·È Ó· ˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ·fi Û˘Ó‰˘·Ṳ̂Ó˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜. ∆Ô ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi ·ÔÛ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi Î·È Ì·˜ ‰›ÓÂÙ·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÂÍÂȉÈ·ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Ì˯·Ó¤˜ Û fiÚÔ˘˜ §ÔÁÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó·ÚÙ‹ÛˆÓ, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ÙËÓ ÂÍÂȉ›Î¢ÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ï‡ÛÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÈÔ ¿ÌÂÛÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜. ∏ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙÔ˘ Web ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ Î·È ÙË ‰È¿‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ·ÓÔ›ÁÂÈ Ó¤Â˜ ÚÔÔÙÈΤ˜ ·Ê·›ÚÂÛ˘. ŒÓ· ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ Â›Ó·È Ò˜ ı· ηٷʤÚÔ˘Ì ӷ ÂÈÙ‡¯Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ ›‰È· ·Ê·›ÚÂÛË Î·È Û Â›Â‰Ô ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡. ¶ÔȘ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Ô˘ ı· ·Ì‚χÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›Â˜ Ì·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·fi‰ÔÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜; ∆· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛı› ¤Ó·˜ ÈηÓfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚԉȷÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ Web. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë WS-Net Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË Ù· ¤Á¯ÚˆÌ· ‰›ÎÙ˘· Petri117 Î·È ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ Ù· ̤ÚË ÌÈ·˜ ˘ËÚÂÛ›·˜ Web Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Û ¿ÏÏ· ̤ÚË, ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Ô˘ ··È- Ù› ÁÈ· Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Î·È ÙȘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜. ø˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ¤Ó· ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÚÈÎÏ›ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ ÙÔÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ, Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ÙËÓ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË Ó¤ˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ, ÂÓÒ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ [296]. √È ÕÏÁ‚Ú˜ ¢È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ118 ¤¯Ô˘Ó, Â›Û˘, ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛı› ÛÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜. Ÿˆ˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Petri, Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÌÈ·˜ Ù˘È΋˜ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ˜ Ì·˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ó· ۯ‰ȿÛÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È Ó· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ٷ˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÌÈ· ˘ËÚÂÛ›· (Û ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈϤÍÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ¤Ó· ‹ ÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙȘ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈ̘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ‹ ÂÈÛÎfiËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÒ‰Èη). °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ô Ferrara [98] ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ÙË ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË Ù˘ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛ˘ ·Ó¿- ÌÂÛ· Û ÌÈ· ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈ΋ ÕÏÁ‚ڷ ¢È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Î·È ÙËÓ BPEL4WS119. ∏ BPEL4WS ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ·ÊÂÓfi˜ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Û˘Óԉ‡ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Î·È Â·Ï‹ı¢Û˘ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ÕÏÁ‚ڷ ¢È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ, Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ÙËÓ ·˘ÙfiÌ·ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÎÒ‰Èη BPEL4WS ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙËÓ ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÍÂȉ›Î¢ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈ- ı˘ÌËÙÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ. °ÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ë ·ÏÁ‚ÚÈ΋ ÚԉȷÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Û ·ÊËÚË̤ÓÔ www 116 Web services. 117 ∂›Ó·È Ì›· Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÏÒÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Petri Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛı‹ÎË ÙÈÌÒÓ Î·È ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘ ÛÙ· ÙÂÎÌ‹ÚÈ·. °È· Ì›· Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ÂÚÈ- ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Petri ·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÙ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 4.2.5. 118 Process algebras. °È· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÏÂÙÔ̤ÚÂȘ ÌÔÚ›Ù ӷ ·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÙ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 4.2.5. 119 Business Process Execution Language for Web Services. ¶ÚfiÙ˘Ô˜ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈÛÌfi˜ XML ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÂÎÙÂϤÛÈ- ÌˆÓ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ.
3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 74 Â›Â‰Ô Î·È Ë ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÁÈ’ ·˘Ù¤˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· ‚·ÛÈ΋ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ [75, 105, 208]. ∏ BPEL4WS Â›Ó·È Ì›· Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË Ù˘ Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) Î·È ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Î·È ·ÓÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Web Ì ÙȘ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜. ∏ BPEL ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ fiÚÈ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Û‡ÓıÂÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ·fi ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜. ∆Ô ÂfiÌÂÓÔ ‚‹Ì· Â›Ó·È Ó· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfiÛÔ˘Ì ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙˆÓ P2P. ∆Ô fi¯ËÌ· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ۋÌÂÚ· ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· Ì·˜ (ÙÂÏ› ˘fi ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË) ÁÈ’ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔ ÛÎÔfi Â›Ó·È Ë CDL120 [164], ÌÈ· ÁÏÒÛÛ· Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ XML Î·È ‚ÔËı¿ÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ÎÔÈÓÒÓ Î·È Û˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ ÛÙȘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÛÙ· P2P ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·. √ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈΤ˜ P2P Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ CDL, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ˘fi„Ë ÏÂÙÔ̤ÚÂȘ fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈΤ˜ Ï·ÙÊfiÚÌÂ˜Ø ·ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜, ÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ Â›Ó·È Ë Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÒÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂÓˆÓ ÌÂÚÒÓ. ∂ÓÒ Ë BPEL ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙË Û˘Ó¤ÓˆÛË ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ, Ë CDL ÌÂÙ·ÙÔ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ ÚÔ˜ ÙË ÁÂÓÈ΋ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ, ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, ÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏÔ˘¯›· ÙˆÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ Î.Ô.Î. ÛÙԯ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙˆÓ ÚԉȷÁÂÁÚ·ÌÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ. 3.3.2 ∏ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ ηٷÓÔÌ‹˜: ·ÓÙ·¯Ô‡ ·ÚfiÓÙ˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜, P2P Î·È ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο ϤÁÌ·Ù· À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏ¿ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ‰ÈÂÈÛ‰‡ÛÂÈ ÙÔ Web Î·È Ù· ÔÔ›·, ηٿ ‚¿ÛË, ‰ÂÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ÎÏ·ÛÈΤ˜ ˘Ôı¤ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Â˘Ú›·˜ Îϛ̷η˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ·ÊÔÛÈˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÒÓ. ¶ÚÔÊ·Ó‹ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÊÔÚËÙfi ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤- ÏÔ, ÔÈ ·ÓÙ·¯Ô‡ ·ÚfiÓÙ˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜, fiÔ˘ Ë ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÛÔ‚·Úfi ˙‹ÙËÌ·, Ù· P2P Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È Ù· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο ϤÁÌ·Ù·. ∆Ô ÊÔÚËÙfi ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ··ÈÙËÙÈÎfi Û Â›Â‰Ô Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜. ∏ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌË ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Î·È ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘Ó¯‹ ΛÓËÛË Î·È ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıˆ˜ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÌÂÙ·‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ ˙ÒÓ˘ Î·È ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ··ÈÙ› ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÌÔÚÊfiÙ˘· ·fi ·˘Ù¿ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ∏/À, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÔÈ ÙÚÔÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ÂÏ΢ÛÙÈ΋ Ë ÏÔ‹- ÁËÛË Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙË ÌÈÎÚ‹ ÔıfiÓË ÌÈ·˜ ÊÔÚËÙ‹˜ Û˘Û΢‹˜ [20, 193]. ∏ ÊÔÚËÙ‹ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Ô Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ Û ÔÏÏ¿ ¤ıÓË, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛÙ· ·Ó·Ù˘ÛÛfiÌÂÓ·, ÏfiÁˆ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈο ÚÔÛÈÙÒÓ ÙÈÌÒÓ, Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ·Û‡ÚÌ·ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ ·fi Ì·Ù·Ú›Â˜ [222]. ∏ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙË «‰›Î·ÈË» Î·È ÂÍÈÛÔÚÚÔË̤ÓË Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∆· ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙ·¯Ô‡ ·ÚfiÓÙÔ˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡, Ù· P2P Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È Ù· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο ϤÁÌ·Ù· ÌÔÈÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù·, Ì ÚÔÂͤ¯ÔÓ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ Û ηٷÓÂÌË̤ӷ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ˘„ËÏ‹˜ Îϛ̷η˜. ∆Ô ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙ·¯Ô‡ ·ÚfiÓÙÔ˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ ÔÚ·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÙ·È ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÌÈÎÚÒÓ, ¯·ÌËÏ‹˜ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜, ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ı· Â›Ó·È ÂÓۈ̷و̤Ó˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Î·È ı· www 120 ∂Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÙ·È Web Services Choreography Description Language (WS-CDL).
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ·ÏÏËÏÂȉÚÔ‡Ó Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ Ì ϷÓı¿ÓÔÓÙ˜ Î·È ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜. À¿Ú- 75 ¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÏËıÒÚ· ·fi Â˘Ê¿ÓÙ·ÛÙ˜ Èı·Ó¤˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ, fiˆ˜ Ù· ¤Í˘Ó· Ó‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ‡Ê·ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ˘¯ÈÛÌÔ‡ Ì·˜. ∞‰È·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙ·, Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË Ù¿ÛË Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙË ÛΤ„Ë fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ Û˘Û΢¤˜ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ·Û‡ÚÌ·ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÛ˘ Ô˘ ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ·˘ÙfiÌ·ÙË Î·È Â› ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·ÌÂÙÚÔÔ›ËÛË, Î·È Û ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ì ÔÏÏ·Ϥ˜ Ì˯·ÓÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ [244, 176]. ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Û ¤Ó· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ì ϷÓı¿ÓÔ˘Û˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Ì˯·Ó¤˜, Ë ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË. √È ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ÊËÌ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„‹ ÙÔ˘˜. °È· ÙË ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ı· ··ÈÙËıÔ‡Ó ÚfiÙ˘· Ù· ÔÔ›· ı· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· Î·È ÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÙËÓ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Ù˘ ˘ËÚÂÛ›·˜, ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÛÙ¿ıÌÈÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ¿ÚÔ¯fi Ù˘ Î·È ÙÔÓ ·ÎÚÈ‚‹ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ı· Û˘Ó-ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ì ÙȘ ˘fi- ÏÔÈ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‹ Ù˘ Â›Ù¢Í˘ ÂÓfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘ [179]. ∞˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ÚԷӷʤڷÌÂ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ ÌÈ· ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ¤Ó‰ÂÈÍË ÂÓfi˜ ÂÍÂÏÈÛÛfiÌÂÓÔ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈ- ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹. ™Ù· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÛÙ·ıÂÚÒÓ Ù˘ ÌÔÓ·‰È΋˜ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ ÏÔ‹ÁËÛ˘ Û ·˘Ùfi, Â›Ó·È ˙ˆÙÈÎfi Ó· ÂÏ·¯ÈÛÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ˘Ôı¤ÛÂȘ Ô˘ οÓÔ˘Ì ÁÈ’ ·˘Ù¿ Ù· Ó¤· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· Î·È ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Ô˘ Ù· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó. ∆· ‰›ÎÙ˘· ƒ2ƒ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›· ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÔ‡˜ Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ¤˜, ÙËÓ ·Û˘Ó¯‹ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Î·È ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚȷ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ [220] Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂfiÌÂÓË ÁÂÓÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ Web. ™Ù· ‰›ÎÙ˘· ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ (Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·Û˘ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Napster, ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Skype Î·È ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ SETI@home) Ô ˘Ô- ÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹˜ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤ÂÙ·È Û ̤ÚÔ˜ ÂÓfi˜ ηٷÓÂÌË̤ÓÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Èı·Ófiٷٷ ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ÂÎÙÂϤÛÂÈ Î¿ı هÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·: ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ·ÓÙÈÁÚ¿ÊˆÓ ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜, ·Ôı‹Î¢ÛË ÎÚ˘ÙÔÁÚ·ÊËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ, ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ÛÙÔ ·Ú·Û΋ÓÈÔ Î.Ô.Î. ∂›Ó·È ηٷʷӤ˜ fiÙÈ ‰˘ÓËÙÈο ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÔÌËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·‰fiÌËÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ P2P ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¢‰ÔÎÈÌ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ Web. ∆Ô ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙË ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ˙ˆÙÈÎÒÓ ÏÂÈ- ÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÒÓ Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ ÛÙÔ Web, Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚËıÔ‡Ó Û ¯·Ï·Ú¿ Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ӷ ·˘ÙfiÓÔÌ· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·. ∂Í·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ·Û˘Ó‹ıÈÛÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙˆÓ P2P, Û˘ÌÂÚÈ- Ï·Ì‚·ÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰˘ÓËÙÈο ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓÒÓ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ, ÔÈ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷΤ˜ ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ Ù˘ ªË¯·ÓÈ΋˜ fiˆ˜ ÔÈ online ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÛÌÔ› (ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ˘¤ÚÔÁÎÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ Û˘Ó‰Â‰ÂÌ¤ÓˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ) ‹ ÔÈ ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂȘ ¢Ú›·˜ Îϛ̷η˜ (·ÏÒ˜ Ë Îϛ̷η Â›Ó·È ‰˘ÛıÂÒÚËÙ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏË) Â›Ó·È ·Î·Ù¿ÏÏËϘ ÛÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË. ∏ ÎÏÈ̿ΈÛË ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ë Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ı· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÛÙ· ‰›ÎÙ˘· P2P [249, 189], ηıÈÛÙ¿ ˙ˆÙÈ΋ ÙË ıˆڛ· ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Î·È Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ì ÔÈ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÔ› ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÛÌÔ›, Ë Î·ÈÓÔÙÔÌ›· Î·È Ë ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ÎÏ¿‰Ô.
3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 76 ∂›Ó·È Ôχ ÈÛ¯˘Úfi˜ Ô ÂÈÚ·ÛÌfi˜ Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ӷ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·, fiˆ˜ Ù· ‰›ÎÙ˘· P2P, ÛÙËÓ ÂfiÌÂÓË ÁÂÓÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ WebØ ¿ÏψÛÙÂ Ë ·ÔΤÓÙÚˆÛË Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÛÙÔȯ›Ô- ÎÏÂȉ› ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙÔ˘ Web. ŒÙÛÈ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÙ› ηÓ›˜ Ù· ‰›ÎÙ˘· P2P Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ·ÔıËÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÁÚ¿ÊˆÓ ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ ÌÈ·˜ ÛÂÏ›‰·˜ ÏfiÁˆ ·ÒÏÂÈ¿˜ Ù˘ ‹ ÏfiÁˆ «¯·Ï·- Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘» Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘. ∞ӷ̤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÏÂÁ¯ı› ·Ó Ë ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ P2P Ó· ‰ÈÂÎÂ- Ú·ÈÒÛÔ˘Ó ·ÚfiÌÔȘ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ (ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·˘Ù¤˜ ηı·˘Ù¤˜ ÂȂ‚·Èˆı› ̤¯ÚÈ Û‹- ÌÂÚ·) ı· ÂÍ·ÛıÂÓ›ÛÂÈ ‹ ı· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈ ÙÔ DNS. ∞Ó Î·È Ù· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· P2P ÂÎÌÂÙ·ÏχÔÓÙ·È ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Îϛ̷η ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÈÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÌÈÎÚÔ‡˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜, Ù· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο ϤÁÌ·Ù· [102] ›ӷÈ, Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, Ë Î·Ù·ÓÂÌË̤ÓË ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â˘Ú›·˜ Îϛ̷η˜ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈ·˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÎÔÏÔÛÛÈ·›·˜ ÔÛfiÙËÙ·˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ∆Ô Úfi- ‚ÏËÌ· ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚȷ΋ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ÛÙ· ‰›ÎÙ˘· P2P. ∆· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο ϤÁÌ·Ù·, fiˆ˜ Î·È Ù· ‰›ÎÙ˘· P2P, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ٷ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο ηٷ- ÓÂÌË̤ӷ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ, Â›Ó·È Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚ· ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Î·È Ï·Ù- ÊfiÚÌ·˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÒÓ. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·ÓÔÈÎÙ¿ ÚfiÙ˘· Î·È ÂÚÈÏËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÁڷʤ˜ ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ. ™Â ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· Ì ÙÔ SW, Ë ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ϤÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ ÙÔ ™ËÌ·- ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎfi ϤÁÌ· (Semantic Grid), ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ë ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Î·È ÔÈ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÔ› fiÚÔÈ Û¯ÔÏÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ (fiˆ˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ SW ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ë ÁÏÒÛÛ· RDF), ÂÈÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏ¢ÛË ÙËÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÎÒÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÈÌˆÓ ÚԉȷÁÚ·ÊÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ·˘ÙfiÌ·ÙÔ Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â˘Ú›·˜ Îϛ̷η˜ [72]. ∏ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ϤÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈ- ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ϤÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â˘Ú›·˜ Îϛ̷η˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·ÓÂ·Ó¿ÏËÙË Â˘Î·ÈÚ›·, Ì ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔÓ Large Hadron Collider ÙÔ˘ CERN121 fiÔ˘ Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÌÂٷʤÚÔÓÙ·È Î·È Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Û ·Û‡ÏÏËÙÔ˘˜ Ú˘ıÌÔ‡˜ ‰Âο‰ˆÓ gigabyte/sec. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Û ٤ÙÔȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎfi ϤÁÌ· Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÓÙÈηٿÛÙ·ÙÔ. ∆Ô ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎfi ϤÁÌ· Î·È ÙÔ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎfi ϤÁÌ· ·Ó·ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ·ÚÈıÌfi ·Ï·ÈÒÓ ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û Ӥ· ‚¿ÛË. ªÂ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÔ› fiÚÔÈ ÂÓfi˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ·Ú·¯ˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘˜, Ù· ı¤Ì·Ù· ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡Ó˘ Î·È ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â·Ó·ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó [23]. ™Â ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Â›‰Ô, ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Ó· ‰ÈÂÚ¢ӋÛÔ˘ÌÂ Â¿Ó ÙÔ Web ı· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ ÚÈ˙Èο ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË ‹ ·Ó ı· ÂÈʤÚÂÈ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜, fiˆ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ fiÏÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ [207]. °ÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Ô˘ ÂÁ›ÚÂÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ Î·ÈÓÔÊ·ÓÒÓ ˘ÔÏÔ- ÁÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÔÈÔ˜ ı· Â›Ó·È ÙÂÏÈο Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈο ·˘ÙfiÓÔÌˆÓ ÌÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó ·ÌÔÈ‚·›· ÂˆÊÂÏ‹ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· (ÂˆÊÂÏ‹ ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Î·ı¤Ó· ͯˆÚÈÛÙ¿, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ˆ˜ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ). ∆· ÚÔ- www 121 πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ ŒÚ¢ӷ˜ ÛÙȘ º˘ÛÈΤ˜ ∂ÈÛً̘, ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÍÂΛÓËÛ ÙÔ Web ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· ÙÔ˘ Sir Tim Berners-Lee. √ Large Hadron Collider ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·Ó ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎfi ÂÈÙ·¯˘ÓÙ‹ ÌÈÎÚÔۈ̷Ùȉ›ˆÓ.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ‰ÂÛfi˙Ô˘Ó Û ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÈÛً̘ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ı· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ¤ÎÏËÍË Â¿Ó 77 ‚ÚÂıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. 3.3.3 ∂Í·ÙƠ̂΢ÛË ™˘¯Ó¿ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë ÂÍ·ÙƠ̂΢ÛË Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÛ· ÛÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ·Í›·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ [81] Î·È ÛÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÂÏ·ÙÂȷ΋˜ «‰¤ÛÌ¢Û˘» [281]. °È· Ó· ÂÈ- Ù¢¯ı›, fï˜, Ë ÂÍ·ÙƠ̂΢ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ Î·È Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË Â›Ó·È Ó· ·Ú·Ì›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ Web οÙÈ ¤Ú· ·fi ¤Ó· Ì·˙ÈÎfi ÂÌfiÚÂ˘Ì· «ÂÓfi˜ ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· fiÏÔ˘˜» Î·È Ó· Û˘Ó¯›ÛÂÈ Ó· ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˜ fiÔ˘ οı ¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜ ı· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÛÌÈχÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÙÔÌÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÁˆÓÈ¿. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ ηχÙÂÚˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ, «Ú·ÌÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙ· ̤ÙÚ·» ÙÔ˘ ηıÂÓfi˜, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Ì ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ‹ ÂÏ·ÊÚÒ˜ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ [90]. ∆· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ122 Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÚÔÊ·Ó‹˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ [6]. °È· Ó· ÂÈÙ‡¯Ô˘Ì ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÍ·ÙƠ̂΢ÛË ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÚԂԇ̠۠ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ·fi ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ fiÚˆÓ, Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ (Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÏÈÎ, ÙÔ ÌÔÙ›‚Ô ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÎÙ‹ÛˆÓ, Ù· online ÚÔÊ›Ï), ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ú·‰fiıËÎ·Ó (ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Î·È ‰ÔÌ‹ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰·˜) Î·È Ù˘ ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘. √È ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ·˘ÙÔ› Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÂÍfiڢ͢ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, ÛÙԯ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÂÔÙ›·˜ ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ, Ô˘ ı· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ÔÛfiÙËÙ· ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Ô˘ ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜, Û ÌÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ô˘ ı· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÔ‡Ó, ÂÓÒ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ı· ·ÔÎÏ›ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÓÂÈı‡ÌËÙË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ˘ÔÁÚ·Ì- Ì›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ʇÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÏ·ÙÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÒÓ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ŸÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ı· Û˘Ì‚Ô‡Ó ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ‰È·Î˘‚‡ÂÙ·È Ë ·ÚÌÔÓÈ΋ Û¯¤ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¤˜ Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ ÛÙÔ Web Î·È ÙÔ È‰È·›ÙÂÚÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÔÔÈË̤Ó˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ô˘ ÂÓ‰˘Ó·ÌÒÓÂÈ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ «ÁˆÓÈ¿˜» ÛÙÔÓ ∫˘‚ÂÚÓÔ¯ÒÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Î·ı¤Ó·, ÌÈ·˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Â¤ÎÙ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘. ªÂ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ fiÙÈ ÛÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È Ôχ Èı·ÓfiÓ Ë Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ˘„ËÏfi ‚·ıÌfi ηٷÓÔÌ‹˜ Î·È ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙfi- ÙËÙ·˜, ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎԇ̠fiÙÈ Ë ÂÍ·ÙƠ̂΢ÛË ı· Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ÔʤÏË ÙÔ˘ SW, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ ÎÔÚˆÓ›‰· ÙˆÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÔÏÏ·ÏÔ‡˜ Î·È Î·Ù·ÓÂÌË̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜. ∞˘Ù‹ ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ «ÙÚ¤¯ÂÈ» ¤Ó·˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ¤ÚÁˆÓ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ ªË¯·ÓÈ΋˜, Ù· ÔÔ›· ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓÔ‡Ó Â˘ÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÙƠ̂΢ÛË Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·, ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔ̤Ó˘ Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ [120], ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ [74, 165], ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ P2P [126], Î·È Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ı· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË [74, 157, 223]. ∂›Û˘, ÚÔˆıÂ›Ù·È Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ı· Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÙƠ̂΢ÛË [136, 53, 194] Î·È Ë ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈ˙fiÌÂÓˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ Ô˘ ı· ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Î·È fi¯È ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ [54]. ªÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÂÍ·ÙÔÌ›Î¢Û˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ Ù· ÔÔ›· ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο ·Ú¯¿ÚÈÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ‹ www 122 Recommender systems.
3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 78 Ó· ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÛÔ˘Ó ÔχÏÔη Ù¯ÓÔ˘ÚÁ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ [213, 211] ‹ ÔÈ wrappers123 [250]. 3.3.4 ¶ÔÏ˘Ì¤Û· ∆Ô Web Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ··ÈÙ› ÔχÏÔÎË ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·, Î·È ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ÌfiÓÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web. √È Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ÌÂÙ·-Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜124 Î·È Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁ›· Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ˆ˜ ̤ÛÔ, ·ÚfiÙÈ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË ÔÏϤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó Û ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹. ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÌÂÈÚÔÁÓÒÌÔÓ˜ Û˘¯Ó¿ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ‰È·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ÁÓÒÛË ÙÔ˘˜ [174, 263]. ™ÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ Ó· ·Ú·¯ıÔ‡Ó Ù·ÍÈÓƠ̂˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ÁψÛÛÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· [190], ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù¤ÏËÍ·Ó Û ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜. ªÈ· ÌÂÚ›‰· ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÒÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıËÛ ӷ ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„ÂÈ ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ô˘ ‰È¤Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰È·ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ [60]. À‹ÚÍ·Ó, Â›Û˘, ·ÍÈfiÏÔÁ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÔΈ‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ì ·Ù¤ÏÂȘ [147] Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÌÈ· ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›· [8]. ™Â ÙÂÏÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË, Ë ÂÓۈ̿وÛË ÔÏ˘ÌÔÚÊÈÎÒÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ ÛÎËÓ‹˜ ‹ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· [224]. °ÂÓÈο, ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ ·ÎfiÌË ÁÓˆÛÙfi˜ ¤Ó·˜ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË Ù˘ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ. ∆Ô Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÓÔÌ·ÛÙ› «ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ÎÂÓfi». øÛÙfiÛÔ, ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ ÙÔ Web Ù˘ ÂfiÌÂÓ˘ ÁÂÓÈ¿˜ Ó· ÛÙËÚȯı› ÛÙËÓ ÂÛÊ·Ï̤ÓË ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ Â›Ó·È Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô Î·È Ë ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Ì ϤÍÂȘ-ÎÏÂȉȿ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ÁÈ· fiϘ ÙȘ ‰Ô˘ÏÂȤ˜ [127]. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ù· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó Ì ÙËÓ ÏÔ‹ÁËÛË ·ÊÂÓfi˜ ̤ۈ ·ÔıËÎÒÓ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ (fiˆ˜ ·Ú¯Â›· ‚›ÓÙÂÔ), Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘ Web, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛÙ· ‰ÈfiÙÈ Î·È ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ‡·ÚÍË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ Ô˘ ı· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÚÈ‹ÁËÛË Î·È Ì˯·ÓÒÓ Ô˘ ı· ÂÈÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ¯ÂÈÚÔΛÓËÙË ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË Ì¤Ûˆ ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛˆÓ. ∂ÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, Ë Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Ù˘ Ϥ͈˜-ÎÏÂȉÈÔ‡ ›Ûˆ˜ Ó· ·ÔÙ‡¯ÂÈ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ˘ ÏÔ‡ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚˆÓ ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈÎÒÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ [264]. ∆Ô Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ Ù˘ Google, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ Ô˘ «ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ» ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· Î·È ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÌÈ· Û¯ÂÙÈο ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚË ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË. ∫·È Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ô ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· οÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÈ΋ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹, «ÍÂÛηÚÙ¿ÚÔÓÙ·˜» ÙȘ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓ˜ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ (Ë ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ Ì ‚¿ÛË Ï¤ÍÂȘ-ÎÏÂȉȿ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ «ÂÈÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÈ» Ôχ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÍÈÔÔÈËı› fiϘ ÔÈ Â‡ÏÔÁ˜ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜). ∏ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ·ÚÔ˘Û›· Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ Î‡ÎÏÔ ‰Ú¿Û˘ Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ·ÔÊ¢¯ı› ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ. ™˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÔÙÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Ì ¿ÏϘ ·ÈÛı‹ÛÂȘ [224], ·Ú¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ·fi ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ‰ÔÌÒÓ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó Î›ÌÂÓ· Û¯Â- www 123 ŒÓ·˜ wrapper ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ¿˙ÂÈ ·fi ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÙˆÓ mediators (ÂȉÈÎfi ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜) Î·È ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· Ù˘ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˘ ËÁ‹˜. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ Ù›ÙÏˆÓ ÌÈ·˜ on-line ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰·˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ¤Ó·Ó wrapper, ÊÙÈ·Á̤ÓÔ ÂȉÈο ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÛÎÔfi ·˘Ùfi. 124 Metareasoning. ™˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÙÈ˙fiÌÂÓ· ÌÂ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ Î·È ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË Û ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ 79 Ï·›ÛÈÔ [7]. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ÍÔ‰¤„Ô˘Ì ÂÈϤÔÓ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜, ÛÙԯ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ηχÙÂÚˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·fi ÙȘ ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ì ϤÍÂȘ- ÎÏÂȉȿ, ·Ó ‚¤‚·È· ‰ÂÓ Ì·˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÂÈ Ë Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ [293]. ™Â ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÁÓˆÚÈÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ˙‹ÙËÌ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ¯·ÌËÏÔ‡ ÂÈ¤‰Ô˘, fiˆ˜ Ï.¯. ÙÔ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô ¯ÚÒÌ·, Î·È Û ·˘Ù¿ ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ÂÈ¤‰Ô˘, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· «Madonna» ‹ Ô Ù›ÙÏÔ˜ ÂÓfi˜ ‰›ÛÎÔ˘ Ù˘ («still life»). ∏ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Û ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ¯·ÌËÏÔ‡ ÂÈ¤‰Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ Ù·¯‡ÙÂÚË Î·È ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚ˘ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Èı·Ófiٷٷ Ó· ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Ì ÈÔ «·ÊËÚË̤ÓÔ˘˜» Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ [121]. ∏ Î¿Ï˘„Ë ÙÔ˘ «ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ÎÂÓÔ‡» ÛÙȘ ÔÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔÙ·ı› ̤ۈ ÂÓfi˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ˘‚Úȉ›Ô˘ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Û¯ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ı· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ¯·ÌËÏÔ‡ ÂÈ¤‰Ô˘ Î·È ı· ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË Ì ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ÂÈ¤‰Ô˘ ·ÊËÚË̤Ó˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ, ÂÎÂÊÚ·Ṳ̂Ó˜ Û ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ [229]. ∏ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ˘Ô‰ÔÌ‹ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË (i) ÌÈ·˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÔÙÈ΋˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ‚·ÛÈṲ̂Ó˘ Û ÌÈ· ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË RDF ÙÔ˘ MPEG-7125 ÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈÁڷʤ·, (ii) ÌÈ·˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Ù˘ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÛÙÔ MPEG-7 ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi Û¯‹Ì· ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ Î·È (iii) ÌÈ·˜ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÛÙË Ú›˙· Ù˘ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ˆ˜ Á¤Ê˘Ú· ÁÈ· fiϘ ÙȘ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi Û¯‹Ì· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÌÈ· ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›· [260]. ŒÓ· Â›Û˘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ·ÓÔÈÎÙfi ˙‹ÙËÌ· Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ SW Ì ٷ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· RDF, fiˆ˜ Ù· ÌÂÙ·- ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ EXIF ÙÔ˘ JPEGS ‹ ÔÈ ·ÓÂ›ÛË̘ ÂÙÈΤÙ˜ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ ÛÙÔ Flickr [279]. ¶ÚfiÛıÂÙË ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ηٷ‚ÏËı› ÛÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË Ù˘ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛ˘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ ·fi ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ¯¤ÚÈ Î·È Ù˘ Èı·Ó‹˜ ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ‹˜ Ù˘ [156, 206], Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔ̤Ó˘ Ù˘ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÈ Ï·˚- ÎÔÓƠ̂˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ (‰Â›Ù ۯÂÙÈο ÙȘ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ˜ 3.1.4 Î·È 3.1.5). µÂ‚·›ˆ˜, Ù· ÔÏ˘Ì¤Û· Ô˘ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÛÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· Î·È ÙÔ ‚›ÓÙÂÔ. √ ηٿÏÔÁÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÔÈÎÙÒÓ ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÚÔ˜ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ fiÛÔ ‚·ıÈ¿ ÛÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ù˘ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÌÔÚ› οÔÈÔ˜ Ó· ÊÙ¿ÛÂÈ Ì ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È fiÛ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ›‰Ë ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·˘Ù‹. 3.3.5 ∂ÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· º˘ÛÈ΋˜ °ÏÒÛÛ·˜ ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ (NLP), ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙËÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ·‰fiÌËÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û Î›ÌÂÓ·, Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ (Û οÔÈÔ ‚·ıÌfi) ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡. ∏ NLP Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È www 125 ∆Ô MPEG-7 Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÚfiÙ˘Ô ISO/IEC Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËΠ·fi ÙÔ MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group), ÙËÓ ÂÈÙÚÔ‹ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Â›Û˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÂÈ Ù· ‹‰Ë ÁÓˆÛÙ¿ ÚfiÙ˘· MPEG-1 (1992), MPEG-2 (1994) Î·È ÙÔ MPEG-4 (Version 1 ÙÔ 1998 Î·È version 2 ÙÔ 1999). ∂›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÚfiÙ˘Ô Ô˘ ·ÔÛÎÔ› ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Î·Ï˘ÊıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Û Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‹ ÌË-Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ¯ÚfiÓÔ.
3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 80 Ì ÙÔ Web Ì ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜. ∫·Ù¿ ÚÒÙÔÓ, Ë Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÛÔÚ·‰ÈÎfi Î·È ·Û˘Ó¯¤˜ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Î·ıÒ˜ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ‹ ÂÎʤÚÔÓÙ·È ÚÔÊÔÚÈο ÁÈ· Ì›· ÊÔÚ¿ ‹ Ôχ Û¿ÓÈ· Î·È Ë ÁÈÁ·ÓÙÈ·›· Îϛ̷η ÙÔ˘ Web ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ (corpus) ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì¤Ûˆ NLP. ª›· ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Web ‹Ù·Ó fiÙÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ‰‡Ô ¯ÈÏÈ¿‰Â˜ ‰ÈÛÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ϤÍÂȘ, ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÙÔ 71% Â›Ó·È ∞ÁÁÏÈΤ˜, ÙÔ 6.8% π·ˆÓÈΤ˜, Î·È ÙÔ 5.1% °ÂÚÌ·ÓÈΤ˜. ¶ÔÏϤ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο ·Û˘Ó‹ıÈÛÙ˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜, fiˆ˜ Ù· ™ÏÔ‚ÂÓÈο ‹ Ù· ª·Ï·ÈÛÈ·Ó¿ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ˘ÂÚËÊ·Ó‡ÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË 100 ÂηÙÔÌÌ˘Ú›ˆÓ ϤÍÂˆÓ Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Web, fiÙ·Ó ÙË ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹, ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌ› ÙÔ Â˘Ú¤ˆ˜ ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÛ¤‚·ÛÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Ù˘ ∞ÁÁÏÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜126. ¢È·Ù˘ÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙÔ Î·Ù¿ fiÛÔ ı· Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ¢ÙÈÎfi ÙÔ Web ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ηıÔÚÈÛÙ› Ì ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ‡ÂÈ ¤Ó· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ [167]. £· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÌÈÏ›·, ÙÔ ÁÚ·Ùfi ÏfiÁÔ, ‰Â˘ÙÂÚ‡ԢÛ˜ ÁψÛÛÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ fiˆ˜ Ù· «ÌÔ˘ÚÌÔ˘Ú›ÛÌ·Ù·» Î·È Ù· «·Ú·ÌÈÏËÙ¿» ÛÙÔÓ ‡ÓÔ ‹ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ù· ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·Ù· ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘; ∫·Ù¿ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, Ì ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ Îϛ̷η˜ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Web, ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ù˘ NLP ı· ·Ô‰ÂȯıÔ‡Ó ÔχÙÈ̘ Û ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ fiˆ˜ Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÚÈÏ‹„ˆÓ127, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÛÙÔ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘. ∆Ú›ÙÔÓ, Ë NLP ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ‡ÎÔÏ· ÚÔÛ‚¿ÛÈÌˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ë ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓ‹˜, Î·È fi¯È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÂÍÔÈÎÂȈ̤ÓË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜, ‚¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∏ NLP Â›Ó·È Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÂÈ ÛÙË ÁÂʇڈÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ fiÚ·Ì· ÙÔ˘ SW ÁÈ· ¤Ó· Web ÊÙÈ·Á̤ÓÔ ·fi ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ô˘ ı· ˘ÔÏÔÁ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ §ÔÁÈ΋˜ Î·È ÙÔ ÈÔ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi fiÚ·Ì· ÙÔ˘ Web ˆ˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌˆÓ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ. ∂› ·Ú·- ‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÈ, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ù˘ NLP Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„Ô˘ÌÂ Î·È Ó· ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ [153]; ™‹ÌÂÚ·, Ù· ΛÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ·‰fiÌËÙ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ·ÊËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó Û‹Ì·ÓÛË Î·È Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ «ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË». √È ˘ÔÏÔÁ›ÛÈ̘ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ‰ÂÈ Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹˜ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙÔ ÛÎÔfi Î·È ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ıËÛ·˘ÚÔ‡˜ ÁÓÒÛˆÓ128 Î·È ÙȘ Ù·ÍÈÓƠ̂˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿Ì ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Ù˘ NLP, ·ÚfiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ‰È·Ì¿¯Ë ÁÈ· ÙË Ê‡ÛË Î·È ÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ [125, 289]. ∆Ô WordNet, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿ ÌÈ· ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÏÂÎÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Ì ÔÏÏ·Ϥ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ, ÂÓÒ Ë ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÚÔÛ·ı› Ó· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÌÈ·˜ Î·È ÌÔÓ·‰È΋˜ ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜ ÁÈ· οı fiÚÔ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ›. ŸÌˆ˜, ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, ÙÔ WordNet ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ, fiˆ˜ Ë ‡·ÚÍË Û˘ÓfiÏˆÓ Î·È ÔÈ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯÔÈ Î·ÓfiÓ˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ¿ ÙÔ˘˜. √È fiÚÔÈ Ù˘ NLP ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÎÔÈÓ¿ ÛÙÔȯ›· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ì ÙȘ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜. www 126 British National Corpus. 127 ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ÌÔÚ›Ù ӷ ·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÂÙ ÛÙËÓ Document Understanding Conference – http://duc.nist.gov/ Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¯ÒÚ· Û ÂÙ‹ÛÈ· ‚¿ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ [69]. 128 Thesauri. ¶·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ fiÚˆÓ, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù‹ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÒÓ˘ÌˆÓ.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ∞fi ÙËÓ ÔÙÈ΋ ÁˆÓ›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web, Ù· ÛÔ˘‰·›· ·ÓÔÈÎÙ¿ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È 81 ÛÙË Û¯¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Ì ÙËÓ NLP. ∂›Ó·È ÔÈ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ NLP ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ˜ ‹ Â›Ó·È Û˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈΤ˜ Ì ÙȘ §ÔÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ˘ÈÔıÂÙ› Ë ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ SW; ∂Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο, Ù›ıÂÙ·È ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Â¿Ó ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ‚¤ÏÙÈÛÙË ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ô˘ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ‰‡Ô ‰›· ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ. ™ÙȘ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ·›˙ÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓfiÌ·ÛÙ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ Web. ∞Ó, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, οÔÈÔ˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ô ‚·ÛÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ô Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ë ·ÚÔ¯‹ ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ‰ÔÌ‹˜ («Ë ¯·ÏÈÓ·ÁÒÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ Web», fiˆ˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ÛÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ [196]), ÙfiÙÂ Ë NLP ı· ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›ÛÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·˘Ù‹, Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔ̤Ó˘ Î·È Ù˘ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛ˘ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Î·È ÂÚÌËÓÂÈÒÓ Û ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô [290]. ∞Ó ıˆÚԇ̠fiÙÈ ÙÔ SW ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÈΤÓÙÚˆÛË ÛÙ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Î·È ÛÙÔ Û¯ÂÛÈ·Îfi ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙˆÓ ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, ÙfiÙ ٷ ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ §ÔÁÈ΋˜ Î·È ÔÈ ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ÛÈÌÔÈ URIs ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙË ‚¿ÛË Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘. ∏ NLP ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙË ™Ù·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋, ÂÓÒ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· ÙÔ SW ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ §ÔÁÈ΋˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÎfiÌ· Ó· οÓÂÈ ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ™Ù·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜. ∏ Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· Â›Ó·È ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÁÏ·Ê˘Ú¿ Ì ÙËÓ ÊÚ¿ÛË «ÙÔ ÓfiËÌ· ˆ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛË»129 (ÁÈ· ÈÔ ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚ‹ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ·Ú·Î·ÏÒ ·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÙ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 5.1). ∆Ô ıÂÌÂÏÈ҉˜ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi Ù˘ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Ï¤ÍË, ÂÓÒ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ÛÙÔ SW ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÂÈÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÏÔÁÈÎÔ› fiÚÔÈ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıˆ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¿ÚÚËÎÙË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ URIs. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ¿ÌÂÛ· Ë ‰˘Û·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ NLP Î·È ÙÔ˘ SW Ô˘ ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ URIs, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙȘ ϤÍÂȘ, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ȉÈÔÎً٘ Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰ÈÔÈÎËıÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘. ªÂ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË ‰ÂÓ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ì ӷ ԇ̠fiÙÈ Ë ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ «·ÓÔÛ›·» ÛÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÔ- Ô›ËÛË ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜ ÁÈ· οı ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ô˘ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Ù˘ ηıÔÌÈÏÔ˘Ì¤Ó˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ‚·ıÌfi ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ· Û ‚Ú·¯˘¯ÚfiÓÈÔ Î·È ÌÂÛÔ¯ÚfiÓÈÔ Â›‰Ô. www 129 Meaning is use.
82 4. H ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web
83 ∏ ηٷÓfiËÛË Î·È Ë ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛË ÙˆÓ È‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Web ˆ˜ ·˘ı‡·ÚÎÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·Ó Ôχ ηÏfi ÙÚfiÔ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÙÒÓ Ó¤ˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ·ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˆÊÂÏ‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ∞Ú¯¤˜ ¶ÚÔÙ˘ÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„Ô˘Ó Î·È Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¤˜ Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ ÛÙÔ Web Û ̷ÎÚÔÛÎÔÈÎfi Â›‰Ô. ™ÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ·ÊÂÓfi˜ ı· οÓÔ˘Ì ÌÈ· Û˘ÓÔÙÈ΋ ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛ·ıÂÈÒÓ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Ô˘ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙˆÓ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ. 4.1 ∏ ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Web 4.1.1 ∏ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ Web ∏ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË Ù˘ ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ› Ó· ͯˆÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ ·fi Ù· ‚·ÛÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ ۯ‰›·Û˘ Î·È Ó· ·Ôηχ„ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ‰ÔÌ‹ Î·È ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋. ∏ ‰ÔÌ‹ ¤¯ÂÈ Ó· Ì·˜ ÂÈ ÔÏÏ¿ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌ· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù·. ∏ ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Web, ÚÔÊ·ÓÒ˜, ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ¿ÓÙ· ·fi ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ·Ê·›ÚÂÛ˘ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÂ›Ù·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘. ∂›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÒÛÙÂ Î·È ÔÈ ·Ú·ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔ- ÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ·fi‰ÔÛË Î¿ÔÈˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Û ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ·ÔÎÏ›ÛÂȘ Û ̷ÎÚÔÛÎÔÈÎfi Â›‰Ô. ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÂÓÒ ÛÙ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ‰ÂÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ·ÓËÛ˘¯›· Ë ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ¤Ó·Ó ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ Ù¿Í˘ ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜ O(n)130 Î·È Û ¤Ó·Ó ¿ÏÏÔÓ Ù¿Í˘ ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜ O(nlogn)131, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Îϛ̷η ÙÔ˘ Web Ô fiÚÔ˜ logn Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÈÛıËÙ¿ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˜ [191]. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, Ë Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÚÒÓ ÛÙ· ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ‰›ÎÙ˘· ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÛËÌ·Û›·, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È fiÙ·Ó ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ì ÙȘ ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ë ‰ÔÌ‹ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ Ù˘ ·Ù¿ ÛÙÔȯ›· ÁÈ· ÙȘ «˙‡ÍÂȘ» Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ¯ÒÚ· ÛÙÔ Web. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Û ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ, fiˆ˜ Ë ÏÔ‹ÁËÛË, Ë ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË, Ë ·ÚÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ fiÚˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘Ô- ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ online ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ‹ Ë Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÂȉڿÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔη- ÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ Í·ÊÓÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ÛÙË ˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·. ∆Ô Web Â›Ó·È ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈÛÌfi˜ ‹ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi˜ Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÛÙȘ ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ. ∂¿Ó ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈÏËÊıԇ̠ˆ˜ Ì›· ‰ÔÌ‹ ˘ÂÚÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ÙfiÙ Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ë Â˘¯ÚËÛÙ›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, Ë ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË «¯·Ì¤ÓÔ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ∫˘‚ÂÚÓÔ¯ÒÚÔ» ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÙÈÎfi Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ·ÔÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ·Ó·Î‡ÙÂÈ ·fi ÙË ‰È·‰Ô¯È΋ ·Ï˘Û›‰· ηÎÒ˜ Û˘Ó‰Â‰ÂÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ. ∏ ·Ï˘ÛȉˆÙ‹ ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ·fi Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔ Û ۇӉÂÛÌÔ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ì ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚÔ Ú›ÛÎÔ fiÙ·Ó ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂ Ê˘ÏÏÔÌÂÙÚËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Web (.¯. Internet Explorer) Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚԂϤ„ÂÈ ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔ˘ÌÈÔ‡ ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ («back») ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ ÔÔ›· ·Ó·ÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÙ·È Ë ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË www 130 °Ú·ÌÌÈ΋˜ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ·˜. 131 √ÈÔÓ› - ÁÚ·ÌÌÈ΋˜ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ·˜.
4. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web 84 Û ¤Ó· Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔ. ∫·È, Û οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÒÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÓÙÔ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Ô˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË, Ë ÏÔ‹ÁËÛË ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ì›· Óˆ¯ÂÏÈ΋ ÂÚÈ‹ÁËÛË Á‡Úˆ ·fi Ì›· ·Ï˘Û›‰· Û˘Ó‰¤Û̈Ó. ∏ ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Web ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ· ·fi ÙȘ ·Ϥ˜ ÁÚ·ÌÌÈΤ˜ ·Ï˘Û›- ‰Â˜. ™Â ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ı· Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È Ò˜ Ë Î¿ı ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰· ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿ Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙ÂÈ Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ‹ ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜; °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙfi Ó· ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ·Ê‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙË ÁÓÒÛË ÛÙÔ Web; ŒÓ·˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˜ ¯¿ÚÙ˘ ›Ûˆ˜ Ì·˜ Â¤ÙÚÂ ӷ ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚ· ÙȘ online ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ‹ Ó· ÂȉÔıԇ̠۠¤Ó· ΢ӋÁÈ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Î·È ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛˆÓ, fiˆ˜ Ë ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÌÈÌËÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ȉ¤·˜, ‹ ÌÈ·˜ Ê‹Ì˘ ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ηٷÛ΢·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙÔ˜ ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ıˆڛ·˜, ·fi ÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘, Î·È ÙÔ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙÔ, ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Î·È Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ [5]. ªÂ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¯¿ÚÙ˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓÔ «ÊÔ‡ÛΈ̷» ÙÔ˘ Slashdot132, ÚÈÓ Î·Ó Û˘Ì‚Ô‡Ó ‹ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ·Ú¤Ì‚Ô˘Ì ¿ÌÂÛ· ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÚÈ΋ ‹ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÏÈ΋ ·ÔηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ- ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. £· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·ÌÂ, ÂÈϤÔÓ, Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„Ô˘Ì ·Ó ÔÈ ÂȉڿÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ «ÊÔ˘ÛÎÒ- Ì·ÙÔ˜» ÙÔ˘ Slashdot ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ì‚Ï˘Óı› ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ Û˘Ó¯fiÌÂÓ˘ Â¤ÎÙ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Web, fiˆ˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›¯ıËΠÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ÛÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· [166]. Œ¯Ô˘Ó ηٷӷψı› ÔÏÏÔ› ÙfiÓÔÈ ÌÂÏ·ÓÈÔ‡ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web Î·È Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·fi„ÂȘ Û˘ÁÎÏ›- ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·‰Ô¯‹ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ˙ˆÓÙ·Ófi˜, ÂÍÂÏÈÛÛfiÌÂÓÔ˜ Î·È ÂÎÙfi˜ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ [.¯. 87]. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, Ë ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓË Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓËÁÔÚ› ÛÙËÓ ÂÔ›ıËÛË fiÙÈ Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹ ÙÔ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÍÂʇÁÂÈ ·fi οı ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô. ∏ ıÂÒÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ Web ˆ˜ Ï·ÙÊfiÚÌ·˜ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÔÈÎ›ÏˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈ΋ Î·È ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ÂÔ›ıËÛË fiÙÈ ÔÈ «‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ›» ÙÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ Û ̷ÎÚÔÛÎÔÈÎfi Â›‰Ô. ø˜ «‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ›» ÙÔ˘ Web ÏÔÁ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÚˆÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ› Ù˘ Û‡ÏÏ˄˘ Ù˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ ÙˆÓ «‰ÈÂÈÛ‰˘ÙÈÎÒÓ» Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙË ÁÓÒÛË Î·È ÙˆÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂÒÓ ÙË˜Ø ÔÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ› ÙˆÓ ·Ó›Û¯˘ÚˆÓ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ Î·È ÁψÛÛÒÓ ›Ûˆ ·fi ÙÔ Web, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÂÈ Ì¤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ·Ø ÔÈ ÔÏÏÔ› Â·ÁÁÂÏ- ̷ٛ˜ Ô˘ ·ÓȉÈÔÙÂÏÒ˜ ‰ÈÂÍ¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÙȘ Â›ÔÓ˜ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÛÂȘ ÛÙȘ ÂÈÙÚÔ¤˜ ÚÔÙ˘- ÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ W3CØ Î·È Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÔÈ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ô˘ ‚Ϥ- Ô˘Ì online. ∏ ıÂÒÚËÛË ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È ·Ó›Û¯˘ÚË, ¯ˆÚ›˜ fï˜ ·˘Ùfi Ó· ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Web ¤¯ÂÈ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ·› Û ÌË ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈË̤ÓË «ÛÔ‡·» ·fi Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤Ó˜ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜. √È Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÌÔÙ›‚ˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ [171] ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ô‰ÂȯÙ› ÂÍfi¯ˆ˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜, ‰È·ÊˆÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Û˘Ì·Á›˜ ÛÙȘ ‰Ô̤˜ Ô˘ ·ÔηχÙÔ˘Ó. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÌÂÚÈÎÔ› ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡Ó Î·Ù¿ ÌÈ· ¤ÓÓÔÈ·. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ· ÔÏÏÔ› ¿ÏÏÔÈ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ·˘ÙÔ‡˜. √È ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ ·˘ÙÔ› ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÔÓÔÌ·ÛıÔ‡Ó Î˘Ú›·Ú¯ÔÈ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ (authorities). À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó, Â›Û˘ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÂÍÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ –¤Ó·˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ıˆڋÛÔ˘Ì ˆ˜ Ù· ÛËÌ›· Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ www 132 OÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ¤Ó·˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Ôχ ·ÚÁ¿ ‹ ÎÏ›ÓÂÈ ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜, ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ Ì·˙È΋˜ ÂÈÛfi- ‰Ô˘ Ó¤ˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ¤Ó·Ó ¿ÏÏÔ ‰ËÌÔÊÈÏ‹ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ Î·È ¤Ï·‚ ÙËÓ ÔÓÔÌ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô Ú·Á- Ì·ÙÈÎfi ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó¤‚Ë ÛÙÔ online ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi Slashdot.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ‰È·ÏÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô– Î·È Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· 85 ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔÈ ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ÎÔÌ‚Èο ÛËÌ›·Ø ˆ˜ ÔÌÊ·ÏÔ› (hubs). √È ÔÌÊ·ÏÔ› ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Î·È ˆ˜ ΢ڛ·Ú¯ÔÈ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·›ı·ÓÔ Ó· Ô‰ËÁ› ÌÈÎÚfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Û ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ‹ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Î·Ì›·. ŸÙ·Ó ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ì ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô˘ ÂÈÛ‹Á·Á·Ó ÔÈ ÚˆÙÔfiÚÔÈ Kleinberg, Brin Î·È Page Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË Ì‹ÙÚ· ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ˘ÔÏÔÁ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ‰È·Ó‡ÛÌ·Ù·, ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛË Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙȘ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Â˜ ÎÔÌ‚ÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ Ì‹ÙÚ·˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÔÎ·Ï˘ÊıÔ‡Ó. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ë ·Ú¯È΋ ÚfiıÂÛË ÙÔ˘ Kleinberg ‹Ù·Ó Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ô˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜, ÂÓÒ ·Ú¯Èο ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ ¤ÎÏËÍË Ë ·ÓÙ·¯Ô‡ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÈÔ ÔχÏÔÎˆÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯ˆÓ ÎÔÌ- ‚ÈÎÒÓ ÛËÌ›ˆÓ ÛÙ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ [171]. ¶ÔÏϤ˜ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Â˜ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ Î·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ÚÔÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi fiÏÔ˘˜ ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜ Ô˘ ÂÍÂȉÈ·ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÂÚÈÔ¯‹. °È· ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Â¿Ó ÔÈ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Â˜ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ ‰ÂÓ «‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó» Ë Ì›· ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË (Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙˆÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ) Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤Ó˜ Û ¤Ó· ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ˘Ô-‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Ì¤Ûˆ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÌ‚ÈÎÒÓ ÛËÌ›ˆÓ. ∆¤ÙÔȘ ‰Ô̤˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÂÎ ÙˆÓ Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ (de facto) ¤Ó· ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô, fiˆ˜ ı· ÔÚÈ- ˙fiÙ·Ó ·fi ÌÈ· ÂÓÂÚÁ‹ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ. ¶·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ‰›· Î·È ÎÔÈ- ÓfiÙËÙ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ¤Ó·Ó ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ «ÛÌ›ÏÂ˘Ì·» ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÏ·ÛÈÎÔ‡ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ [137]. 4.1.2 ¢ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË £ÂˆÚ›· °Ú¿ÊˆÓ ∆Ô ÈÔ ÁÓˆÛÙfi ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Ë £ÂˆÚ›· °Ú¿ÊˆÓ133. £· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ Web ˆ˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ Ì ÎÔÚ˘Ê¤˜ (ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜) ÙȘ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Î·È Î·Ù¢ı˘ÓfiÌÂÓ˜ ·Î̤˜ (Ï¢ڤ˜) ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜. ∂Âȉ‹ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙÔÈ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ Â›Ó·È Ù˘¯·›ÔÈ, Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÍÂοı·ÚÔ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·Î̤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ·Ê‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Έ‰ÈÎÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔȯ›· ‰ÔÌ‹˜ ·fi ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÚ·Ù¿ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÚˆÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡˜ ÂÚÈÂ- ¯Ô̤ÓÔ˘. ∆· ÈÛ¯˘Ú¿ Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ӷ ̤ÚË ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔÈ¯Ô‡Ó ÛÙȘ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓ˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∫˘‚ÂÚÓÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘134 Î·È ÔÈ ÚÒÙ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ Kumar Î·È ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘, Ô‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÎ¿Ï˘„Ë Î·È ÙË ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË ¯ÈÏÈ¿‰ˆÓ ·Úfi- ÌÔÈˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ [175]. ∂ÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, Ë ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓÔ-ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙË ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ·ÎfiÌ· οÙÈ Û·Ó Ù¤¯ÓË Î·È ÚÔηÏ› ·ÓÙÈı¤ÛÂȘ. ªÂÚÈΤ˜ ÚÔ- ÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Û˘¯Ó¿ ·Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó «ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜» Ì ÌË ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓ˜ Î·È ÂÏÏÈ›˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯¤˜, ÂÓÒ ¿ÏϘ ηٷÌÂÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ [137]. www 133 ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÔχÏÔÎˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ‰˘·‰ÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Ì ÙË ¯¿Ú·ÍË ÁÚ·ÌÌÒÓ ÛÙÔ Â›‰Ô. ∏ £ÂˆÚ›· °Ú¿ÊˆÓ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È fiÙÈ ÍÂΛÓËÛ ·fi ÙÔÓ Euler ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 18Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·. √È ÁÚ¿ÊÔÈ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË Î·È ÙË Ï‡ÛË ÔÏÏÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ‰›ÎÙ˘· Î·È Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙËÏÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ (.¯. ÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô), Û ¯¿ÚÙ˜ –ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ‰ÚÔÌÔÏÔÁ›ˆÓ–, Û ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ, ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ- ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î.¿. 134 Cybercommunities. ∫˘‚ÂÚÓÔ-ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜.
4. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web 86 ∏ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·135 ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·Ï˘ı› Ì οı ÏÂÙÔ̤ÚÂÈ·, Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ‰ÂÈÎÙÒÓ Ù˘ ‰ÔÌ‹˜, ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÎfiÌ‚ÔÈ. ¶ÔÈΛϘ Ì·ÎÚÔÛÎÔÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ͯˆÚ›ÛÂÈ Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂÙÚËı›. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ¤Ó· ¤Ú·ÛÌ· (crawl) ·fi ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ 200 ÂηÙÔÌÌ˘Ú›ˆÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ ·ÔÎ¿Ï˘„ fiÙÈ ÙÔ 90% ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË Û˘Ó- ‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ, ÂÓÒ, Â¿Ó ıˆڋÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ ÌË Î·Ù¢ı˘ÓÙÈÎÔ‡˜, 56 ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Â›Ó·È ÈÛ¯˘Ú¿ Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤Ó˜ [49] [80]. ∏ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ Web ·ÚfiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ·ÔÎ·Ï˘Êı›, Û˘¯Ó¿ ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙ¿Ù·È ˆ˜ ¤Ó· Û¯‹Ì· «ÊÈfiÁÎÔ˘» (bowtie), fiˆ˜ ·ÔÙ˘ÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 4.1. ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 4.1 ∆Ô Û¯‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ «ÊÈfiÁÎÔ˘» Î·È Ë ÌÔÚÊÔÎÏ·ÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ Web [78] ∏ ¤ÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ¿ÎÚˆÓ ÙÔ˘ «ÊÈfiÁÎÔ˘» Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÈÛ¯˘Ú¿ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈ΋ ‰¤ÛÌË (SCC) ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web, ̤۷ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· ÌÔÓÔ¿ÙÈ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û οı ˙¢Á¿ÚÈ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ. ∏ SCC Û˘ÓÔÚ‡ÂÈ Ì ‰‡Ô Û‡ÓÔÏ· ·fi ‰¤Û̘: ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â̤Ó˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ SCC, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔ˜ Ô˘ Ó· Ô‰ËÁ› ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙË Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË, ÚÔ˜ Ù· ›Ûˆ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ (ÛËÌÂÈÒÓÂÙ·È Ì π¡ ÛÙÔ ‰È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ·)Ø Î·È ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤Ó˜ ·fi ÙËÓ SCC Î·È ‰ÂÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È ÚÔ˜ Ù· ›Ûˆ (OUT). ∏ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÙÚÈÒÓ, SCC, IN Î·È OUT ‰›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ Û¯‹Ì· «ÊÈfiÁÎÔ˘». √È ÂÈÏÔΤ˜ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÙÔÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Â˘ÚËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË. ¶·ÚfiÙÈ ÌÂÚÈÎÔ› ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ ÙÚÔÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔÓ ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ PageRank ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓË ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›· [18], Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ÔÏÏ‹ ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÎÌÂÙ·ÏÏ¢Ùԇ̠ÙȘ ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ¤˜ ‰Ô̤˜. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ë ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ «ÊÈfiÁÎÔ˘» ÂÈÎÚ·Ù› Û ÌÈ· ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ·fi Îϛ̷Θ Î·È Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÌÂÁ¤- ıÔ˘˜. √ Dill Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÂÈ fiÙÈ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ· ˘ÔÛ‡ÓÔÏ· ÙÔ˘ Web ¤¯Ô˘Ó, Â›Û˘, ¤Ó· Û¯‹Ì· «ÊÈfiÁÎÔ˘», ¤Ó‰ÂÈÍË fiÙÈ ÙÔ Web ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜ ȉÈfi- ÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÔÚÊÔÎÏ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ136. ¢ËÏ·‰‹, οı ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ÂÓÔÔÈË̤ÓË ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· www 135 Connectivity. ŒÓ·˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfi˜ Â¿Ó Î¿ı ˙¢Á¿ÚÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÚ˘ÊÒÓ Ô˘ ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ÛÙÔ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ ·˘Ùfi ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ÎÔÚ˘Ê¤˜. 136 Fractal. ªÔÚÊfiÎÏ·ÛÌ· ‹ ÌÔÚÊÔÎÏ·ÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÛÙ· ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈο, ÙË º˘ÛÈ΋ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Û ¿ÏϘ ÂÈÛً̘ ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÙ·È ¤Ó· ÁˆÌÂÙÚÈÎfi Û¯‹Ì· Ô˘ Â·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ·˘ÙÔ‡ÛÈÔ Û ¿ÂÈÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÌÂÁ¤ı˘ÓÛ˘, ÎÈ ¤ÙÛÈ Û˘¯Ó¿ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ˆ˜ «·›ڈ˜ ÂÚ›ÏÔÎÔ».
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÌ·Ù· Ì ÙÔ Web ˆ˜ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ [78]. ∆Ô Web Â›Ó·È Â·ÚÎÒ˜ «·Ú·ÈÔ- 87 Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ» ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙÂ, Ô ˘Ô-ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ÌÈ· Ù˘¯·›· Ï‹„Ë ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ ı· Â›Ó·È Û¯Â‰fiÓ ÎÂÓfi˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Â¿Ó ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÌË Ù˘¯·›Â˜ ‰¤Û̘ (ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ÂÓÔÔÈË̤Ó˜ ‰¤Û̘ ‹ TUCs), ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤Ó˜ Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi, ÙfiÙ ı· Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ͷӿ ÙÔ Û¯‹Ì· «ÊÈfiÁÎÔ˘». ∫¿ı TUC ı· ¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰È΋ Ù˘ SCC Ì ÙȘ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˜ π¡ Î·È √U∆ Ï¢ڤ˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÚȤ¯ÔÓÙ·È Û ̛· ¢ڇÙÂÚË SCC. ∏ SCC ¢ڇÙÂÚ˘ Îϛ̷η˜, ÂÂȉ‹ Â›Ó·È ÈÛ¯˘Ú¿ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈ΋, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ˆ˜ Ú·¯ÔÎÔηÏÈ¿ ÏÔ‹ÁËÛ˘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ TUCs. ªÂ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ, Ë ÌÔÚÊÔÎÏ·ÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ʇÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Ì¿˜ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ¤Ó‰ÂÈÍË ÁÈ· ÙÔ fiÛÔ Î·Ï¿ Û˘Ó¿ÙÂÙ·È Ô Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÌfi˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙË ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÈÏfiÙËÙ·. ¢ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ͯӿÌ fiÙÈ ¤Ó·˜ ‡ÏÔÁ· ÛÙ·ıÂÚfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ Û ÔÈΛϷ Â›‰· ÎÏÈ̿ΈÛ˘ Ô‰ËÁ› Û ÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· [29]. ŒÓ·˜ ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈÎfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ Û˘Ó- ‰¤ÛÂˆÓ Ô‰ËÁ› Û ˘„ËÏfi ¿ÁÈÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, ÂÓÒ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ¤Ó·˜ ÌÈÎÚfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ù· ‚·ÛÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ·Ô˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó. ∏ ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ Ù· Â›‰· Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È Â˘ÏfiÁˆ˜ ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¿ Û οı Â›Â‰Ô ÎÏÈ̿ΈÛ˘, Â›Ó·È Ô˘ÛÈÒ‰Ô˘˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÂÈ¤‰ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ‡ÚÔ˘˜ ˙ÒÓ˘ Û ̷ÎÚÔ¯ÚfiÓÈÔ Î·È ‚Ú·¯˘¯ÚfiÓÈÔ Â›‰Ô. ∆Ô Web ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÂÓfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙˆÓ ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· Â›‰· Î·È ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ıÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ È‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Û fiϘ ÙȘ Îϛ̷Θ. ∞Ó ˘Ôı¤ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÙÔ Web ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ ȉÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÌÔÚÊÔÎÏ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÙfiÙ ÁÈ· ÙË Û¯Â‰›·ÛË ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÏÁÔÚ›ıÌˆÓ Ì ÚÔÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙÔ Web, Û ÌÈ· ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ÎÏÈ̿ΈÓ, Â›Ó·È Â·ÚΤ˜ Ó· ηٷϿ‚Ô˘Ì ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi Ì›· Î·È ÌfiÓÔ ·Ï‹ ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈ΋ ·Ó¤ÏÈÍË [78]. À¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌˆÓ ÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÛÙËÓ £ÂˆÚ›· °Ú¿ÊˆÓ 137. √È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ (centrality) ÌÂÙÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ ηÈ, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, Ì·˜ ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÔ «ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÔ‡˜» ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜. À„ËÏ‹˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷ΋˜ ·Í›·˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ¿ıÚÔÈÛÌ· ÙˆÓ ·ÔÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÂÓfi˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜ (Ë ¤Íˆ- ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË) Î·È ÙÔ ¿ıÚÔÈÛÌ· ÙˆÓ ·ÔÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜ (Ë ¤Ûˆ-‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË), ·Ó ηÓÔÓÈÎÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó Ì ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÔÏfiÎÏËÚÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ·Ê‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ø˜ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ÎfiÌ‚Ô ‚·Ù›˙Ô˘Ì ¤Ó·Ó ÎfiÌ‚Ô Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi Û¯ÂÙÈο ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ¤Ûˆ Î·È ¤Íˆ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË. ™Â ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÈÍË, ÔÈ ÎfiÌ‚ÔÈ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Ì·ÎÚÈ¿ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜ Â›Ó·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ Èı·- ÓfiÓ Ó· ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÌÈ· ·Ï˘Û›‰· Û˘Ó‰¤Û̈Ó. ∏ Â›ÁÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÈÔÈ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÔ› ÎfiÌ‚ÔÈ Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÔÈ ¤Íˆ-ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÔ› (ÔÈ ÎfiÌ‚ÔÈ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜) ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚÒÙÔ ‚‹Ì· ÛÙËÓ ÏÔ‹ÁËÛË ÛÙÔÓ ˘ÂÚ-¯ÒÚÔ (hyperspace). ¶·ÚfiÌÔÈÔÈ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÔ› ÎfiÌ‚ÔÈ Â›Ó·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ·˘ı·›ÚÂÙ· ÂÈÏÂÁÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛËÌ›ˆÓ ÛÙÔ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ [76]. √È ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ·fi ÙÔ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ ˆ˜ ÂÓÈ·›Ô Û‡ÓÔÏÔ. ∏ Û˘Ì·Á›· (compactness) ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ̤ÙÚÔ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘. ŸÙ·Ó ¤Ó·˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ì·Á‹˜ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È Â‡ÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÊÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ì Û ¤Ó·Ó Ù˘¯·›· ÂÈÏÂÁ̤ÓÔ www 137 °È· Ì›· ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ÂÈÛÎfiËÛË ·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÙ ÛÙȘ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ [40] Î·È [76].
4. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web 88 ÎfiÌ‚Ô ‰È·Ì¤ÛÔ˘ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ. ∏ ÈÔ Û˘Ó‹ı˘ ÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ·›ÚÓÂÈ ÙÈ̤˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ 0 (·Ô- χو˜ ÌË Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎÔ›/·Û‡Ó‰ÂÙÔÈ ÎfiÌ‚ÔÈ) Î·È ÙÔ 1 (ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ). ∏ ÌˉÂÓÈ΋ Û˘Ì·Á›· Â›Ó·È ·ÓÒÊÂÏË ÁÈ· ¤Ó·Ó ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi ¯ÒÚÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ó·È ›Ûˆ˜ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÚÔÊ·Ó¤˜ fiÙÈ Î·È Ô ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ı· Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Û˘Ì·Á‹˜. ∂¿Ó ÔÈ ÚˆÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ› ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈÎÔ› Î·È «ÊÂȉˆÏÔ›» Ì ÙȘ ‰È·Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙfiÙÂ Î·È ÔÈ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔ› ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È Ôχ Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· Â›Ó·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔÈ. ∂›Û˘, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÔ˘ÌÂ Â¿Ó ¤Ó·˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÈÛÔÚÚÔË̤ÓÔ˜ ‹ fi¯È. ¢ËÏ·‰‹, Â¿Ó ÌÂÚÈο ̤ÚË ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈο ·fi ¿ÏÏ· Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, ·Ó ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ·ÒÏÂÈ·˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜. ∏ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ȉÈfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ Î¿ı ÎfiÌ‚Ô Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿ Û ¤Ó· ÁÚ¿ÊÔ Î·È ‰È·ÈÛıËÙÈο ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ Û ¤Ó· Û¯ÂÙÈο ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎfi fiÚÔ ÙÔ˘ Web ÌÂÙ·- ÊÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ·Ú·¤Ú· ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙˆÓ È‰ÂÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ‡ÂÈ Ô fiÚÔ˜ ·˘Ùfi˜. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, fiÙ·Ó ÌÂÚÈÎÔ› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ˘„ËÏ‹ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÂÓÒ ¿ÏÏÔÈ ·fi ¯·ÌËÏ‹, ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ Ô‰ËÁËıԇ̠ÛÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÚÒÙÔÈ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Û ¤Ó· ÏËÚ¤ÛÙÂÚ· ıÂÌÂÏȈ̤ÓÔ ı¤Ì· ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Î·È ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ·fi fi,ÙÈ ÔÈ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔÈ [40]. ÕÏϘ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ÁÚ·ÌÌÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÂÓfi˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘, ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ‹ ÙË ‰È¿ÌÂÙÚÔ (ÙË Ì¤ÁÈÛÙË ·fiÛÙ·ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ‰‡Ô ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜). ∏ ‰È¿ÌÂÙÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ¤¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ› fiÙÈ ÈÛÔ‡Ù·È Ì 500 Î·È Ë ‰È¿ÌÂÙÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ- ÎÔ‡ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘ Ì ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚË Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Û 28 [49]. ∆Ô 1999 ›¯Â ÂÎÙÈÌËı› fiÙÈ Ë Ì¤ÛË ·fiÛÙ·ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ‰‡Ô Ù˘¯·›· ÂÈÏÂÁÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ ÈÛÔ‰˘Ó·ÌÔ‡Û ÂÚ›Ô˘ Ì 19 [13], Î·È ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ¤Ó· Ì ‰‡Ô ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ ÙÔ 21 [21]. ∏ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ Web ·Ú·ÏÏËÏ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ¤Ó· ÌÈÎÚfi ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ, ̤۷ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ù· ÈÔ Û‡ÓÙÔÌ· ÌÔÓÔ¿ÙÈ· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ· ·fi ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ı· ÂÚ›ÌÂÓ ηÓ›˜ Û ¤Ó· ÁÚ¿ÊÔ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜ [284]. ªÂÙ¿ ÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰›Ô˘, Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚·- ÛÈÛÙ› Û ϤÍÂȘ-ÎÏÂȉȿ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÏÔ‹ÁËÛË ÛÙÔ Web Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÈÎÈÏ›·˜ Ì˯·ÓÒÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË˜Ø ÛÎÔfi˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ ÁÂÈÙÓ›·Û˘ Ô˘ ı· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚˆÓ ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ϤÍÂȘ-ÎÏÂȉȿ. ∆¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÁÚ·- Ê‹Ì·Ù· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ηٿ ÎfiÚÔÓ ÁÈ· Ó· ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ·Ê‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÁÓˆÌÔÛ‡ÓË Û ÔÏϤ˜ ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜. ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì ÙÔÓ Schroeder Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘ [252], Ô˘ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ·Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘˜ ÁÂÈÙÓ›·Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ·ÔÛÎÔÒÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi ıÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ È‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ fiˆ˜ Ë Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ë ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·. √È ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ Û˘Ó‰˘·Ṳ̂Ó˜ Ì ÙȘ Û˘ÓÂÓÙ‡ÍÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÂȉËÌfiÓˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÎ¿Ï˘„Ë ÙˆÓ ÌÔÙ›‚ˆÓ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Î·È ‰È·ÊÒÙÈÛ·Ó ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Â¿Ó Ë ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ Web ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ÌÈ· ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓË ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË fiÔ˘ ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÏÏÔ› ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ› ¿ÚÔ¯ÔÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ‹ ·Ó ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ¤Ó· Web fiÔ˘ «Ô ÓÈÎËÙ‹˜ Ù· ·›ÚÓÂÈ fiÏ·» Î·È Ù· ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓ· Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ΤÓÙÚ· ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙÂÚ·. ∆· ÚÔηٷÚÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó Î·È ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓ˜ Ù¿ÛÂȘ, ÂÓÒ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ˘ÔÁÚ·ÌÌ›˙ÂÙ·È Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÌÂÁ·- χÙÂÚ˘ ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋˜ Î¿Ï˘„˘ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÚÈÁˆÓÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ·fi„ÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂȉÈÎÒÓ, Ù˘ ÌÂÙÚÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Web (Webmetrics138) Î·È ÙˆÓ ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚˆÓ ÌÂÏÂÙÒÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛ˘. www 138 ∏ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ·fi‰ÔÛË ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ Â›Ó·È πÛÙÔÌÂÙÚ›·.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ∏ ‰ÔÌ‹ Î·È Ë ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Û˘¯Ó¿ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ 89 «Ù˘¯·›Ô˘˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘˜», fiÔ˘ ηı¤Ó·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¡ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· p Ó· Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ˜ Ì ¤Ó·Ó ¿ÏÏÔ ÎfiÌ‚Ô. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· οı ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ k Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÌÈ· ηٷÓÔÌ‹ Poisson [89]. ∂ÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· ·›ı·ÓÔ ÔÈ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο Ù˘¯·›ÔÈ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ·Ó ‰Â¯Ùԇ̠ˆ˜ ÔÈ ÏÔÈÔ› ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Â›Ó·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔ›, ¤Ó·˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˜ ı· Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ˜ Ì ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜ Â¿Ó Â›Ó·È Î·Ï¿ ÂÓۈ̷و̤ÓÔ˜ Î·È ‰ËÌÔÊÈÏ‹˜ Û ÌÈ· ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹. ∏ ÚfiÎÏËÛË, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ £ÂˆÚ›· °Ú¿ÊˆÓ ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ó· ·Ôηχ„ÂÈ Î·È Ó· ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ‹ÛÂÈ ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ÌË ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web. √ Battelle [21] ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ ÙË ™Ù·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ªË¯·ÓÈ΋ ˆ˜ ‰˘ÓËÙÈ΋ ËÁ‹ ¤ÌÓ¢Û˘, ηıÒ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÍ·Á¿ÁÂÈ ÙȘ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ Web ˆ˜ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÂÂÚ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ ‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ (·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ô ‰Â›ÎÙ˘ Ù˘ Google ÁÈ· ‰ÈÛÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi). ŒÓ·˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ ÌÂÏÂÙÒÓ, ÛÙÔ ¤Ú·ÛÌ· ÂÚ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ Ó¤Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·, ¤‰ÂÈÍ fiÙÈ Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÌÈ·˜ ÛÂÏ›‰·˜ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ k Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜, ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· Ì ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ÚԂϤÂÈ Ë ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈ΋ £ÂˆÚ›· °Ú¿ÊˆÓ, (fiÙÈ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙË ‰ÈˆÓ˘ÌÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÏ›ÓÂÈ Û ηٷÓÔÌ‹ Poisson ÁÈ· ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ‰›ÎÙ˘·), Êı›ÓÂÈ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒÓÙ·˜ ¤Ó·Ó ÂÎıÂÙÈÎfi ÓfiÌÔ. ™‡Ì- ʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Barabasi, Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÌÈ· Ù˘¯·›· ÂÈÏÂÁ̤ÓË ÛÂÏ›‰· Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ k Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ _ ÈÛÔ‡Ù·È Ì k G fiÔ˘ G = 2,45 ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÍÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜, Î·È G = 2,1 ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÛÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜. √È ÙÔÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÔÓÙ·È Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Â›Ó·È ÛÔ˘‰·›Â˜. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Û ¤Ó· ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ Poisson Â›Ó·È ÂÎıÂÙÈο Û¿ÓÈÔ Ó· ‚Úԇ̠ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜ Ì ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÔ Ì¤ÛÔ ÎfiÌ‚Ô, ÂÓÒ Ë Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ¤Ó·Ó ÂÎıÂÙÈÎfi ÓfiÌÔ ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›· fiÔ˘ ÔÏÏÔ› ÎfiÌ‚ÔÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ï›ÁÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ Î·È ÌÈ· ÌÈÎÚ‹ ·ÏÏ¿ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÌÂÚ›‰· ¤¯ÂÈ ¿Ú· ÔÏÏÔ‡˜. ™ÙÔ Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓÔ Ù‡Ô ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘, Ô Ì¤ÛÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ·Ó¿ ÎfiÌ‚Ô Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ‰ÔÌ‹˜, ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ Poisson. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ Barabasi Î·È ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘, ·˘Ùfi˜ Ô Ì¤ÛÔ˜ fiÚÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÌÈÎÚ‹˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ‰›ÎÙ˘· Î·È ÁÈ’ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ‰›ÎÙ˘· ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙ‹ÙÔ˘ Îϛ̷η˜139 [22]. √ Barabasi Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¯Èο ÂÚ›ÌÂÓ·Ó Ó· ‚ÚÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· Ù˘¯·›· ‰È·ÛÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤Û̈Ó, ‚·ÛÈ˙fiÌÂÓÔÈ ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó Ù· ÚÔÛˆÈο Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ fiÙ·Ó Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Û ·Ú¯Â›· ηÈ, Ì ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ ÙÔÓ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ, Ô ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ı· ¤ÚÂ ӷ Â›Ó·È ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈÎfi˜. ™ÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË, fï˜, Ë Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Web ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹. ∞˘Ùfi Ô˘ ‚ϤÔ˘ÌÂ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ ÎfiÌ‚ÔÈ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ϛÁÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜, ·ÏÏ¿ οÔÈÔÈ ÔÌÊ·ÏÔ› ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi Û˘Ó‰¤- ÛˆÓ, ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Î·È ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ·. º·›ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ fiÚÈÔ ÛÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ÔÌÊ·Ïfi˜, ηӤӷ˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˜ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÚfiÙ˘Ô ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Î·È Ì ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Â›Ó·È ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ Îϛ̷η˜. ∆· ‰›ÎÙ˘· ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙ‹ÙÔ˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÚԂϤ„È̘ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ fiˆ˜ fiÙÈ ·ÓÙÈÛÙ¤ÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔÛ‰fiÎËÙË ·ÔÙ˘¯›·, ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ó·È Â˘¿ÏˆÙ· ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·Ṳ̂Ó˜ ÂÈı¤ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÌÊ·ÏÔ‡˜. www 139 Scale-free networks.
4. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web 90 ∂Ífi¯ˆ˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Î·ı·˘Ùfi Ê˘ÛÈÎfi ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Ô˘ Â›Û˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙ‹ÙÔ˘ Îϛ̷η˜ Î·È ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙËÓ ÂÎıÂÙÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹ Ì ÂÎı¤ÙË G = 2,5 ÁÈ· ÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ÙˆÓ ‰ÚÔÌÔÏÔÁËÙÒÓ Î·È G = 2,2 ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¯¿ÚÙË ÙˆÓ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ [92]. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·ÊÂÚı› fiÙÈ Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ‡ÚÂÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ηٷÛ΢·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ ·fi N ÈÛÙÔ- ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ ηٷӤÌÂÙ·È, Â›Û˘, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ÂÎıÂÙÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹ [150]. ∏ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙË ·fi ÎÏ›- ̷Θ ʇÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈËı› ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÏÁÔÚ›ıÌˆÓ Î·Ù¿Ù·Í˘ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·, fiˆ˜ Ô PageRank. ∫·Ù¿ ¿Û· Èı·- ÓfiÙËÙ·, Ë Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ·˘Ù‹ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ‰˘ÓËÙÈο ÌÈ· Ôχ ηÚÔÊfiÚ· ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ [178]. ∏ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Web ‰È·ÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÙ·È Â›Û˘ Î·È ·fi ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ ‹ Ù˘ ‰ÂÛÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘ (clustering), fiÙ·Ó ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ‰‡Ô Á›ÙÔÓ˜ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘ Ó· Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔÈ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ·fi ÙËÓ Ù˘¯·›· [4]. ∆Ô Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·Í›· ÙÔ˘ Web ˆ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ‰ÈfiÙÈ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ë Ù˘¯·›· ÂÍÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ (Û˘ÛÙ¿‰·˜) Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ (·) Ó· ‰È·ÙË- Ú‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Ì¤Û· ÛÙ· fiÚÈ· Ù˘ Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ, (‚) Ó· ·ÂÏ¢ıÂÚÒÛÂÈ Ó¤· ÁÓÒÛË ‹ Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÌÈ· ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û· ÔÙÈ΋ ÁˆÓ›· ÛÙÔ ı¤Ì· ˘fi Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË. ¢È·- ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ› Ù‡ÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒÛÂˆÓ ‹ ÌÔÙ›‚· ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔ- ÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ˜ ˘Ô-ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘˜ Ì ÂÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ηٷÓÔ̤˜. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ Web ·ÔÛÎÔÔ‡Ó ÛÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·, fiˆ˜ Ë ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ [252]. ÕÏÏ· ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ› Ù‡ÔÈ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ, ÂÓÒ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÙÔÌÈ΋ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ηٷÛÙ› ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ Î·È ÔχÏÔÎË, fiˆ˜ Ë ·Ó¿ÚÙËÛË ÈÛÙÔÏÔÁ›ˆÓ [3, 5]. ™ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ, Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ «ÚÔ¿ÛÙÈ·» ÙÔ˘ Web ı· Û¯ËÌ·Ù›ÛÔ˘Ó ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ηÏÔ‡È· Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ·fi ¿ÏÏ· ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÛËÌ›·, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·fi ÙÔ Web ˆ˜ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ. ∏ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙ·ıÂÚÒÓ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÓ Ì·˜ ʤÚÓÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ÈÔ ÎÔÓÙ¿ Û ÌÈ· ÍÂο- ı·ÚË ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Web, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÈϤÔÓ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂfiÌÂÓË ÁÂÓÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ WebØ Ù· ÚfiÙ˘· ·˘Ù¿ ·ÔÛÎÔÔ‡Ó ÛÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ˙ˆÙÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙˆÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ, ÂÈÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË Î·È ÙË ÌÂÁ¤ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ¢¯ÚË- ÛÙ›·˜, Ù˘ ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ˘fiÏÔÈˆÓ ÂÈı˘ÌËÙÒÓ ÁÓˆÚÈÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ˘·ÎÒÓ È‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Web ı· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ˘fi„Ë ÙȘ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È Ù· ÙÚˆÙ¿ ÛËÌ›·, ÙË ÚÔ‹ ÚÔ˜ ÙË Û˘ÌÊfiÚËÛË, ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÂΉËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯÙ› ‹ ÙÈ ı· Û˘Ì‚Â› Â¿Ó ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› ¤Ó· Web ‰‡Ô Ù·¯˘Ù‹ÙˆÓ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÓÔÌȷ΋ ÌÂÙ·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÌÂÚ›‰·˜ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ı· ʤÚÂÈ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ Ô˘‰ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘. ™ÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 4.2.4 Á›ÓÂÙ·È Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∏ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋ £ÂˆÚ›· °Ú¿ÊˆÓ Ù›ÓÂÈ Ó· ÂÚÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔ‡ ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜. ∂ÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, Ë ÂÍ¿ψÛË ÙÔ˘ Web fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ··ÈÙ› ÌÈ· ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ £ÂˆÚ›· °Ú¿ÊˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· Ù· ÔÔ›· ı· Û¤‚ÔÓÙ·È ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÂÍ¿ψÛ˘. ŒÙÛÈ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÔÈ Ó¤ÔÈ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù·Ó¤ÌÔÓÙ·È ϤÔÓ ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈο fiˆ˜ Û˘Ó¤‚·ÈÓ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ Î·È Â›Ó·È Ôχ Èı·ÓfiÓ ¤Ó·˜ Ó¤Ô˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔ˜ Ó· Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ˜ Ì ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‹‰Ë ‰È·Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤Ó˜ Û ˘„ËÏfi ‚·ıÌfi (ÂȉÂÈÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ·˜, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈ΋ Û˘Ó‰ÂÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·). ªÂ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi, Ô Barabasi Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ·Ó
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ‰›ÎÙ˘· Ô˘ ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ì ÙÔ Web ˆ˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ οı ӤԘ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˜ 91 ÚÔÛÙ›ıÂÙ·È ·Ó¿ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‚‹Ì·, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜ ηٷӤÌÔÓÙ·È ÌË ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈο Î·È Ì ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ‹‰Ë ÔÏ˘-Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜. ŒÓ·˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ˜ Îϛ̷η˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ¿ÏÏË Ì›· ÊÔÚ¿ Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÓfi˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ k Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙËÓ ÂÎıÂÙÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹, Ì ÂÎı¤ÙË G = 3. ™Â ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ, Â›Ó·È Ê·ÓÂÚfi fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÔÏ˘-Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔÈ ÎfiÌ‚ÔÈ ·˘Í¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË Û˘Ó‰ÂÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· Ù·¯‡ÙÂÚ· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜ [21]. ¶·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙ‹ÙÔ˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·Ï¿ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÂÍÂÏÈÛÛfiÌÂÓˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓØ Â›Ó·È fï˜ ÛÙ· ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· ·Ï¿; ∏ ˘fiıÂÛË Ù˘ ÂÎıÂÙÈ΋˜ ηٷÓÔÌ‹˜ [92] ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈο ·ÎÚÈ‚‹˜ Î·È Ë Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ‚·ıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ, ·ÚfiÙÈ Â˘ÌÂÙ¿‚ÏËÙË, ›Ûˆ˜ Ó· ÌËÓ Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÎıÂÙÈÎfi ÓfiÌÔ [59]. ◊‰Ë ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÍÂÎÈÓ‹ÛÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÛ¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ [94]. ªÈ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÍÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÒÓ ÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ÙÔÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ, ÔÈ ·Èٛ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó Ù· ·Û˘Ó‹ıÈÛÙ· ÌÔÙ›‚· ÛÙËÓ ÂÍ¿ψÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ÔÈ ÙÚfiÔÈ Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó. ¶ÚÔÛı¤Ùˆ˜, ÔÈ ÂÈÚÚÔ¤˜ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÎfiÌ· ηٷÓÔËı›. À¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ¿Óˆ ÊÚ¿ÁÌ· ÛÙËÓ ÎÏÈ̿ΈÛË ÙÔ˘ Web; ∞Ó Ó·È, ‰È¤ÂÙ·È ·fi ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ fiÚÈÔ ·˘Ùfi ‹ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙË ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌË Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·; ¶fiÛÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÙÂÏÈο ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ Web, ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ÌÈÎÚfiÎÔÛÌÔ˜ Ì ÙË ÏÔÁÈ΋ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„·Ì ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜; ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ù· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÎÏÈ̿ΈÛË Â›Ó·È ·È¯ÌËÚ¿ Î·È ·fi ÙȘ ‰‡Ô Ï¢ڤ˜. ∞Ó Î·È ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏ¿ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÌÈÎÚ¿ Webs Á‡Úˆ Ì·˜, fiÙ·Ó ÚԤ΢„ ÙÔ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfi Web, ÚÔοÏÂÛ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ¤ÎÏËÍË, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜Ø Û‹ÌÂÚ·, ÔÈ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÌÂÏÂÙÔ‡Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÙÔ Web. ¢Ô̤˜ fiˆ˜ Ù· ÂÓ‰Ô‰›ÎÙ˘· (intranets) ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ôχ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ ·fi ÙÔ Web, Û fiÚÔ˘˜ ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜, Û˘Ó‰ÂÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜, Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ·˜ Î·È ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘. ªÂÚÈΤ˜ ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÎÏËÚÔ- ÓÔÌËı› ·fi ÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ˆ˜ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ, ÂÓÒ ¿ÏϘ fi¯È. ¢ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓË ¤Ú¢ӷ ÛÙÔ ı¤Ì· ÙˆÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Î·È ı· ‹Ù·Ó ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ Ó· ·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÂÙ ÛÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ [91] ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÓ‰Ô‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ [252] ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ˘Ô-ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈ- ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô‡Ó Û ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ‰›·. 4.2 ∆· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ÙÔ˘ Web √ Lopez-Ortiz Û ÌÈ· ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË [191] ÌÂÏÂÙ¿ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Ù· ÔÔ›· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÏÁÔÚÈıÌÈÎÒÓ Â˘ÚËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ, Î·È ÙÔ˘ Web ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·. ¢˘ÓËÙÈο, Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋ Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÚÈÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÎÙ˘·ÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ- Ì¤ÓˆÓ ÚˆÙÔÎfiÏÏˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÓ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ Web. ∫·È Ù· Ï·›ÛÈ· ·˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È ˙ˆÙÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· (‹ ÌË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·) ÙˆÓ ·ÏÁÔÚ›ıÌˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÈÔ ÂÈÛÙÈ΋ Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú›· ÁÈ’ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙË ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘. Ÿˆ˜ ÙÔÓ›˙ÂÈ Ô Lopez-Ortiz, ‹Ù·Ó ÙfiÛÔ Ú·Á‰·›· Ë ÂÍ¿ψÛË ÙÔ˘ Web ÒÛÙÂ Î·È ÔÈ ÈÔ ÚÔËÁ̤ÓÔÈ ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔÈ ÈÂÚ¿Ú¯ËÛ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Û·Ó Ì ¿ÓÂÛË ÛÙȘ ηıÈÂڈ̤Ó˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ 1995, ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù¿ÊÂÚ·Ó Ó· ·ÓÙÂÂͤÏıÔ˘Ó ÛÙȘ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÚԤ΢„·Ó ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ¤ÙÔ˘˜.
4. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web 92 4.2.1 ∆· ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈο ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· ŒÓ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙË ªÈÎÚÔÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ £ÂˆÚ›·140, Ù· ¢È·ÎÚÈÙ¿ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈο141, ÙË £ÂˆÚ›· √ÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÏÔÁ‹˜142 Î·È ÙË £ÂˆÚ›· ¶·ÈÁÓ›ˆÓ143. ¶·ÚfiÙÈ Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ô Î¿ı ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘ ͯˆÚÈÛÙ¿ Ó· Â›Ó·È ‹ Ó· ÌËÓ Â›Ó·È «ÔÚıÔ- ÏÔÁÈÎfi˜», ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ú·ÙËÚËı› fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ÂÓ Û˘Ófiψ, (‹ ηٿ ̤ÛÔ fiÚÔØ Ô ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓÔ˜ ̤ÛÔ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘) Û˘ÌÂÚÈʤÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙԯ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙË ÌÂÁÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ™Â ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ Web ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ì ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Ô˘ ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıˆ˜ ÛÙË ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚË ÁÓÒÛË ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰ÔÌËı› Ë ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Î·È Ù· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ı· ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÔ˘Ó Û ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÎfi Â›‰Ô. ∆Ô Web ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÙÈÎfi Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ·Ú¿ÁÂÈ ÌÂ Û˘ÛÙË- Ì·ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈ‚ÏËı› ‰È·Ì¤ÛÔ˘ Ù˘ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ ۯ‰›·Û˘, ÙˆÓ ÚˆÙÔÎfiÏψÓ, ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ٷ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ‹ Ù· „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ‹ ÙˆÓ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È ÎÙÈṲ̂ÓÔ, ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Î·È ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ·fi ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ï‹ıÔ˜ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ, ÌÂÏÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, Ì ·Ê¿ÓÙ·ÛÙ· ÔÈΛϘ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ· Â›Ó·È Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÛËÌ·Û›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘. À¿Ú¯ÂÈ fiÚÈÔ Ì¤ÁÈÛÙ˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Ë ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓË Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web; ∫·ıÒ˜ Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÔÈ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ÂÓfi˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Ó· ηٷ·ÙÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈ̘ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘˜; ◊ Ì‹ˆ˜ Ô Êfi‚Ô˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·ÏÒ˜ ÌÈ· ·‚¿ÛÈÌË Î·È ·ÔÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓË ÚÔ¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ·ÌÂÙ¿‚ÏËÙ˜ ¯ˆÚÈΤ˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘˜; ∏ ·¿ÓÙËÛË Û ¤Ó· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ·, ·ÚfiÙÈ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙ· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο, ı· ¤¯ÂÈ ‚·ıÈ¿ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÛÙË ‰È·Î˘- ‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ Web [186]. ∞˜ ÙÔ ı¤ÛÔ˘Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎ¿Ø ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡ÙÔ˘Ì ٷ ÛËÌ›· ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜ Nash144 Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ˘Ô-‚¤ÏÙÈÛÙ· ÁÈ· fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·›ÎÙ˜; ™Â ¤Ó· ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔ Î·È Û˘Ó¯Ҙ ÂÍÂÏÈÛÛfiÌÂÓÔ Web, fiÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó «È‰ÈÔÎً٘», Ò˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ›̷ÛÙ ‚¤‚·ÈÔÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ Ê·›ÓÔÓÙ·È Â‡ÏÔÁ˜ ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ‰ÂÓ ‚Ï¿ÙÔ˘Ó Ù· Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ· ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ˆ˜ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ; ªÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË, ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ ˆ˜ «ÙÚ·Áˆ‰›· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘»145, Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿Ì Û ÔÏÏ¿ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÔʇÁÔ˘Ó Ù· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜ Î·È ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ‰ÈÔÁÎÒÓÂÙ·È ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈο, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙÔ Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi Ì ÈÛfiÙÈ̘ Î·È ËıÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜. www 140 ∞Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ Ù˘ ˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜ Û ÌÈ· ·ÁÔÚ¿. 141 ∂ÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ¤˜ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ˜ (.¯. ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ·ÎÂÚ·›ˆÓ) Û ·ÓÙȉȷÛÙÔÏ‹ Ì ÙȘ Û˘Ó¯›˜ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ˜ (.¯. ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ). ∆· ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ¿ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ôχ ¢ÎÔÏfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹, ÂÍ’ Ô˘ Î·È Ù· ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈο Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙˆÓ ∏/À. 142 Rational choice. µ·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· ÂÈϤÁÔ˘Ó ÙË ‚¤ÏÙÈÛÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË Ì ‚¿ÛË ÌÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË ÚÔÙ›ÌËÛ˘ Î·È ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÒÓ. 143 Game Theory. ∂ÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÌÂٷ͇ ·ÈÎÙÒÓ Ô˘ ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡Ó Ó· ÌÂÁÈÛÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜. 144 ∏ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· fiÔ˘ οı ·›ÎÙ˘ ÂÈϤÁÂÈ ÙËÓ ¿ÚÈÛÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ Ì ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ·ÈÎÙÒÓ. 145 «∆ragedy of the commons».
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ∆Ô «ÎÏÂȉ›» ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙÔ˘ Web ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ «·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘» Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ 93 ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ. ∞Ó ¤Ó· ·Á·ıfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ «·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘», ÙfiÙÂ Ë ·Í›· ÙÔ˘ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È ÁÈ· οı ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿, fiÛÔ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ Î·Ùfi¯ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ·Á·ıÔ‡ ·˘ÙÔ‡. ∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web, ·Ó ÔÈ ˘fiÏÔÈÔÈ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔ›, ÙfiÙ fiÛÔ ÈÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ÙfiÛÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Â›Ó·È Ë ·Í›· ÙÔ˘˜. ∆Ô «·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘» ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È Â›Ù ¤ÌÌÂÛÔ Â›Ù ¿ÌÂÛÔ. ŒÓ· ¿ÌÂÛÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ˘ÏÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È fiÙ·Ó Ë ˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ·Á·ıfi Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ Î·Ùfi¯ˆÓ ÙÔ˘. ∆· ÙËϤʈӷ Î·È Ù· ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈο ÌËӇ̷ٷ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Û ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›·. ¢È·ÈÛıËÙÈο ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓfiÌ·ÛÙ fiÙÈ Ë ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÁÔÚÒÓ ÁÈ’ ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ·Á·ı¿ Â›Ó·È ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë ˙‹ÙËÛË ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÈο ·Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛÙˆÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ (Ô˘ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÙȘ ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÛÔ˘Ì ‹ fi¯È ÛÙ· ÚÒÈÌ· ÛÙ¿‰È·). ∂¿Ó ¤Ó·˜ «ÈηÓfi˜» ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ-ηٷӷψÙÒÓ ÙÔ ·ÁÔÚ¿ÛÂÈ ÂÍ ·Ú¯‹˜ ÙfiÙÂ Ë ·ÁÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ·Á·ıÔ‡ ı· ·ÔÁÂȈı›, Û ¿ÏÏË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, fi¯È. ¶ˆ˜ fï˜ ı· ÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì Û ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ «ÈηÓfi˜»; ∞Ó ÙÔ ı¤Ù·Ì ÈÔ Ù¯ÓÈο, ·˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÁÔÚ¿ Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ «·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘» ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÏÏ·Ï¿ ÛËÌ›· ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜. ∫·ıÒ˜ Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ (̤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘) ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ, Ë ÔÚȷ΋ ÂÈı˘Ì›· ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·Ó·ÏˆÙÒÓ Ó· ÏËÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˘ ˆÊ¤ÏÂÈ·˜ Ô˘ ı· Ï¿‚Ô˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ˘ËÚÂÛ›· Û ÌÈ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ÙÈÌ‹. ∆¤ÙÔÈ· ÔʤÏË ÂÍ·ÚÙÒ- ÓÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙȘ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ ÙÚ›ÙˆÓ ·Ú¿ ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ¿ÌÂÛ· ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÌÂÚÒÓ ÛÙË Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·Á‹ Î·È ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ıÂÙÈΤ˜ Â͈ÙÂÚÈΤ˜ ÔÈÎÔÓƠ̂˜. ¶¤Ú· fï˜ ·fi ¤Ó· ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ Î·ÙÒÊÏÈ, Ë ÂÈı˘Ì›· Ó· ÏËÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ÔÈ Î·Ù·Ó·ÏˆÙ¤˜ Êı›ÓÂÈ, ηıÒ˜ ÔÈ ÙÂÏ¢- Ù·›ÔÈ ÂÈÛÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔÈ ÛÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚË ˆÊ¤ÏÂÈ· ·fi ÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô. ∞˜ ‰Ô‡Ì ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙË Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌ‹ Û ÌÈ· ˘ËÚÂÛ›· VOIP146 Ì ‰ˆÚÂ¿Ó ÙËÏÂʈӋ̷ٷ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌËÙÒÓ. °ÂÓÈο, Ô ÌÈÎÚfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌËÙÒÓ ÌÂÈÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Í›· Ù˘ ˘ËÚÂÛ›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ‰˘ÓËÙÈÎfi ¯Ú‹ÛÙË, ·ÏÏ¿ Â¿Ó ˘Ôı¤ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Ë ÙÈÌ‹ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ Î·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ, ÙfiÙ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ¤ÙÔÈÌÔÈ Ó· ÏËÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÙÈÌ‹, Î·È ÍÂÎÈÓ¿ÂÈ Ô ÂÓ¿ÚÂÙÔ˜ ·ÎÏÔ˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘. ∂ÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂÁÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ÌÂÙ·ÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚ· Â›Ó·È Â›Ù ÛÎÂÙÈÎÔ› ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Í›· Ù˘ ˘ËÚÂÛ›·˜ ‹ ·ÏÒ˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ VOIP. ™Â οÔÈÔ ÛËÌ›Ô, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ı· ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÔ˘Ì ¤Ó· ̤ÁÈÛÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô fiÔ˘ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ¤Ó· ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Ì ÔÏϤ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ‰ÂÓ ı· ÌÔÚ› ϤÔÓ Ó· ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂÈ Ó¤Ô˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ÌÂÈÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÙÈÌ‹. ¶ÔÏϤ˜ online ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ‰ÈÎÙ˘·Î‹ ‰ÔÌ‹, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ù· ‰›ÎÙ˘· ÎÈÓËÙ‹˜ ÙËÏÂ- ʈӛ·˜, ÙÔ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڷÛÙÈÎfi fiÎÂÚ ‹ ÔÈ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ Ù˙fiÁÔ˘. ∞Ó, fiˆ˜ ÛÙÔ ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 4.2, Ë Î·Ì‡ÏË ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜ (Supply) Â›Ó·È Ï‹Úˆ˜ ÂÏ·ÛÙÈ΋ (‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ì ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹) ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÙÚ›· ÛËÌ›· ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ù· ‰‡Ô ÛËÌ›· ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÂΛ Ô˘ Ë Î·Ì‡ÏË ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜ Ù¤ÌÓÂÈ ÙËÓ Î·Ì‡ÏË ˙‹ÙËÛ˘ (Demand)147 Î·È ÙÔ ÙÚ›ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ë Î·Ì‡ÏË ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜ Ù¤ÌÓÂÈ ÙÔÓ ¿ÍÔÓ· y (A = 0). ∂¿Ó ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ (Network Size) ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔ 0, ÙfiÙÂ Ë ˙‹ÙËÛË Â›Ó·È ÌˉÂÓÈ΋ Î·È Î·ıËψ̤ÓË ÛÙË ı¤ÛË ∞. ™ÙÔ C, Ë ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· Â›Ó·È Â›Û˘ ¢ÛÙ·ı‹˜, ÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ www 146 Voice Over Internet Protocol. ∞ÊÔÚ¿ ÌÈ· Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Ô˘ ηıÈÛÙ¿ ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ÙË ‰ÚÔÌÔÏfiÁËÛË ÊˆÓËÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó‰È·Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ. 147 ™Ù· ÌÂÁ¤ıË ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ B Î·È C.
4. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web 94 fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÏ¿Ù˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÙÂıÂÈ̤ÓÔÈ Ó· ÏËÚÒÛÔ˘Ó (Willingness to pay) ÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ·›· ÙÈÌ‹ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÂÎÙ·ı› ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ‰ÈfiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ô‡Ù ¤Ó·˜ ηٷӷψً˜ ¤ÙÔÈÌÔ˜ Ó· ÏËÚÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÙÈÌ‹ ·˘Ù‹. ∞Ó ÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ÂÂÎÙ·ı›, ·˘Ùfi ı· ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘Ì‚Â› ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÙÒÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÙÈÌ‹ (Ë Î·Ì‡ÏË ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÙ·ÙÔÈÛı› ÚÔ˜ Ù· οو). ∂¿Ó οÔÈÔ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘ ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ ÙȘ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ϤÔÓ ‰È·ÙÂıÂÈ̤ÓÔ˜ Ó· ÏËÚÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û· ÙÈÌ‹, ÙfiÙ ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ı· Û˘ÚÚÈÎÓˆı› (Ë Î·Ì‡ÏË ˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÙ·ÙÔÈÛı› ÚÔ˜ Ù· οو). ∂¿Ó, ÙÒÚ·, ˘Ôı¤ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Î·È ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ηÌ‡Ï˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÌÂٷΛÓËÙ˜, ÙfiÙÂ Ë ·Ú·ÌÈÎÚ‹ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ı· ÛËÌ¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ˘Ô¯ÒÚËÛË ÛÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô C. ∆Ô ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÎÏÂȉ› Â›Ó·È ÙÔ µ, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ¤Ó· ·ÛÙ·ı¤˜ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜. ŒÙÛÈ, ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ı· ÌÂȈı› οو ·fi ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô µ, ‰ÂÓ ı· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ô ÈηÓfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÙÂıÂÈ̤ÓÔÈ Ó· ÏËÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÙÈÌ‹ Ù˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıˆ˜ Ë ˙‹ÙËÛË ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ ı· ÌˉÂÓÈÛı›. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ·Ó ηٷʤÚÂÈ Ó· ÍÂÂÚ¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô µ, ÙfiÙ ͷÊÓÈο ÔÏÏÔ› ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ Î·Ù·Ó·ÏˆÙ¤˜ ı· Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÙÂıÂÈ̤ÓÔÈ Ó· ÏËÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ·›· ÙÈÌ‹ ‹ Î·È ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙË ‰Ú·Ì·ÙÈ΋ ·‡ÍËÛË ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛËÌ›Ԣ C. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô µ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ù˘ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌ˘ Ì¿˙·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô [281]. ¶ÚÔı˘Ì›· ¶ÏËڈ̋˜ Z‹ÙËÛË ¶ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿ A B C M¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ¢ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 4.2 ¶ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ∑‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ‰ÈÎÙ˘·Îfi ·Á·ıfi [281] ∞Ó ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ӷ ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 4.2 Û fiÚÔ˘˜ Web, ÙÔ «Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ‰ÈÎÙ‡- Ô˘» ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ú·ÏÏËÏÈÛÙ› Ì ÙÔÓ «·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ ÛÙÔ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ ÙÔ˘ Web» ‹ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο Ì ÙÔÓ «·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤Û̈ӻ. ∏ «ÚÔı˘Ì›· Ó· ÏËÚÒÛÂÈ» ¤Ó·˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘ ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ Ô˘ Ô ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È ¤ÙÔÈÌÔ˜ Ó· ·Ó·Ï¿‚ÂÈ. ∞˘Ùfi ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Ù· Û˘Ó‹ıË ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜ Ë ÂÓÔÈΛ·ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ¢ڢ˙ˆÓÈ΋˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘, οÔÈÔ ÚÔηٷ‚ÔÏÈÎfi ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜, fiˆ˜ Ë ·ÁÔÚ¿ ÂÓfi˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹, οÔÈÔ ÌË ¯ÚË- Ì·ÙÈÎfi ÚÔηٷ‚ÔÏÈÎfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜, Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙȘ ·‡ÍÔ˘Û˜ ηÌ‡Ï˜ ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛ˘ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÂȉÈÎÒÓ ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÒÓ Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ, Î·È Î·ÓÔÓÈÎfi ÌË ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ë ·ÛÊ·Ï‹˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. √ fiÚÔ˜ «¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜» ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ï¿‚ÂÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÌËÓ›˜. √ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ Web (ηٷӷψ٤˜ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÌÂ
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎfi, Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, ÎfiÛÙÔ˜), ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÊÔÚ¿ Î·È Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ÙÔ˘ Web 95 (‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡˜ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔ- Û¿ıÂÈ· Ô˘ ηٷӷÏÒÓÔ˘Ó). ∫·È ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, Ë Û˘Ó¤¯ÈÛË Ù˘ ‡·Ú͢ ÙÔ˘ ıÂÙÈÎÔ‡ «·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘» ÛÙÔ Web ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ ·Ó ı· ηٷʤÚÔ˘Ì ӷ ‰È·ÙË- Ú‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛËÌ›ˆÓ ¤Ú· ·fi ÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·ÛÙ·ıÔ‡˜ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜. ∞ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù· ¤ÌÌÂÛ· «·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘» ‚Ú›ÛÎÔ˘Ó ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÛÙÔ Web. ŒÓ· ¤ÌÌÂÛÔ «·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘» Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿Ì ÛÙË ‚ÈÔÌ˯·Ó›· ÙˆÓ DVDs. ∏ ·ÁÔÚ¿ ÂÓfi˜ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÔ‡ DVD player ‰ÂÓ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘˜ ηÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ˘ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙÔ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ fiÛÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ È‰ÈÔÎÙËÙÒÓ DVD player, Î·È ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ÔÈ ˘fiÏÔÈÔÈ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔ›, ÙfiÛÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Î·È ÏÔ˘ÛÈfiÙÂÚÔ ı· Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ì‚·Ùfi Ì ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· DVD (Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ı· Â›Ó·È Î·È ÊıËÓfiÙÂÚÔ). ∏ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔ- Ô›ËÛË ·ÚfiÌÔÈˆÓ ¤ÌÌÂÛˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ·ÎfiÌ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ ÛÙÔ ·˙Ï Ù˘ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÙÚfiˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÍ¿ψÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ¶fiÛÔ Â‡ÎÔÏÔ, fï˜, Â›Ó·È Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ì ÙÔ Web Û fiÚÔ˘˜ £ÂˆÚ›·˜ ¶·ÈÁÓ›ˆÓ Î·È ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜; À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂÁÁÂÓ›˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ «·ÏÔ‡˜» ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ·Úfi¯Ô˘˜ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ; ∫·È Í·Ó¿, Ò˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓfiÌ·ÛÙÂ, ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ, ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ, ÙËÓ ÂÍ¿ψÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ÙȘ ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤ- ÚÂÈ; ∞˘Ùfi ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÛÙË ÌÔÓÙÂÏÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÂͤÏÈ͢ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÈÎÙÒÓ Ì ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛË Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ·˘Ù‹. ¶Ò˜ ÂÓÙÔ›˙Ô˘Ì ٷ ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¿ ÛËÌ›· ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜; ªÂ ÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Î·Ù·Û΢¿˙Ô˘Ì ٷ ÛËÌ›· ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜ ÁÈ· ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ·›ÁÓÈ·; ◊, Ò˜ ۯ‰ȿ˙Ô˘Ì Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ı· ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó «Î·Ï‹» Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿; ¶Ò˜ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈԇ̠ÙËÓ ÂÍÂÏÈÎÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ÛÂ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ¢Ú›·˜ Îϛ̷η˜; ÿÛˆ˜ fï˜ ÙÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊÔ˘ ·ÈÁÓ›Ô˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â‡ÚÂÛË ÙˆÓ ÛËÌ›ˆÓ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜ ÛÙÔ ··ÁÔÚ¢ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜, Î·È ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ Ô˘ ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ ÙÔ˘. ∞·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Û ٤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ‰‡Ô Â›‰·. ¶ÚÒÙ· ·fi fiÏ·, Ë Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·‰È·ÊÔÚ›·˜148 Û fiÚÔ˘˜ ˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÙ› Ì ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ÚÔ‹ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ̤۷ ·fi Ù· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ηÏ҉ȷ. √ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ë ‰ÚÔÌÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÚÔÛÙÚÈ‚¤˜ Î·È Ë £ÂˆÚ›· ¶·ÈÁÓ›ˆÓ ¤¯ÂÈ È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ·Í›· ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·˘Ù‹. ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, Ë Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Web ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ÂÏ·¯ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ·¿Ù˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÏÔÈÒÓ ‰··ÓËÚÒÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ. ¢ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ì˯·ÓÈο ηٷÛ΢·Ṳ̂ÓË Ï‡ÛË ÛÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ù˘ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡Ó˘ (·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÙ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 5.4.4), ·ÏÏ¿ ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚ÚÂıÔ‡Ó ÙÚfiÔÈ Î·È Ì˯·ÓÈΤ˜ χÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ Web, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙÂ Ë ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Ó· ·ÓÙ·Ì›‚ÂÙ·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ ÂÈ‚ÔÏ‹ ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ‹ ÙËÓ ·fiÙÔÌË Ì›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÒÏÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ¢ÂÚÁÂÙÈÎÔ‡ «·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘». www 148 ™ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ùfi Ó· ·ÓÙÏËı› ›ÛË ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ·fi fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÔ‡˜ ·Á·ıÒÓ ‹ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ.
4. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web 96 4.2.2 Àԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ŒÓ· ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ (IR). ∏ IR ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È Û ÌÈ· «Ì¿¯Ë ÛÒÌ· Ì ÛÒÌ·» ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˘˜ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÔıË΢ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ ·ÊÂÓfi˜, ηıÒ˜ ·˘ÙÔ› ÔÈ ¯ÒÚÔÈ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ- Á·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔÈ Î·È ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙÂÚÔÈ, Î·È Ù˘ ˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È fiÏÔ Î·È ÈÔ ··ÈÙËÙÈÎÔ› Û fiÚÔ˘˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ·fiÎÚÈÛ˘ Î·È ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË. ŒÓ· ÚÔÊ·Ó¤˜ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ IR ÛÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÙÔ Web ‰ÂÓ ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÌÈ· ∞Ú¯‹ ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜149. √ÔÈÔÛ‰‹ÔÙ Ì ¤Ó·Ó ÏÔÁ·ÚÈ·ÛÌfi Û ¤Ó·Ó ISP150 ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÙÔÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰· ÛÙÔ Web Î·È ˆ˜ ÁÓˆÛÙfiÓ ÙÔ Web ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ı¤·ÙÚÔ ÂÍ¿ψÛ˘ ıˆÚÈÒÓ Û˘ÓˆÌÔÛ›·˜, ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ Ì‡ıˆÓ, ·Û‹Ì·ÓÙˆÓ Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Ê·ÓÙ·Û›·˜. ∂›Û˘, ˘ÔʤÚÂÈ ·fi fiÏ· Ù· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ¿Ó·Ú¯Ë˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛÙ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ··Ú¯·ÈˆÌ¤Ó˜ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Î·È Ù· ·ÓÙ›ÁÚ·Ê·. ¶¿Û¯ÂÈ, Û˘Ó ÙÔȘ ¿ÏÏÔȘ, ·fi fiϘ ÙȘ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ Î·È fiϘ ÙȘ ·ÔÚÈÛٛ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÙˆÓ ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈÛÌÒÓ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ∏ Â- ·ÎÚÈ‚‹˜ ηٷÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌË Û ÌÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰· ˘fi ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË, ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· ÛÔ‚·Úfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ·. ∂› ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, Ë ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ IR ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛı› Û «‹È·» ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· fiÔ˘ Ë Ì¿˙· ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÍÔÚ‡¯ÙËΠ۠ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ §ÔÁÈ΋˜, ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Ù· Ù˘Èο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ¤ÏÏÂȄ˘ ÌÔÙ›‚Ô˘. °È· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ IR Ë Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÂȉfiÛÂˆÓ (benchmarking) ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ Ù›ÓÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Û¯Â‰fiÓ ÔÙ¤ ÂÎÔ‡ÛÈ· ·Ú·Ï·ÓËÙÈ΋. ÕÏϘ ¯Ú‹ÛÈ̘ ÌÈÎÚÔ- ‰Ô̤˜ ·ÚÂÌÊÂÚ›˜ Ì ÙÔ Web, fiˆ˜ Ù· ÂÓ‰Ô‰›ÎÙ˘·, ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È, Â›Û˘, ·fi ÙËÓ Î·Ï‹ ›ÛÙË ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û˘ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜. ∞ÏÏ¿ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È fiÏÔ Î·È ÈÔ Û˘¯Ó¤˜ ÔÈ ÌÔ¯ıËÚ¤˜ ·fiÂÈÚ˜ ˘ÔÓfiÌ¢Û˘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ IR Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ Web Ì ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ. ∏ IR Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Web ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Îϛ̷η Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛ·ıÂÈÒÓ Ó· ‰È·‚ÚˆıÔ‡Ó Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Î·È Ó· Ô‰ËÁËıԇ̠۠ÂÛÊ·Ï̤ӷ Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· [139]. 4.2.3 ∞Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ ∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ IR Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ÂÈÛ‹Á·Á ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ Web ‹Ù·Ó Ë ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë Ù˘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈËı› ¢ÚÂÙÈÎfi˜ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ˘ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘ Î·È ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÙÔ Î¿ÓÔ˘Ó [171, 221], ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÈÌÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÌËÙÚÒÓ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË Û˘Ó‰ÂÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ÙÔÈÎÒÓ ˘Ô-ÁڿʈÓ. √‡ÙÂ Ô ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Kleinberg (HITS), Ô‡ÙÂ Ô ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Page Î·È ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ (PageRank) ··ÈÙ› ¿ÏÏË Â›ÛÔ‰Ô, ¤Ú·Ó Ù˘ «·ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛÙ˘» ‰ÔÌ‹˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ÚÔ˜ Î·È ·fi ÙȘ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜. ∆Ô Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û ·ÓÔÌÔÈfiÙ˘· Â›Ó·È ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÚfiÓÙÔ˜ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜. ªÂ ÔȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì www 149 Quality ∞ssurance - QA. 150 Internet Service Provider. ¶¿ÚÔ¯Ô˜ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘, .¯. OTEnet.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ·ÓÔÌÔÈfiÙ˘˜ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ fiÙ·Ó Ë ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ·ÏÏ¿˙ÂÈ ‰Ú·Ì·ÙÈο Î·È fiÙ·Ó ¿ÏÏ· 97 Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ fiˆ˜ ÂÈÎÂÊ·Ï›‰Â˜, ˘ÔÛ¤Ïȉ· ‹ ÌÔÚÊfiÙ˘· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËı› [76]; £· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· Ì·˜ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ôηχ„Ô˘- Ì ÙȘ ·ÔıËÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˜ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈ̘ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ ÙÔÔıÂÛ›· ÙÔ˘˜; ∂›Ó·È, ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË, ıÂÌÈÙ‹ Ë ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË Ù˘ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, Ì ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ online ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ̤ÚÔ˜ ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÛÙÔ Web; ∞ÍÈÔÏÔÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ ÛÙÔ Web, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· Ì ٷ ¯Ú‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÔʤÚÂÈ Ë ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË [25] –Ë ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘ Google ÛÙÔ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÈÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÙÔ 2004 ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛ ÙËÓ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›· ¿Óˆ ·fi 30 ‰ÈÛÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ‰ÔÏ¿ÚÈ· Û ̛· ÂÍ·ÛıÂÓË̤ÓË ·ÁÔÚ¿151– Â›Ó·È Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈο ÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜. ªÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·fi‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÒÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÍÂÊ˘ÙÚÒÓÔ˘Ó fiÏË ÙËÓ ÒÚ· Î·È ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÙË ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎ›ÏˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÒÓ [76]. √ ÛÎÔfi˜ Ù˘ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Â›Ó·È Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ Ì ÙÔ ·›ÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Ô˘ fiÙ·Ó ÙȘ ÂÈÛÎÂÊı› Ô ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˘ ›Ù ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ›Ù ÙÔ˘ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ÙËÓ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÔÈ ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ IR ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ÌÈ·˜ Ì˯·Ó‹˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ (ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË) Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Û¯ÂÙÈο [280]. ∂›Ó·È ÂÚÈÙÙfi Ó· ԇ̠fiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ „¿¯ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ Ì˯·Ó¤˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È Ô Ì·ÁÈÎfi˜ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ó·Î·ÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, Â›Ó·È Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ·˘Ùfi ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi (ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ, ηٿ ÚÔ- Û¤ÁÁÈÛË) ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Û fiÏÔ ÙÔ Web, Ú¿ÁÌ· Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·Ó ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô. √È Ì˯·Ó¤˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ·ÏÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÛÎÏËÚ¿ ÁÈ· Ó· Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó¯Ҙ ÂÓËÌÂڈ̤Ó˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·, ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÚÎÔ‡˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÈÎÙÒÓ fiÛÔ ÈÔ Û˘¯Ó¿ Á›ÓÂÙ·È, ‰È·ÙËÚÒÓÙ·˜, fï˜, ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ÛÙÔ ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚÔ ‰˘Ó·Ùfi Â›Â‰Ô ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÙÔ Web ÂÍ·ÏÒÓÂÙ·È Î·È ÔÈ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ (Î·È ÔÈ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ ·Ú·Û΋ÓÈÔ) ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È Û˘Ó¯Ҙ [43]. √È Ì˯·Ó¤˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚÈıÔ‡Ó Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ‰È¿ÊÔÚˆÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ fiˆ˜ Ë Î¿Ï˘„‹ ÙÔ˘˜ (Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÁÎÂ- ÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· οı ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ Ì˯·Ó‹), Ë Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÈÛÙÚ¿- ÊËÎ·Ó ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·, Ô ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ Ô˘ ·ÏËÛ ‹ Ë ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ. Ÿˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓÔ, ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ Ì˯·Ó¤˜ ·Ô‰›‰Ô˘Ó ηϿ Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ [76]. 4.2.4 ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ› ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ ∏ ηٷÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web ¤¯ÂÈ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÛËÌ·Û›·, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙ·ıÂÚÒÓ Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ ÛÙÔ Web ηÈ, Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙË ¯¿Ú·ÍË ÙÔ˘ Ô‰ÈÎÔ‡ ¯¿ÚÙË ÙˆÓ ÂÂÎÙ¿ÛÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘. ªÈ· ·ÍÈÔÛËÌ›ˆÙË È‰ÈfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ η٤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È Ë ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙȘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ˘ÔÓfiÌ¢Û˘. √‡Ù ÔÈ ¯¿ÎÂÚ˜, Ô‡Ù ٷ ·Ó·fiÊ¢ÎÙ· ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·Ù· ÛÙÔ Ê˘ÛÈÎfi ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ‰È·Ù·Ú¿ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Web. ∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È ·Ó Â›Ó·È ¯·Ï·- www 151 ∏ ·Í›· Ù˘ Google Â›Ó·È ÂÚ›Ô˘ 161 ‰ÈÛÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ‰ÔÏ¿ÚÈ· (‚¿ÛÂÈ Ù˘ ÙÈÌ‹˜ Ù˘ ÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÛÙȘ 11/9/2007).
4. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web 98 Ṳ̂ÓÔ˜ ¤Ó·˜ ‰ÚÔÌÔÏÔÁËÙ‹˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û·Ú¿ÓÙ·, ‰ÂÓ ÚÔηÏÂ›Ù·È ÙÔ ·Ú·ÌÈÎÚfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ·. √ Barabasi Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘ [253] ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÊÈÏÙÚ·Ú›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ (percolation theory). ∆Ë ÌÂϤÙË, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, Ù˘ ÙÔÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ηٷÓÔÌ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÔ¯ÒÓ ÛÙ· ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·Ù· Û ¤Ó· ȉ·ÓÈÎfi ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÁÈ· ÔÏ˘Ì¤Û· ‰‡Ô ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚˆÓ ‰È·- ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ [119]. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÂȂ‚·ÈÒıËΠfiÙÈ ÁÈ· Ù· ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙ‹ÙÔ˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ‰›ÎÙ˘·, Ì ÂÎı¤ÙË Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ G<3 (Ì ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ Ë Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙËÓ ÂÎıÂÙÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹), Ë Ù˘¯·›· ·Ê·›ÚÂÛË ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ ‰ÂÓ ı· ηٷÙÌ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Û ·Û˘Ó¯‹ ÓËÛÈ¿ [63]. Ÿˆ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ‰ÂÈ Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÒÚ·, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ ÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ Îϛ̷η˜ Ì ÂÎıÂÙÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹ Î·È ÂÎı¤ÙË G ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙÔ 3, Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÙÔ ÙÂÌ·¯›ÛÔ˘ÌÂ. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ô Cohen Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘ [63] ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·fi‰ÂÈÍË Ù˘ ·ÓıÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ˆ˜ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘. ∆· ıˆÚËÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÂÌÂÈÚÈΤ˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ë ·ÔÌ¿ÎÚ˘ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ 80% ÙˆÓ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ ÂÓfi˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ ·fi ÙËÓ Îϛ̷η, ÙÔ ‰È·ÙËÚ› ˆ˜ Û˘Ì·Á‹ Î·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓË Û˘ÛÙ¿‰· [21]. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Ë ıˆڛ· ÊÈÏÙÚ·Ú›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ηٷϋÁÂÈ ÛÙÔ fiÙÈ Ù· ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· Îϛ̷η˜ ‰›ÎÙ˘· Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ οÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÈÔ Â˘¿ÏˆÙ· Û ÌÈ· ηÙ¢ı˘ÓfiÌÂÓË Î·È Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈṲ̂ÓË Â›ıÂÛË, ·ÚfiÙÈ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ì·Á‹ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Û ¤Ó· Ù˘¯·›Ô ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·. ªË Ù˘¯·›· ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·Ù· Î·È ÂÈı¤- ÛÂȘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÔÊÈο ·Ó Â›Ó·È ÛÙÔ¯Â˘Ì¤Ó· Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ·Ó ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È ÚÔ˜ ÔÏ˘-Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜. ŒÓ· ÛÊ¿ÏÌ· Û ¤Ó· ÌÈÎÚfi ·ÚÈıÌfi ÔÌÊ·ÏÒÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·˘Í‹ÛÂÈ ‰Ú·Ì·ÙÈο ÙË ‰È¿ÌÂÙÚÔ ÙÔ˘ Web (Û fiÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÎÏÈÎ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· Ó· ÌÂÙ·‚ԇ̠·fi ÌÈ· Ù˘¯·›· ÂÈÏÂÁ̤ÓË «ÛÂÏ›‰·» Û ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ¿ÏÏË), Î·È ¤Ó· ÛÊ¿ÏÌ· Û ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ·ÚÈıÌfi ÔÏ˘-Û˘Ó‰Â‰ÂÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚˆÓ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÙÌËÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË [64]. 4.2.5 ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ∫·ıÒ˜ ÙÔ Web ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È ÁÈ· Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ¿‚ÂÈ ¤Ó· ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÔÈ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Web Û˘Ó˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó online Î·È ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜, Ë ÈÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û· ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù‹ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ô ÂÏ¿Ù˘ ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È Û Â·Ê‹ Ì ÙÔÓ ¿ÚÔ¯Ô ˘ËÚÂÛ›·˜. ∏ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓË ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ οÓÂÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË Î·È Û˘Ó·Ú·ÛÙÈ΋ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Ó¤ˆÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ, ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÒÓ Î·È ıˆÚÈÒÓ. ∏ ıˆڛ· ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Petri [269, 298], ¤Ú·Ó ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ, ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ê·Ó› ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË ÛÙËÓ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÒÓ Î·Ù·ÓÂÌËÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ¢ÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Web. ™ÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË, Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ıÂÒÚËÛË, ÚÔÛı¤ÙÂÈ ÙË ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÛÙËÓ È‰¤· Ù˘ Ì˯·Ó‹˜ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ (state machine), Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔÙ·ı› ˆ˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÌÔÓÙÂÏÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Web [296]. √È ÕÏÁ‚Ú˜ ¢È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ, fiˆ˜ Ë CSP152 [141] ‹ Ë CCS153 [203]) ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó, Â›Û˘, Ó· Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÍÂȉ›Î¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ˘ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ¶·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ¤Ó· ‰È¿Ó˘ÛÌ· Ì www 152 Communicating Sequential Processes. 153 Calculus of Communicating Systems.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋˜ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ 99 ÂÈÛfi‰ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÍfi‰ˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, fiˆ˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ, ÛÂÈÚ¤˜ ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ, Û˘Ó·ÚÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜, ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Î·È Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ Û˘Á¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡. ªÈ· ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ÂͤÏÈÍË Â›Ó·È Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ -¿ÏÁ‚ڷ˜ (Ë ÔÓÔÌ·Û›· Ù˘ Â›Ó·È ·Ó¿ÏÔÁË Ì ÙË Ï-¿ÏÁ‚ڷ), Ë ÔÔ›· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ ÕÏÁ‚ڷ˜ ¢È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ (ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ¤Ó· ·Ú·ÎÏ¿‰È Ù˘ CCS) Î·È ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ù˘ ÊÔÚËÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ. ∏ -¿ÏÁ‚ڷ Â›Ó·È ÂÎÔ‡ÛÈ· ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘ ‡ÚÔ˘˜ (ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ Î¿ÙÈ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ·fi ηӿÏÈ· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ¤˜, Â·Ó¿ÏË„Ë Î·È Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓË ¯Ú‹ÛË), ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÔÚ› ‡ÎÔÏ· Ó· ÂÂÎÙ·ı› ÁÈ· Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ¿‚ÂÈ Û˘Ó·ÚÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÚÒÙ˘ Ù¿Í˘ Î·È ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ [204, 1]. Ÿˆ˜ ›‰·Ì ÛÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 3.3.1 ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÁψÛÛÒÓ Ô˘ ı· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Web (fiˆ˜ Ë CDL ‹ Ë BPEL), Î·È Èı·Ófiٷٷ, Ù· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿- ÛÙËÎ·Ó Û ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÔ˘Ó Ù¤ÙÔȘ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜. À¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ¤ÓÙÔÓË ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ٷ ‰›ÎÙ˘· Petri Î·È ÙËÓ -¿ÏÁ‚ڷ [24], Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ Î·È ·˘ÙÒÓ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÙȘ ÁÚ·ÌÌÈΤ˜ ÕÏÁ‚Ú˜ ¢È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ [276].
100 5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ
101 ∆Ô Web Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÂÓۈ̷و̤ÓÔ ÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Î·È Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÍ·ÚٿٷÈ, ÂÓ ÔÏÏÔ›˜, ·fi ÙÔ ·Ó Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÛˆÛÙ¿ Ë ÂÓۈ̿وÛË ·˘Ù‹, fiˆ˜ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Î·È Ì ÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘. ™Â ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·, ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi, ÙÔ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi Î·È ÙÔ ËıÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ·Ó·Ï‡Ô˘Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ηٷÛ΢‹˜. ∏ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ·˘Ù‹ ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ ‹ ıÂÛÌÒÓ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘, ı¤Ì·Ù· Ù· ÔÔ›· ηχÙÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 6. 5.1 ∂ÚÌËÓ›·, Û˘ÓÂ·ÁˆÁ‹ Î·È ıÂÌÂÏ›ˆÛË Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ ¶Ôχ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÙÔ Web Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÓÙÈÏËÙfi ˆ˜ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÂÈ¤‰ˆÓ, ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ, ÁψÛÛÒÓ ‹ ÚˆÙÔÎfiÏψÓ, Ô˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ Ï·ÙÊfiÚ̘ ¿Óˆ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÙÔÔıÂÙËıÔ‡Ó Ó¤ÔÈ, ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ Î·È ÈÔ ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎÔ› ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÔ›. √È Ï·ÙÊfiÚ̘ ·˘Ù¤˜, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ TCP/IP, ÂȉÈÒÎÔ˘Ó ÛÎfiÈÌ· Ó· Â›Ó·È fiÛÔ ÈÔ Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚ˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È. ∆Ô SW Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÚÔÊ·Ó¤˜ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÌÈ·˜ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Ô¯ÈÎÒÓ ÂÈ¤‰ˆÓ, Ô˘ fï˜ Â›Ó·È ÌË Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÙÈ΋ [32]. √È Ï·ÙÊfiÚ̘ ‰È·‰Ô¯ÈÎÒÓ ÂÈ¤‰ˆÓ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·ÏÔÔÈËÙÈΤ˜. ¢ËÏ·‰‹, Ù· ·ÓÒÙÂÚ· Â›‰· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙ· ηÙÒÙÂÚ· Â›‰·. ¶ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ, fï˜, ¤Ó· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ Û Â›‰·. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, fiÛÔ ÈÔ ÎÔÓÙ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÚ˘Ê‹ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË, ÙfiÛÔ ÈÔ Èı·Ófi Â›Ó·È Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÓfiËÌ·. ªÂ ·˘Ùfi ı¤ÏÔ˘Ì ӷ ԇ̠ˆ˜, ·Ú¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÌÈ· ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ·˘ÛÙËÚ‹ Û‡ÓÙ·ÍË (Î·È Èı·ÓÒ˜ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·), ÁÈ· Ó· Â›Ó·È ÛÔ˘‰·›· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ì ¤Ó·Ó ¤Í˘ÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ Ó· ‰È·Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ÏfiÁÔ. ™ÙÔ ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ SW, ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Â͢ËÚÂÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ¤ÏÂÛË Ù˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ù˘ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Î·È ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó ÙË ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ˘ Î·È Ì ÓfiËÌ· ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔÓ ¿ÓıÚˆÔ Î·È ÙË Ì˯·Ó‹ [97]. ∂ÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ÍÂηı·Ú›ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ·˘ÙÔ› ÔÈ Ù‡ÔÈ ·ÔÙ‡ˆÛ˘ Î·È ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛ˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ì·ÁÈÎÔ›. √È ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, ˆ˜ Ù¯ÓËÙ¤˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜, ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙Ô˘Ó ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËÎ·Ó Î·È Ù›ÔÙ· ·Ú·¿ÓˆØ ·ÔÙ˘ÒÓÔ˘Ó ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛÙÔÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ÏfiÁÔ ÙȘ ‰Ô̤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ [113, 289]. ™Â ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘˜ ‰ÔÌË̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚÌ·- ÏÈÛÌÔ‡˜, fiˆ˜ Ù· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· (queries) [39]. ∞fi ÌÈ· ÔÙÈ΋ ÁˆÓ›· Ì¿˜ ı˘Ì›˙ÂÈ ÙË ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈ΋ ȉ¤· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ [168, 169]. ŒÓ· ÙÌ‹Ì· ÏfiÁÔ˘ ‹ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂˆÓ ∞ Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È ¤Ó· ¿ÏÏÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ µ, fiÙ·Ó ÌÈ· ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÛÙÔ ∞ Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÛÙÔ µ, ¯ˆÚ›˜ fï˜ Ó· ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙÔ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊÔ. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË ıˆڛ· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ‰›Ù˘¯Ô Ó‡̷/Ì˘·Ïfi, οı ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ ÛÙËÓ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È Î¿ÔȘ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÁÎÂÊ¿ÏÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÈ· ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÁÎÂÊ¿ÏÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· Î·È ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ ÛÙËÓ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË. ∏ Û˘ÓÂ·ÁˆÁ‹ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁˆÁ‹. ªÈ· ·Ó·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ıÂÒÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰›Ù˘¯Ô˘ Ó‡̷/Ì˘·Ïfi ı· Û‹Ì·ÈÓ fiÙÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ˜ ı·
5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ 102 ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ Û˘Ó·Á¿ÁÂÈ ÙËÓ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ·fi ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÁÎÂÊ¿ÏÔ˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ fiÙÈ Ë æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ÙȘ ¡Â˘ÚÔÂÈÛً̘. Œ¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯÙ› ·Ó¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÈÒÓ˜ fiÙÈ Ë Û˘ÓÂ·ÁˆÁ‹ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ηÏfi˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜ Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÓÔ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜: ÙÔ ·ÓÂÚ- Ì‹Ó¢ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi ÛÙ· ¯·ÌËÏ¿ Â›‰· ÙÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓÔ Ì ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi ÛÙ· ·ÓÒÙÂÚ· Â›‰· ·Ó·ÁηÛÙÈο Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÓfiËÌ·. ÿÛˆ˜ Ó· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛÎÂÊÙfiÌ·ÛÙ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Web ¤¯ÂÈ ·˘Ù‹ ÙË Û˘ÓÂ·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ Û Â›‰·. ∆· ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÌ·Ù· Ì ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ÓfiËÌ· ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÚ˘Ê‹ Î·È ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈο ·fi Ù· ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÌ·Ù· ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÓfiËÌ·, fiˆ˜ Ë HTML Î·È Ë XML ‹ ÔÙȉ‹ÔÙ ¿ÏÏÔ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ·fi οو. ∞Ó ˘Ôı¤ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Ù· ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚ· Â›‰· ÛÙËÓ ˘Ú·Ì›‰· ÙÔ˘ Web ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙˆÓ ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚˆÓ, ÙfiÙÂ Ë ÂÚÒÙËÛË Ô˘ ·Ó·Î‡ÙÂÈ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ıÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ ÂÈ¤‰ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ·ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÛÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ô˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·˘Ù¿ Ù· Â›‰·. ¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ Âȯ›ÚËÌ· Ù˘ ıÂÌÂÏ›ˆÛ˘ Û˘Ì‚fiψÓ154 (Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ó· ·ÔʇÁÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ÂӉ¯fiÌÂÓÔ Ó· ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Ë ÂÚÌË- Ó›· ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ ÌfiÓÔ Û ¿ÏÏ· ۇ̂ÔÏ·, Î·È ·ÓÙ› ·˘ÙÔ‡ Ó· ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Û ÌÈ· ·¢ı›·˜ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË Ì ÙÔ ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ ÛÙÔȯ›Ô155 [129, 130], (··›ÙËÛË Ë ÔÔ›· Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Wittgenstein Î·È ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÈηÓÔÔÈËı› [291]) ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ì ӷ ‰Ô‡Ì οÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ ·fi ·ÓÂÚÌ‹ÓÂ˘Ù· ۇ̂ÔÏ· Ó· ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙Ô˘Ó ˙ˆÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ. «TÔ ÓfiËÌ· ˆ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛË» Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Ôχ ÁÓˆÛÙfi Û‡ÓıËÌ· ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ȉ¤· Ù˘ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Wittgenstein ÁÈ· ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ·. ∏ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚË Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ, ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜, ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÙÔ ÓfiËÌ· ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ ˆ˜ ÙÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ù˘. ∆Ô ›‰ÈÔ ÛÎÂÙÈÎfi ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È Î·È ÛÙÔ SW, Ì ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ fiÙÈ ÁÂÓÓ¿Ù·È ¤Ó· ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ·, ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙÔ˘. ™ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, Ë ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ‹ Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·˘ÙfiÌ·Ù· ·fi ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜. °È’ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÍÂοı·ÚÔ ·Ó ÔÈ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ› ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÎÒ‰Èη ‹ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ¯Ú‹ÛÂˆÓ ı· ηٷʤÚÔ˘Ó Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÔÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Ì ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ SW, Ë ÔÔ›· ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ §ÔÁÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ ÁÈ· ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘˜ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ˘˜ URIs ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈ Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÙÔ˘˜ ·˘ÙfiÌ·ÙÔ˘˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ‰›·. ªÈ· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ˆ˜ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙ‹ Ù˘ ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÓÔ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, Ô˘ ı˘Ì›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ıˆ- ڛ˜ Ù˘ Hilary Putnam [233]. ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÙÔ SW ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Û ¤Ó· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Û¯ÂÛÈ·- ÎÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, Ì ÙȘ Ì˯·Ó¤˜ Ó· ÂÈÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜, ‰ÂÓ Ô‰ËÁ› ηْ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÛÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ §ÔÁÈ΋˜, Ù· ÔÔ›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙfiÛÔ ‰˘ÛÎÔχÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Ù˘ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ Ë Û˘˙‹ÙË- ÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ URIs Ô˘ ¤ÁÈÓ ÚˆÙ‡ÙÂÚ· ÛÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 3.1.2 Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÂÈ- ϤÔÓ ÁÓÒÛË ÁÈ· Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ·˘Ù¿. www 154 Symbol grounding. 155 Referent. ™ÙË §ÔÁÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Ô ÚÒÙÔ˜ fiÚÔ˜ Û ÌÈ· ÚfiÙ·ÛË Î·È ·˘Ùfi˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›ÔÓ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web 5.2 ∏ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔ Web 103 5.2.1 ∆È ¿ÏÏÔ ı· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ; Ÿˆ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ‰ÂÈ Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÒÚ·, ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web ·Ó·Î‡ÙÂÈ ÌÈ· ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜, ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈΤ˜ ‹ §ÔÁÈΤ˜ Ú›˙˜. ¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ Ô˘ ÔÈ «Ú·ÎÙÈÎÔ› Ù¯ӛÙ˜» ÌÈ·˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Í·ÊÓÈο Ó· ÂÍÔÈÎÂȈıÔ‡Ó Ì ÙËÓ ºÈÏÔÛÔÊÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋. ∆Ô Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÛÙËÓ ∆¯ÓËÙ‹ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË (∆¡) ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚˆÓfiÙ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÁÂÓÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfiÛÈÌˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜. ∏ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·˘Ù‹ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ ¤Ó·Ó ÈÛ¯˘Úfi, Î·È ÂÎ ÚÒÙ˘ fi„ˆ˜ ‡ÏÔÁÔ, Ô‰ËÁfi ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ÛÙËÓ ∆¡ ηٿ ÙȘ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ 1960 Î·È 1970, Ë ÔÔ›· fï˜ ÂÓ Ù¤ÏÂÈ Î·Ù¤ÚÚ¢Û ·fi ÙȘ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÚԉȷÁÚ·ÊÒÓ Ù˘ §ÔÁÈ΋˜ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔ- ÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ·˘ı·›ÚÂÙ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ. ∏ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ·˘Ù‹ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ Ó¤·˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜ Ì ÙËÓ ˘ÔÙÈÌËÙÈ΋ ÔÓÔÌ·Û›· «∏ ·ÏÈ¿, ηϋ ∆¯ÓËÙ‹ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË» (GOFAI)156. ªÂÚÈÎÔ› ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ GOFAI ·ÚÂÌÔ‰›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ- ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ·-Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÁÈ· Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·. ∆Ô Úfi‚ÏËÌ·- Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÛÙËÓ ∆¡ Û˘Ó›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÂÈ Ô ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹˜ ÙËÓ ·ÏÔ‡ÛÙÂÚË ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÂÈ Ù· ¿ÓÙ·. ¢ËÏ·‰‹, ηıÒ˜ Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ô˘ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁԇ̠ÛÙÔÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ Â›Ó·È ‰È¿¯˘ÙÔ˜ Û fiϘ ÙȘ ÂÎÊ¿ÓÛÂȘ Ù˘ ¤ÎÊÚ·Û‹˜ Ì·˜, η̛· ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ‹ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛı› Û fiÚÔ˘˜ ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ ÂÌ‚¤ÏÂÈ·˜ [133, 82]. ∞fi ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë ∆¡ ‰ÂÓ ı· ÌÔÚ¤ÛÂÈ Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË §ÔÁÈ΋ ¤ˆ˜ fiÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› ÌÈ· Û˘Ì·Á‹˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› Ô ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹˜ ÁÈ· Ó· Û¯ËÌ·Ù›ÛÂÈ §ÔÁÈο ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜Ø Û‡Ó- ‰ÂÛË Ë ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ ∆¡ [129, 130]. ªÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ô ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹˜ ‹ ÙÔ ÚÔÌfiÙ. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ÔÈ ÂÈÎÚ›ÛÂȘ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ Â›Ó·È ‹ÛÛÔÓÔ˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙȘ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È §ÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜ ˘ÏÒÓ˜ ÙÔ˘ GOFAI [255]. ¢ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú·Ï›„Ô˘Ì fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ıÂÙÈο ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· ˘¤Ú ÙÔ˘ GOFAI Ù· ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ı¤Ì·Ù· ∆¡. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙÔ Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙ˆ Ò˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Î¿ÙÈ («knowing how») Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÁÈ· ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ú¿ÁÌ· («knowing that») Î·È ·˘Ù‹ Ë ‰È·‰ÈηÛÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË, ¤Ú· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘, Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· Û¯¤ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ·ÈÙ›· ‰Ú¿Û˘ Î·È ÙË ‰È·Ù˘ˆÌ¤ÓË ÚfiÙ·ÛË [267]. µ¤‚·È·, ‰ÂÓ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ˘Ô¯ÚˆÙÈο Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜. Œ¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÙ·ı› ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ GOFAI ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ, ÔÈ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓ˜ «¯·˙¤˜» ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡˜. Œ¯ÂÈ ·Ô‰Âȯı›, fï˜, fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ·˘ÙÔ›, ·Ú¿ ÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë «Â˘Ê˘˝·˜» (fiˆ˜ ÔÈ PageRank, IR, NLP) Û˘ÌÂÚÈʤÚÔÓÙ·È Ôχ ÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο. ∂›Ó·È ÂÔ›ıËÛË ÌÂÚÈÎÒÓ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Web, Î·È ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ SW, ·ÂÈÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· Ï¿ıË Ì ·˘Ù¿ ÙÔ˘ GOFAI. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ www 156 Good Old Fashioned AI.
5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ 104 Ô˘ ·ÔÛÎÔ› ÛÙË ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È fi,ÙÈ ·˘Ùfi Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È, ¤¯ÂÈ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ Ó· ÈÛÙÂ‡Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ıˆڛ·˜ ÙˆÓ ¿ÓÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ [158]. ∆Ô Â˘Ú¤ˆ˜ ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ ¤ÚÁÔ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÓÔÌ·Û›· CYC, ·ÚfiÙÈ ÛÙfi¯Â˘Â ÛÙË ‰Ë- ÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ ÁÈÁ·ÓÙÈ·›·˜ ‚¿Û˘ ÁÓÒÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˘ Ì˯·Ó‹˜ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂ- Ú·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ô˘ ı· ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ˙·Ó ÙËÓ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›· Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ «ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÏÔÁÈ΋» [183], ‰ÂÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ì¤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ÒÛÂÈ ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈΤ˜ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ. ∆ËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹, Ë Â›ÛËÌË Ù¿ÛË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈÎÒÓ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ [124, 106, 210] Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Î·Ù·ÙÔË̤- ÓË Î·È ÂÚ›ÏÔÎË, ·ÚfiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ηٷÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏÔÛ˘Û¯¤- ÙÈÛË ÂÈÎ·Ï˘ÙfiÌÂÓˆÓ «ÂÏ·ÊÚÈÒÓ» ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ (ˆ˜ οÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ «‚·ÚÈ¿˜» ‹ «‚·ıÈ¿˜» ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜) [228]. ∂Ó Ù¤ÏÂÈ, fï˜, ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙÔ Âȯ›ÚËÌ· fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ηٷÓÂÌË̤Ó˘ Î·È ÔÏ˘Û¯È‰Ô‡˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·Ó·fiÛ·ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·fiÎÙËÛË Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Ô ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌfi˜ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Web Î·È ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙÔ SW ı· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘Ó ›‰È· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ì ÙÔ GOFAI, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍÂÙ·Ûı› ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, Ù˘ ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ˘Ô‚ÔÏ‹˜ ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ۯÂÛȷο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ô˘ ÔÚ·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÙ·È Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ SW. ◊‰Ë ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡ ÛÎÔÔ‡ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË Î·È ÙË Û˘Á¯ÒÓ¢ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ·ÚÈıÌfi Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Î·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙË Û˘ÚÚ·Ê‹ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ì ۯÂÙÈΤ˜ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ·Ê‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÂÚÌËÓ›˜ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ. √È ÂÚÌËÓ›˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó Î·Ù’ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈο Û˘ÓÂÔ‡˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜. ∆Ô SW ÁÂÓÈ·ÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÛÂ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·Û˘ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË Û˘ÓfiÏˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ¶¤Ú·Ó ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘, fï˜, ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÂÈϤÔÓ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Ù˘ ı¤Û˘ fiÙÈ ÙÔ SW ‰ÂÓ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È Ó· ˘ÔʤÚÂÈ ·fi Ù· ıˆÚËÙÈο Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ GOFAI. ¶ÈÔ ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚÒ˜, ÙÔ SW ‰ÂÓ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÛ‰Ôο ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈ¤‰Ô˘ Ù˘ Â˘Ê˘˝·˜ Ô˘ ÔÚ·Ì·Ù›ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÔÈ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔ› ÙÔ˘ GOFAI. √È ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ χÛÂȘ ı· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó, Î·È Û ·˘Ù¤˜ ·ÔÛÎÔ› ÙÔ SW. £· ‹Ù·Ó Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· ıÂÙÈÎfi Â¿Ó ¤Ó· Ù¯ÓËÙfi ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÌ· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ·Ú·Á¿ÁÂÈ ÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÍ·Á¿ÁÂÈ ¤Ó· ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ÔÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Ô ÚËÙfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ SW. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ÙÔ SW ‰ÂÓ ı· ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÔÙ‡¯ÂÈ ·Ó ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù·Ê¤ÚÂÈ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ Ù¯ÓÔ‡ÚÁËÌ·. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web, Ë ÔÔ›· ı· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, Ì ÈÔ Â‡ÎÔÏÔ ÙÚfiÔ, ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ·fiÎÚÈÛË ÛÙ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù·. ∆Ô GOFAI ·ÔÛÎÔÔ‡Û ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÂÓfi˜ Â˘Ê˘Ô‡˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙ· Â›‰· Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ Â˘Ê˘˝·˜, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ SW ı· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔÓ Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË Â˘Ê˘˝· (Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, ¤Ó·Ó ¿ÓıÚˆÔ) ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë, ÚfiÛÏË„Ë Î·È ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ [17]. Œ¯ÂÈ ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›· Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Â›Ó·È ÏÈÁfi- ÙÂÚÔ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ fiÙ·Ó ÂȉˆıÔ‡Ó ·fi ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÔÙÈ΋ ÁˆÓ›·. √ Bouquet Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ C-OWL (‹ Context-OWL) ˆ˜ ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ô˘ ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ·fi Ù· Û˘ÌÊÚ·˙fiÌÂÓ· [41]. ∂›Û˘, ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ¤Ó·˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ‹˜ ıˆÚ› ÙÔ SW ˆ˜ ÙÔ ‰˘ÓËÙÈÎfi ÛˆÙ‹Ú· Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ÛÙ· ŒÌÂÈÚ· ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·. ™Ù· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ·˘Ù¿, Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ÁÓÒÛˆÓ, ÂÍ·Ó·Áο˙Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Û ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Î·È ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ Î·ÏÔ‡È. ∆· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó 105 ÛÙÔ Î·ÏÔ‡È ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙÒÓÙ·È, ÂÓÒ Ë ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÛÙ·‰È·Î‹ ˘fiıÂÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· ηıÔ‰ËÁÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ÁψÛÛÒÓ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘157. ™ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ·˘Ù‹, ÙÔ SW ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˘ ¢ÂÏÈÍ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó··- Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÓۈ̿وÛË Ù˘ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓ˘ ÏÔÁÈ΋˜. √È Â˘ÚÔÛ¿ÚÌÔÛÙ˜ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ˘ÂÚ-ÁÓˆÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ158, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÂÍÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ Î·È ÔÏÏ·Ϥ˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ ‹ ·ÚfiÌÔÈ·˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÈÔ Â˘¤- ÏÈÎÙ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ Î·È ÙËÓ Â·Ó·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË [110]. 5.2.2 ∂Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎÔ› ÙÚfiÔÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏÔ› ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ› Ù‡ÔÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Ï›ÁÔÈ Â›Ó·È ÂΛÓÔÈ ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÂÈ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ò˜ ÛÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ ÁÚ·ÌÌÈ΋˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ‰È¿ÊÔÚˆÓ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ. ¶ÔȘ, fï˜, Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ Ô˘ ‰È¢ÎfiÏ˘Ó·Ó ÙÔ Web; ªÈ· ÚÔÊ·Ó‹˜ ˘Ô„‹ÊÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë ÚÔÛÂÙ·ÈÚÈÛÙÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋159, ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ› Û¯ËÌ·Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÈÚÌÒÓ Î·È ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ·Úfi‚ÏÂÙÔÈ Î·È ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎÔ›, ÂÎÙÚԯȿ˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ÙÚ¤ÓÔ Ù˘ ÛΤ„˘ [202]. ŒÓ· ÎÏ·ÛÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÈÚÌÈ΋˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ Ô˘ ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙË ÓÔ˘‚¤Ï· ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔ˘ÛÙ Ì ٛÙÏÔ «∞Ó·˙ËÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ¯·Ì¤ÓÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ»160. ªÈ·˜ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ô ÌÂÛ‹ÏÈη˜ ·ÊËÁËÙ‹˜, ÂÓfiÛˆ ÙÚÒÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÚ›ÊËÌÔ ÎÔ˘ÏÔ˘Ú¿ÎÈ ÙÔ˘ ‚Ô˘ÙËÁ̤ÓÔ Û ÙÛ¿È, ÌÂٷʤÚÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ·È‰Èο ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÛÙËÓ Combray fiÙ·Ó Ô ı›Ԙ Leonie ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛ¤ÊÂÚ ÙÔ ¤‰ÂÛÌ· ·˘Ùfi οı ∫˘Úȷ΋ Úˆ›. ∆· ‰˘ÓËÙÈο fiÚÈ· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÈÚÌÈ΋˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈ·, ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Ôχ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈ˙fiÌÂÓˆÓ ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ È‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Ô ÌÈÎÚfiÎÔÛÌÔ˜ ·˘Ùfi˜. √È ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ù‡Ô˘ Google, ·ÚfiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ·‰È·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙ· ÔχÙÈ̘, Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÌÂÚÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ÙˆÓ ÌÈÎÚÒÓ Î·È ·ÓÙ·¯Ô‡ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÒÓ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ, ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ÓÂÌËÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ [127]. ∂ÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, Ë Û˘ÓÂÈÚÌÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ ·ÚfiÙÈ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÂÏ΢ÛÙÈ΋ Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÔÓfi‰ÚÔÌÔ˜. ∏ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿ ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙË Û˘ÓÂÈÚÌÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÔÈ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·, ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ô˘ ÙÔÔıÂÙ› Î·È ÙȘ ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ ¤ÁÁÚ·ÊÔ. ∆Ô ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô ÛÙË ÛÎËÓ‹ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔ˘ÛÙ Â›Ó·È ˆ˜ Ô ª·ÚÛ¤Ï ‰·ÁÎÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÎÔ˘ÏÔ˘Ú¿ÎÈ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ Í·ÊÓÈο ÚÔÛÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙȘ ÌӋ̘ ÙÔ˘ ÊÔ‡ÚÓ·ÚË. ∏ ÂχıÂÚË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË Ó· ÙÔÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ ‰Ô̤˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ Û ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û˜ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜, οÓÔÓÙ·˜ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ fiˆ˜ Ù· ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÍÂÙ·˙fiÌÂÓË ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰·, ÙȘ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Î·È Ù· ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ [54]. •Âοı·Ú·, Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÌÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ÎÈÓËÙ‹ÚȘ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Web, ˆ˜ ËÁ‹ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Î·È ˆ˜ ̤ÛÔ ·Ôı‹Î¢Û˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ∏ Û˘ÓÂÈÚÌÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ¤¯ÂÈ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› www 157 Knowledge Representation Languages (KRL). 158 Hyper-knowledge bases. 159 Associative reasoning. 160 «Remembrance of Things Past».
5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ 106 ÛÙÔ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎfi ÊÈÏÙÚ¿ÚÈÛÌ·161 ÛÙ· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ162 [177]. ŒÓ·˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˜ Ù‡Ô˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋163. ∞ÔÙÂÏ› ·ÎfiÌ· ÌÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ôχ ·‚¤‚·È˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜, ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Ì ȉȷÈÙ¤Úˆ˜ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ Ù· ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ· fiÓÙ·. ∏ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Ì ÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ·ÚfiÌÔÈˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ‰‡Ô ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıË ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ Ù· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ·˘Ù¿ η٤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÎÔÈÓ¿ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ·Ó ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ∞ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ È‰ÈfiÙËÙ· ƒ ÙfiÙ ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈο Î·È ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ µ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ȉÈfiÙËÙ· [109]. ¶ÚÔÊ·ÓÒ˜, Ë ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Ù˘ ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈ΋˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·ÊÂÓfi˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ‡·Ú- ÍË ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· Ù· ‰‡Ô ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·, Ô˘ ı· ηٷÛÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ‰˘Ó·Ùfi ÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈÒÓ, Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈÎfi Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË. ∏ ÂÚÈÙˆÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋164 Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈ΋˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜. ∏ ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· [199] Î·È Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› Ì˯·Ó¤˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ [266]. ¶ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ÂÌÊ·Ó›ÛıËΠÛÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ¤Ó· Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈ΋˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì fiÚÔ˘˜ [299]. ∂›Û˘, ÔÈ ÂÚÈÙˆÛÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÂÚÌËÓ›˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Ê·ÓÔ‡Ó ¯Ú‹ÛÈ̘ Û ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ fiÔ˘ Ù· ·ÈÙÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈο ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·‰‡Ó·Ì· [214]. ™Â ¤Ó· ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ·fi ÔÏÏ·Ϥ˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, ÔÈ ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈ̘, ηıÒ˜ Ë Û˘Ï- ÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔ¯ˆÚ¿ ·fi ÙÔ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÒÓ ÛÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ. ∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, ‚¤‚·È·, Ë ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÔÙÈ΋˜ ÁˆÓ›·˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÚÈϤÍÂÈ Ù· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù·. Œ¯Ô˘Ó ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ÂӉȷ- ʤÚÔ˘Û˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Ù˘ ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈ΋˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ (Ï.¯. CBR) Û ÂÚ›ÏÔΘ ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤Ó˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ [70] ηÈ, ÂÈϤÔÓ, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› ÂÂ- ÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ XML ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË Ù˘ ÂÚÈÙˆÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ [66]. 5.2.3 ™˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ οو ·fi ·Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·165 To Web Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ̤ÛÔ. ∏ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË Â›Ó·È ÊıËÓ‹, ·ÏÏ¿ ·˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ì ·Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÊ¿ÛÂȘ ·fi ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘. °È· ÙÔ Web Ô ÓfiÌÔ˜ Ù˘ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋˜ §ÔÁÈ΋˜ Î·È ÌÂÚÈÎÒÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, fiˆ˜ Ù˘ ‰È·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋˜ §ÔÁÈ΋˜166, fiÙÈ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ «Î¿ı ÙÈ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ÌÈ· ·ÓٛʷÛË»167 Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÈÛ¯˘Úfi˜. ∏ ÂÈ‚ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·˜, Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Î·È Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ó· ÙÂıÔ‡Ó ÂÎÙfi˜ «ÓfiÌÔ˘» ÔÈ ·Û¿ÊÂȘ ‰ÂÓ ÍÂΛÓËÛ ÔÙ¤, ¯¿ÚË ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ȤÛÂȘ ˘¤Ú Ù˘ ·Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·˜ ÛÙÔ Web ‹ ¯¿ÚË Û ¿ÏÏ· ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ηٷÓÂÌË̤ӷ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·. µÂ‚·›ˆ˜, Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÛÊ·ÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ (Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ www 161 Collaborative filtering. 162 Recommender systems. 163 Analogical reasoning. 164 Case-based reasoning (CBR). 165 Reasoning under inconsistency. 166 Intuitionistic ‹ constructivist logic. ∆Ô Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈ΋˜ §ÔÁÈ΋˜ Ô˘ ‰›ÓÂÈ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ ·ÈÙÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ·Ú¿ ÛÙËÓ Â‡ÚÂÛË ·ÏËı›·˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛˆÓ. 167 ¡fiÌÔ˜ ÁÓˆÛÙfi˜ Î·È ˆ˜ Ë «·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ¤ÎÚË͢» ‹ ex falso quodlibet ‹ ex falso sequitur quodlibet (EFSQ), ‹ ex contradictione (sequitur) quodlibet (ECQ) ‹ ex falso/contradictione (sequitur) aliquot. ∆Ô ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ÓfiËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÓfiÌÔ˘ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë Û˘Ó¤ÓˆÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÚfiÙ·Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·Óٛʷۋ˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Ï·Óı·Ṳ̂Ó˘ ÂÈÛfi‰Ô˘ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ) Â›Ó·È ˘„ËÏ‹. ∂È‚Ï·‚¤˜ ‹ „¢‰Â›ÁÚ·ÊÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ 107 ı· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¿ÓÙ·. ∞ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ı· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÛÔ‚·Ú¤˜ ‰È·ÊˆÓ›Â˜, ÚÔÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓ˜ ·fi ηϋ ›ÛÙË, Û fiÏ· Ù· ›‰Ë ÙˆÓ ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∂›Ó·È ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰˘- Ó¿ÌÂȘ Ô˘ οÓÔ˘Ó ·Ó·fiÊ¢ÎÙË ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ·ÓÙÈÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Û οı ÈηÓÔ‡ ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜ ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ Web ηÈ, Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‹‰Ë ÎÈÓËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ·ÚÈıÌfi Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ∆¡. ™ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ù· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ۯ‰ȿÛÙËÎ·Ó Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ- ‰ÔΛ· Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘Ó ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‹ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ηٿ ÙȘ ÔÔ›- ˜ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÌÈ· ÚfiÙ·ÛË Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÏËı‹˜ Û ¤Ó· ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÂÓfi˜ ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÂÓÒ ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ·Ó·ÏËı‹˜ Û οÔÈÔ ¿ÏÏÔ. ∆¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ˘Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· Â›Ó·È ÂÓۈ̷و̤ÓÔ Î·È Ë ÂÈı˘Ì›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔ‚ÔÏ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ (Ë ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ [140] Ì·˜ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·fi ÙËÓ ∆¡). ∆Ô ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÏÂÔÓ¤ÎÙËÌ· Ù˘ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋˜ §ÔÁÈ΋˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÎÏÈ̿ΈÛ˘. °È· ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi, ÌÈ· χÛË ÛÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ı· ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙ·Ó ·˘Ù¤˜ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Â¿Ó ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ¤Ó· Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· ÛÙÔ Web Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ÊfiÚÌÔ˘Ï·˜ Û ¤Ó· ¤ÁÁÚ·ÊÔ, ‰ÂÓ Ì·˜ ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ fiÙÈ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÂÌÈÛÙ¢ıԇ̠ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· Îϛ̷η ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ¤ÁÁÚ·Ê·. ªÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ù‡ˆÓ ı· Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ٷ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈο ·Ú¯Â›· Î·È Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· Ì·˜ ‚ÔË- ıÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÔÊ·Û›ÛÔ˘ÌÂ Â¿Ó ¤Ó·˜ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌfi˜ Û ¤Ó· ·Ú¯Â›Ô ÂÍÔ˘‰ÂÙÂÚÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ¿ÚÓËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ Û οÔÈÔ ¿ÏÏÔ ÛËÌ›Ô. ∂Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ÚÒÙ˘ ٿ͈˜ ¢ηÈÚ›· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·-Û˘ÓÂ‹ (paraconsistent) §ÔÁÈ΋, Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË ·Û˘ÌʈÓÈÒÓ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙÔÓ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô ·Ó·ÁˆÁÈÎfi «Î·‚Á¿». ∏ ·Ú·-Û˘ÓÂ‹˜ §ÔÁÈ΋ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·Û˘ÌʈÓÈÒÓ Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ··ÈÙ› ÙË ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔ- ÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ··ÁˆÁÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË (Ë ·fi‰ÂÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ex falso quodlibet ··ÈÙ› ÙËÓ ¿ıÚÔÈÛË ÂÓfi˜ ¿Û¯ÂÙÔ˘ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜) Ë ÔÔ›· ÚÔÊ˘Ï¿ÛÛÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÍ¿ψÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÚÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ ¤Ú·Ó ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÊÈÏÂÁfiÌÂÓÔ˘ ÛËÌ›Ԣ [15, 262], (ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË ÌÔÚ›Ù ӷ ·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÂÙ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ [231]). ÕÏϘ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÏÏ·Ϥ˜ ÙÈ̤˜ ·ÏËı›·˜ Î·È ÂÚÈϤÎÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ·ÓٛʷÛ˘ (Î·È Ë ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Ù˘ ·ÓٛʷÛ˘ ÌÔÚ›, Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ó· ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È Û οı ›‰Ô˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ·Ó·Ï˘ıÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· Ù˘ÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó). ∏ §ÔÁÈ΋ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi168 ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Ù˘ ·Ú·-Û˘ÓÂÔ‡˜ §ÔÁÈ΋˜ Ô˘, ·ÊÂÓfi˜ η٤¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· Û‚·ÛÙfi ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ηÈ, ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘, ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÍÂοı·ÚË ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ıˆڛ· ·ԉ›ÍÂˆÓ [95, 271]. ªÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÔÙÈ΋ ÁˆÓ›· Â›Ó·È Ë ÙÚÔÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋169, Ë ÔÔ›· ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÂÎÏ¿‚ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Web ˆ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ˘ÔıÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘˜, ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÙ·È Ë ‡·ÚÍË ·Û·ÊÂÈÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈο ÛÙÔÓ Î·ı¤Ó·. ™›ÁÔ˘Ú·, Ë ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ·Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Ú¿ÎÙÔÚ˜ (agents) [270]. www 168 Annotated logics. 169 Modal logics.
5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ 108 ™Â fiÚÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web, ÙÔ ı¤Ì· Ù˘ «ÔÚı‹˜» §ÔÁÈ΋˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web ı· ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ÙÔ ÛÎÔfi Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Î.Ô.Î. ™Â οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, Â›Ó·È Ê·ÓÂÚfi fiÙÈ Ë ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Ô˘ÛÈ҉˘ ÁÈ· ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜, Ô˘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ·ԉ›ÍÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ÙÈ Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌÒÓ (ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë Â¿Ó Ë ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ¤¯ÂÈ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÚıfi ‹ fi¯È ÙÚfiÔ [287]). ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ÛÙÔ SW Ë §ÔÁÈ΋ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÈ ·ÎfiÌ· ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ. ¶ÔÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ §ÔÁÈ΋˜ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web ‹ ÙÔ SW; ∆È ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÎÏÈ̿ΈÛ˘ ı· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘ÌÂ; À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ad hoc ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Ì·˜ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÈ˙ÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ §ÔÁÈ΋˜ Î·È Ó· ÂÈÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ó §ÔÁÈΤ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο ·Ï‹˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Û ÌÈ· ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ˙ÒÓË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜; ¶Ò˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ÚfiÙ˘· Î·È Ô Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ηıÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ §ÔÁÈ΋˜; 5.3 ∏ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Web √È ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜, Ì· ¿Óˆ ·fi fiÏ· Ë ¤Ï¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ʤÚÂÈ ÙËÓ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁ›·. π‰¤Â˜ fiˆ˜ ÙÔ SW η٤¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· Â¤ÎÙ·Û˘ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜. ∆Ô Î›ÓËÌ· Ù˘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ô‰Âȯı› ÂÍfi¯ˆ˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ. ™Â ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈÎfi Â›‰Ô, ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ô‰Âȯı› Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ô ÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi˜ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·˜. ∞˘Ùfi Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ, ÌÂÚÈÎÒ˜, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë ÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÓÔ̇ıËÎÂ, ·Ó·fiÊ¢ÎÙ·, ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË Î·È Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋ ʇÛË Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ··ÈÙÔ‡Û ηْ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÙËÓ Â͛ۈÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ, ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë Â˘ÚÂ- ÙÈÎÒÓ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ §ÔÁÈ΋˜. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, ÛÙÔ Web, ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚԤϢÛË ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ Ì ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ·ÓÔ›ÁÂÈ ‰È¿Ï·Ù· Ô ‰ÚfiÌÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ Î·È ıÂÛÌÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È ‰È¿‰ÔÛ˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ (ÙÈ ˘Ô- ı¤ÛÂȘ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó, ÔÈ· ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËΠηÈ, Û ÙÂÏÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË, ÔÈÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËΠӷ Â͢ËÚÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ). ∆¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Â›Ó·È ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â˘ÚÂÙÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ∆Ô Web ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÌÈ· ÚÒÙ˘ ٿ͈˜ ¢ηÈÚ›· ÁÈ· Ó· ηٷϿ‚Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ‰È·‰ÚÔÌ‹ Ù˘ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È ÙË Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Ù˘ [110]. ∞ӷ·ÙÔ˘Ó ‰‡Ô ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ʇÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web. ∆Ô ÚÒÙÔ ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙȘ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ Ï·ÙÊfiÚ̘, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤Ï΢ÛË Ù˘ ̤ÁÈÛÙ˘ ‰˘Ó·Ù‹˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ÛÙÔ Web, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ‹ ıˆڛ˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Û ·˘Ù‹Ó. ŒÓ·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ È‰ÂÒÓ, ·Ú¿ ÙȘ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÌÓËۛηΘ, Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ –ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹ÚˆÓ Î·È fi¯È Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ (ad hominem)– ÂÈı¤ÛÂȘ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÍÂʇÁÔ˘Ó Ôχ ·fi ÙËÓ Î·ÏÒ˜ ÂÓÓÔÔ‡ÌÂÓË ‰È·Ì¿¯Ë [30]. ∫·Ù¿ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, ÙÔ Web ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈο ·ÔÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹. ŒÙÛÈ Â›Ó·È Ê˘ÛÈÎfi Ó· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ÁÈ· ·Û‹Ì·ÓÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÂÈ‚Ï·‚›˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜. ¶Ò˜ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÛÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ «Î·Ï‹» ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·È ÙËÓ «Î·Ï‹» ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Web Î·È Ó· ·ÔÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ì ÙȘ ‰ÂÈÛȉ·ÈÌÔӛ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÚÔÏ‹„ÂȘ; ™ÙË Û˘ÓÙÚÈÙÈ΋ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ·ÏÏË-
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÏÂȉÚÔ‡Ó Ì ηϋ ›ÛÙË, ·ÚfiÙÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ·fi„ÂȘ ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÎÊ¿ÓÛÂȘ 109 Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜. ŸÌˆ˜, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÌÈÎÚ‹ Î·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ ·fi‰ÂÈÍË fiÙÈ ÙÔ Web ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÁηı›‰Ú˘ÛË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·fi„ˆÓ, Û Ôψ̤Ó˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ [3], ·fi ÂÚÈıˆÚȷΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ [272], ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ·fi ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÎÏÔ˘˜ [245, 285]. ªÂ ÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ÂχıÂÚË ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË ÁÓÒÌ˘ Î·È ÙȘ ¢ηÈڛ˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ÂÛÎÂÌ̤Ó˘ ·˘ÙÔ-ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘; 5.4 ∏ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Web ∆Ô Web Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ηıÚ¤Ù˘ Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ Ù· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ·, ÙȘ ÂÌÌÔÓ¤˜ Î·È Ù· ‰È·Î˘‚‡̷ٷ Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ‡·Ú͢ ÛÙÔÓ 21Ô ·ÈÒÓ·, ̤۷ Û ¤Ó· Ôχ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ (›Ûˆ˜ ÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ Ô˘ ˘‹Ú- Í ÔÙ¤) ·ÍÈÒÓ, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÒÓ Î·È ·ÍÈÒÛˆÓ. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ó·˙ËÙ¿Ì ÛÙË Ì˯·Ó‹ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ Google Â›Ó·È Ôχ Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÙË ‚·ÛÈÎfiÙÂÚË ËÁ‹ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ̤ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜. ™ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÓfiÙËÙ·, ı· ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ Web Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜, ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ÙÔ˘. ∆È ÂÈ˙ËÙÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ Î·È ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ·fi ÙÔ Web Î·È ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë online Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Â‡Ú˘ıÌ·; ∞˘Ù¿ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ‰‡ÛÎÔÏ· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ‰Â‰Ô̤Ó˘ Ù˘ ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ô˘˜ ·ÓÔÌÔÈÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜ Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Web. ªÂÚÈÎÔ› ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ÙÔ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÁÈ· Ó· ¿ÚÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ‰ÒÛÔ˘Ó ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜, ¿ÏÏÔÈ ÁÈ· ‰È·ÛΤ‰·ÛË Î·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ ÂχıÂÚÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘˜, Î·È ¿ÏÏÔÈ ¿ÏÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÎÌÂÙ·ÏÏ¢ÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÂÌË̤ÓË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ÈÂÍ·Á¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ Ì ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜, Ó· ·ÁÔÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· Ô˘Ï‹ÛÔ˘Ó ·Á·ı¿ Î·È ˘ËÚÂۛ˜, ÂÓÒ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÌÂÚ›‰· ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÔÛÎÔ› ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ·Ó·Ú¯È΋˜ Ô˘ÙÔ›·˜ Ô˘ ·ԉ›¯ÙËΠ··- ÙËÏfi fiÓÂÈÚÔ ÛÙÔÓ offline ÎfiÛÌÔ [186]. 5.4.1 ∫ÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜170 ∆Ô Web Á¤ÓÓËÛ ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ·ÚÈıÌfi ·fi ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜ Î·È Î·ÈÓÔÊ·Ó›˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ì ·ÍÈfiÏÔÁ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ù· ª·˙Èο ¶·È¯Ó›‰È· ƒfiÏˆÓ Ì ¶ÔÏÏ·ÏÔ‡˜ ™˘Ó- ‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ˘˜ ¶·›ÎÙ˜ (MMORPGs)171, ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ô ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁfi˜ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó Û˘ÓÂ‹ Î·È Û˘Ó¯‹ online ¯ÒÚÔ ˘Ô‰Ô¯‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ·È¯ÓȉÈÔ‡. ∆· MMORPGs ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÁÈÁ¿ÓÙÈˆÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÒÓ Î·È ËıÈÎÒÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, ηıÒ˜ Ôχ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ·ÈÎÙÒÓ (ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ë Ù¿ÍË ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È ‰Âο‰Â˜ ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ·) ÍÔ‰Â‡Ô˘Ó ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓ· ˘„ËϤ˜ ÔÛfiÙËÙ˜ online ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ [55]. √È Â˘Î·Èڛ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂΉ‹ÏˆÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÈÎÈÏ›·˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ Û ٤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÂÍ·ÚٿٷÈ, ‚‚·›ˆ˜, Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Îϛ̷η ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ [186] Î·È ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÍÂÏȯı› Û ‰˘ÛıÂÒÚËÙ· ÓÔ‡ÌÂÚ·. ◊‰Ë ·fi ÙÔ 2001 ¤¯ÂÈ ‰È·ÈÛÙˆı› fiÙÈ ÙÔ 84% ÙˆÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈÎ¿ÓˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ (90 ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ) ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ·Ó ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi ÁÈ· Ó· ¤ÚıÔ˘Ó Û Â·Ê‹ Ì οÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·. ∏ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ¤Ú¢ӷ, Ì ÙËÓ ÔÓÔÌ·Û›· «Pew Internet», Â›Ó·È Ôχ ηٷÙÔÈÛÙÈ΋ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfi- www 170 Communities of interest. 171 Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games.
5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ 110 Ô˘˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ∞ÌÂÚÈοÓÔÈ Ôϛ٘ ÁÈ· Ó· ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È Û Â·Ê‹ Ì ÙȘ ÔÈΛϘ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ [145]. Œ¯Ô˘Ì ‹‰Ë ·Ó·ÊÂÚı› Û ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ·Ó‡ÚÂÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ∫˘‚ÂÚÓÔ-ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ. √È ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó, Â›Û˘, Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙËıÔ‡Ó Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È ÙË ÁÓÒÛË Ô˘ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ¿ÛÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ̤ÏË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ [185]. ∫¿ÔȘ ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ (Ï.¯. Ë Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È Ù· ‰›ÎÙ˘· ̤ۈ email), ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙË ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‡ÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ‹ ÂȉÈÎÒÓ ÂӉȷÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ [12, 216, 151, 297] Î·È Ó· ηٷϋÍÔ˘Ó Û Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ÔʤÏË ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰›ˆÓ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË Ù˘ ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯı› ·fi ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚ- Á·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› [10]. ∆· ÁÚ·Ê‹Ì·Ù· Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ÙˆÓ emails ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ËÁÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÚfiÏˆÓ [151], ÂÓÒ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÌÔÙ›‚ˆÓ Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘Ì Èı·Ó‹ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÚÈÙ¤˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ [14]. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÈÛÙÔÏÔÁ›ˆÓ ÛÙȘ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 2004 ÛÙȘ ∏.¶.∞. ÚԤ΢„·Ó ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ ÁÈ· ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ó·Ï˘Ù¤˜. √È ‰‡Ô Ï¢ڤ˜ ·Ó¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ı¤Ì·Ù· ˆ˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο Î·È ‰È·Û˘Ó‰¤ıËηÓ, ΢ڛˆ˜, Ì ȉÂÔÏÔÁÈÎÒ˜ Û˘ÁÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ ·ÚfiÙÈ ÔÈ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ› bloggers ·ÏÏË- ÏÔÛ˘Ó‰¤ıËÎ·Ó Ì ÈÔ ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ÙÚfiÔ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÓÙÈ¿ÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ [3]. ∆Ô Û˘ÁÎÂ- ÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Â‡ÚËÌ· Â›Ó·È ÛÂ Û˘Ìʈӛ· Ì ÙȘ ÚԂϤ„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ· Cass Sunstein [272] Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔÓ online ÎfiÛÌÔ fiÔ˘ Ë ÂÍ·ÙÔ- ̛΢ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ Î·È Â·Ó·Ï·Ì‚·ÓfiÌÂÓË ÊfiÚÌÔ˘Ï·. ¶·Ú¿ Ù·‡Ù·, ÌÈ· ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ¤Ú¢ӷ ÎÔÚ˘Ê·›ˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌfiÓˆÓ ¤‰ÂÈÍ fiÙÈ ·ÚfiÌÔȘ ÚԂϤ„ÂȘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ [103]. ∆Ô Web Î·È ÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô, ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ, ıÂÌÂÏ›ˆÛ·Ó ÛÙÔÓ 21Ô ·ÈÒÓ· ηÈÓÔ‡ÚÁȘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ·ÏÏË- ÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ Î·È ÚÔÛ¤ÊÂÚ·Ó Ó¤· ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷΤ˜. ¶ÚfiÛÊ·Ù˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛ˘ ·ÔÎ¿Ï˘„·Ó ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ·‡ÍËÛË ÛÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÌÔÚ‡ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Web [184], ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Ì˯·Ó¤˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ [236], webcams172 [237] Î·È ·ÎÔ‡Ó podcasts173 [238]. TÔ Web Î·È ¿ÏϘ Ӥ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ fiˆ˜ Ë Ï·Óı¿ÓÔ˘Û· Î·È ·ÓÙ·¯Ô‡ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡˜, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ó¤ˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Ó¤ˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ online ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ [55] Î·È Ó¤ˆÓ ÙÚfiˆÓ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔÓ ÂÈÎÔÓÈÎfi, ÙÔ Ê˘ÛÈÎfi, ÙÔ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi Î·È ÙÔ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÈÌÔ ¯ÒÚÔ, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ¯¿ÚÙ˜ Î·È Ù· Û¯¤‰È· [79]. √È ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓ˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÚÂȘ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜: ·˘Í¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ·, ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÛÙȘ offline ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ó· ·Ó·Ù˘¯ıÔ‡Ó ¤Ú· ·fi Ù· «Ê˘ÛÈο» Û‡ÓÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔ- ÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÈÔ «Îˆ‰ÈÎÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ˘˜» ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· ̤ÏË ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ [71]. www 172 ∫¿ÌÂÚ· Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌÂÙ·‰ÒÛÂÈ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ Web. 173 ¶ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ iPod (Û˘Û΢‹ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ Ù˘ Apple) Î·È broadcast. Podcast Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ·Ú¯Â›Ô „ËÊÈ·ÎÒÓ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ Ô˘ ‰È·Ó¤ÌÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Î·È ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Û ÊÔÚËÙ¤˜ Û˘Û΢¤˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ ‹ ∏/À.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web °ÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ë ÚÔÒıËÛË Ó¤ˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ Î·È ÛÙ¤Ú¢ «Û˘ÁÎfiÏÏËÛ˘» ÙˆÓ 111 ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ –ηÈ, Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο, ÚԤ΢„·Ó Ӥ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÎÔÈÓÔًوӖ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Ù˘ ÂfiÌÂÓ˘ ÁÂÓÈ¿˜. ∏ ÂÍ¿ψÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ˘ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ÔÛfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔÈ ÛÙÔ Web, ÙË ÌÂÁ·- χÙÂÚË Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ú·Î›ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ Ó· ‰È·ı¤ÛÔ˘Ó Ì ÙË ı¤ÏËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Web. ∂›Ó·È ·‰‡Ó·ÙÔ Ó· ÚԂϤ„Ô˘Ì Â·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÙÈ Â›‰Ô˘˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ‹ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂȘ ı· ·Ó·Ù˘¯ıÔ‡Ó, ·ÏÏ¿ Ì ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜, Ë ‡·ÚÍË fiÛÔ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÈÔ ÔÏÏÒÓ ÂÈÏÔÁÒÓ ı· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂˆÓ [186]. √È ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ı· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ Ӥ˜ Ï·ÙÊfiÚ̘ Ì ηÈÓÔÊ·Ó›˜ Î·È ·Úfi‚ÏÂÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈο Û ̷ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌÔ ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·, ηıÈÛÙÒÓÙ·˜ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË ÙËÓ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÛÙ· ÛËÌ›· ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, Ë ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË ÙˆÓ Ù¿ÛÂ- ˆÓ «·fi ÚÒÙÔ ¯¤ÚÈ» Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜Ø ¿ÏψÛÙ ÔÈ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚ›Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·Ó¿ÚÌÔÛÙË Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ [108]. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈÎÒÓ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ·- ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÚfiÎÏËÛË [277]. ∏ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÌfiÓÔ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ «˙Ô‡ÁÎÏ·», ·ÏÏ¿ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘Ó‰˘¿ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚfiÔ‰Ô ÙˆÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ (ÙfiÛÔ Û ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi fiÛÔ Î·È Û Ù¯ÓÈÎfi Â›‰Ô) ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤Ó˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯ÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ RSS, Ì ÙȘ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜, Ù· wikis Î·È Ù· blogs, Ù· ÔÔ›· ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚÔ‡Ó Â˘Ú¤ˆ˜ ÛÙÔ Web. ∞ÍÈfiÏÔÁÔ Â›Ó·È Î·È ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂ·ÊÒÓ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜. 5.4.2 ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷΤ˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ √È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ÙÔ˘ Web ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ·fi ÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ Ô˘ ÙȘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ. ∏ ηٷÓfiËÛË Ù˘ Û¯¤Û˘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ·ÓıÚˆfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó¤- ÂȘ Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ·fi ÙÔÓ ¿ÓıÚˆÔ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈ΋˜, ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ ¢È·ÊˆÙÈÛÌfi. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Â›Ó·È Ù· ¤ÚÁ· ÙˆÓ Marx Î·È Heidegger. TÔ Web Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ·ÓÙ·Ó¿ÎÏ·ÛË Ù˘ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù·Û΢·Ûı› ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ô- ÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ô. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ë ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ Web ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË ¿ÏψÓ, ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚˆÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ŸÏ˜ ÔÈ ‰Ô̤˜ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Â˘Ú›·˜ Îϛ̷η˜ ·Ó·fiÊ¢ÎÙ· ηٷϋÁÔ˘Ó Û ÌÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ Û˘ÌfiÚ¢Û˘ Î·È Ù·‡ÙÈÛ˘ Ì ÙÔ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘˜, Ï.¯. ̤۷ Û ¤Ó·Ó ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi ‹ ÌÈ· Âȯ›ÚËÛË [50]. ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷΤ˜ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›Â˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› ̤۷ Û ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓ˜ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›Â˜ ˆ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ Ô˘ ÈηÓÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ÙȘ ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÂÈ. ∆Ô Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ì ÙȘ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›Â˜ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Ù›ÓÂÈ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÁÈ· Ù· ÔÔ›· ›¯Â ÂÍ·Ú¯‹˜ ηٷÛ΢·Ûı›. ™˘¯Ó¿ Ë Â·Ó·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Â›Ó·È ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋, ·ÏÏ¿ Û ¤Ó·Ó Ôχ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯Ë̤ÓÔ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi Ì ¤Ó· ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÂÂȉ‹ Ë ÁÓÒÛË ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·ÎÙ¿Ù·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ¤Íˆ ·fi ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËΠ[295].
5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ 112 ∞˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· fiÙÈ Ù· ‰¤Ó‰Ú· Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ηÎfi˜ Ù‡Ô˜ ‰ÔÌ‹˜. √ ‰ÂÓ‰ÚÔÂȉ‹˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ Ù˘ XML ‹Ù·Ó ÌÈ· ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹˜ ÂÓÙÔÏÒÓ ÙÔ˘ UNIX. ∆· ‰¤Ó‰Ú· ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÔÏϤ˜ Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜, fiˆ˜ ÙËÓ ·fi ¿Óˆ ÚÔ˜ Ù· οو ‰ÔÌÈ΋ ۯ‰›·ÛË, ÙËÓ ·fiÎÚ˘„Ë Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È ¤Ó·Ó ‚·ıÌfi ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰˘·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ Ì ¢ÂÏÈÍ›·. ŸÌˆ˜, Û ٤ÙÔȘ ‰Ô̤˜ Ë Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÔÈ ÂÓÙÔϤ˜ Ù‡Ô˘ GOTO ÂÎÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÂÈ‚Ï·‚›˜ ‰ÈfiÙÈ ¯¿ÓÂÙ·È Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ÂÓÒ Ë ·Ó¿- Ï˘ÛË Î·È Ë Â·Ï‹ı¢ÛË ÙˆÓ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ¤Ó· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· [77]. °È· Ó· ÌÂÙ·‚ԇ̠·fi ÙÔ ¤Ó· ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÛÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ Û ÌÈ· ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷ΋ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›·, Ú¤ÂÈ ÚÒÙ· Ó· ·Ó¤ÏıÔ˘Ì ̤¯ÚÈ Ó· ‚Úԇ̠¤Ó·Ó ÎÔÈÓfi ÎfiÌ‚Ô Û οı ˘Ô‰¤Ó‰ÚÔ Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Ó· η٤ÏıÔ˘Ì ·fi ÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ˘Ô‰¤Ó‰ÚÔ. ∏ ηÈÓÔÙÔÌ›· ·˘Ù‹ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙ· ‰ÔÌË̤ӷ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·, fiÔ˘ Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔ˜-ÎÏÂȉ›. √È Ì˯·ÓÈΤ˜ ÚˆÙÔÙ˘›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙÈı¤ÌÂÓË ·Í›· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ÙÔ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó. ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ URIs ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ Ù·¯Â›· Î·È ·ÂÚÈfi- ÚÈÛÙË ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË Û οı ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜. ∞fi οı ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ Web ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÔ˘Ì ¿ÌÂÛ· ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙ ¿ÏÏÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô (‚¤‚·È·, ÌÔÚ› οÔÈÔ˜ Ó· ÂÈϤÍÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰Ô¯ÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÒÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘). ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, Ë ÂÓÙÔÏ‹ GOTO Â·ÓȉڇÂÙ·È Î·È Ù· ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈο GOTOs ÓÔÌÈ- ÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ÎÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ Ù¤ÙÔÈ·˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·È, ·Ó·Î‡ÙÔ˘Ó Â˘Î·Èڛ˜ ÁÈ· ÂˆÊÂÏ‹ Â·Ó·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ∏ Â·Ó·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË Û ÚԂϤ„È̘ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, fiˆ˜ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙȘ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈΤ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛı› Î·È ÛÙÔ Web, Ì ٷ GOTOs, fï˜, Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÎfiÌ· ‰˘ÛÎÔÏfiÙÂÚË, fiˆ˜ Úfi‚ÏÂ„Â Ô Dijkstra, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙË Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË Î·È ÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ÙˆÓ URIs. √ÌÔ›ˆ˜, Ë ·ÏfiÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÛÂÏ›‰·˜ Ì ÛÊ¿ÏÌ· 404 fiÙ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ˜ fiÚÔ˜, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·Ó ¿ÏÏÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ÙˆÓ URIs. √ Ê˘ÏÏÔÌÂÙÚËÙ‹˜ ¤¯ÂÈ Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ‹ÛÂÈ Ì ÙÔÓ Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹, ·ÏÏ¿ Ô Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹˜ ›ÙÂ Â›Ó·È ·Ó›Î·ÓÔ˜, ›Ù ·Úfiı˘ÌÔ˜ Ó· ÂÈÛÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ÙË ÛÂÏ›‰·. ∆Ô ÎÏÂȉ›, ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜, Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·ÙÔ˜ 404 Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ·fiÎÚÈÛË Ì ÌÈÎÚ‹ ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ· Û ¤Ó· Úfi‚ÏËÌ·, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ·ÚÂÓԯϛ ÌÂ Î·Ó¤Ó·Ó ÙÚfiÔ ÙË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, Ì ÙÔ ¿ÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÔ˘ÌÈÔ‡ ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ (back), Ô Ê˘ÏÏÔÌÂÙÚËÙ‹˜ ·Ó·ÎÙ¿ Ï‹Úˆ˜ ÙÔ ·Ì¤Ûˆ˜ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜. ∆Ô Web ‰ÂÓ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂ- ÎÚÈ̤ÓË ·ÓÔ¯‹ ÛÙ· ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·Ù·. ™ÙÔ Web ÔÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÌfiÓ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ Ì ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÂȉڿÛÂȘ, ηıÒ˜ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Ì ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜. °È· ÌÈ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÌÂÚ›‰· ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ÙÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ˙‹ÙËÌ· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Ë ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÁÓˆÛ›·˜. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÙÔ ÎÏÂȉ› ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ˆ˜ Ì¤ÛˆÓ ¤ÎÊÚ·Û˘ Ù˘ ÚÔ‹˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ∏ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷ΋˜ ÚÔ‹˜ Î·È fi¯È Ù˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û ¤Ó·Ó ·ÍÈfiÏÔÁÔ ‰ÚfiÌÔ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Web [208, 98]. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, fiˆ˜ Î·È Û ¿ÏÏ· ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ‰›·, ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Î·È ÚÔ¤˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·Û‡Ì‚·Ù˜, ·ÚfiÙÈ ·¢ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù·. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ë Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÚÔÒÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔÏ˘Óı› ·fi ÙË ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ [225]. ∏ ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈ΋ ˘Ô- 113 ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔÒÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ì·˜ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·Ù·ÓÂÌËÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÒÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ (Ï.¯. ηٷÛ΢‹ ÌÈ·˜ ˘ËÚÂÛ›·˜ Web) ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ‰ÂÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ˘ÂÚÛ˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛË [282]. ∏ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙÔ Web Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ¯Ú‹ÛÈ̘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜, ÂÓۈ̷و̤Ó˜ ÛÙȘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˜ ÎÔÈӈӛ˜, Î·È ÚÔÊ·Ó¤Ûٷٷ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ∏ ηٷÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ÙÚfiˆÓ Ô˘ Ë ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Î·È ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ Web ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·Ó ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ÛÙfi¯Ô Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∂›Ó·È Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒÛÔ˘Ì ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Û ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ fiÙ·Ó ÙÔ Î·Ù·Ê¤ÚÓÔ˘Ì ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (fiˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ô˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ [52]). 5.4.3 √È ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ªÈ· ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ ÛÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È Ë ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘. £· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û οÔÈÔ˜ Ó· Ì·ÓÙ¤„ÂÈ ‰È·ÈÛıËÙÈο ‹ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË Ì·ÙÈ¿ ÙË ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰· ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ‹ ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·. §fiÁÔ˘ ¯¿ÚÈÓ, ı· ÂÚ›ÌÂÓ ηÓ›˜ ÔÈ ∞ÌÂÚÈοÓÔÈ ÊÔÚÔÏÔÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ Ó· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ·È Û˘- ÁÎÚÈÙÈο ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙË ÛÂÏ›‰· Û˘¯ÓÒÓ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÊÔÚ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ∏.¶.∞, ·Ú¿ ÁÈ· ÙË ÛÂÏ›‰· οÔÈÔ˘ ÚÔÎ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‹ ÙȘ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈΤ˜ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ÛÙÔ angryrepublicanmom.com. À¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi ÌÈ·˜ Áο̷˜ ·ÚfiÌÔÈˆÓ ‰È·ÈÛıËÙÈÎÒÓ ·fi„ÂˆÓ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË «Û˘Ì·ÁÔ‡˜» Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ¤Ó·Ó ηÏfi ÙÚfiÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∞˜ ÌËÓ Í¯ӿÌ fiÙÈ Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÛÂÏ›‰·˜ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÁÓÒÚÈÛÌ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ‰È·‰È- ηۛ· ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÛÙÔ Web. ∏ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ· ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙ› Ì ‚¿ÛË ‰‡Ô Ù‡Ô˘˜ ÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ. ∞ÊÂÓfi˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙË Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ· Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· [76]. ∏ Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ· Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ È‰¤· Ù˘ ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛ˘ ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ: fiÛ· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â͢ËÚÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰·; √È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ› ÙÚfiÔÈ ·fiÎÚÈÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ÂÚÒÙËÛË ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·- Û΢‹ ÔÏÏÒÓ Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÏÁÔÚ›ı̈Ó. ŸÌˆ˜, Ë ‚·ÛÈ΋ ȉ¤· ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÌÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰· Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ¤Ó· ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ›Ù fiÙ·Ó ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ Ë ›‰È· ›Ù fiÙ·Ó ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ·Ó·- ÁÓÒÛÙË ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ fiÔ˘ ı· ‚ÚÂÈ ÙË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ Ì ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· [294]. ªÈ· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Â›Ó·È Ó· ÎÔÈÙ¿ÍÔ˘Ì ÛÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛˆÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Î·È ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Î·È Ó· ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÔ˘Ì ӷ Û˘Ó·Á¿ÁÔ˘Ì ÙË Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ· ̤۷ ·fi ÙȘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ‰Ô̤˜. ŒÙÛÈ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙÔ ·Ïfi ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ Boole ˘ÔÏÔÁ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Û ¤Ó· ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎfi ·Ú¯Â›Ô Î·È Ì ‚¿ÛË Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· ·˘Ù¿ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ ›Ù ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ Û˘˙¢ÎÙÈο ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈ- ÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·˙‡ÍÂˆÓ ‹ ¿ÚÓËÛË ÛÙȘ Û˘˙‡ÍÂȘ. ∆Ô ÂfiÌÂÓÔ ÏÔÁÈÎfi ‚‹Ì· Â›Ó·È Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ¤Ó·Ó ·Ó·‰ÚÔÌÈÎfi ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ Ì ‰È¿Û·ÚÙË ˘ÚÔ‰fiÙËÛË174 ÁÈ· Ó· www 174 Recursive spreading activation algorithm.
5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ 114 ‰È·‰ÒÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ·, ·Ó·˙ËÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Û ÁÂÈÙÓÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ· ·Ú¯Â›· Î·È ÌÂÈÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ¤˜ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ηıÒ˜ ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ Ô˘ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ì ·ÔÌ·- ÎÚ‡ÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ ÛÂÏ›‰· [294]. ™ÙÔ ÈÔ ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ·, οı ÛÂÏ›‰· ·Ó·ÏÔÁ› Û ÌÈ· ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· Ë ÔÔ›· ÚÔ- ·ÙÂÈ ˆ˜ ¿ıÚÔÈÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Ù˘ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‰È·Û˘Ó‰Â̤Ó˜ Û ·˘Ù‹. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ÙÔ ÈÔ ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÈ Î˘Ú›·- Ú¯Ô˘˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ·ÓÙ› ÁÈ· ÔÌÊ·ÏÔ‡˜, ·ÚfiÙÈ ¤Ó·˜ ‰Â›ÎÙ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ï‹ Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ· (¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ Â‡ÓÔÈ· ÙˆÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯ˆÓ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚˆÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙˆÓ ÔÌÊ·ÏÒÓ) ÌÔÚ› Ó· ηٷÛ΢·Ûı› Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·‰ÚÔÌÈÎÔ‡ ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˘ Ì ‰È¿Û·ÚÙË ˘ÚÔ‰fiÙËÛË [76]. ¶¤Ú· ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ï‹ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤Û̈Ó, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› ÈÔ ÔχÏÔÎÔÈ ÙÚfiÔÈ Ì¤ÙÚËÛ˘ ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ ‰È·Ó˘ÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ú¯Â›· Î·È ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÎÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ‰È·Ó‡ÛÌ·Ù· [76]. ŒÙÛÈ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÔÈ TFxIDF Û ¤Ó· ·Ú¯Â›Ô ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ‚·ıÌfi Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ·˜ ‚·ÛÈ˙fiÌÂÓ˜ ÛÙÔ ¿ıÚÔÈÛÌ· ÙˆÓ ÛÙ·ı- ÌÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ fiÚˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ·ÊÔ‡ ηÓÔÓÈÎÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÚÒÙ· Ì ÙÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘ÎÏ›‰ÂÈÔ˘ ‰È·Ó‡ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¯Â›Ô˘. √È ÛÙ·ıÌ›ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÙÔ ‰È·ÁÒÓÈÔ ¿ıÚÔÈÛÌ· ÙˆÓ Û˘¯ÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ (TF)175 Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊˆÓ Û˘¯ÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ (IDF)176. ªÈ· TF ÌÂÙÚ¿ÂÈ ÙË Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ Û ¤Ó· ¤ÁÁÚ·ÊÔ, ÂÓÒ Ë IDF Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Ì¤ÙÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ‰È·Û˘Ó‰Â‰ÂÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÁÁÚ¿ÊˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ ·˘ÙfiÓ [180]. √È TFxIDF ·ÔÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· Ï¿‚Ô˘Ó ˘fi„Ë ÙÔ˘˜ ÙË ÛÔ˘‰·›· ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ Û˘Û¯Â- Ù›ÛÂȘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ [47]. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ Â¿Ó ÂÚÈÏ¿‚Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ·˘Ù‹ Û ¤Ó· ÏËÚ¤ÛÙÂÚÔ ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ ‰ÂÓ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ηχÙÂÚË ·fi‰ÔÛË ·fi ÙȘ ·Ϥ˜ TFxIDF [294, 76]. ŒÓ·˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˜ ÚÔÊ·Ó‹˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ·˜ Û ¤Ó· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÌÔÚ›Ô˘ ‹ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÂΉÔÙÈÎÒÓ Ô›ÎˆÓ Â›Ó·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÎÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ (downloads) ·Ó¿ Â›Û΄Ë. ∆¤ÙÔȘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Î·È ÎÙ‹Û˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙËıÔ‡Ó Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÂÓfi˜ ¯¿ÚÙË ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ȯÓËÏ·ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰ÚÔÌ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ë ÁÓÒÛË ÌÂٷʤÚÂÙ·È Î·È ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ. ¶ÂÈÚ¿Ì·Ù· ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ·˘Ù‹ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰Â›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ ·ÍÈÔÛËÌ›ˆÙ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó Ôχ ·ÈÊÓȉȷÛÙÈο Î·È Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· fiˆ˜ Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘ Ì ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ ÚÔÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔ˘ ·fi Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÛÂÏ›‰· ‹ οÔÈ· ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ·fi Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÙ‹ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰· [9]. ∏ Û˘Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ̤۷ ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ÌÈ· ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰· Â›Ó·È Î·Ù·ÙÔÈÛÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ¿˜ Ù˘. ∂¿Ó ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ·fi ÌÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰· ÚÔ˜ ÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ıˆÚËı› ˆ˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ Ù˘ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË. ∞˘Ù‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ¿Î˘ÚË ˘fiıÂÛË, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·fi ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ Ô˘ ηٷÛ΢¿˙Ô˘Ó ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜. ™ÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÏÏÔ› Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ Â›Ó·È Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Û ¤Ó· ‚·ıÌfi, ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙÈÎÔ› ÌfiÓÔ Â¿Ó ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ΋ ËÁ‹ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘ ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô. √ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿ ÂÓۈ̷و̤ÓÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂχıÂÚË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Web. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· www 175 Term Frequencies. 176 Inverse Document Frequencies.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛı› Û ·Ú¯Â›· ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Web Î·È ‰ÂÓ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó 115 ηӤӷ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÛÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ ʈÙÔÁÚ·ÊÈÒÓ Ì ÙËÓ ÂˆÓ˘Ì›· PicASHOW [182]. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰‡Ô ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ̤۷ ·fi ÌÈ· Û˘Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ [76]. ∆· ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ Û˘Ó-·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜177 ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‚·ıÈ¿ ÁÓÒÛË Ô˘ Ì·˜ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÂÍÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔÈ Î·È ÔÈ ÂÈÛÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔÈ ÚÔ˜ ÌÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰· Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘Ó·¯ıÔ‡Ó ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜. ∞Ó ‰‡Ô ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ «‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó» ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙÚ›ÙË ÛÂÏ›‰·, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÔÈ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ó· ÌÔÈÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ¤Ó· ÎÔÈÓfi ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô. ∞Ó ÌÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰· «‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ» ÚÔ˜ ‰‡Ô ¿ÏϘ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜, ÙfiÙ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÎÏ›ÂÙ·È Î·ıfiÏÔ˘ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ı¤Ì·. √È ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓ «Ù˘¯·›Ô ÂÚ›·ÙÔ»178 ÂÎÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ÙÔ˘ Web ˆ˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ Ì ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜ ÙȘ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Î·È Î·Ù¢ı˘ÓÙÈΤ˜ ·Î̤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ (ÌÔÚ›Ù ӷ ·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÙ ·ÓˆÙ¤Úˆ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 4.1.2) Î·È Î·Ù·Û΢¿˙Ô˘Ó Èı·ÓÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔÓ «Ù˘¯·›Ô ÂÚ›·ÙÔ». ª¤Û· ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ÙÚfiÔÈ Ì¤ÙÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÛÂÏ›‰·˜, ÌÂÙÚÒÓÙ·˜ ·Ú¯Èο ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Ì ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓË Î·È ÊÈÏÙÚ¿ÚÔÓÙ·˜, ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ì ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi ‹ ÙË ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ. √ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙË Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ· ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ÈÂÚ¿Ú¯ËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÌÈ·˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ [76]. ™˘˙ËÙ‹Û·Ì ÚˆÙ‡ÙÂÚ· ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ PageRank [221], ÙÔ ÈÔ ‰ËÌÔÊÈϤ˜ ̤ÙÚÔ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜. µ·Û›- ˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË ‰È·›ÛıËÛË fiÙÈ ÌÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰· Ë ÔÔ›· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ·fi ÔÏϤ˜ ¿ÏϘ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ‰È¤ÂÙ·È ·fi ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÔÈÔÙÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ıÌË. ∏ ηٷÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ PageRank Ô‰ËÁ› ηٷʷÓÒ˜ ÛÙÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· fiÙÈ ·Ó ı¤ÏÔ˘Ì ӷ «ÍÂÁÂÏ¿ÛÔ˘Ì» ‹ Ó· ÂÍ··Ù‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ·Ú¿ Ó· «·Ó‚¿ÛÔ˘Ì» „‡ÙÈΘ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ı· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ÙË ÛÂÏ›‰· Ô˘ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ì ӷ ÚÔˆı‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ. ∞ÏÏ¿, ·Ó ÌÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰· ·Ó·- ʤÚÂÙ·È Û ÔÏϤ˜ ¿ÏϘ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘„ËÏ‹ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÛÙÔÓ PageRank, ÙfiÙÂ Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘„ËÏ‹ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·. ∂›Û˘, Ë ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ PageRank ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó· ¿ÏÏÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÁÓÒÚÈÛÌ·, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ì ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË Ì·ÙÈ¿ ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ ¿Û¯ÂÙÔ Ì ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ¤Ó·˜ Ù˘¯·›Ô˜ ÂÚÈËÁËÙ‹˜ Ó· ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÛÂÏ›‰· [47]. ∏ ·Í›· ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿Ù·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Ù˘ Google Û fiÚÔ˘˜ Ì·ÎÚÔ‚ÈfiÙËÙ·˜, ·ÁÔÚ·›·˜ ·Í›·˜ Î·È ÌÂÚȉ›Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÒÓ ·Ó·- ˙‹ÙËÛ˘. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ¿ÏϘ ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ÂÎÌÂÙ·ÏχÔÓÙ·È ÙËÓ È‰¤· ÙÔ˘ «Ù˘¯·›Ô˘ ÂÚ›·ÙÔ˘» [181] Î·È Û ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ȉ¤Â˜ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ›Ûˆ ·fi ÙÔÓ PageRank [235]. ªÈ· ·ÚÂÌÊÂÚ‹˜ ȉ¤· Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˘ HITS ÙÔ˘ Kleinberg, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ (impact factors) Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÌÂÙÚ›· [171]. ∏ ·Ú¯È΋ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚ο ÂÚÈÔ‰Èο ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÈ Î¿ı ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÌÈ·˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘. ÀÔ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂ, ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıˆ˜, ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi www 177 Co-citation-based. 178 Random walk. ∏ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÂÈÎfiÓÈÛË Ù˘ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌ˘ ȉ¤·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰Ô¯ÈÎÒÓ ‚ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÚÔ˜ Ù˘¯·›· ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË. ∆˘Èο, ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ‹ Ã Î·È ¯ÚfiÓÔ t ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Xt = Ãt-1 + Ât, fiÔ˘ Ë Ât ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÙÔ˘ Ï¢ÎÔ‡ ıÔÚ‡‚Ô˘.
5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ 116 ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ˆ˜ Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‚·ıÌÔ‡ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ÙÔ ·Ó·- ʤÚÔ˘Ó Î·È ÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ÌÓËÌÔÓÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÂÍÂÙ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi. ªÂ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛ·Á¿ÁÔ˘Ì ¤Ó·Ó ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ Ì¤ÙÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ, ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·Í›· Û Â›Â‰Ô Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô˘ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ÔÌÊ·ÏÔ‡. ∆· ÌÔÚÊfiÙ˘· Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛıÔ‡Ó Î·È ˆ˜ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ‹ Ù˘ Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ·˜. ¶ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· ·Ú¯Â›Ô Ó· ÚÔÛÂÏ·Ûı› ̤۷ Û ¤Ó· ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ·; ¶ÔÈÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓÔ˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ Ô˘ ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚› ·fi ÙËÓ ÂfiÌÂÓË ÚÔÛ¤Ï·ÛË ÙÔ˘; ∏ ÁÓÒÛË ÙˆÓ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Û ٤ÙÔȘ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ, ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘¯Ó‹ ÚÔÛ¤Ï·ÛË Î·È Û οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ì·˜ ‰›ÓÂÙ·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÂÏ·¯ÈÛÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔÓ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ·fiÎÚÈÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ Î·È Ó· ÙȘ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ì Û ÈÔ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈ̘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜. ∏ ÂÏ·¯ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ·fiÎÚÈÛ˘ (prefetching) Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ Î·È ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ È‰È·›ÙÂÚÔ ÚÔÊ›Ï ÙÔ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ‹ ÛÙ· ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈο ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ¤Ó·Ó Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹. ªÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔ˙fiÌÂÓˆÓ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚˆÓ, fiÔ˘ Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È Ë ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È ·˘ÙfiÌ·Ù· Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Ù˘ ÚÔÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚ˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ [227]. √È ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó Ù· ÌÔÚÊfiÙ˘· Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÍ·¯ıÔ‡Ó ·fi Ù· ¯ÚÔÓÈο ÙÔ˘ Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹ Ô˘ ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓ› ÙÔÓ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÒÚ· Î·È ÙÔÓ URI ÂÓfi˜ ·ÈÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘, Û˘Ó‰˘·Ṳ̂ӷ Ì ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· Úfi‚Ï„˘ Ù˘ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ·ÚÂÏ- ıÔ‡Û· [76]. 5.4.4 º‹ÌË Î·È ›ÛÙË ∏ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ë ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ· Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ Ô˘ ·ÔÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰· ·fi οı ¯Ú‹ÛÙË. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, Ë ÁÓÒÌË ÂÓfi˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰· Â›Ó·È ÂÍ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÈÔ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ ·fi ÙȘ ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿Û·Ì ÚÈÓ ·fi Ï›ÁÔ. ∆Ô Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ·fi„ÂˆÓ ÔÌ·‰ÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î¿Ùˆ ·fi ÙÔÓ Ù›ÙÏÔ «›ÛÙË» (trust). Œ¯Ô˘Ì ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ ‹‰Ë ÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË ÙˆÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯ˆÓ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚˆÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÔÌÊ·ÏÒÓ Ó· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ∫˘‚ÂÚÓÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘. ∆¤ÙÔÈÔÈ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ Â›Ó·È Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ‚·ıÌfi ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔÈ ‰ÈfiÙÈ, ·ÊÂÓfi˜, ÔÈ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯ÔÈ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ¯·›ÚÔ˘Ó Ù˘ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡Ó˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÔ›ıËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ fiÙÈ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ηÈ, ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘, ÔÈ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓÔÈ ÔÌÊ·ÏÔ› ¯·›ÚÔ˘Ó Ù˘ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ, ‰ÈfiÙÈ «‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó» Û ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·. Ÿˆ˜ ı· ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÙ·Ó, Ë ›ÛÙË Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¿ÁˆÓ Û οı ÙÔ̤· ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∂ÌÈÛÙ¢fiÌ·ÛÙ ٷ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ‹ Ù· ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚ο Û˘ÁÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· fiÙÈ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÔÚı¿ Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·. ∂ÌÈÛÙ¢fiÌ·ÛÙ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ·˘ÙÔ› Ô˘ ϤÓ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È. ∂ÌÈÛÙ¢fiÌ·ÛÙ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Web οÓÔ˘Ó ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ϤÓ fiÙÈ ı· οÓÔ˘Ó, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó ˙ËÌÈ¿ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜. ∂ÌÈÛÙ¢fiÌ·ÛÙ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÙÔÔıÂۛ˜ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÌÔÚ›Ô˘ οÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂӉ‰ÂÈÁ̤ÓË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙˆÙÈÎÒÓ Î·ÚÙÒÓ, Ì·˜ ·ÔÛÙ¤ÏÏÔ˘Ó Ù· ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· Ô˘ ·Ú·ÁÁ›ϷÌÂ Î·È Ê˘Ï¿ÛÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· Ì·˜ Ì ·ÛÊ·Ï‹
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÙÚfiÔ. ∏ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ Web, Ë ÔÔ›· Ì ÚËÙfi ÙÚfiÔ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÓˆÓ˘Ì›· Î·È ÙË 117 ÛˆÛÙ‹ ·ÓÙÈÁÚ·Ê‹, ıˆÚ› ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ˙‹ÙËÌ·. ∏ ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ online ›ÛÙ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ ı¤Ì· ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÏ·ÏÒÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏfiÓÙˆÓ Ì¤Û· ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ online Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·Á¤˜. ªÈ· ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË Ù˘ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ [116] ·ÔÎ¿Ï˘„ fiÙÈ Ôχ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÔÈ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ·ÔÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ›ÛÙË, ÛÙȘ ·Èٛ˜ Ù˘ ›ÛÙ˘ Î·È Û fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜. ∏ ›ÛÙË ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÔÈÎÈÏÔÙÚfiˆ˜ ˆ˜ Ë «‚¤‚·ÈË ÚÔÛ‰ÔΛ·» ‹ ˆ˜ «Ë ÂÈı˘Ì›· Ó· Â›Û·È ÙÚˆÙfi˜» ‹ «ÌÈ· ÁÂÓÈο ıÂÙÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ÛË». ∏ ›ÛÙË ÛÙ· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È Ë ›ÛÙË Û οı ¿ÙÔÌÔ Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È ·ÊÔÌÔÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó˘·ÚÍ›· ÂÓfi˜ ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡. ¶Ôχ Û˘¯Ó¿, ÔÈ ÂÛÙÈ·- Ṳ̂Ó˜ ÂÌÂÈÚÈΤ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó (fiˆ˜ ÔÚı¿ ÚԂϤÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË) ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ Ì ¿Î·ÌÙÔ ÙÚfiÔ Î·È Û·Ó›ˆ˜ Û˘Ì›ÙÔ˘Ó ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ¤Ó·Ó ÎÔÈÓfi ÔÚÈÛÌfi. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÛÂȘ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ‰‡ÛÎÔϘ, ·Ó fi¯È ·‰‡Ó·Ù˜, Î·È Û ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÔÈ ¿Î·ÌÙÔÈ ·˘ÙÔ› ÔÚÈÛÌÔ› ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË Ì ÙË Ï·˚΋ ‹ ÙËÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· [215]. ∂›Û˘, Ë ›ÛÙË ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ‰˘Ó·- ÌÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ηıÒ˜, ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÙÔ ¤Ú·ÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ÁÈ· Ó· ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌËı› ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ-ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ Ë ›ÛÙË Û ¤Ó·Ó ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ. ¡· ‰È¢ÎÚÈÓÈÛı› fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ Web, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô ›ÛÙ˘ [85]. ∞fi ÙËÓ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ›ÛÙË ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· «Î·Ù·Û΢·Ûı›» Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ Î·È Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ·Ó ‹Ù·Ó ÛˆÛÙfi (Ô˘ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È) Ó· ·Ú·Á¿ÁÔ˘Ì ›ÛÙË Ì ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ. ™ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ·˘Ù‹ Ô ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ۯ‰ȿÛÔ˘Ì ÌÈ· ·ÈÙÈÒ‰Ë Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ›ÛÙË Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·. ¢ÂÓ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È Í·ÊÓÈο, Ì ¤Ó·Ó Ì·ÁÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ, Ó· ÂÌÊ·ÓÈÛÙ› Ë online ›ÛÙË. ∞ÊÔ‡ ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ‰ÂÓ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ·˘ÙfiÌ·Ù· ÎÒ‰ÈΘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, ¤ÙÛÈ Î·È ÔÈ ¿ÏÏÔÈ ‰ÂÓ ˘Ô- ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ·˘ÙfiÌ·Ù· fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÎÒ‰ÈΘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ∫·È ÂÂȉ‹ Ë ›ÛÙË ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ ¤Ó· ȉȈÙÈÎfi ·Á·ıfi, ·ÏÏ¿ ÚˆÙ›ÛÙˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ, ı· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ¿ÓÙ· «Âχ- ıÂÚÔÈ Î·‚·Ï¿Úˉ˜»179 Ô˘ ı· ÂÎÌÂÙ·ÏχÔÓÙ·È ÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔ›ˆÓ [56]. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο Â›‰· ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË ‰È¿‰ÔÛË Ù˘ ›ÛÙ˘ ÛÙÔ Web Î·È ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË. ¶ÚÒÙÔÓ, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ˆ˜ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘, ̤۷ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Î¿ı ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘ ÚÔÛ·ı› Ó· ÂȂ‚·ÈÒÛÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Î·ÓfiÓ˜ Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Û Â›‰ÂÈÍË Ù›ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ∏ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È Ë ˘Ô‰ÔÌ‹ Ô˘ ı· Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ÙËÓ ÂÁÁ‡ËÛË Ù˘ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜Ø ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ [230] ‹ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ȉȈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ [234]. ∞ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒÓÙ·˜ ¤Ó· ‰ÚfiÌÔ Û·Ó ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔ˘ Hobbes180 ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·¯·›ÙÈÛË Ù˘ ·Ó‹ıÈ΢ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Ô‰ËÁԇ̷ÛÙ ÔÈÎÈÏÔÙÚfiˆ˜ Û Ôχ ‰··ÓËÚ¤˜ χÛÂȘ. °È· ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ› Â›Ó·È ÛÙÂÓ¿ Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔÈ Ì ٷ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÂÙ·È Ë ¢È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ Web (Web Governance). www 179 Free riders. ™ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË, ÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ì ˆ˜ «ÂχıÂÚÔ˘˜ η‚·Ï¿Úˉ˜» Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ô˘ ›Ù ÂˆÊÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ¤Ú·Ó ÙÔ˘ «‰›Î·ÈÔ˘» ÌÂÚȉ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ¤Ó· ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ fiÚÔ, ›Ù ‰ÂÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó «‰›Î·È·» ÛÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜. 180 ÕÁÁÏÔ˜ ÊÈÏfiÛÔÊÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ 17Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ· Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ fiÙÈ Ë È‰ÈÔÙÂÏ‹˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ʇÛ˘.
5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ 118 ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î·È ÙÔ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi Â›‰Ô, ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ Ô Î·ı¤Ó·˜ ÂÏ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉÚÒÓÙ˜ Û˘Ó¤Ù·ÈÚÔÈ ‹ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ¤˜ Â›Ó·È Ù›ÌÈÔÈ, ·ÓÙ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎÔ› Î·È ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ηÓfiÓ˜. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·˘Ù‹ Ù›ÓÔ˘Ì ӷ ÂÍ·ÚÙfiÌ·ÛÙ ·fi ÙȘ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂοÛÙÔÙÂ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. ªÂ οÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Î¿ı ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ·ÔÎÙ¿ ¤Ó· ›‰Ô˜ Ê‹Ì˘ Î·È ˘fiÏ˄˘. ∏ Ê‹ÌË Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÎÔÌ‚ÈÎfi ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂÈ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˘, ·ÔÌÔӈ̤ÓÔ Ì ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ ÙÚfiÔ ·fi ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ [205]. ∏ Ê‹ÌË ‰ÂÓ (Î·È ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·) ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi Ù˘. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ¿Ì‚Ï˘ÓÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓˆÓ. ∏ ·ıÚÔÈÛÙÈ΋ Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË Ù˘ Ê‹Ì˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó· ¢ڇ Ê¿ÛÌ· ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂˆÓ ·ÔÛÎÔ› ÛÙË Ï›·ÓÛË ·ÎÚ·›ˆÓ ·fi„ÂˆÓ ‹ ·Û˘Ó‹ıÈÛÙˆÓ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙˆÓ. À¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ¢Ú›· ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ÙÚfiÔ Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ Î·È ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜ οı ʋÌ˘ [239]. ¶ÔȘ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ı· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙË Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔ- ÈÛÙ›·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ÙÔ˘ Web; ¶Ò˜ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ·ıÚÔ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜; ªÂ ÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ı· ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ·ıÚÔ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÚԤ΢„·Ó; ¶Ò˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜; ∫·È fiˆ˜ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Ì ٷ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Web, ÙÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ӷ ¯¿ÛÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È ÙÈ Ó· ÎÂÚ‰›ÛÔ˘Ì ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ¤Ó· ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈο ÛÌÈÏÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ, ·ÎÚÈ‚¤˜ Î·È ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÎÚÈ‚fi ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Î·È ¤Ó· Úfi¯ÂÈÚ· ÊÙÈ·Á̤ÓÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ 90% ÙˆÓ ÛÎÔÒÓ, Â›Ó·È ·ÏÔ˚Îfi ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈ· ‚¿ÛË ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ; √ ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ Ê‹Ì˘ Ù˘ eBay [86], Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÚԂϤÂÈ ÙËÓ ¿ıÚÔÈÛË «ÍÂÚÒÓ» ÌÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ (+1 ·ÔÙÈÌ¿Ù·È Ë ıÂÙÈ΋ „‹ÊÔ˜, -1 Ë ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ „‹ÊÔ˜) ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÏÂÎÙÈÎfi Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·‰È·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙ· ÙÔ ‰ËÌÔÊÈϤÛÙÂÚÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ Ê‹Ì˘. √ ‚·ıÌfi˜ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ·ÓÔÈÎÙ‹ ÚfiÎÏËÛË, ηıÒ˜ ÌÂÚÈÎÔ› ·ÁÔÚ·ÛÙ¤˜ ‰ÂÓ ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË, ηıÒ˜ Â›Û˘ ·Ó·Î‡ÙÔ˘Ó ı¤Ì·Ù· ÌÂÚÔÏË„›·˜ (ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ ·Ó Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ·Ó·ÊÂÚı› ÌÈ· ηϋ ‹ ÌÈ· η΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·), ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏÔ› ÙÚfiÔÈ Ó· «Ì·ÁÂÈÚ¢Ù›» Î·È Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ·Ú·Ï·ÓËÙÈ΋ Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·ÍÈÔ- ÏfiÁËÛ˘ Î·È Â›Ó·È Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÂÈÛ¤ÏıÂȘ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ¤¯ÂȘ ÌˉÂÓÈ΋ Ê‹ÌË (bootstrapping reputation) [242]. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Ë ÂÌÔÚÈ΋ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Ù˘ eBay ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ·fi‰ÂÈÍË Ù˘ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÂÓÒ ·Ú¿ ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÌÂÚÈÎÒÓ Ôχ- ÎÚÔÙˆÓ ˘Ôı¤ÛˆÓ, ÙÔ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ̤ÁÂıÔ˜ Ù˘ ·¿Ù˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ˘„ËÏfi. Ÿˆ˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ Google, ‚ÚÈÛÎfiÌ·ÛÙ ÌÚÔÛÙ¿ Û ¤Ó· ·Ïfi Î·È Â‡ÎÔÏ· ÎÏÈÌ·ÎÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ì ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÂÈÙ˘¯›·. ŒÓ· ·ÚÂÌÊÂÚ¤˜ Î·È ÔχÏÔÎÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Â›Ó·È Ë Â‡ÚÂÛË Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ ÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ›ÛÙ˘ Û ·ÙÔÌÈ΋ ‚¿ÛË Î·È Ë Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ·ÏÁÔÚ›ıÌˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔ- Ô›ËÛË Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·ıÚÔ›ÛˆÓ. ∏ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ‚·ıÌÔÏÔ- Á›· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ +1 Î·È ÙÔ -1 Î·È ·ÊÔÚ¿ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡˜. ™ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·˘Ùfi ·Ó·Î‡ÙÔ˘Ó ‰‡Ô Úfi‰ËÏ· ı¤Ì·Ù·. ¶ÚÒÙÔÓ, ·fi ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ Ë ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ›ÛÙ˘/ÌË ›ÛÙ˘ Â›Ó·È Û·Ó›ˆ˜ Ë ‚¤ÏÙÈÛÙË, Ò˜ ÌÔÚ› οÔÈÔ˜ Ó· ÂÈϤÍÂÈ ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi; ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, Ò˜ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ͯˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ‰‡Ô Èı·ÓÒ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÌË- Ó›˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌˉÂÓfi˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ οÏÏÈÛÙ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ó «‰ÂÓ ¤¯ˆ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ·fi ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÂÎʤڈ ÁÓÒÌË» ‹ «¤¯ˆ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·, ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ì·È Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚÔ˜ ·¤Ó·ÓÙ› ÙÔ˘/Ù˘».
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ËÁÒÓ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È 119 ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛˆÓ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÔÈ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂȘ ÂÓfi˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Ì ÙÔÓ ıÂÌ·ÙÔʇϷη Ù˘ ›ÛÙ˘, ÔÈ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ì·ÚÙ‡ÚˆÓ, Ù· ÈÛÙÔÔÈËÙÈο Î·È Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ô˘ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÈ Ô Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˜ ıÂÌ·ÙÔʇϷη˜ [152]. ∞Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙȘ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ οı ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈÏÂÁ› Ô ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ›ÛÙ˘ ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË Î¿ÔÈÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎÔ‡ (∞Ú¯ÈÌ‹‰ÂÈÔ˘) ÙÚfiÔ˘ ‹ ÛÙÔÓ ·ÓÙ›Ô‰·, ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙˆÓ ·ÙÔ- ÌÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛˆÓ, ·fi„ÂˆÓ Î·È ÂӉȷÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ (Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, Ô ‚·ıÌfi˜ ›ÛÙ˘ Û ¤Ó·Ó ıÂÌ·ÙÔʇϷη ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ·fi ÂÚˆÙÒÌÂÓÔ Û ÂÚˆÙÒÌÂÓÔ). ∏ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ Ù˘ ›ÛÙ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·Ó·fiÊ¢ÎÙ· ÌÈ· ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È ·‰‡Ó·ÙË ÂÚÁ·Û›· Â¿Ó ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Ù· ηٿÏÏËÏ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÁÈ· Ó· ηٷϋÍÔ˘Ì Û ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· [114]. ∏ ›ÛÙË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ‰Â˘ÙÂÚ‡ÔÓ ·Á·ıfi, ‰‡ÛÎÔÏ· ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÈÌÔ, Î·È ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÌÂÓÔ ·fi ÙÔÓ ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÛÙfi¯Ô Ô˘ Â͢ËÚÂÙ›ٷÈ. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, fiϘ ÔÈ ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ̤۷ ·fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÂÈϤÁÂÙ·È ·˘Ù‹ Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Â›‰ÔÛË, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙË Û¯ÂÙÈο «ÌÔÓÔÏÈıÈ΋» ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ eBay. ∆Ô‡ÙˆÓ Ï¯ı¤ÓÙˆÓ, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ REGRET [246], Ù· ÔÔ›· ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Ó· ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈṲ̂ÓÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ Î·Ù·¯ÒÚÈÛË Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ¿ıÚÔÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Á›ÓÂ- Ù·È Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Û˘Áί˘Ì¤Ó˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜181. ™Â ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÌÈ· ÔÛÔÙÈ΋ ÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ·Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ ¤Ó·˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘ ηٿ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ Ó· ıˆÚ› ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi ·fi ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜. ∏ ÔÛÔÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÔÙ›‚ˆÓ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ ÛÙfi¯ÔØ ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈÎfi ‹ ÂÏÏÈ‹. ™Â ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛÂ Û˘Ì·Á‹ Î·È Â˘ÎÔÏÔÓfiËÙ· ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ‰›·, Ë ÈÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÂ›Ù·È Â›Ó·È Ë ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û‹Ì·ÓÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ [111]. ∆Ô ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛÊÔÚfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÂÈϤÔÓ ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ∞Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· ÂÂÓ‰‡Ô˘Ì ÛÂ Ù˘ÈΤ˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜ ‹ Û ¤Ó· Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ù˘ÈÎÒÓ- ËÌÈÙ˘ÈÎÒÓ-¿Ù˘ˆÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛˆÓ; øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÔÈ ·ÏËıÈÓ¤˜ ÈÛÙÔڛ˜ ·fi ·ÏËıÈÓÔ‡˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÂÓËÌÂÚˆÙÈΤ˜, ·ÚfiÙÈ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ˘„ËÏfi ‡ÚÔ˜ ˙ÒÓ˘. ∏ Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú›· ÙˆÓ ¿ÏψÓ, ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÏϤ¯ıËÎÂ, ›Ù ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ıËΠ›Ù ·ıÚÔ›ÛÙËÎÂ, Â›Ó·È Û›ÁÔ˘ÚÔ ˆ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Î·È ÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ›ÛÙ˘. ∏ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ Web ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ô‰Âȯı› ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· ·˘Ùfi, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ì ÙËÓ ›‰È· ¢ÎÔÏ›· Ô˘ ·Ó·Î·Ï‡ÙÔ˘Ì ÌÈ· ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ÛÂÏ›‰· ÛÙÔÓ World Wide Web ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ηٷϋÍÔ˘Ì Û ̷ÚÙ˘Ú›Â˜ ÁÈ· οÔÈÔÓ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ì Û ¤Ó· ¤ÌÈÛÙÔ ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∂ÊfiÛÔÓ ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ηٷÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ¤Ó·Ó ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ ÙÚfiÔ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂˆÊÂÏËıÔ‡Ó ·fi ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÙȘ ·ıÚÔ›ÛÔ˘Ó [243]. ∆Ô ÚÔ··ÈÙÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ÁÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Â›Ó·È Ë ‡·ÚÍË Î¿ÔÈ·˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ οÔ˘ ÛÙÔ Web, Ë ÔÔ›· ı· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ οı ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ı· Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤Ó˜ Ì οÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔ ∞ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ Web (Web of Trust). ∞fi ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ Ë ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ·˘Ù‹ ı· Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌË, ı· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ÛÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ Ê‹Ì˘. ¶·ÚfiÌÔȘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ·Ú¯›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ηÈÚfi Ó· ‰ËÌÈ- www 181 Fuzzy reasoning.
5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ 120 Ô˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È. ªÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ÈÔ ·ÍÈÔÚfiÛÂÎÙ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë FOAF [45]182, ÌÈ· ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›· Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜ RDF/OWL, Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÂÎÙ·ı› Ì ¤Ó· ÂȉÈÎfi ÏÂÍÈÏfiÁÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ·fi„ÂˆÓ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ʛÏÔ˘˜ [115]. Ÿˆ˜ Û˘¯Ó¿ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È Ë ›ÛÙË ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÂÙ·‚·ÙÈ΋. ¢ËÏ·‰‹ ·Ó Ô ∞ ÂÌÈÛÙ‡ÂÙ·È ÙÔÓ µ Î·È Ô µ ÂÌÈÛÙ‡ÂÙ·È ÙÔÓ °, ‰ÂÓ ¤ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ô ∞ ÂÌÈÛÙ‡ÂÙ·È ÙÔÓ °. ∏ ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛË Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ˘ÔÓÔ̇ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ∞ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˘ Web. ∂Ó ÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, ·Ó Ô ∞ ÂÌÈÛÙ‡ÂÙ·È ÙÔÓ µ, Ô µ ÂÌÈÛÙ‡ÂÙ·È ÙÔÓ ° Î·È Ô µ Û˘ÛÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ° ÛÙÔÓ ∞, ÙfiÙ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÏfiÁÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ∞ Ó· ÂÌÈÛÙ¢ı› ÙÔÓ °. ∏ ·Ï˘Û›‰· ·˘Ù‹ ı· Û¿ÛÂÈ, ÂÓ Ù¤ÏÂÈ, ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· Û ¿ÌÂÛÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È ·fiÙÔÌ·Ø ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ô‰ÔÌËı› ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, Â¿Ó Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ·Ô‰fiÌËÛ˘ ‚·ÛÈÛı› ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ∞ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˘ Web, ÙfiÙÂ Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ Ë ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ‹ Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ›ÛÙ˘ ·fi Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú›Â˜ ·˘ÙÔ„›·˜ ‹ ·ÔıËÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˜ ·fi„ÂȘ [115]. Œ¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯı› fiÙÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·ÏÈÛı› Ë ¿ıÚÔÈÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ SW, Ë ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÂΠʇÛˆ˜ ¢ÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌÒÓ Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜. ∞fi ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ οÔÈÔ˜ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÔÈ› ¤Ó· ·Ú¯Â›Ô, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ÔÈÔÈ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÈ Î·È fiÛÔ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔÈ Â›Ó·È, ÙfiÙÂ Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘ÔÛÙ› ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛË ÂӉȿÌÂÛˆÓ [115, 243]. ∏ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÙÚfiˆÓ Ô˘ Ë ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÍ·¯ı› ·fi ‰Ô̤˜ fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Web, ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ Ù˘ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Web. √ Richardson Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰Â›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÚÌËÓ›˜ Ù˘ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˘ Web Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ ÙˆÓ ÌÔÓÔ·ÙÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘˜ (path algebra) Î·È ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Èı·ÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Â›Ó·È Ù·˘ÙfiÛË̘ [243]. ª‹ˆ˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ·˘Ùfi Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈËı› ÛÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ÈÂÚ¿Ú¯ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙȘ ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ Web; ∂›Û˘, ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ∞ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ Web ·ÏÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ›ÛÙ˘. ∂›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛı‹ÎË ÔÏ˘-·Ú·ÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ ·fi„ÂˆÓ Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, fiˆ˜ ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚԤϢÛË; ªÂ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ÙË ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÛÙË ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙˆÓ Webs, Ì‹ˆ˜ ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ›ÛÙ˘ ÛÙÔ SW, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›ÛÔ˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô ÚfiÏÔ Ì ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔ˘ PageRank Ô˘ ÂÍ¿ÁÂÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ·fi ÙȘ ·ÓÂÚÌ‹Ó¢Ù˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ÛÙÔ WWW; 5.4.5 ¶›ÛÙË (II): Ì˯·ÓÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ·fi‰ÂÈÍË À¿Ú¯ÂÈ, ÙÂÏÈο, ¤Ó· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Ô˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ˆ˜ Â›ÏÔÁÔ˜ ÛÙ· ı¤Ì·Ù· ›ÛÙ˘. ∂ÌÈÛÙ¢fiÌ·ÛÙ ÙȘ Ì˯·Ó¤˜ Î·È ÙȘ ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔÈË̤Ó˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ›ÛÙ˘ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙ·Ó ÂÚÁ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙ ‹ ‰È·ÛΉ¿˙Ô˘Ì ÛÙÔ Web; Œ¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯı› fiÙÈ Ô ÛËÌÂÚÈÓfi˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ «·fi‰ÂÈ͢» (‹ ηχÙÂÚ· Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔ- Ô›ËÛ˘) ̤۷ ·fi ‰‡Ô ÔÙÈΤ˜ ÁˆÓ›Â˜. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË, fiˆ˜ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍÂ Ô Wittgenstein, Ë ·fi‰ÂÈÍË Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÂÈÎfiÓ· Ô˘ ··ÈÙ› ÂÈ·ڈÛË, ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ¿ Ì·˜ [292] Î·È ÂÓ Ù¤ÏÂÈ Ì·˜ ›ıÂÈ. ∂ÍËÁ›, ÂȉÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ Î·È ‰È·ÙÚ·ÓÒÓÂÈ www 182 http://www.foaf-project.org.
Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÙËÓ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· Ù˘ ·ԉ‰ÂÈÁ̤Ó˘ ÚfiÙ·Û˘. 121 √ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ Ù‡Ô˜ ·fi‰ÂÈ͢ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÏÁÔÚÈıÌÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË. ∂›Ó·È, ›Ûˆ˜, ÈÔ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙË ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ıÂÒÚËÛË (·fi‰ÂÈÍË-ÂÈÎfiÓ·), ·ÏÏ¿ ÁÈ· Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ‹ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÛıԇ̠fiÙÈ Ù· ‚‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ıËÎ·Ó Â›Ó·È Î·È Ù· ÂӉ‰ÂÈÁ̤ӷ. ∞·ÈÙÂ›Ù·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ›ÛÙË (·) ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë ·fi‰ÂÈÍË ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÚÔÛ¤Ï·ÛÙË Î·È (‚) ·ÎfiÌ· fiÙ·Ó ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÙËÓ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ‚‹Ì·-‚‹Ì·, Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜ Ë «¯ÂÈÚÔΛÓËÙË» ÂÈÛÎfiËÛË. ¢˘ÛÙ˘¯Ò˜ Ô Wittgenstein ‰ÂÓ ¤˙ËÛ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÚ›ÏÔΘ Ì˯·ÓÈΤ˜ ·ԉ›ÍÂȘ Ó· ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·È Û ÎÔÈÓÔÙÔ›·, ·ÏÏ¿ fiÓÙˆ˜ ·ÊȤڈÛ Ôχ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÂÈ ÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙÔ˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡. ª¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ·Û˘Ó‹ıÈÛÙË, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘, ıÂÒÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·Ù¿ÊÂÚ Ì ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ Ó· ‰È·¯ˆÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·fi‰ÂÈÍË-ÂÈÎfiÓ· Î·È ÙË Ì˯·ÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ·fi‰ÂÈÍË Î·È Ó· ηٷϋÍÂÈ ÛÙÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Ì·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË ÛÙȘ Ì˯·ÓÈΤ˜ ·ԉ›ÍÂȘ Â›Ó·È ÂıÂÏÔ‡ÛȘ Î·È Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ Ì·˜ ‰ÂÛÌÂ‡Ô˘Ó [292]. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÂÎÙÂÙ·Ì¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÂÚ›ÏÔÎˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÎÒÓ ·ԉ›ÍˆÓ, ·Ó·- ‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ·È Ù· ‰ÈÏ‹ÌÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÚÔ¤‚ÏÂ„Â Ô Wittgenstein. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ Ù˘È΋˜ ·fi‰ÂÈ͢ ÛÙËÓ ÔÚıfiÙËÙ· ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‚Ú¤ıËΠÛÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ Ù˘ ‰È·Ì¿¯Ë˜ ‰‡Ô ‰ËÌÔÊÈÏÒÓ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÏÂÙÒÓ. √ De Millo Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ Ë ·fi‰ÂÈÍË-ÂÈÎfiÓ· ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ‡¯ÚËÛÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÔÈ Ì˯·Ó¤˜ Â›Ó·È ·Ó›Î·Ó˜ Ó· ÂÈÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ·˘Ù‹ [73]. √ Fetzer ·ÓÙ¤ÙÂÈÓ fiÙÈ ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· Û˘Ó¯‹˜ Û‡Á¯˘ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡Ô Ù‡Ô˘˜ Ù˘ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ·fi‰ÂÈ͢. √ ¤Ó·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Ù‡ˆÓ, fiÔ˘ οı هÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Â›Ù ·Í›ˆÌ· ›Ù ·Ú¿ÁÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ù‡Ô˘˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË Î·ÓfiÓ˜ ·ÏËı›·˜, Î·È Ô ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ηٷÛ΢¿˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÌÈ· Ì˯·Ó‹ [100]. √‡Ùˆ˜ ‹ ¿Ïψ˜, ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ÌÂϤÙ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ¤ÓÙÔÓ˜ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ‰¤¯ıË- Î·Ó ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ·fi‰ÂÈ͢ ‹Ù·Ó ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ‹ÛÈÌË. ™‹ÌÂÚ·, ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ Ï¢ڤ˜ Ù˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ (ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·, Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ˘Á›·˜ Î·È ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜, ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ˆÊ¤ÏÂÈ·˜) ÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ˘fi ÙËÓ ·ÈÁ›‰· ·˘ÙfiÌ·ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Web, Â›Û˘, ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ¤˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ (fiˆ˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ SW) ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó fiÏÔ Î·È ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÔÛfiÙËÙ· ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ›ÛÙ˘ Û ¤Ó· Ì˯·ÓÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ·. ∏ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· Ù˘ ›ÛÙ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ·Úfi‚ÏÂÙË Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÛÛˆÚÂ˘Ì¤Ó˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ [85] Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ·ÔʇÁÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ›ÛÙË ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓˆÓ Î·È Ì˯·ÓÈο ·Ú·ÁfiÌÂÓˆÓ ·fi„ÂˆÓ Î·È ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ [192]. ∏ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ›ÛÙË Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎfi «ÂÁÒ» Î·È ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË Ô˘ ηٷÛ΢¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi Î·È ÙÔ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÚÔÛ‰È- ÔÚÈÛı›. ∏ ‰È¿‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ Web ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈο ·fi ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜. 5.4.6 ∏ıÈΤ˜ Î·È Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈΤ˜ Ï¢ڤ˜ Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ∆· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ËıÈ΋˜ ʇÛ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ·Ó·Áη›Ô ̤ÚÔ˜ ÛÙÔÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÔÁÔ ÙˆÓ ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∂›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÂÍ¿ψۋ ÙÔ˘.
5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ 122 ∏ ·ÏfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛ˘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ URIs Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È ÙÔ «ÎÏÂȉ›» ÁÈ· ÙË Ìfi¯Ï¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘. ∫¿ı ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·Ó·ÙÚÔ‹˜ Î·È ˘ÔÓfiÌ¢Û˘ Ù˘ Û¯¤Û˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ô‰Âȯı› fiÙÈ ˘ÔÓÔ̇ÂÈ ÙÔ Web Î·È ÙÔ SW. ªÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·ıÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ‰ÔÌ‹ ı· Êı›ÚÔ˘Ó ÙË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔÓ ÂοÛÙÔÙ URI Î·È Û fi,ÙÈ ‚ϤÔ˘Ì ÛÙËÓ ÔıfiÓË Ì·˜. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, fiÛÔ ÈÔ ÂÚ›ÏÔÎË Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ë Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹, ÙfiÛÔ ÈÔ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ô ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÚfiÌÔÈˆÓ ·Ó·ÙÚÔÒÓ. ∆Ô Web ‰È¤ÂÙ·È ÂÎÔ˘Û›ˆ˜ ·fi ÌÈ· ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓË ‰ÔÌ‹. ∏ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ÓÔÌ›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó˘·ÚÍ›· ·Ú¯ÒÓ ÂÈ‚ÔÏ‹˜ Ù˘ ÔÚı‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ∂›Ó·È ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÏϤ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Â›Ó·È ˙ˆÙÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â‡Ú˘ıÌË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Web (ÓfiËÌ·, Û˘Ìʈӛ· ·Ú¯ÒÓ, ·ÊÔÛ›ˆÛË), ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ Â˘ÓfiËÙË ˘ÂÚ¿ÛÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ÔʤÏÔ˘˜ [261]. ∞Ó, fï˜, ˘Ôı¤ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈ‚Ï·‚‹˜ Û˘- ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ‚·Ú‡ÓÂÙ·È Ì ÎfiÛÙÔ˜, ›Ù ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο fiÙÈ ·ÔʤÚÂÈ ˆÊ¤ÏÂÈ·183 ‹ ˙ËÌÈ¿184, ÙfiÙÂ Ë ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·ÔÎfiÌÈÛË ·ÙÔÌÈ΋˜ ˆÊ¤ÏÂÈ·˜ ·‰˘Ó·Ù› Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Ï‹Úˆ˜ Ò˜ ÌÈ· ÙfiÛÔ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¯ÒÚ· ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË [144]. ∂ÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, ¤Ú· ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È Û›ÁÔ˘ÚÔ fiÙÈ ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ Web ·ÚÂÈÛÊÚ¤Ô˘Ó ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚ· ÌË ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· [254]. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈʤÚÔÓÙ·È ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈο. À¿Ú¯ÂÈ, ‚‚·›ˆ˜, ÌÈ· ÏËıÒÚ· ·fi ΛÌÂÓ· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. ∆Ô Î›ÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ Ó· ı¤ÛÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ Âȯ›ÚËÌ· ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ‰›Ô. ∞˘Ùfi Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÛËÌ·Û›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ô˘ Ë Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹, Ë Û‡Ó- ‰ÂÛË, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ URIs Î·È Û ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÔıfiÓË, ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ Û˘Ìʈӛ˜ ·Ú¯ÒÓ ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, Ë ÔÔ›· ¤ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ÛËÌÂ›Ô Â›Ó·È ·ÏÙÚÔ˘ÈÛÙÈ΋. £· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ÌÈÏ¿Ì ÁÈ· ΢ÚÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ı· ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÔÚı‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ (·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÂÙ ÛÙÔ ∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 6), ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ı¤Ì· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Ë Â͇ÚÂÛË ÙÚfiˆÓ ËıÈ΋˜ ÚˆÙÔÔÚ›·˜ ‹ Ë ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔηÏ› ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ë ÂÈı˘Ì›· ËıÈ΋˜ ‰È·ÁˆÁ‹˜. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ÚÔÂÍ¿Ú¯Ô˘Û˜ Ì˯·ÓÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÈı˘Ì›· ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈʤÚÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎfi Ó‡- Ì·. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û ·ÓÂÊ¿ÚÌÔÛÙÔ˘˜ ÎÒ‰ÈΘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ, fï˜, ηٿ ÌÈ· ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ËıÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ Web. ∞Ô- ‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ˆ˜ Ë ËıÈÎÔÏÔÁ›· Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ۯ‰›·ÛË Î·È Î·Ù·Û΢‹. ∞˜ ‰Ô‡Ì Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚ¤ÛÙÂÚ· ÙË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ¤Ó·Ó URI Î·È ÙÔ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô «‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ». ∞Ù˘¯Ò˜, fiˆ˜ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÏÔÈ fiÛÔÈ Û˘ÓÙËÚÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ, Ì ÙÔ ¤Ú·ÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È Ë ›ÂÛË ˘ÔÓfiÌ¢Û˘ Ù˘ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜. ŒÓ· ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ›ÂÛ˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÂÍ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚÔ˘ Ì˯·ÓÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙÈÍÔfiÙËÙ˜, ÂÓÒ ¤Ó· ¿ÏÏÔ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ ‹ ·ÏÒ˜ Û ӈıÚfiÙËÙ·. ∞ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ Web ı· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Û ηχÙÂÚ· Â¿Ó ÔÈ URIs ‰ÂÓ ¿ÏÏ·˙·Ó, ·Ó ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ¤‰ÂÈ¯Ó·Ó ÁÈ· ¿ÓÙ· ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎfi ·Ú¯Â›Ô (ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ÂÚÈÔ‰Èο Ó· ·Ó·ÓÂÒÓÂÙ·È). ¶Ú·ÎÙÈο, Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÒÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ÌÂÈÒÓÂÙ·È Ì ڷÁ‰·›Ô ÙÚfiÔ. ŒÓ· ›ڷ̷ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ·Ú·¿Óˆ, ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÚÔÛÂÏ¿ÛıËÎ·Ó 150 ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· www 183 Commission. ∂˘Î·Èڛ˜ ÔʤÏÔ˘˜ ·fi ·¿ÙË. 184 Omission. ∞ÔÙ˘¯›· ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ ÁÈ· 11 ‚‰ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, ¤‰ÂÈÍ fiÙÈ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ 9˘ ‚‰ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ¯¿ıËÎÂ Ë 123 ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Û ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ÙÔ˘ 10% ÙˆÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ (ÂÚ›Ô˘ ÙÔ 4% ›¯Â ÂÍ·- Ê·ÓÈÛı› ‹‰Ë ·fi ÙËÓ 1Ë Â‚‰ÔÌ¿‰·). ∆Ô 3% Â¤ÛÙÚ„ ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·Ù· Ù‡Ô˘ 4ÃÃ, Ù· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·Ù· 404 Î·È Û¯Â‰fiÓ fiÏ· Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ· ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·Ù· 403185. ¶ÂÚ›Ô˘ ¤Ó· ¿ÏÏÔ 3% ÙˆÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ ÂÌÔ‰›ÛÙËΠ·fi ÙÔ ·Ú¯Â›Ô robots.txt ÙÔ˘ Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹ ÙÔ˘ Web, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ Î·È ·ÔÎÚÔ‡ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Web crawlers. 2 - 3% ÙˆÓ ÛÊ·ÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÔÊ›ÏÔÓÙ·Ó Û ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘, fiˆ˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›Â˜ ‡ÚÂÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ DNS, ¿ÚÓËÛË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ‹ ‰È·ÎÔ¤˜ TCP, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ 2% ‹Ù·Ó ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·Ù· 3ÃÃ, ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ Ë ÛÂÏ›‰· ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÙ·ÎÈÓËı›. √È ÙÔÔıÂۛ˜ Ì ηٿÏËÍË .net Î·È .com ·ԉ›¯ÙËÎ·Ó ÔÈ ÈÔ Â˘¿ÏˆÙ˜ [99]. ∏ ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÛÙ·ıÂÚÒÓ URIs ‰‡ÛÎÔÏ· ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, fiÙ·Ó ¤Ó·˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ·Ó·‰ÈÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÂÙ·È ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˜ ÂÈÚ·ÛÌfi˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ó¤Ô˘ Î·È ÈÔ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ URIs Ô˘ ı· ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙË Ó¤· ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈ΋ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›·. ∞Ú¯Èο, ÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ì ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û· ÚfiÎÏËÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÂÏÈο ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ·ÂÚ›ÛÎÂÙË Ú¿ÍË. √È ÎÂÓÔ› Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ Ô˘ «ÎÚÂÌ¿Ó» ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÙÈÎÔ› Î·È ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË ˘ÔÓÔÌÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ Î·È ÛÙȘ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÔÈ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ ·˘ÙÔ› ÂÎÚÔÛˆÔ‡Ó. ŒÓ·˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfi˜, ¢·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛÙÔ˜ Î·È Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ online ›ÛÙ˘ [116]. ªÂ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ, fï˜, ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ fiϘ ÔÈ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ URIs ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ϤÔÓ «·ÏȤ˜», ÌË ÂÓËÌÂڈ̤Ó˜ ÂÁÁڷʤ˜ ÛÙȘ Ï›ÛÙ˜ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ (·Á·Ë̤ӷ) ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ, ·¯ÚËÛÙ‡ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ¯ÂÈÚfiÁڷʘ ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ Î·È ÔÔÈÔÛ‰‹ÔÙ ۇӉÂÛÌÔ˜ ·Ó·Î·Ï‡- ÊıËΠÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚËı› ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·Ó·Ó¤ˆÛË ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ [27]. Œˆ˜ ¤Ó· ÛËÌÂ›Ô Â›Ó·È ı¤Ì· ÛÙ˘Ï. √ Berners-Lee [27] ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔʇÁÔ˘Ì ÛÙËÓ ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›· ηٷÏfiÁˆÓ Î·È Ê·Î¤ÏˆÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ, ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ‰›·, ηٿÛÙ·ÛË, ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ Î.Ï. ŸÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ·ÎÔ‡ÁÔÓÙ·È Â‡ÏÔÁ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›· ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ Î·È Ê·Î¤ÏˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÙË ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ Îϛ̷η ÙÔ˘ Web fiÏ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÔ˘Ó, ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ȤÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙÔ˘ URI. ™Â οı ¿ÏÏË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· ÙÔ˘ ʷΤÏÔ˘ ηı›ÛÙ·Ù·È ·ÔÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÙÈÎfi (¯ÂÈÚfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi Ù· ¿Ó¢ ÓÔ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÔÓfiÌ·Ù·). ∞˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÙˆÓ URIs ¯ÚÂÈ- ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË ÛΤ„Ë ·fi ·˘Ù‹ Ô˘ Ê·ÓÙ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙÂ. √ ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙ‹˜ οı ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÂÈÛٷ̤ӈ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û˘ ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Î·È Ó· ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂÈ Ì ٤ÙÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌÂÙ·‰›‰ÂÈ ÙÔ ÂȉȈÎfiÌÂÓÔ Ì‹Ó˘Ì· Î·È ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ, ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ ÌÂÛÔÚfiıÂÛÌÔ. ∏ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ·˘Ù‹ ¤¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ·Ó ı¤ÏÔ˘Ì ӷ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ÙÔ Web ÛˆÛÙ¿ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ, ·Ó fi¯È fiÏÔÈ ÔÈ ‰È·- ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙ¤˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚˆÓ, Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·Ú¯ÒÓ. ∞˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙˆÓ ÙÚfiˆÓ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ Ë ËıÈ΋ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web. ™Â ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ ÔχÏÔÎÔ˘ ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜, fiˆ˜ Ë Ì˯·Ó‹ ÂÓfi˜ ·ÂÚÔÏ¿ÓÔ˘ ‹ ÏÔ›Ô˘, οı Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙfi˜ «ÂÚÁ¿Ù˘» ÙÔ˘ Web ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Âίˆ- Ú‹ÛÂÈ Ì ۇ̂·ÛË ÙÔ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· Ù˘ Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ. ™ÙÔ Web fiÏÔÈ Â›Ì·ÛÙ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ¤˜. ∞ÏÏ¿ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂȘ Î·È Î·ı‹ÎÔÓÙ· ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ÂÈÛ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È Î¿ıÂ Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘, ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋˜ ʇÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ÕÏψÛÙÂ Ë ÂÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘ Ù˘ ‡·Ú͢ ÙˆÓ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙ·ıÂÚÒÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ www 185 Forbidden. ∞·ÁfiÚ¢ÛË ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘.
5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ 124 Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ ÛÙÔ Web. ŒÓ· ¿ÏÏÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Û ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi Â›‰Ô, Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÂÓËÌÂڈ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘. ™Â ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Â›‰Ô, Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È Ó· ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ, fiÙ·Ó ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙfi, Ó· ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ‡ÓÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈ‚Ï·‚‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ (ÂÈ˙‹ÌÈ· ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· οı ¯Ú‹ÛÙË, fiÛÔ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web ˆ˜ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ), fiˆ˜ ÙÔ phishing ‹ Ë ÂÍ·¿ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ PageRank Î·È ÙˆÓ ÏÔÈÒÓ ·ÏÁÔÚ›ıÌˆÓ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ Ì˯·Ó¤˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘. ¢ÂÓ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È Ó· ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ÌÈ· ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ χÛË Û ٤ÙÔȘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜. ∏ ·ÔÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Û· Û˘ÌÂ- ÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ı· Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ¿ÓÙ· Û ¤Ó· ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ·˘ÙÔ› Ô˘ ÙËÓ ˘ÈÔ- ıÂÙÔ‡Ó ı· Ì·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ ÂÈÚ·ÛÌfi Ó· ÙËÓ ÂÍ·Û΋ÛÔ˘Ó Û ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜. ŸÌˆ˜, ÔÈ Î·ÓfiÓ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ÔÈ ¿ÏϘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÂ Û˘Ìʈӛ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÙÈ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ online ηı‹ÎÔÓ Î·È ÙÈ ·Ó¿ÚÌÔÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. ∆Ô ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, ÁÈ·Ù› ÙÔ spam Â›Ó·È ÂÍfi¯ˆ˜ ÂÎÓ¢ÚÈÛÙÈÎfi, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ junk email Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÌÈ· Û¯ÂÙÈο ÌÈÎÚ‹ ÂÓfi¯ÏËÛË; ∞ÎÔÏÔ‡ıˆ˜, ı· ÌÔÚ¤ÛÔ˘Ì ӷ ÚÔÛ- ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÈ Â›‰Ô˘˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È, ÔȘ ·Ôı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ë ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÙȘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ. ∏ ÛÙÂÓ‹ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ô˘ ·Ú·ÙËÚԇ̠·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ Î·È ÙËÓ ËıÈÎÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔÓ online ÎfiÛÌÔ Â›Ó·È ·Û˘Ó‹ıÈÛÙË, ·Ó fi¯È ÌÔÓ·‰È΋. ∏ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· ·ÍÈÔÛËÌ›ˆÙË ÏÂ˘Ú¿ Ù˘ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„‹˜ Ì·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web. ™ÙÔ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô Î·È È‰È·ÈÙ¤Úˆ˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ Ô˘ Îڷٿ٠ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· Û·˜ ı· ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚ¤ÛÙÂÚ· ÌÂÚÈο ·fi Ù· ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ Ù¤ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ·˘Ùfi.
126 6. ∞ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·, ÚfiÙ˘· Î·È ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÛÙÔ Web
127 ™ÙÂÚÂÔÙ˘Èο, Ë ÁÓÒÛË Â›Ó·È ‰‡Ó·ÌË. ∆Ô Web, Ì ÙË ‰Ú·Ì·ÙÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·ÙfiÈÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ÔΛÌÂÓˆÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ ÛÙË ÁÓÒÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ ÙȘ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯‹ÛÂȘ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ Ì ÙÂÏ›ˆ˜ ·Úfi‚ÏÂÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜. √È ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈΤ˜ ·Ï‹ıÂȘ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËı› ·fi ÙËÓ ¤Ï¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web [217] ·ÏÏ¿, Û›ÁÔ˘Ú·, ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ. ∏ ‰‡Ó·ÌË ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÙ·ÙÔÈÛÙ› ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ÂÁ›ÚÂÈ ÙÔ ·›ÙËÌ· ÁÈ· ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ Web. ¶Ò˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙ› Î·È Ó· ‰È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËı› ÙÔ Web, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙË ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ Î·È Î·ÚÔÊfiÚ· ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹ ÙÔ˘; Œ¯Ô˘Ì ‹‰Ë Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ, ÛÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 5.4.6, fiÙÈ Ë Ú‡ıÌÈÛË ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ·¿ÓÙËÛË Û οı Úfi‚ÏËÌ·. ∆Ô ÁÂÓÈÎfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ù˘ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓË ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ‰˘ÛÎÔχÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Ôχ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÙˆÓ ‹ Û¯ÂÙÈο ·‰È¿ÊÔÚˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ, Ù· ÚfiÙ˘· ·˘Ù¿ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È È‰È·ÈÙ¤Úˆ˜ ·Ï¿. ∏ ·ÏfiÙËÙ·, fï˜, ‰ÂÓ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ Î·ıfiÏÔ˘ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ¯¿Ú·Í˘ Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Î·È ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙÔ˘ Web. ÀÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Û‡ÓıÂÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÌÔ‰›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÍ¿ψÛË ÙÔ˘ Web, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ‰ÈÛÙ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ó· ‰È·ı¤ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ÌÔÈÚ·ÛıÔ‡Ó Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ÙȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Ô˘ η٤¯Ô˘Ó [287]. ∏ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· Î·È Ë È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ›ӷÈ, Â›Û˘, ı¤Ì·Ù· Ì›˙ÔÓÔ˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜. ¢È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ› ¿ÚÔ¯ÔÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ (‹ Ú·ÎÙÈο η̛· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋) ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Û ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘. ∆Ô Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ fiÙ·Ó Ë ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÛÙ· «¯ÔÓÙÚÔÎÔÌ̤ӷ» Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ, ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ ‹ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚˆÓ Î·È fi¯È ÛÙÔ ÂÎÏÂÙ˘Ṳ̂ÓÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ù˘ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Â›Ó·È ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ·ÏËıÈÓfi ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ÈηÓfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ˘fi‚·ıÚˆÓ, ÚˆÙÔÎfiÏÏˆÓ Î·È ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Â˘Ú¤ˆ˜. ŒÓ·˜ ÚfiÛıÂÙÔ˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ˘Ô‰Ô̤˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ηıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ ÙËÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·, ÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ·ÚÂÓÔ¯ÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ÌÂ Û˘Ó¯‹ ·ÈÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· ÂÈϤÔÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Î·È ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈÔ- ‰ÔÙ‹ÛÂȘ. ∏ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ Web ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÁÓÔËı› ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘. •ÂÎÈÓ¿Ì ÙË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ‹ Ì·˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ì ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ηıÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ Î·È ¯¿Ú·Í˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. 6.1 ¶ÚfiÙ˘· Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ °ÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ë ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ Â›Ó·È Î¿ÙÈ ıÂÙÈÎfi, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÍÔÈÎÔÓfiÌËÛË ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜ Û ¤Ó·Ó ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎfi ÎÏ¿‰Ô ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÒÓ Îϛ̷η˜ [281]. øÛÙfiÛÔ ÂÁ΢ÌÔÓÔ‡Ó Î·È ·Á›‰Â˜ [36]. ™Â ¤Ó· ‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈÎfi ÎÏ¿‰Ô Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ì›· ‹ ‰‡Ô ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ó· ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡Ó ÛÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ, ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ¤˜ Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ. √È Î˘Ú›·Ú¯ÔÈ Ù˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Ù· ÚfiÙ˘· ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÌÔӛ̈˜ ¤Ó· ‹ ‰‡Ô ‚‹Ì·Ù· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜
6. ∞ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·, ÚfiÙ˘· Î·È ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÛÙÔ Web 128 ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘˜ ·›ÎÙ˜. √È fiÏÂÌÔÈ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó ÛÙË Û·Ù¿ÏË fiÚˆÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ Î·È ·Ó¿- Ù˘Í˘ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ Î·È ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ. ¶ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ Û¯ÂÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Ì¿¯Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ù˘ ÂfiÌÂÓ˘ ÁÂÓÈ¿˜ ÙˆÓ DVD. ¢È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÛÈÌ· ÚfiÙ˘·, Ì ‚¿ÛË Ù· ÔÔ›· Ô Î·ı¤Ó·˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈϤÍÂÈ ‹ Ó· ÌËÓ ÂÈϤÍÂÈ ¤Ó· ÚfiÙ˘Ô, Â›Ó·È Ôχ Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Û ηχÙÂÚÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Û ¤Ó·Ó ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎfi ÎÏ¿‰Ô. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, Ë ‡·ÚÍË ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ, Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚˆÓ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙȘ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Ì ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· ÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ۯ‰›·ÛË Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Web, Ù· ÚfiÙ˘· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ıÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈÎÒÓ È‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙËÓ ·ÔÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹, ÙËÓ Â˘ÂÏÈÍ›· Î·È ÙËÓ Â˘¯ÚËÛÙ›· Û ¤Ó·Ó ÎfiÛÌÔ fiÔ˘ ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Ï¢ڤ˜ Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÎfiÌ· ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔÔÈËı›. ¶·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο, Ë ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÚÈÔÚÈ- Ṳ̂ÓÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ Î·È Â›Ó·È ÂÓۈ̷و̤ÓË Û ‡ÏËÙ· ·fi fiÏÔ˘˜ Ï·›ÛÈ·. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ‰È·- ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ʈÙÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi ÙÚfiÔ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ¯¤ÚÈ Ì ¯¤ÚÈ ÂÓfi˜ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ˘. ∂›Ó·È Û¯ÂÙÈο ‡ÎÔÏÔ Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ÔÚ›· ÂÓfi˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘. ∏ ηÎÔÌÂÙ·¯Â›ÚÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Â›Û˘ ‡ÎÔÏÔ Ó· ‰È·ÈÛÙˆı›. ∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ‚Úԇ̠ÙÔÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi «¤ÓÔ¯Ô» Ù˘ η΋˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ù˘ ʈÙÔ- ÁÚ·Ê›·˜ Ì·˜, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÔ˘Ì ÔÈÔ˜ ÙË ‰¿ÓÂÈÛ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ ¿‰ÂÈ¿ Ì·˜. √È „ËÊȷΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ. ∏ ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË ÌÈ·˜ „ËÊȷ΋˜ ʈÙÔ- ÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙË Ì·˙È΋ ·ÓÙÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Î·È ‰È·ÓÔÌ‹ Ù˘ Ì ¯Ú‹ÛË ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ. ∆· ÚfiÙ˘· Î·È ÔÈ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ۯ‰ȿÛÙËÎ·Ó ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÔÚı‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ·Ó·Áη›Â˜. ∆Ș ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÔÈ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›- ˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈÔ˜ Î·È Î¿Ùˆ ·fi ÔȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ‹ Ó· ÙÚÔÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÂοÛÙÔÙ fiÚÔ. ∏ ÛˆÛÙ‹ ¿ÛÎËÛË Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔ˙fiÌÂÓ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· οı fiÚÔ ÛÙÔ Web. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Ù˘ ÔÚı‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ηıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÂÓÒÓ, Î·È ·ÔÎÏÂ›Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÚÌÔÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. ∆Ô ÂÚÈıÒÚÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ˘Ô‰ÔÌÒÓ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÚԂϤÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ·ÚfiÌÔÈˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ·ÓÒÙÂÚ· Â›‰· ÙÔ˘ SW, fiˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 3.2. (ÛÂÏ›‰· 54) √È Î·ÓfiÓ˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÈÌÔÈ Î·È Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÎÏÈÌ·ÎÔ‡ÌÂÓË ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Î·È ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ [287]. ∂Í·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web, Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ¢·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÈÛıËÙ¿ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈË̤ÓË ·fi ÙȘ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ¸- Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ó Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi Î·È ‰··ÓËÚ‹ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË (.¯. Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ƒ∫π186) Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, Â›Ó·È «‚·Ú›˜» Î·È ·Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔÈ ÁÈ· ÁÂÓÈ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÛÙÔ Web. ∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ë Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓË ÚfiÛ‚·- ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ Έ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÙÈ΋. √ Weitzner Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ‰›ÏËÌÌ· ÂÓfi˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Ô˘ ÂÈı˘Ì› ÚÔÛˆÚÈÓ‹ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Û ¤Ó· ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ˘fi ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi. ŸÙ·Ó ·Ó·‚·ıÌ›˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ·˘ÙÔ‡, www 186 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), ÀÔ‰ÔÌ‹ ¢ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ∫ÏÂȉÈÔ‡. æËÊȷο ÈÛÙÔÔÈËÙÈο Ô˘ ÂΉ›‰ÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· Ê˘ÛÈο ÚfiÛˆ·, ÁÈ· ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ·ÛÊ·Ï›˜ ‰ÈÎÙ˘·ÎÔ‡˜ ÙfiÔ˘˜.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ·ÔÎÙ¿ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Û ÂÈϤÔÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi, ÂÓÒ Ë Ì›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈ¤‰Ô˘ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ 129 ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ‰È¢ڇÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ‚·ÛÈÌfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ [287]. ∆Ô Web ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜, ·Ú¿ Û˘ÓÙ·Á¤˜ Î·È Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ··ÁfiÚ¢Û˘. ™ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ·˘Ù‹, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÂÈ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔṲ̂ӷ Ï·›ÛÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ∏ Ponder Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ηٷÓÂÌË̤ӷ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙÔ˜ fiÙÈ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙË Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌËÓ ÂÈÙ‡¯ÂÈ Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ Û ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· [68]. ∏ KAoS Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ·Ú·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ OWL [275], ÂÓÒ Ë Rei ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ú¿ÎÙÔÚ˜ Ó· ·ÎÔ- ÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË OWL ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ [161]. ∏ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ηٷϋÁÂÈ Û ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ Î·È ÙË ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Û ηٷÓÂÌË̤ӷ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ì Ú¿ÎÙÔÚ˜ ‹ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Web. ∏ ‰Ú¿ÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ Policy Aware Web ÚÔ¯ˆÚ¿ÂÈ ¤Ú· ·fi ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ú¿ÎÙÔÚ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜. Œ¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ Ë ·Ú¯‹ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÙˆÓ ˘Ô‰ÔÌÒÓ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔ Î·È ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi Web, ·ÏÏ¿ ·Ô̤ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÏÏ¿ Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÎfiÌ· ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È·ÛÊ·ÏÈÛı› fiÙÈ Ë ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ· Î·È Ë ˘¢ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ· ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ ÙÚfiÔ. 6.2 ∑ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜ ∞fi ÙËÓ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ ÙÔ Web ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·Ó ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi ¯ÒÚÔ, Ù· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÛÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹ Ù˘ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘. ∆· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ ÚÔÛÙ·ÙÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ȉ¤·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÂÓ¿ Ï·›ÛÈ·, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ·fi ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘˜, (Ï.¯. ÌÈ·˜ ÓÔ˘‚¤Ï·˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ì ÌÈ· ÚÔÛٷ٢fiÌÂÓË ·fi ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÓÔ˘‚¤Ï·) Î·È ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Ù˘ ͯˆÚÈÛÙ‹˜ Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿˜ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·, ÂÓfi˜ ÌÔ˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ‹ ÔÔÈÔ˘‰‹ÔÙ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡. ∏ ÛÙÂÓfiÙËÙ· ·˘Ù‹ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ÔÏϤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÓfiÌÔ˘ ÁÈ· Ù· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· ÙÔ˘ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÔ‡ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙÔ ∞ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ ¢ÈηÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÙˆÓ ∏.¶.∞. ÂÓ¤ÎÚÈÓ ÙËÓ ¤ÊÂÛË Ô˘ η٤ıÂÛÂ Ë ÂÙ·ÈÚ›· ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ Borland ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ Ù˘ Lotus ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Î‡ÚˆÛË Ù˘ ηٷ‰ÈηÛÙÈ΋˜ ·fiÊ·Û˘ Ô˘ ›¯Â ÂÙ‡¯ÂÈ Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ «‰·ÓÂÈÛÌÔ‡» ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ù˘ ‰ÈÂ·Ê‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ Lotus 1-2-3. ™‹ÌÂÚ·, ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË Î·È ÙȘ ∏.¶.∞. ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤Ó· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊ˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ (reverse engineering) Î·È ·ÓÙÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË Û˘Ì- ‚·ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ [247]. √È ‚¿ÛÂȘ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ «Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜» ‹ »Û˘Óı¤ÛÂȘ» Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ï¿‚ÂÈ ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ Ì ٷ ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ÓÈο ¤ÚÁ· (ÚÔÛٷهÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· 50 ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘˜, Î·È ÛÙÔ ∏ӈ̤ÓÔ µ·Û›ÏÂÈÔ ÁÈ· 70 ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ ı¿Ó·ÙÔ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡), ·ÏÏ¿ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ Ô‰ËÁ›· Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ Ô˘ ÂΉfiıËΠÛÙ· Ù¤ÏË Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1990, ÌÈ· ‚¿ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÚÔÛٷهÂÙ·È ÁÈ· 15 ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ Ù˘. ∏ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Î·È Ë ‰È¢ı¤ÙËÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹, ÙËÓ ÂȂ‚·›ˆÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û‹ Ù˘. ª¤¯ÚÈ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Î·È ¿Ú· ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÂ
6. ∞ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·, ÚfiÙ˘· Î·È ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÛÙÔ Web 130 ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ÙËÓ ÔÛfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Web «‚¿ıÔ˘˜» Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯ÂÙ·È Û ‚¿ÛÂȘ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ SW Ó· Û˘Ó‰˘¿ÛÔ˘Ó Î·Ù·ÓÂÌË̤ÓË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ·fi Û¯ÂÛȷΤ˜ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, Â›Ó·È Ôχ Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ·Ó·Î‡„ÂÈ ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿ıÂÛË ÁÈ· Ù· ‰ÈηÈ- ÒÌ·Ù· ÛÙȘ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ [132]. °ÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÌÈ· Ó¤· Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ √‰ËÁ›·187 Ì ı¤Ì· ÙËÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÛÙÔ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ ÙÔ̤·. ŒÓ·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÈÙ¿¯˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ Û ÌÈ· ·ÍÈÔÛËÌ›ˆÙË ÔÛfiÙËÙ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘Ïϯı› ·fi ÙȘ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÌÈ·˜ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ. ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ·˘Ùfi ¤¯ÂÈ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ∏ӈ̤ÓÔ˘ µ·ÛÈÏ›Ԣ Ó· ȉڇÛÂÈ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ÙÔ °Ú·ÊÂ›Ô ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÛÙÔ ¢ËÌfiÛÈÔ ∆Ô̤·188, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚÒ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ SW ˆ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈÔ˘ ̤ÛÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ ÙÔ˘. ∆· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó, Û‹ÌÂÚ·, ÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿ıÂÛ˘ ÛÙÔ ÓÔÌÈÎfi ‰›Ô Ù˘ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜. ∫¿ÔÈÔÈ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë „ËÊȷ΋ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È Ë Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Web, ÌÂٷ͇ ¿ÏψÓ, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÈÚ·Ù›· Û ¿ÌÂÛË Ú¿ÍË, ηıÒ˜ Ë ·ÓÙÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Î·È Ë ‰È·ÓÔÌ‹ ¤¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ Â˘ÎÔÏfiÙÂÚÔ Ú¿ÁÌ· ÛÙÔ ÎfiÛÌÔ. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÂÈÎÚÔÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Î·È ÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚfiÏË„Ë ‹ ÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÌË ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈÔ‰ÔÙË̤Ó˘ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜. ªÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÌÂÚ›‰· ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÒÓ ÛËÌÂÈÒÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ‰‡Ó·ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ·˘Ù‹Ó ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÙËÓ ÂˆÊÂÏ‹ Â·Ó·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÂ- ¯Ô̤ÓÔ˘, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ Web, Â›Ó·È ·‚Ï·‚›˜ Î·È ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ¤˜, Ì ÚÒÙË Î·È Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÙËÓ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· [131]. ∆Ô ˙‹ÙËÌ·, Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο, ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Â¿Ó Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÔÚÚ¤ÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÎÌˉ¤ÓÈÛË Ù˘ ·Í›·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡, ·Ôı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÈ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· ‹ ‚Ï¿ÙÂÈ ÙÔ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ [93]. √ Lawrence Lessig ¤¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈ ÙËÓ È‰¤· ÙˆÓ «ÂÏ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·‰ÂÈÒÓ ¯Ú‹Û˘»189, Ë ÔÔ›· ÚÔۂϤÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ ÂÓfi˜ ¢¤ÏÈÎÙÔ˘ ‡ÚÔ˘˜ ÚÔÊ˘Ï¿ÍÂˆÓ ÁÈ· Ù· ¤ÚÁ·, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÂÌÔ‰›˙ÂÙ·È Ë Â˘Ú›· ¯Ú‹ÛË. ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÁÈ· οı ¤ÚÁÔ, Ù· ÔÔ›· Ì ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ÂίˆÚÔ‡Ó ÌÂÚÈÎÒ˜ ‹ ÔÏÈÎÒ˜ Ù· ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈο ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÚÔ- ‚ϤÂÈ Ô ÓfiÌÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡˜ [187]. Œ¯Ô˘Ó ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯı› ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙȘ ¢ÚÂÛÈÙ¯ӛ˜ Î·È ÚԂϤÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· Ù˘ ÌÔÓÔÒÏËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÊ¢ڤÙË ÌÈ·˜ Ó¤·˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌ˘ Î·È Î·ÈÓÔÊ·ÓÔ‡˜ ·Ù¤ÓÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ›ÎÔÛÈ ¯ÚfiÓÈ·. ŸÌˆ˜, Ù· ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ, ÙˆÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ıÂÒÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜. ∏ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ Â˘ÚÂÛÈÙ¯ÓÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÒÓ Ì˘ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ó·ÛÎÔÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ [93]. 6.3 ¶·Ú·‚·ÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ™ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¯ÒÚ· Ë ·Ú¿‚·ÛË Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ‹ Ù˘. ∞˜ ÌË ÁÂÏÈfiÌ·ÛÙ fï˜Ø Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ›̷ÛÙ ¿ÓÙ· ¤ÙÔÈÌÔÈ ÁÈ· «Ì¿¯Â˜ ÛÒÌ· Ì ÛÒÌ·». °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙÔ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓÔ www 187 2003/98/EC, http://www.ecgis.org/document.cfm?id=486&db=document. 188 Office of Public Sector Information - www.opsi.gov.uk. 189 Creative commons - http://creativecommons.org.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web «spamdexing» ‹ ·ÏÏÈÒ˜ Ë ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Û ¤Ó· ·Ú¯Â›Ô Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô 131 ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ó· ÂÌÊ·ÓÈÛı› „ËÏ¿ ÛÙ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÒÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ Û¯ÂÙÈÎfi ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ, Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÏ΢ÛÙÈÎfi fiÙ·Ó ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ηχÙÂÚ˘ «ÔÚ·ÙfiÙËÙ·˜» ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰·˜ Î·È Â¿Ó ÔÈ ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÛÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ·Ú¿ ÛÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ÛÂÏ›‰·˜ [76]. ∆Ô ÈÔ ÚÔÊ·Ó¤˜ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Û ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙË «Ì¿¯Ë ÛÒÌ· Ì ÛÒÌ·» Â›Ó·È Ô ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˜ PageRank Ù˘ Google [221] Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔÓ ÈÔ ‰ËÌÔÊÈÏ‹ ÙÚfiÔ Ì¤ÙÚËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰›Ù˘¯Ô˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜-Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ·˜. ∂›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Ë ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ Ù˘ Google ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web, ÒÛÙÂ Ô PageRank Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Û ¤Ó· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ fiÔ˘ ¤Ó·˜ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ÚÔÛ·ı› Û˘Ó¯Ҙ Ó· ÙÔÓ «ÂÍ··Ù‹ÛÂÈ». ªÂϤÙ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔÓ PageRank Î·È ·ÚÂÌÊÂÚ›˜ ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˘˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘ÔÏÔÁ›ÛÂÈ ÙȘ È- ı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜ ‡·Ú͢ «ÂχıÂÚˆÓ Î·‚·Ï¿ÚˉˆÓ» ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÂÍ¿ψÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ spam [37], [178]. Œ¯Ô˘Ó ‰ÂÈ ÙÔ Êˆ˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÛÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÔÏϤ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÂÍ·¿ÙËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ PageRank ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Â›‰ÔÍÔ˘˜ spammers. ∏ Monika Henzinger, ÚÒËÓ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÙÚÈ· ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ Ù˘ Google, ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ spammers Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›· [137]. ŸÛÔ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ fiÊÂÏÔ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÛÂÏ›‰·˜ „ËÏ¿ ÛÙË Ï›ÛÙ· ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘, Ë ·‰˘ÛÒËÙË Ì¿¯Ë ı· Û˘Ó¯›˙ÂÙ·È. ∂›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· Ê·ÓÙ·Ûı› ηÓ›˜ fiÙÈ ÙÔ «spamdexing» ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·ÎËÚ˘¯Ù› ¤ÎÓÔÌË Ú¿ÍË, ¿ÏψÛÙ ÔÈ ÈÔ ÔÏÏÔ› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ «‰Ú¿ÛÙ˜» ·ÏÒ˜ ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍˆÓ-ÎÏÂȉÈÒÓ Ô˘ ¤Î·Ó·Ó ÙÔ Web ¤Ó· ÙfiÛÔ ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ô. 6.4 π‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ŒÓ· ¿ÏÏÔ ı¤Ì· Ô˘ ·ÓËÛ˘¯Â› ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ spam, Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ ȉȈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ∆Ô Web ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÌÈ· ¿Ó¢ ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û ÔÛfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÚÔηÏ› ÙË Û·Û̈‰È΋ ΛÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ Ô˘ ›Ù ·ÓËÛ˘¯Ô‡Ó Ôχ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÒÏÂÈ· Ù˘ ȉȈ- ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο ıˆÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ·ÚfiÌÔÈˆÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ¯ÚÔÓÔ‚fiÚ· Î·È ‚·ÚÂÙ‹ [85], [234]. ™˘¯Ó¿, Ë ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Û ÛÎÔ- Ô‡˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˜ ·Ú¯Èο Û˘ÏϤ¯ıËÎÂ. ∂ÓÒ fiÏÔ Î·È Û˘¯ÓfiÙÂÚ· Ë ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ˆ˜ ‰Â˘ÙÂÚ‡ÔÓ ˙‹ÙËÌ·. ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ·˘Ùfi ‹Úı ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ· fiÙ·Ó ·Ó·Î·Ï‡ÊıËΠfiÙÈ ‰È¤ÚÚÂ˘Û·Ó ·fi ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÂÈ- ¯ÂÈÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ù· ÚÔÛˆÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ 50.000.000 ·ÙfïÓ. ∏ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ∏.¶.∞. ÛÙËÓ Î·ıȤڈÛË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Ù˘ ȉȈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô‰ËÁ› ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙË ÌË ÂÍȯӛ·ÛË ·ÚfiÌÔÈˆÓ Û˘Ì‚¿ÓÙˆÓ. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, ¤Ó·˜ ÚˆÙÔÔÚÈ·Îfi˜ ÓfiÌÔ˜ Ô˘ „ËÊ›ÛıËΠÛÙËÓ ¶ÔÏÈÙ›· Ù˘ ∫·ÏÈÊfiÚÓÈ·˜, ·Ó·Áο˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ó· ÂÓËÌÂÚÒÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ı‡Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ‰È·ÚÚÔ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ·ÔηχÊıËΠÙÔ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ ÛοӉ·ÏÔ. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ΛÌÂÓÔ˘, ÔÈ ÓfiÌÔÈ ˘ÂÚ¿ÛÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ȉȈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÎÂÚ‰›˙Ô˘Ó ¤‰·ÊÔ˜ Û fiÏ· Ù· Â›‰· Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘, ÂÓÒ Ë Microsoft ·Ó·›ÚÂÛ ÚÔÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚË ı¤ÛË Ù˘, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ „‹ÊÈÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎÔ‡ ÓÔÌÔıÂÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË Ù˘ ȉȈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ [265]. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÌÈ· ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ¤Ú¢ӷ η٤‰ÂÈÍ fiÙÈ ÙÔ 59% ÙˆÓ ÂȉÈÎÒÓ ÏË-
6. ∞ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·, ÚfiÙ˘· Î·È ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÛÙÔ Web 132 ÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ·¿ÓÙËÛ·Ó Û ۯÂÙÈÎfi ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ, ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ·˘ÍËı› Ë online ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË ÛÙÔ ÎÔÓÙÈÓfi ̤ÏÏÔÓ [103]. ∆Ô W3C ÚÔˆı› ÙÔ Àfi‚·ıÚÔ ¶ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ π‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ (P3P)190 ·ÔÛÎÔÒÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË. √ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ÂÈ- Ù˘Á¯¿ÓÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÙËÓ Â˘ÎÔÏfiÙÂÚË ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË [67]. ∆Ô P3P Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÚfiÙ˘Ô ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÔÙÈ΋˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ·fi ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Û˘Ì- ÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ÛÙË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ·˘Ù‹. ∂›Ó·È Û›ÁÔ˘ÚÔ ˆ˜ Ë Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ȉȈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› (Î·È Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ›) ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ·˜. ∂ÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, Ë Â˘·ÈÛıËÛ›· ÛÙȘ ·ÙÔÌÈΤ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙȘ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ¤Í˘ÓˆÓ ‰ÈÂ·ÊÒÓ Î·È Â‡¯ÚËÛÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ Î·È ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ¿ÂÈÚˆÓ ‹ Û¯ÂÙÈο ·‰È¿ÊÔÚˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ [286]. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ÙÔ ƒ3ƒ Î·È ÔÈ ·ÚÂÌÊÂÚ›˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÂÈ‚ÔÏ‹˜ fiÙ·Ó ·Ú·‚È¿˙ÔÓÙ·È. ∂Ó‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ȉȈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, fiˆ˜ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓfiÌ·ÛÙ ·fi ÙÔ ¢È·ÊˆÙÈÛÌfi Î·È ÌÂÙ¿, Ó· ÌËÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·Ê˘Ï·¯ı› Û ÌÈ· ÂÔ¯‹ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÙÔ Web ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙfiÛ˜ ÔÏϤ˜ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·Á¤˜, ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÙfiÛÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÔÛfiÙËÙ· ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÛÙ·¯˘ÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔ˘ ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, ÂÓ ·ÁÓÔ›· ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘. ™ÙÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ Ô˘ Ô „ËÊÈ·Îfi˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ΢‚ÂÚÓÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ÂÈ‚Ï·‚‹˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Û˘ÁηٷϤÁÔÓÙ·È Ù· ÂÍ‹˜: (1) Ë ‰˘ÓËÙÈ΋ Ì·ÎÚÔ‚ÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ·ÔıËÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, (2) Ë Â˘ÎÔÏ›· ·ÓÙÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜, (3) Ë ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· Î·È Ë ÔÚıfiÙËÙ· ·ÓÙÈ- ÁÚ·Ê‹˜ Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜, (4) ÔÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ› Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ› ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘, (5) Ë ÈÛ¯‡˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘Á¯ˆÓÂ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, (6) ÔÈ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ηٷÛÙÔÏ‹˜ Î·È ·ÚÂÌfi‰ÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, (7) Ë Ú¢ÛÙfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ë ·ÓˆÓ˘Ì›· Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ Web, (8) Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈ΋˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘, (9) Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ¯ÒÚˆÓ ÛˆÛÙ‹˜ ÎÔÈÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÙÚfiˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ÛÊ·ÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ, (10) Ë ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ‡ÚÂÛ˘ «ÙÚ˘ÒÓ» ÛÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, (11) Ë ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÛÙËÓ Â‡ÚÂÛË ÙˆÓ «‰Ú·ÛÙÒÓ» ÙÔ˘˜, (12) Ë Î¿Ï˘„Ë fiÏ˘ Ù˘ Áο̷˜ Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ Ì·˜ ·fi ÙÔ Web, (12) Ë ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›· ÙÔ˘ ̤ÛÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Ù˘ „ËÊȷ΋˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, (13) ÔÈ Û˘Ì·Á›˜ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈΤ˜ ηٷÛ΢¤˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ·ÔıË·ÂÙ·È Ë ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Î·È (14) Ë ·Ú¿ÍÂÓË ¤ÏÍË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ Web Î·È ÙȘ «˘fiÁÂȘ» Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜. ∞‰È·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙ·, ˘¿Ú- ¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏÔ› ·ÎfiÌ· ÏfiÁÔÈ. ∞ÚΛ ·ÏÒ˜ Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú·‚¿ÏÔ˘Ì Ì ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó Û ¤Ó· ¿ÏÏÔ Ì¤ÛÔ ·Ôı‹Î¢Û˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ¯·ÚÙ›, ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÓÙÈÏËÊıԇ̠fiÛÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ Ù˘ ·ÂÈÏ‹˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÙÔ Web ÁÈ· ÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ™ÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Â¿Ó Ë ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ·ÔıË΢fiÙ·Ó, ‹Ù·Ó ۯ‰fiÓ ·‰‡Ó·ÙÔ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙËı› Î·È Ó· ·Ó·- ÎÙËı› (·Ó·ÏÔÁÈÛı›Ù ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ηٷÏÔÁÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ê·Î¤ÏˆÓ Ì ¤ÁÁÚ·Ê·, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘ÌÏËÚˆı› ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈο Ì ¯ÈÏÈ¿‰Â˜ ÂÈϤÔÓ Ó¤· ÛÙÔȯ›·). ™ÙËÓ „ËÊȷ΋ ˙ˆ‹ Ì·˜, ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ùfi, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ô David Brin ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÔηϤÛÂÈ «Ú·ÎÙÈÎfi ÛÎÔÙ·‰ÈÛÌfi»191 [46], ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ ·fi ÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ. ∞ÏÏ¿, ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ÿÛˆ˜ Ó· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈ- ÎÂÓÙÚˆıԇ̠ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ηٿ¯ÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È ›Ûˆ˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÎÈÓËıԇ̠www 190 Platform for Privacy Preferences. 191 Practical obscurity.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ Ô˘ ı· ÚÔ¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ˘¢ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ 133 ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È ÙË ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ë ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·. ∂›Ó·È ·Ó·Áη›Ô Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì Ò˜ ÔÈ Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ Î·È ÔÈ Ï·ÙÊfiÚ̘ Ô˘ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ‹ ÛÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈ΋ ˙ˆ‹. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, Û‹ÌÂÚ· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏϤ˜ Ï·ÙÊfiÚ̘ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË Ù˘ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ Ù˘ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi Ù›ÓÂÈ Ó· ÙȘ ·ÁÓÔ›. Ÿˆ˜ ÂÈÛËÌ¿Ó·Ì ÚˆÙ‡ÙÂÚ·, ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ·ÎfiÌ· ‚ÚÂÈ ÙËÓ È‰·ÓÈ΋ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÓfi¯ÏËÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ Ì ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ·fi ÙË Ì›· ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Î·È ÙËÓ ·‰ÂÈÔ‰fiÙËÛË ‰È·Î›ÓËÛ˘ ÂÈΛӉ˘Ó˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË. ¶·ÚÂÌÊÂÚ‹ Ì ÙÔ ı¤Ì· Ù˘ ȉȈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È Ù· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔ- Ô›ËÛ˘ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ∞fi ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ fiÏÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔÈË̤ӷ Û˘ÛÙ‹- Ì·Ù· ÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ˘Ô„‹ÊÈÔ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Ó· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ԉ›ÍÂÈ ÙËÓ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ (ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ó· ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Û οÔÈÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜), ÌÂÁ·ÏÒÓÂÈ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ¶Ôχ Û˘¯Ó¿ Ë Ú¢ÛÙfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Ù·˘Ùfi- ÙËÙ·˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ÈÔ ÂÏ΢ÛÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ (fiˆ˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ϤÁÂÙ·È «fi,ÙÈ ‰ËÏÒÛÂȘ, ›۷Ȼ [186, 215]), ·ÏÏ¿ Ù· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂȂ‚·›ˆÛ˘ Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙË- Ù·˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ó· Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛıÔ‡Ó Ì ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ÂÍ·È- Ù›·˜ Ù˘ ·Ô˘Û›·˜ ‚ÈÔÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ˘Ôı¤ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Ë «Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·» Î·È Ë «ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜» Â›Ó·È Ï›ÁÔ Ôχ Û˘ÓÒÓ˘Ì˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ¤Ó· ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ù·˘ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ‹ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi οÙÈ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·ÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ (Ï.¯. ÌÈ· ¤Í˘ÓË Î¿ÚÙ·, ¤Ó· ÎÏÂȉ› fiÚÙ·˜, ¤Ó·Ó ÔÈÎÈ·Îfi ÏÔÁ·ÚÈ·ÛÌfi), ·fi οÙÈ Ô˘ ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ (Ï.¯. ÙÔÓ Îˆ‰ÈÎfi ÂÈÛfi‰Ô˘, ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ƒπ¡, ÙËÓ ·¿ÓÙËÛË Û ÌÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÂÚÒÙËÛË) ‹ ̤ۈ οÔÈÔ˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜. ¶ÔÏÏ¿ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛˆÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ηÈ, Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÂÍÈÛÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Ì ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô ÈÛÙÔÔ›Ë- Û˘ Ù˘ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ÀÔı¤ÙÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ·Ú¯È΋ ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËÎÂ Â›Ó·È ·ÎÚÈ‚‹˜ Î·È Û˘Ó¯›˙Ô˘Ó Ó· ÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË ·˘Ù‹ [230]. ŸÔÈ· Î·È Ó· Â›Ó·È Ù· ÌÂÈ- ÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ˘fiıÂÛ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜, –Î·È Û fiÚÔ˘˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÏÏ¿– ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÈ, ÙÔ˘- Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ, ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÙ‡Ô˘ Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È fi¯È ÂÓfi˜ ·fiÏ˘ÙÔ˘, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ‹Ù·Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ··ÈÙËÙÈÎfi. ∏ ÚÔÊ·Ó‹˜ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÛÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ Ù·˘ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ fiÛÔ ÈÔ Â‡¯ÚËÛÙÔÈ Â›Ó·È, Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ÈÔ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓ‹ ‚¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Web, ÙfiÛÔ ÈÔ Â‡ÎÔÏË Â›Ó·È Ë ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. √È ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔ› Έ‰ÈÎÔ› ÂÈÛfi‰Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÔÈΛÔÈ Î·È Â‡ÎÔÏÔÈ ÛÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ ¢¿ÏˆÙÔÈ Û ·Ϥ˜ ÂÈı¤ÛÂȘ. ™ÙÔÓ ·ÓÙ›Ô‰· ·˘ÙÔ‡, Ù· ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏ· Ù·˘ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ˘Ô‰Ô̤˜ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Ô˘ ÎÏÂȉÈÔ‡ (ƒ∫π) Â›Ó·È ÎÚ˘ÙÔÁÚ·ÊË̤ӷ Ì ·ÛÊ·Ï‹ ÙÚfiÔ (Î·È Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο «ÊıËÓ¿» Î·È Û¯ÂÙÈο ·Ï¿), ·ÏÏ¿, ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜, ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÂȉÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙÈ΋˜ ˘Ô‰ÔÌ‹˜ [230].
6. ∞ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·, ÚfiÙ˘· Î·È ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÛÙÔ Web 134 6.5 √ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ıÂÒÚËÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ∆Ô Web ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌfiÓÔ ¤Ó·Ó ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ. ∂›Ó·È Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi ‰›Ô ‰Ú¿Û˘ ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë ÁÓÒÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ·Í›· [209]. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, fiˆ˜ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ÙÔ Ó¤Ô ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ì·˜ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙÔ «Î¿„ÈÌÔ» ÙˆÓ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚȉ›ˆÓ Ù˘ √ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ÁÂÓÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ Ù˘ ‚ÈÔÌ˯·Ó›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ –Ì ۯÂÙÈο ˘„ËÏfi ¿ÁÈÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ (ÛÙËÓ Â‡ÚÂÛË ‹ ÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜) Î·È ·ÌÂÏËÙ¤Ô ÔÚÈ·Îfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ (Â›Ó·È ÙÂÙÚÈÌ̤ÓË Ë ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ ·ÓÙÈ- ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘)– Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· fiÙÈ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó Ê˘ÛÈο ÌÔÓÔÒÏÈ·. ∞˘Ùfi Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ‰ÈfiÙÈ ·fi ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ ÙÔ ¿ÁÈÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·ÏËÊı› ·fi Ì›· Âȯ›ÚËÛË, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ı¤ÛÂÈ ÂÎÙfi˜ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ ÙȘ Ӥ˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ̤ۈ ÂÓfi˜ fiÏÂÌÔ˘ ÙÈÌÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÚÂÌfi‰ÈÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ·fiÎÙËÛË Ù˘ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜. ∞·ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÁÈ· Ó· Â·ÏËı‡ÛÔ˘Ì ̤¯ÚÈ ÔÈÔ˘ ‚·ıÌÔ‡ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙÔ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚı¤Ó ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi Û¯‹Ì·. °È· ·Ú¿- ‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÔÈ online ÂÙ·ÈÚ›˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛı› ÙfiÛÔ ÛÎÏËÚ¿ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÎÙËÛË ÌÂÚȉ›Ô˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ ÒÛÙ ӷ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ online ÙÈ̤˜ Û ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ¯·ÌËÏfi Â›‰Ô. ™Â ·˘Ù¿ Ù· Ï·›ÛÈ· Â·ÏËı‡ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi Û¯‹Ì·, ÂÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ ÙÔ ‰›ÏËÌÌ· Ù˘ Ú‡ıÌÈÛ˘ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÓÔˆÏ›ˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÛÔ‚·Úfi ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ÚÔ˜ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË [281]. ∏ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÛÔ‚·Úfi ˙‹ÙËÌ·, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÛÙ· ÛËÌ›· Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È «ÌÔÙÈÏÈ·Ú›ÛÌ·Ù·» ·Ó·Î‡ÙÔ˘Ó ÌÔÓÔˆÏȷΤ˜ ¢ηÈڛ˜. ∏ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ıˆÚËı› ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÌÔÙÈÏÈ¿ÚÈÛÌ· ÛÙÔ Web [25]. √È Î˘ÚÈfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈÛ¤ÏıÂÈ Û ηıÂÛÙÒ˜ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓ˘ ÂÈÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ (fiˆ˜ Î·È ¿ÏϘ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›˜ ÛÙÔ ÙÔ̤· ÙˆÓ ÏË- ÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜) ‰ÈfiÙÈ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ‰ÈÂıÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú·- ı¤ÛˆÓ, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· Ì ÙË ‰È·‚fiËÙË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ ∫›Ó·˜ [16]. 6.6 ºÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˜ ËÁÂÌÔÓÈÛÌfi˜; ŒÓ· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ı¤Ì· Ô˘ ·Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· ı¤ÛÔ˘Ì ÌÂ Û˘ÓÔÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˜ Ô˘ ۯ‰ȿÛÙËΠÁÈ· Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙË ÚÔ‹ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Â˘Î·Èڛ˜ Û˘Ó-ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ∞Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· ı¤ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ÂÍ‹˜ ÂÚÒÙËÌ·: «ÁÈ·Ù› Ë ÈÔ ÂχıÂÚË ÚÔ‹ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Â›Ó·È Î¿ÙÈ Î·Ïfi;». √È ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È ¿ÌÂÛ˜ Î·È ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·‚›·ÛÙ·. ∂›Ó·È ηÏfi Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÂÎÊÚ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙ ÂχıÂÚ· ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂȉÈÒÎÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÒÓ, ·˘ÙfiÓÔÌˆÓ Î·È ·˘ıÂ- ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ Ì·˜. ∏ ·ÚfiÛÎÔÙË ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙȘ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Ù· ÏÔÈ¿ ΤÓÙÚ· ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ Ù›ÓÂÈ Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û ηχÙÂÚË ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙÔ ‰ÚfiÌÔ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔ- ÎÚ·Ù›·˜. ∫·È Ù· ‰‡Ô ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ· ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙȘ Ú›˙˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ÌÈ· ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË Î·È ·ÙÔÌÈÛÙÈ΋ ¿Ô„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Î·È ÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ Locke, Mill Î·È Rawls. ∂›Ó·È, fï˜, ÙÔ Web ¤Ó· ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ Î·Ù·Û··ÛÌ·; ™›ÁÔ˘Ú· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ˜ ·fi„ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web Î·È ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÔÏϤ˜ ËÁ¤˜ (Â›Ó·È ÛˆÛÙfi Ó· ԇ̠fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ËÁ¤˜ ÚÔÙÈÌÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Web ˆ˜ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘, ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ‰È¿¯˘Û˘). ¶ÔÏϤ˜ ÌË ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˜ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘ ÙÔ˘˜, Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË, Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙÂȯÒÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ Ô˘Û›· ¤Ó· ÁÈÁ·ÓÙÈ·›Ô ÂÓ‰Ô‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Ì¤Û· ÛÙ· Û‡ÓÔÚ· ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÚ·ÙÂÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÌË ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˜ ‰ËÌÔÎڷٛ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ì ÙÔ Web. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË Ù˘ ™ÈÁηÔ‡Ú˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÂÈ 135 ÌÈ· ÂÏ·ÊÚÔ‡ Ù‡Ô˘ Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ÌÏÔοÚÂÈ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ 100 ÔÚÓÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÔ‡˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜, ··ÈÙ› ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ıÚËÛ΢- ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ Ó· ‰ËÏÒÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È Ó· ·‰ÂÈÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ∞Ú¯‹ ƒ·‰ÈÔÙËÏÂÔÙÈ΋˜ ªÂÙ¿‰ÔÛ˘ Ù˘ ™ÈÁηÔ‡Ú˘ ÚÈÓ ‚ÁÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ «·¤Ú·», Î·È ··ÁÔÚ‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÎÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÔ Web ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÚÔÂÎÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÂÎÛÙÚ·Ù›·˜ [197]. ∫·È Ó· ÛÎÂÊı› ηÓ›˜ fiÙÈ fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó Û ÌÈ· ¯ÒÚ· Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÈÛ¯˘Úfi fiÚ·Ì· ÁÓˆÛÈÔÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿- Ù˘Í˘ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ì›· ·fi ÙȘ ÈÔ ÂÓıÔ˘ÛÈÒ‰ÂȘ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ ·Ó¿ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ Î·È ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ [273]. ™ÙË ÛÊ·›Ú· Ù˘ ÌË Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜, ÙÔ Web ¤¯ÂÈ Â›Û˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛı› ˆ˜ ÊÔÚ¤·˜ Ù˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, ÔÈ ·fi„ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web ˘fiÎÂÈÓÙ·È Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÛÙË ıÂÒÚËÛË Ù˘ Ù¿Û˘ ·˘Ù‹˜. ∂›Ó·È ÔÏÏÔ› ·˘ÙÔ› Ô˘ ‚ϤÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ˆ˜ ·Ó·Ú¯ÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÛÔ, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ Web, Ì ÙȘ «Á˘·ÏÈÛÙÂÚ¤˜» ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÙË Ì·˙È΋ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹, Ù· ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù·ÛÙÚ¤„ÂÈ fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ Â͈ڷ˚ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ online ÎfiÛÌÔ. °È· ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÏÂÙËÙ¤˜, Ô online ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ··›ÛÈÔ˜ fiˆ˜ Î·È Ô offline [241]. ∆Ô Ì¿ÚÎÂÙÈÓÁÎ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÓÙÈηٷÛÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·. ™Â ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ÓÂÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ› fiˆ˜ Ô «∫˘‚ÂÚÓÔËÁÂÌÔÓÈÛÌfi˜»192 Î·È Ë «∫˘‚ÂÚÓÔÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË»193 [226]. °È· Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÙÔ Web ¤Ó·Ó ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ¢ËÌÂÚ›· Ú¤- ÂÈ ÔÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ› ÙÔ˘ Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ‰‡ÛÎÔϘ Î·È ÂÚ›ÏÔΘ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜. ∂›Ó·È ˙ˆÙÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ Ó· ÌË ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ·› ÙÔ Web Û ÌÈ· ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ÌÔÓÔ-ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·, ÂÓÒ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÊ¢¯ı› Ë ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊË Ï‡ÛË, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ô Î·Ù·ÎÂÚÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ Û ‰È¿- ÊÔÚ· «·ÈÚÂÙÈο» ÌÈÎÚÔ-Webs Ì ÌÈÎÚ‹ ‹ ·Ó‡·ÚÎÙË Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ÈÛÔÚ- ÚÔ›· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ Û‚·ÛÌfi ÁÈ· ÙË ÁÓÒÌË ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ηٿÏÏËÏ˘ ˘ÂÚ¿ÛÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÌ˘ Ì·˜, ˘‹ÚÍ ¿ÓÙ· ¤Ó·˜ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Û οı ¤ÎÊ·ÓÛË Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ‡·Ú͢. ª¤¯ÚÈ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹˜, ÙÔ Web Ì·˜ ÂÎÏ‹ÛÛÂÈ Ì ÙËÓ Î·ÚÔÊfiÚ· Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚËı› [30]. ÿÛˆ˜, Ë Î·Ù·ÌÂÚÈṲ̂ÓË ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ Web, Â¿Ó ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› ÛˆÛÙ¿, Ó· Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ χÛ˘ ÛÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ [29]. ¶Ú¤ÂÈ, Â›- Û˘, Ó· ηٷϿ‚Ô˘Ì Ì ÔÈÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ÙÔ Web ÛÙȘ ·Ó·Ù˘Û- ÛfiÌÂÓ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜, ·ÓÙ› Ó· ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚˆÓfiÌ·ÛÙ ÛÙȘ ¢˘ÙÈΤ˜ ‰ËÌÔÎڷٛ˜, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÍ·- ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ı· Â͢ËÚÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ fiÛÔ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ [83]. ªÂ ‰Â‰Ô̤Ó˜ fiϘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›Â˜, ›Ûˆ˜ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤ÎÏËÍË ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ∏.¶.∞., ·Ú¿ ÙË ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Web ÁÈ· ÙfiÛ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, ÌfiÏȘ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ¿Ú¯ÈÛ ӷ ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È ȤÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÚÔÂÍ¿Ú¯ÔÓÙ· ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ ÛÙË ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ Web. ∏ √Ì¿‰· ∂ÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ∏ÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ∂ıÓÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ¢È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘194 ÛÙËÓ ÂÙ‹ÛÈ· ¤ÎıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¤ÙÔ˜ 2005 ÚÔ¤‚Ë Û ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi Û˘ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡- ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÈÎÙÒÓ ÛÙË ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ [288]. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ÂͤÏÈÍË ›Ûˆ˜ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ Ù˘ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˘ ʇÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∏ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ·ÚfiÌÔÈ·˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÛÙÔ Web ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔ‚ÏÂÊı› [274]. www 192 Cyberhegemony. 193 Cyberdependency. 194 United Nations Working Group on Internet Governance.
∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web 136 7. ™˘˙‹ÙËÛË Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·
137 ™ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ùfi ·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËΠÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ Ì ‰ÈÙÙfi ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·È ÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ۯ‰›·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web. ÀÔÛÙËڛͷÌ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÔÚÁ·ÓˆıÔ‡Ó Û ¤Ó· ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Î·È ¤Ó· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ› ÌÈ· ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô. ™ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ·˘Ù‹ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ Ù˘ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ ۯ‰›·Û˘ Î·È Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È Ó· ηٷÚÙ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ Ì·˜ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈΤ˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË Ù· ηٿÏÏËÏ· Â›‰· ·Ê·›ÚÂÛ˘. ∏ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web ı· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú·ı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÂÈ. ∂ÊfiÛÔÓ ÙÔ Web ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Û ¤Ó· ÔχÏÔÎÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÌÒÓ, Â›Ó·È ·Ó·fiÊ¢ÎÙÔ˜ Ô Û˘ÁÎÂÚ·ÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ Û‡ÓıÂÛ˘, Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘. Œ¯Ô˘Ì ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂÈ Â› Ì·ÎÚfiÓ fiÙÈ Ë ÌÂÙ·ÙfiÈÛË ·fi ¤Ó· ÎÂÈÌÂÓÔ-ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi Web Û ¤Ó· Web ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡Ó Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ··ÈÙ›, ˆ˜ Â› ÙÔ Ï›ÛÙÔÓ, ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙÔ˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Î·È ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë ‰È·Ê·- Ó‹˜ Î·È Â˘ÎÚÈÓ‹˜ Û˘Ó-ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓÒÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ··ÈÙ› ÍÂοı·ÚË ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹. ŒÁÈÓÂ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË Î·È ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›ÔÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ¢ڤˆ˜ ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚ËÙ‹ ÛÙÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô ·˘Ùfi. ∂›Ù ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ›Ù Ϸ˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜, ·Ó ı¤ÏÔ˘Ì ӷ Û˘ÓÙÔÓ›ÛÔ˘Ì ٷ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÛÙÔ Web, ÙfiÙ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ·Ó¿ÁÎË ·fi ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¿ ÏÂÍÈÏfiÁÈ· Ì ÌÂÙ·‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓË ÎÏÈ̿ΈÛË. ™ÙÔ Web ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·Ó·Î‡ÙÔ˘Ó Ù· ÁÓˆÛÙ¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ. ¶fiÙ ‰‡Ô ¤ÓÓÔȘ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ›‰È˜; ¶Ò˜ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÔ˘Ì ¢¤ÏÈÎÙ· Û¯‹Ì·Ù· ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›·˜; ªÂ ÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ı· Ï¿‚Ô˘Ì ˘fi„Ë Ì·˜ ÙË Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·ÙfiÈÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÌËÓÂÈÒÓ Ì·˜ ÛÙÔ ÓfiËÌ· ÙˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ; √È Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ Ù¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È Ó· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙÔ˘ ÙË Ê‡ÛË. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔ¤ÏıÂÈ ·fi ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Web, ·fi Ù· Ó¤· ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· ‰È·- ÌÔ›Ú·Û˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘, fiˆ˜ Ù· ƒ2ƒ, ·fi ÙË ˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÂÍ·ÙÔÌÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓË ¯Ú‹ÛË, ·fi ÙËÓ Â˘Ú›· ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË Ù˘ ·˘ÙfiÌ·Ù˘ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ‹ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ÊÔÚËÙÔ‡ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘. ∫¿ı ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ·˘Ù¿ ‰›· ı· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ «ÓfiÌÈÌÔ Ù¤ÎÓÔ» Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∞Ó·ÛÎÔ‹Û·ÌÂ, Â›Û˘, ÙȘ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ï‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û· Î·È ÙË ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web. ™ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·˘Ùfi ·Ó·Î‡ÙÂÈ Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÙˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ, Ù˘ º˘ÛÈ΋˜, Ù˘ µÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ √ÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ Ó· Û˘ÌÌ·¯‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È¢ÎÔÏ˘Óı› Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔ˘ ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ¢ÂÓ Â›·Ì ÔÏÏ¿ Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ò˜ Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·È Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ‚·ı‡- ÙÂÚ˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÁÈ· ¿ÏϘ ÂÈÛً̘. ∞ÏÏ¿, Â›Ó·È Û¯Â‰fiÓ Û›ÁÔ˘ÚÔ fiÙÈ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ÂΛ ηÙ¢ı˘- ÓfiÌ·ÛÙÂ. ∏ ÛÔ‚·Ú‹ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÔÙ¤ ÌÔÓfi‰ÚÔÌÔ˜. ∞ÊÈÂÚÒÛ·Ì ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÁÈ· Ó· ÌÔÚÊÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web ·fi ËıÈ΋˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ¿Ԅ˘. ¶ÈÛÙ‡ԢÌ fiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ·Ôχو˜ ·Ó·Áη›Ô.
7. ™˘˙‹ÙËÛË Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· 138 ∆Ô Web, ›Ûˆ˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi οı ¿ÏÏÔ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ Î·Ù·Û··ÛÌ·, ÎÔ˘‚·Ï¿ÂÈ Â¿Óˆ ÙÔ˘ ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÚÔ˜ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË, fiˆ˜ Ë È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ë ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·, Ë ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Î·È Ë ÔÈÎÈÏÔÌÔÚÊ›·, Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Î·È Ë ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·. √È ‰Ô̤˜ Ô˘ ۯ‰ȿ˙Ô˘ÌÂ, ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘ÌÂ Î·È ÂÚ¢ÓÔ‡ÌÂ Î·È Ù· ÔÚ›ÛÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ı· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÈÛ¯˘Ú¤˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ·ÚÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ. ∂›Ì·ÛÙ ÂÂÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ ˆ˜ Ë ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈË̤ÓË, ÂÓËÌÂڈ̤ÓË Î·È fiÔ˘ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÚÔÓÔËÙÈ΋. ∆ÂÏÈο, ÈÛÙ‡ԢÌ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÛÙ›ڷ Ù· ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÚ› ˘¿Ú͈˜ ÌfiÓÔ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ [34]. ∞·ÈÙԇ̠·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Ó· ·Ó·Ï‡ÂÈ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ó· Û˘Óı¤ÙÂÈ. ∂›Û˘, ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ ·›ÛıËÛË fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË Ù¤¯ÓË ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·È ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÛÙËÓ Ù¤¯ÓË, ·Ú¿ ·fi ·˘Ù‹ Ô˘ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ·ÓÙÈÏËÙ‹. ªÂ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Ì·˜ ¯·Ú¿ ·Ú·‰Â- ¯fiÌ·ÛÙ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Ì›· ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË. ∫·È ÈÛÙ‡ԢÌÂ, Â›Û˘, fiÙÈ Î·Ù¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÚÈο ·fi Ù· ÈÔ ÚÔÎÏËÙÈο Î·È ÈÔ Û˘Ó·Ú·ÛÙÈο ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙÔÓ 21o ·ÈÒÓ·.
140 ∂˘¯·ÚÈÛٛ˜
141 √È Â˘¯·ÚÈÛٛ˜ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ó‰ڛԢ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web, Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÛÙËÓ British Computer Society ÛÙÔ §ÔÓ‰›ÓÔ ÛÙȘ 12 Î·È 13 ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ 2005 ÁÈ· ‰‡Ô Ë̤Ú˜ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛ˘, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Ì¿˜ ‚Ô‹ıËÛ·Ó Ó· Û¯ËÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹- ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ȉ¤Â˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ̤ÚË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ¶¤Ú· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚfiÓÙÔ˜ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, Ë Ï›ÛÙ· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Hal Abelson, Mark Ackerman, David de Roure, William Dutton, Joan Feigenbaum, Dieter Fensel, Carole Goble, Craig Knoblock, Ora Lassila, Robin Milner, Guus Schreiber, Henry Thompson, Yorick Wilks and Jonathan Zittrain. Ÿˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ê˘ÛÈÎfi, ÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ‰ÂÓ Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó Î·Ì›· ¢ı‡ÓË ÁÈ· ÙȘ ȉ¤Â˜ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ùfi, ·ÏÏ¿ ÚÔÛ·ı‹Û·Ì ӷ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ¿‚Ô˘Ì fiÛ˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ η٤ÛÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ, ÛÙ· ‚·ÛÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. £ÂṲ́˜ ¢¯·ÚÈÛٛ˜, Â›Û˘, ÛÙÔ˘˜ James Finlay, Susan Davies Î·È Timothy Miles-Board. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ÌÂÚÈÎÔ› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ÂȉÔÙ‹ıËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙÔ UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council’s Advanced Knowledge Technologies (Έ‰ÈÎfi˜ GR/N15764/01), ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ UK Economic and Social Research Council project ‘Justice On-Line: Distributing Cyberspace Fairly’ (Έ‰ÈÎfi˜ RES- 000-22-0563). ∂˘¯·ÚÈÛÙÔ‡ÌÂ, Â›Û˘, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ US National Science Foundation ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ Policy Aware Web and Transparent Accountable Data- mining Initiative.
142 ∂ÎÙÂٷ̤Ó˜ ÂÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂȘ fiÚˆÓ Î·È ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ
143 [1] Uniform Resource Identifier - URI195 ∂ÓÈ·›Ô˜ ∞Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙ‹˜ ¶fiÚˆÓ. ∞ÏÊ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈÎfi Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ (.¯. ÂÓfi˜ ·Ú¯Â›Ô˘) ·fi ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ Web, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔÓ Ù‡Ô Î·È ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘. ™ÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Tim Berners-Lee Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ Web ÂÚÈ›¯Â Û¯ÂÙÈο Ï›Á˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Î·È Ù˘ °ÏÒÛÛ·˜ ™‹Ì·ÓÛ˘ (HyperText Markup Language - HTML). ¶·Ú’ fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ›Ûˆ˜ ÈÔ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎÔ› ·fi Ù· HTTP ‹ ÙËÓ HTML Â›Ó·È ÔÈ URIs, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·Ϥ˜ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı›Â˜ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Û fiÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ (Û ¤ÁÁÚ·Ê·, fiÚÔ˘˜, ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ Î·È ¤ÌÌÂÛ· Û ÔÙȉ‹ÔÙÂ). √È URIs Â›Ó·È Ë «ÎfiÏÏ·» Ô˘ ÂÓÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ Web. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ô URI ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈÎfi Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ› fiÚÔÈ ÙÔ˘ Web Ì ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ Û ¤Ó·Ó ÎÔÈÓfi ¯ÒÚÔ ÔÓÔÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∆Ô ÚfiÙ˘Ô ·˘Ùfi ۯ‰ȿÛÙËΠÁÈ· Ó· ÏËÚÔ› ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÍ‹˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜: ñ ∂ÂÎÙ·ÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·: Ó· ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Â¤ÎÙ·Û˘ Ì Ӥ· Û¯‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ. ñ ¶ÏËÚfiÙËÙ·: Ó· ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Έ‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÔÔÈÔ˘‰‹ÔÙ ۯ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·fi‰ÔÛ˘ ÔÓÔÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ñ ∂ÎÙ˘ˆÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·: Ó· ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Ì ¤Ó· ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹ÚˆÓ. ¶Ú·ÎÙÈο ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰‡Ô Ù‡ÔÈ URI: ñ √ ∂ÓÈ·›Ô˜ ∂ÓÙÔÈÛÙ‹˜ ¶fiÚˆÓ (Uniform Resource Locator, URL), Ô˘ ηıÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ‰È‡- ı˘ÓÛË ‹ ÙËÓ ÙÔÔıÂÛ›· ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·ÎÙËı› ¤Ó·˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi˜ fiÚÔ˜. √È URL ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÎÔÈÓfi ÙÚfiÔ Û‡ÓÙ·Í˘ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÙÔÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi fiÚÔ Î·È ÙÔ Úˆ- ÙfiÎÔÏÏÔ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË. ñ √ ∂ÓÈ·›Ô˜ ¶ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÙ‹˜ ¶fiÚˆÓ (Uniform Resource Names, URN), Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÈÌ· ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔÈ ÛÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô. √ URN Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ URL fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ÏËÚÔÊÔ- ÚÈ·ÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ, ηıÒ˜ ¤Ó·˜ URN ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È Û ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ·fi ¤Ó·Ó URL. ™ÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË Û‹ÌÂÚ·, ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈÎÚ·Ù‹ÛÂÈ Ë ¤ÓÈ·È· ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ UR∞. www 195 ¶ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ηıËÁËÙ‹ ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚÈÔ˘ ™¿Ì„ˆÓ http://www.ted.unipi.gr/Uploads/Files/Material/Courses/16_1097744236.pdf.
∂ÎÙÂٷ̤Ó˜ ÂÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂȘ fiÚˆÓ Î·È ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ 144 [2] Domain Name System - DNS ™‡ÛÙËÌ· √ÓÔÌ¿ÙˆÓ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ. ∆Ô Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÙ·È Ë ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔ- ıÂÛ›· Î·È Ë ÚÔÛ¤Ï·ÛË ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ ÛÙÔ Internet. ∆Ô Domain Name System (DNS) ·›˙ÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÛÔ˘‰·›Ô ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ ÏÂÈ- ÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘, ηıÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¤ÚıÔ˘Ó Û Â·Ê‹ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ fiˆ˜ Ë ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ e-mail ‹ Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Web. ŸÙ·Ó οÔÈÔ˜ ÛÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ı¤ÏÂÈ Ó· ¤ÚıÂÈ Û Â·Ê‹ Ì ÌÈ· ÙÔÔıÂÛ›· –ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ó· ÂÈÛÎÂÊı› ¤Ó· Web site– ÏËÎÙÚÔÏÔÁ› ÌÈ· ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· www.webscience.gr. ∆Ô Internet Protocol (IP) ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ÙȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Î·È ÙÔ DNS ÁÈ· Ó· ÌÂٷʤÚÂÈ Ù· ÌËӇ̷ٷ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Ù·¯˘‰ÚÔÌ›Ԣ Î·È ¿ÏϘ ÏËÚÔÊÔ- ڛ˜ ·fi ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹ Û ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹. ∆Ô DNS ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙË ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË Û ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙÈÏËÙÔ› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔÈ ÛÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô. °È· Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ·˘Ùfi fiÛÔÓ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÚÁ·Óˆı› Û ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ (domains). √È ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Ì ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛ˘ .¯. .com. √È Û˘ÓËı¤ÛÙÂÚ˜ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ÛÙȘ ∏¶∞ Â›Ó·È Ë .com ÁÈ· ÂÌÔÚÈ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË, Ë .edu ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË, Ë .gov ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË, Ë .mil ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÙÚ·Ùfi Î·È Ë .org ÁÈ· ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜. ∆Ô ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÙ·ı› ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· Û¯¤‰È· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛı‹ÎË Ó¤ˆÓ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ, fiˆ˜ .web ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web. ™ÙȘ ˘fiÏÔÈ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ÏËÓ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡- ÓÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ ‰‡Ô ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ë .gr ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·. √È ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ Â›Ó·È ‰ÔÌË̤Ó˜ Ì ¤Ó·Ó ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ, Ô‡Ùˆ˜ ÒÛÙ οو ·fi ÙȘ ÛËÌ·- ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜ Ó· ÙÔÔıÂÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÂ‡Ô˘Û·˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜. ∏ ·ÓÒÙ·ÙË ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Â›Ó·È Ë .gov Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙȘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈΤ˜ ΢‚ÂÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜. ™ÙÔ ·Ì¤- Ûˆ˜ ηÙÒÙÂÚÔ Â›Â‰Ô ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ Ì ηٿÏËÍË .nasa Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ȉÈÔÎÙË- Û›· Ù˘ NASA. ∫¿Ùˆ ·fi ·˘Ù‹ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Ë Î·Ù¿ÏËÍË .msfc (Marshall Space Fight Center), Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó· ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÏÒÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Ù˘ NASA. ∆Ô Û‡ÛÙËÌ· DNS ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙȘ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ·Ó ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ÌÈ· ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÛÙËÓ IP ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË Ó· ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ó· ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ Ë ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Î·È Ó· ηٷϋÁÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ÛˆÛÙfi ÚÔÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù· e-mails. √ÚÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜, ÔÓfiÌ·ÙÈ Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ¤˜ ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›·˜ (name servers), Â›Ó·È ˘‡ı˘ÓÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË Ù¤ÙÔÈˆÓ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ Î·È ÙË ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂٷ͇ IP ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂˆÓ Î·È ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ. √È name servers Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Â›Û˘ Ì ÙÔ DNS ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ e-mail ı· ·Ú·ÏËÊı› ·fi ÙÔ ÚfiÛˆÔ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ. ∂›Û˘ ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ fiÙ·Ó ÏËÎÙÚÔÏÔÁ›Ù ¤Ó· URL (Uniform Resource Locator) ÛÙÔ Web ı· Ô‰ËÁËı›Ù ÛÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Â›Ó·È ˘‡ı˘ÓÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ ‰ÈÔ¯¤Ù¢- ÛË fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ΛÓËÛ˘ ÛÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô. ∆Ô ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ηٷ-
∂ÎÙÂٷ̤Ó˜ ÂÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂȘ fiÚˆÓ Î·È ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Ï¿‚ÂÈ ·ÏÊ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈΤ˜ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ fiˆ˜ ÙÔ info@webscience.gr ÎÈ ¤ÙÛÈ ÔÈ name servers ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ÛˆÛÙ‹ ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋ IP ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË fiˆ˜ .¯. 136.25.182.27. √È name servers ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÔ˘Ó ›Ó·Î˜ ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈ- ÛÙÔȯ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·ÏÊ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂˆÓ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Û ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈΤ˜ IP ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ.
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∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ GR
159 ∞ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË, 33, 34, 92, 118, 127, 134, 135 ∞ÈÙÈ҉˘ §ÔÁÈ΋, 60 ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·, 50, 63 ÕÏÁ‚Ú˜ ¢È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ, 73,99 ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·, 43, 46, 49, 67, 74, 79, 102 ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔÈ, 34, 91 ‰È¿ÌÂÙÚÔ˜, 88 ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË, 39, 41, 63, 90, 98 ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË, 37, 50, 60, 67, 104, 112, 127, 128, 129 ¿ÌÂÛË ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏË„›·, 44 ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË, 34, 35 ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË, 55, 67, 85, 110, 116, 128 ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜, 57, 67, 69, 129 ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈÎfi, 57, 58 ‰›ÎÙ˘· Petri, 73, 99 ·Ó·ÁˆÁ‹, 102 ‰›ÎÙ˘· ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙ‹ÙÔ˘ Îϛ̷η˜, 89 ·Ó·‰ÚÔÌÈÎfi˜ ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˜ Ì ‰È¿Û·ÚÙË ˘ÚÔ‰fiÙËÛË, 113, ‰ÈˆÓ˘ÌÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹, 89 114 ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂÈ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˜, 118 ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, 51, 63 ∂ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, 51 ÂÎıÂÙÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹, 90, 91, 98 ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋, 106 ÂÎÛÊ·ÏÌ¿ÙˆÛË, 71 ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË, 31, 36, 41, 68, 69, 71, 79, 103, 104 ÂÎÙfi˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘, 40, 58 ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ ÛÙÔȯ›Ô, 102 ÂÏ·ÛÙÈο ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜, 69 ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜, 43 ÂÏ·¯ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ·fiÎÚÈÛ˘, 116 ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ÁÔÓȉ›ˆÌ·, 43 ÂχıÂÚÔÈ Î·‚·Ï¿Úˉ˜, 117 ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ¢ÙÈ΋ ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏË„›·, 44 ¤ÌÂÈÚ· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·, 51 ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔʘ Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ˜ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ, 114 ÂÓ‰Ô‰›ÎÙ˘·, 91, 96 ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·, 44, 62, 75, 108, 117 ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ, 36, 52, 61, 67, 69, 74, 78, 80 ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, 39 ÂÍ·ÙƠ̂΢ÛË, 77, 110 ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ› Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ›, 34 Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹˜, 112 ·ÔÛÙÔÏ›˜ ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÙÈÎÒÓ ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ, 63 ¤Íˆ-‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË, 87 ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘, 56, 93, 95 Â·Ó·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË, 51, 105, 111, 112, 130 ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜, 33, 35, 39 ÂÂÎÙ·ÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·, 39 ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋, 39, 42, 49, 83, 117, 124 ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜, 36, 79, 137 ∞Û·Ê‹˜ §ÔÁÈ΋, 69 ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈ΋ Û˘Ó‰ÂÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·, 90 ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·, 75, 127, 131 ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web, 31, 34, 35, 43, 45, 46, 71, 103, 108, 111, µ 122, 137, 138, 141 ‚·ıÌfi ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜, 116 ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁ›·, 78, 108 “‚¿ıÔ˘˜” Web, 69, 130 ÂÈÙÚÔ¤˜ ÚÔÙ˘ÔÔ›ËÛ˘, 84 ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, 51 ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù·, 31, 36, 54, 64, 67, 69, 72, 79, 81, 91, 95, 101, 104, ‚¿ÛÂȘ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, 34, 51, 52, 56, 68, 97, 107, 129 108, 109, 113, 114, 118, 122, 133, 138 ‚¿ÛÂȘ ˘ÂÚ-ÁÓˆÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, 105 ¤Ûˆ-‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË, 87 ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜, 87 ÂÙÈΤٷ, 62, 64, 68 ‚È‚ÏÈÔÌÂÙÚ›·, 72, 116 ¢ÂÏÈÍ›·, 39, 41, 112, 128 ‚›ÓÙÂÔ, 50, 67, 72, 78, 79 ¢ÚÂÙÈΤ˜, 45, 77 µÈÔÏÔÁ›·, 137 ¢ÚÂÙÈ΋, 70, 108 ‚ÈÔÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋, 61 ¢ÚÂÙÈÎfi˜, 96 µÚÂÙ·ÓÈ΋ ƒ·‰ÈÔÙËÏÂfiÚ·ÛË, 63 Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ √‰ËÁ›·, 130 ¢¯ÚËÛÙ›·, 39, 49, 83, 128 ° ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ, 33 ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, 54 ÁÏÒÛÛ˜, 34, 36, 45, 46, 53, 57, 64, 84, 99, 101, 105 ∑ ÁÚ·ÌÌÈÎfiÙËÙ·, 88 ˙‹ÙËÛË, 36, 72, 83, 93, 94, 137 °Ú·ÊÂ›Ô ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÛÙÔ ¢ËÌfiÛÈÔ ∆Ô̤·, 130 ∏ ¢ ∏/À, 42, 56, 74, 92, 110 ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ, 33, 36, 40, 44, 45, 50, 51, 52, 56, 59, 61, 62, 64, ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË, 33, 34 65, 66, 67, 76, 79, 80, 81, 88, 104, 113, 119, 128, 131, 137 ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË, 68 ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏË„›·, 44 ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎfi ÂÌfiÚÈÔ, 33 ‰¤Ó‰Ú·, 112 £ ‰È·‚·ıÌÈṲ̂ÓË ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË, 41 ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ÂÓÔÔÈË̤Ó˜ ‰¤Û̘, 87 ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÙˆÓ ∂È¤‰ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ SW, 54 ıÂÌÂÏ›ˆÛË Û˘Ì‚fiψÓ, 101 ‰È·ÁÒÓÈÔ ¿ıÚÔÈÛÌ· Û˘¯ÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ, 114 ıÂÙÈΤ˜ Â͈ÙÂÚÈΤ˜ ÔÈÎÔÓƠ̂˜, 93 ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô, 35, 57, 85, 91, 110, 135, 143, 144 £ÂˆÚ›· °Ú¿ÊˆÓ, 85, 87, 89, 90 ‰È¿‰Ú·ÛË, 33, 36, 43 £ÂˆÚ›· √ÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÏÔÁ‹˜, 92 ‰È·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋, 106 £ÂˆÚ›· ¶·ÈÁÓ›ˆÓ, 92, 95 ¢È·ÎÚÈÙ¿ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈο, 92 ıˆڛ· ÊÈÏÙÚ·Ú›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜, 98
∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ GR 160 I √ÓfiÌ·Ù· ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ, 57, 58, 59, 70 ȉȈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, 35, 37, 75, 127, 132, 138 ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›·˜, 40, 56, 57, 58, 59, 70, 137, 144 ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›Â˜, 111 √ÓÙÔÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ ¶¿ÓÙˆÓ, 66 ÈÛÙÔÏfiÁÈ·, 33, 65 ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 72, 78, 79, 80, 101, πÛÙÔÌÂÙÚ›·, 88 104, 105, 106, 113, 137 ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜, 44, 53, 71, 90, 96, 105, 115, 123, 135 ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË, 66 ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ, 44, 84, 85, 93, 116 ÔÚÈ·Îfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜, 65, 134 ÈÛ¯˘Ú¿ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈ΋ ‰¤ÛÌË, 86 ¶ K ·›ÁÓÈÔ ÌˉÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ·ıÚÔ›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜, 65 “οı ÙÈ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ÌÈ· ·ÓٛʷÛË”, 106 -¿ÏÁ‚ڷ, 99 ηÌ‡Ï˜ ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛ˘, 94 ·ÓÙ·¯Ô‡ ·ÚÔ‡Û˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, 34 ηÌ‡ÏË ˙‹ÙËÛ˘, 93, 94 ¶·Ú·‚·ÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, 130 ηÌ‡ÏË ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜, 93, 94 ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË, 75, 84, 111, 116, 132, 144 ηٷÓÂÌË̤ӷ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·, 74, 106, 129 ·Ú·-Û˘ÓÂ‹˜ §ÔÁÈ΋, 107 ηٷÓÔÌ‹ Poisson, 89 ÂÏ·ÙÔÎÂÓÙÚÈΤ˜, 77 ÎÂÈÌÂÓÔ-ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi Web, 137 ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋, 60 ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·, 88 ÂÚÈÙˆÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋, 106 ∫ÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜, 109 ¶Èı·ÓÔÙÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋, 60 ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·, 33 ›ÛÙË, 69, 96, 107, 109, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 127 ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi, 62, 65 ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, 133 ΢ڛ·Ú¯ÔÈ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜, 84, 85, 116 ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·, 51, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 62, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 76, 77, 83, 95, 97, 108, 109, 111, 113, 114, 116, 120, 127, 130, § 131, 132, 133, 134 Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 79, 80, 111, 137 ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ› fiÚÔÈ, 40, 143 Ï-¿ÏÁ‚ڷ, 99 ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋, 34, 35 Ï·Óı¿ÓÔ˘Û˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Ì˯·Ó¤˜, 75 ÏÔ‹ÁËÛË, 42, 52, 61, 74, 78, 83, 84, 87, 88 §ÔÁÈ΋, 36, 50, 59, 60, 69, 102, 103, 107, 108 ÏÔ‡ÛÈÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ, 60 §ÔÁÈ΋ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi, 107 ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·, 37 ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi, 41, 62, 65, 73, 78, 109, 121 ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ¢·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘, 128 ÔÏ˘Ì¤Û·, 34, 39, 72, 79, 98 M ÔÏ˘ÛËÌ›·, 63 Ì·ÎÚÔÛÎÔÈ΋ ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›·, 36 fiÚÔÈ, 39, 41, 76, 80, 114, 143 ̤ÁÂıÔ˜ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘, 94 Ú¿ÎÙÔÚ˜, 129 ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜, 36 “ÚÔı˘Ì›· Ó· ÏËÚÒÛÂÈ”, 94 ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ, 40, 53, 66, 67, 69, 76, 79, 80, 105, 108, 120, ÚÔÛ‚·ÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·, 129 130 ÚÔÛÂÙ·ÈÚÈÛÙÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋, 105 ÌÂÙ·-Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋, 78 ÚÔÛˆÔÔÈË̤Ó˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜, 72 ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜, 72, 87, 88, 97, 113, 115, 116, 119, 131 ÚfiÙ˘·, 35, 43, 49, 53, 60, 66, 68, 75, 76, 79, 90, 108, 127, ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜, 113 128 ÌË ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜, 94 ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏ·, 39, 51, 58, 133 ÌË-·Ó·ÎÙ‹ÛÈÌÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜, 65 ÌˉÂÓÈ΋ Ê‹ÌË, 118 ™ Ì˯·Ó‹ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘, 109 Û‹Ì·ÓÛË, 40, 80, 119 Ì˯·ÓÈο ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÈÌË, 59 ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·, 49, 50, 61, 66, 78, 101, 107 Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·, 56 ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Web, 31, 36, 49, 50 Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·, 35 ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ÎÂÓfi, 78 Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË, 77 ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎfi ϤÁÌ·, 76 ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ, 83, 121, 137 ™ËÌÂȈÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË, 63 ªÈÎÚÔÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ £ÂˆÚ›·, 92 ™Ù·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋, 81, 89 ªÔÚÊfiÎÏ·ÛÌ·, 86 ™Ù·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ªË¯·ÓÈ΋, 89 Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘, 42 N Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛË, 85, 118 ¡Â˘ÚÔÂÈÛً̘, 102 Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈÛÌfi˜, 83 O Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÂȉfiÛˆÓ, 96 Û˘˙¢ÎÙÈο ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù·, 114 ÔÈÎÔÓƠ̂˜ Îϛ̷η˜, 127 Û˘˙‡ÍÂȘ, 114 √Ì¿‰· ∂ÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ∏ÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ∂ıÓÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ¢È·Î˘‚¤Ú- ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ ÁÈ· Ù· ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ¢È·ÛÙËÌÈÎÒÓ ÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘, 135 ¢Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, 68 √Ì¿‰·˜ ∆¯ÓÈ΋˜ ∞Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ W3C, 43 Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯ÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, 111 ÔÌÊ·ÏÔ›, 85, 89, 116 Û˘Ì·Á›·, 87 ŸÓÔÌ· ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜, 58
∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ GR 161 Û˘Ó-·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜, 115 Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ·, 97, 107, 113, 114, 115 Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ, 34, 42, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 115, 123 Û˘Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹, 45, 114, 115 Û˘Ó‰˘·Ṳ̂Ó˜ ÂÈı¤ÛÂȘ, 89 Û˘ÓÂÈÚÌÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋, 105 Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, 83, 86, 88, 89, 90, 98, 114, 130, 135 Û˘ÓÂ·ÁˆÁ‹, 101, 102 Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎfi ÊÈÏÙÚ¿ÚÈÛÌ·, 106 Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË, 70, 129 Û˘ÓˆÓ˘Ì›·, 63 Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ‰ÚÔÌÔÏfiÁËÛ˘, 58 Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ, 77, 106 ÛÊ¿ÏÌ· 404, 35, 112 Û¯ÂÛȷο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ, 104 ∆ Ù·ÍÈÓƠ̂˜, 60, 78, 80 ∆¯ÓËÙ‹ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË, 51, 103 “ÙÔ ÓfiËÌ· ˆ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛË”, 81, 102 ÙÚ·Áˆ‰›· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘, 92 ÙÚÔÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋, 107 Ù˘¯·ÈfiÙËÙ·, 44 À ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ, 72, 83, 105 ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Web, 31, 49, 73, 98, 99, 117, 129, 137 ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ, 49, 69, 70, 80 Àfi‚·ıÚÔ ¶ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ π‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, 132 ˘Ô-ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˜, 87 ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜, 116 ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË, 35, 36, 45, 49, 69, 85, 93, 95, 98, 99, 108, 113, 120 ˘Ô‰Ô̤˜ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Ô˘ ÎÏÂȉÈÔ‡, 133 ÀÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋, 69 ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο ϤÁÌ·Ù·, 36, 74, 76 º Ê‹ÌË, 118 ºÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˜ ËÁÂÌÔÓÈÛÌfi˜, 134 ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÔ›, 36, 34, 49, 60, 61, 62, 94, 98, 101 Ê˘ÏÏÔÌÂÙÚËÙ‹˜, 83, 112 º˘ÛÈ΋, 33, 79, 137 Ê˘ÛÈÎfi ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô, 90, 98 à ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ‰È·Ó‡ÛÌ·Ù·, 85 ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË, 37, 39, 44, 52, 64, 73, 79, 85, 90, 104, 110, 120 ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·, 60, 61, 95 ÃÚÔÓÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋, 60 ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi, 68, 72, 91, 116 ¯ÚÔÓÔÛ‹Ì·ÓÛË, 67, 68 æ „ËÊȷΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, 128 æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·, 102
∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ ·ÁÁÏÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ ∂NG
163 ∞ DNS, 35, 41, 58, 76, 123, 144 Document Understanding Conference, 80 ad hominem, 108 Domain, 35, 144 agents, 39, 107 Domain Name System, 35, 144 Analogical reasoning, 106 Dublin Core, 67 Annotated logics, 107 DVD, 95, 128 Annotated text, 49 Artificial Intelligence, 51 E Associative reasoning, 105 eBay, 118, 119 authorities, 84 e-commerce, 33 µ ECQ, 106 EFSQ, 106 Bayes, 60, 61 e-government, 33 BBC, 63 e-science, 33 benchmarking, 96 eScience, 33 blog, 33, 111 ex contradiction, 106 Bookmarking, 40 ex falso quodlibet, 106, 107 Borland, 129 ex falso sequitur quodlibet, 106 bowtie, 86 ex falso/contradictione (sequitur) aliquot, 106 BPEL, 74, 99 EXIF, 79 BPEL4WS, 73, 74 Expert systems, 51 British Computer Society, 141 eXtensible Markup Language, 51 British National Corpus, 80 Business Process Execution Language for Web Services, F 73 Flickr, 63, 67, 79 bytes, 42 Flink, 65 FOAF, 65, 120 C folksonomies, 62 Case-based reasoning, 106 Formal systems, 59 Causal logic, 60 Formats, 39 CBR, 106 Fractal, 86 CCS, 98 Free rider, 117 CDL, 74, 99 Friend-of-a-Friend, 65 centrality, 87 FTP, 40 CERN, 76 Fuzzy logic, 69 client, 41 Co-citation-based, 115 G Cognitive systems, 46 Game Theory, 92 Collaborative filtering, 106 GOFAI, 103, 104 Commission, 122 Good Old Fashioned AI, 103 Communities of interest, 109 Google, 50, 72, 78, 89, 97, 105, 109, 115, 118, 131 compactness, 87 GOTO, 112 Conceptualization, 61 Governance, 117, 135 Connectivity, 86 Grids, 36 constructivist logic, 106 H Consultative Committee on Space Data Systems, 68 hardware, 35 Context-OWL, 104 Heuristic, 45 C-OWL, 104 HTML, 41, 45, 51, 52, 102, 143 creative commons, 130, 69 HTTP, 40, 57, 59, 143 CS AKTive Space, 52 hubs, 85 CSP, 98 Hyper-knowledge bases, 105 Cybercommunities, 85 hyperspace, 87 CYC, 66, 104 HyperText Markup Language, 52, 143 D I DAML+OIL, 60 IANA, 40 Data retrieval, 51 IDF, 114 del.icio.us, 63 Information retrieval, 51 Description Logic, 60 Interface, 55 Digital Archives (Cedars), 68 Internet, 44, 83, 93, 96, 110, 135, 144 Direct sampling, 44 Internet Explorer, 83
∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ ·ÁÁÏÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ ENG Internet Protocol, 44, 93, 144 phishing, 49, 124 intranets, 91 PicASHOW, 115 Intuitionistic, 106 PIN, 133 Inverse Document Frequencies, 114 PKI, 128, 133 IP, 44, 101, 144 Platform for Privacy Preferences, 132 IR, 51, 96, 97, 103 podcasts, 110 ISP, 96 Policy Aware Web, 129, 141 Ponder, 129 J Practical obscurity, 132 JPEGS, 79 Probabilistic logic, 60 junk email, 124 process algebras, 99 K Process algebras, 73 Public Key Infrastructure, 128 KAoS, 129 Knowledge base, 51 Q Knowledge Representation Languages, 105 QA, 96 KRL, 105 Quality ∞ssurance, 96 L queries, 101 Query language, 54 Levenshtein, 71 log, 68 R logic, 60, 69, 106 Random walk, 115 London A-Z, 41 Randomness, 44 Lotus, 129 Rational choice, 92 M RDF, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 60, 67, 76, 79, 120 RDF Schema, 53 mailto, 40, 41, 56 RDF-S, 53, 56, 59 Marginal cost, 65 reasoning methods, 36 Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games, 109 Reasoning under inconsistency, 106 Meaning is use, 81, 102 Recommender systems, 77, 106 Metareasoning, 78 Recursive spreading activation algorithm, 114 Microsoft, 131 Referent, 102 MMORPGs, 109 REGRET, 119 Modular, 42 Rei, 129 Moving Picture Experts Group, 79 Relational data, 52 MPEG-1, 79 Remembrance of Things Past, 105 MPEG-2, 79 Resource Description Framework, 51 MPEG-4, 79 Resources, 39 MPEG-7, 79 reverse engineering, 129 Multimedia, 67 RIF, 54 N RSS, 111 name servers, 144 Rule Interchange Format, 54 Napster, 75 S Natural language processing, 36 Scale-free networks, 89 Network effect, 56 SCC, 86, 87 NLP, 36, 79, 80, 81, 103 science of the Web, 39 noise, 45 Semantic Web, 36, 49 O server, 41 Off-line, 40 SETI@home, 75 Omission, 122 Skype, 75 online, 45, 58, 60, 62, 70, 75, 77, 83, 84, 93, 97, 98, 109, 110, Slashdot, 84 117, 123, 124, 132, 134, 135 spam, 61, 124, 131 Open Archival Information System (OAIS), 68 spamdexing, 131 SPARQL, 54 P state machine, 98 P2P, 31, 46, 49, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77 Subjective logic, 69 P3P, 132 Sunk cost, 65 PageRank, 72, 86, 90, 96, 103, 115, 120, 124, 131 SW, 36, 37, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, Peer-to-Peer, 46 66, 70, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 101, 102, 103, 104, 108, 120, 121, 122, percolation theory, 98 128, 130
∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ ·ÁÁÏÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ ENG 165 T TCP/IP, 101 Technical Architecture Group, 43 TEI, 67 Temporal logic, 60 terabytes, 42 Term Frequencies, 114 Text Encoding Initiative, 67 TF, 114 TFxIDF, 114 Thesauri, 80 ∆ragedy of the commons, 92 trust, 116 TUCs, 87 U ubicomp, 34 Ubiquitous computing, 34 Uniform Resource Citations, 57 Uniform Resource Identifiers, 39 UNIX, 112 URI, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42, 43, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 70, 116, 122, 123, 143 URL, 57, 143, 144 URN, 57, 143 V Voice Over Internet Protocol, 93 VOIP, 93 W W3C, 35, 43, 84, 132 Web crawlers, 45, 123 Web of Trust, 120 Web robot, 45 Web Science, 34, 39, 141 Web services, 73 Web Services Choreography Description Language, 74 Web spider, 45 Web robot, 45 Weblog, 33 Webmetrics, 88 wiki, 62 Wikipedia, 62 Willingness to pay, 94 WordNet, 80 World Wide Web, 33, 35, 119 World Wide Web Consortium, 35 wrapper, 78 WS-CDL, 74 WS-Net, 73 WWW, 33, 58, 120 X XLink, 55 XML, 51, 54, 55, 68, 73, 74, 102, 106, 112 Z Zero-sum game, 65
166 ∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ ∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ ‰È·ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ
167 ∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ B F P Barabasi, 59, 60, 68 Page, 55, 66 Fetzer, 91 Battelle, 59 Putnam, 72 Bayes, 30 Berners-Lee, 29, 46, 93, 113 H R Heidegger, 81 Boole, 83 Rawls, 104 Henzinger, 101 Bouquet, 74 Richardson, 90 Hobbes, 88 Brin, 55, 102 K S C Kleinberg, 55, 66, 86 Schroeder, 58 Cass Sunstein, 80 Kumar, 55 Cohen, 68 W L Weitzner, 98 D Lessig, 100 Wittgenstein, 72, 91 De Millo, 91 Locke, 104 Dijkstra, 82 Lopez-Ortiz, 61 Dill, 56 M Marx, 81 Mill, 28, 104 www ∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ ‰È·ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 3.1 ∆· Â›‰· ÙÔ˘ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Web, 53 ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 3.2 ∏ ˘Ú·Ì›‰· ÙÔ˘ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Web, 54 ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 3.3 °Ú¿ÊËÌ· RDF Ì ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ‡ˆÛË ÙˆÓ URIs, 55 ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 4.1 ∆Ô Û¯‹Ì· «ÊÈfiÁÎÔ˘» Î·È Ë ÌÔÚÊÔÎÏ·ÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ Web, 86 ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 4.2 ¶ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ∑‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ‰ÈÎÙ˘·Îfi ·Á·ıfi, 94
∞fi‰ÔÛË ·ÁÁÏÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ ENG
169 - Web «‚¿ıÔ˘˜» - deep Web - ·ÈÙÈ҉˘ §ÔÁÈ΋ - causal logic - ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ ÌÔÓÔ·ÙÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘˜ - path algebra - ¿ÏÁ‚Ú˜ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ - process algebras - ¿ÌÂÛË ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏË„›· - direct sampling - ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈÎfi - identifier - ·Ó·ÁˆÁ‹ - reduction - ·Ó·‰ÚÔÌÈÎfi˜ ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˜ Ì ‰È¿Û·ÚÙË ˘ÚÔ‰fiÙËÛË - Recursive spreading activation algorithm - ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ - data retrieval - ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ - information retrieval - ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ - analogical reasoning - ∞Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË – representation - ·Ó·ÛÊ·Ï‹˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË - unsafe interaction - ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô - referent - ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ¢ÙÈ΋ ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏË„›· - representative sampling - ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔʘ Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ˜ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ - IDF - ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊË ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ - reverse engineering - ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· - trustworthiness - ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ Web - Web of Trust - ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ› Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ› - decentralised information system - ·ÔÛÙÔÏ›˜ ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÙÈÎÒÓ ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ - spammers - ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ - network effect - ·Ú¯¤˜ ÚÔÙ˘ÔÔ›ËÛ˘ - standards bodies - ·Ú¯‹ ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ - QA authority - ·Û·Ê‹˜ §ÔÁÈ΋ - fuzzy logic - ·ÛÙ·ı‹˜ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· - unstable equilibrium - ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· - security - ·ÛÊ·Ï‹˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË - safe interaction - ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ - knowledge base - ‚¿ÛË ˘ÂÚ-ÁÓˆÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ - hyper-knowledge base - µÈ‚ÏÈÔÌÂÙÚ›· - bibliometrics ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ - query language ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web - OWL ÁÏÒÛÛ˜ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ - Knowledge Representation Languages ÁÓˆÛȷο Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿Ù· °Ú·ÊÂ›Ô ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÛÙÔ ¢ËÌfiÛÈÔ ∆Ô̤· ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˜ ÁÂÈÙÓ›·Û˘ ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏË„›· - sampling ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ - indexes ‰È·‚·ıÌÈṲ̂ÓË ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË - password-controlled access ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô - Internet ‰È·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋ - intuitionistic ‹ constructivist logic ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ¿ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈο - discrete mathematics ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË - governance ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· - interoperable semantics ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· - interoperability ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË - sharing ‰ÈÂ·Ê¤˜ - interfaces ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜ - Copyrights ‰›ÎÙ˘· Petri - Petri nets ‰›ÎÙ˘· ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙ‹ÙÔ˘ Îϛ̷η˜ - scale-free networks ‰ÈˆÓ˘ÌÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹ - binomial distribution ‰˘Ó·ÌÈΤ˜ ÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÂÎıÂÙÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹ - power law distribution ÂÎÙfi˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ - off-line ÂÏ·ÛÙÈο ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜ - creative commons ÂÏ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ¿‰ÂȘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ - creative commons ÂÏ·¯ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ·fiÎÚÈÛ˘ - prefetching ÂχıÂÚÔÈ Î·‚·Ï¿Úˉ˜ - free riders ¤ÌÂÈÚ· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· - expert systems ÂÓ‰Ô‰›ÎÙ˘· - intranets
∞fi‰ÔÛË ·ÁÁÏÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ 170 ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏfiÁËÛË - ‹ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÔ›ËÛË - Conceptualization ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ - inference ÂÍ·ÙƠ̂΢ÛË - personalization Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹˜ - server ¤Íˆ-‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË - out distance Â·Ó·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ - NLP ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈ΋ Û˘Ó‰ÂÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web - Web Science ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁ›· - epistemology ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· - queries ¤Ûˆ-‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË - in distance ÂÙÈΤٷ - tag ¢ÚÂÙÈ΋ - heuristic ¢ÛÙ·ı‹˜ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· - stable equilibrium ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË - e-government ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË - e-science ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎfi ÂÌfiÚÈÔ - e-commerce ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ÂÓÔÔÈË̤Ó˜ ‰¤Û̘ - thematically-unified clusters (TUCs) ıÂÌÂÏ›ˆÛË Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ - symbol grounding ıÂÙÈΤ˜ Â͈ÙÂÚÈΤ˜ ÔÈÎÔÓƠ̂˜ - positive externalities £ÂˆÚ›· °Ú¿ÊˆÓ - Graph Theory £ÂˆÚ›· √ÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÏÔÁ‹˜ - rational choice £ÂˆÚ›· ¶·ÈÁÓ›ˆÓ - game theory ıˆڛ· ÊÈÏÙÚ·Ú›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ - percolation theory ıËÛ·˘ÚÔ› ÁÓÒÛÂˆÓ - Thesauri ȉȈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· - privacy ÈÛÙÔÏfiÁÈ· - blogs πÛÙÔÌÂÙÚ›· - Webmetrics ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ - webpages ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ - websites ÈÛ¯˘Ú¿ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈ΋ ‰¤ÛÌË - strongly connected cluster (SCC) ηÌ‡Ï˜ ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛ˘ - learning curves ηÌ‡ÏË ˙‹ÙËÛ˘ - demand ηÌ‡ÏË ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜ - supply ηٷÓÂÌË̤ӷ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· - distributed systems ηٷÓÔÌ‹ Poisson - Poisson distribution ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfiÙËÙ· - centrality. ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ - communities of interest ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi - social software ÎÚ›ÛÈÌË Ì¿˙· - critical mass ∫˘‚ÂÚÓÔÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË - Cyberdependency ∫˘‚ÂÚÓÔËÁÂÌÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ - Cyberhegemony ΢‚ÂÚÓÔ-ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ - cybercommunities ∫˘‚ÂÚÓÔ¯ÒÚÔ˜ - cyberspace ΢ڛ·Ú¯ÔÈ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ - authorities Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜ - folksonomies ϤÍË-ÎÏÂȉ› - keyword §ÔÁÈ΋ - logic ‹ logics §ÔÁÈ΋ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi - Annotated logics Ì·˙Èο Ô¯ÏËÚ¿ ÌËӇ̷ٷ - spam ª·˙Èο ¶·È¯Ó›‰È· ƒfiÏˆÓ Ì ¶ÔÏÏ·ÏÔ‡˜ ™˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ˘˜ ¶·›ÎÙ˜ - MMORPGs ̤ÁÂıÔ˜ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ - network size ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ - reasoning methods ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ - metadata ÌÂÙ·-Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ - metareasoning ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ‰È·˙‡ÍÂˆÓ - transformations of disjunctions ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ - metrics ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ - Significance metrics ÌË ·Ó·ÎÙ‹ÛÈÌÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ - sunk cost ÌË ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ - non-financial cost
∞fi‰ÔÛË ·ÁÁÏÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ 171 ÌˉÂÓÈ΋ Ê‹ÌË - bootstrapping reputation Ì‹ÙÚ· Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ - link matrix Ì˯·Ó‹ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ - search engine Ì˯·Ó‹ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ - state machine Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· - machine readability ªÈÎÚÔÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ £ÂˆÚ›· - microeconomics ÌÔÚÊÔÎÏ¿ÛÌ·Ù· - fractals ¡Â˘ÚÔÂÈÛً̘ - neurosciences ÔÈÎÔÓƠ̂˜ Îϛ̷η˜ - economies of scale √Ì¿‰· ∂ÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ∏. ∂. ÁÈ· ÙË ¢È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ - UN Working Group on Internet Governance ÔÌÊ·ÏÔ› - hubs √ÓfiÌ·Ù· ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ - domain names ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›· fiÚˆÓ - naming resources ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ - ontologies ÔÚÈ·Îfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ - marginal cost ·›ÁÓÈÔ ÌˉÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ·ıÚÔ›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ - zero-sum game ·ÓÙ·¯Ô‡ ·ÚÔ‡Û˜ ‹ Ï·Óı¿ÓÔ˘Û˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ - pervasive computing ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ - impact factors ·Ú·-Û˘ÓÂ‹ §ÔÁÈ΋ - paraconsistent logic ¤Ú·ÛÌ· - crawl ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋ - description logic ÂÚÈÙˆÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ - case-based reasoning Èı·ÓÔÙÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋ - Probabilistic logic ›ÛÙË - trust ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ - authentication ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· - information ÏÔ‹ÁËÛË - surfing ‹ browsing ÏÔ‡ÛÈÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ - rich content ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ¢·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ - Policy awareness ÔÏ˘Ì¤Û· - multimedia ÔÏ˘ÛËÌ›· - polysemy fiÚÔÈ - resources Ú·ÎÙÈÎfi˜ ÛÎÔÙ·‰ÈÛÌfi˜ - practical obscurity Ú¿ÎÙÔÚ˜ - agents ÚÔı˘Ì›· Ó· ÏËÚÒÛÂÈ - willingness to pay ÚÔÛÂÙ·ÈÚÈÛÙÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ - associative reasoning ÚÔ‹ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ - workflow ÛÂÛËÌ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ - annotated text ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ÎÂÓfi - semantic gap ÛËÌÂȈÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË - semiotics Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛË ‹ ‰ÂÛÌÔÔ›ËÛË - clustering Û˘Áί˘Ì¤ÓË Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ - fuzzy reasoning Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÂȉfiÛÂˆÓ - benchmarking Û˘˙¢ÎÙÈο ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· - conjunctive queries Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ οو ·fi ·Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· - reasoning under inconsistency Û˘Ì·Á›· - compactness Û˘Ó-·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ - co-citation Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ· - relevance Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ - links Û˘Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ - linl structure Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈ΋ Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛË - clustering Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· - connectivity Û˘ÓÂ·ÁˆÁ‹ - supervenience Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎfi ÊÈÏÙÚ¿ÚÈÛÌ· - collaborative filtering Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÎÏÂȉÈÔ‡ - Public Key Infrastructure (ƒ∫π) Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ - recommender systems Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ˜ fiÚˆÓ - Term Frequencies Û¯ÂÛȷο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ - relational data ∆¯ÓËÙ‹ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË - artificial intelligence ÙÚÔÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋ - modal logics Ù˘Èο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· - formal systems
∞fi‰ÔÛË ·ÁÁÏÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ 172 Ù˘È΋ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ - formal algebra Ù˘¯·›Ô˜ ÂÚ›·ÙÔ˜ - random walk Ù˘¯·ÈfiÙËÙ· - randomness ˘ÂÚΛÌÂÓÔ - hypertext ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ - hyperlinks ˘ÂÚ-¯ÒÚÔ˜ - hyperspace ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Web - Web services ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ - corpus Àfi‚·ıÚÔ ¶ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ π‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ - Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P) ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË - modeling ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋ - Subjective logic ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο ϤÁÌ·Ù· - Grids Ê‹ÌË - reputation ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˜ ËÁÂÌÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ - liberal hegemony ÊÈfiÁÎÔ˜ - bowtie ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÔ› - formalisms Ê˘ÏÏÔÌÂÙÚËÙ¤˜ - browsers ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ‰È·Ó‡ÛÌ·Ù· ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË - mapping ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· - utility ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋ - TL ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi - log ¯ÚÔÓÔÛ‹Ì·ÓÛË - time stamping
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Το πλαίσιο της επιστήμης του Web

  • 2.
    ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Ë Ó¤· ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÊ¢ڤÙË ÙÔ˘ www ªÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË: Mȯ¿Ï˘ B·ÊfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜
  • 3.
    ™Â fiÛÔ˘˜ ÌÂ›ÛÙ„·Ó...
  • 4.
    «∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web» ¢ÂΤ̂ÚÈÔ˜ 2007 ªÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË: ªÈ¯¿Ï˘ µ·ÊfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜ ∞fi‰ÔÛË Î·È ÂÈ̤ÏÂÈ· ÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ: ∫¤ÏÏ˘ √˘Û·ÓÙ˙ÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ ∆›ÙÏÔ˜ ÚˆÙfiÙ˘Ô˘: “A Framework for Web Science” ¶ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·Ú·ÔÌ¤˜ Î·È Â˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ ∫·ÏÏÈÙ¯ÓÈ΋ ÂÈ̤ÏÂÈ·: §È¿Ó· ¶··‰·ÊÓÈ¿‰Ë πSBN: 978-960—930361-3 Copyright © Hyperconsult 2007. Authorized translation of the English edition © T. Berners-Lee, W. Hall, J.A. Hendler, K. O’Hara, N. Shadbolt and D.J. Weitzner. This translation is published and sold by permission of Now Publishers, Inc., the owner of all rights to publish and sell the same.
  • 5.
    9 µÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ...........................................................................................11 ¶ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ηıËÁËÙ‹ °ÈÒÚÁÔ˘ ªËٷΛ‰Ë..........................................................................19 ¶ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ηıËÁËÙ‹ ™ˆÎÚ¿ÙË ∫¿ÙÛÈη............................................................................22 ¶ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ªÈ¯¿ÏË µ·ÊfiÔ˘ÏÔ˘ ........................................................................................24 ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ¤Î‰ÔÛ˘...................................................................................................27 1. ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹...............................................................................................................33 2.1 ∏ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ Web ...................................................................................39 3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web ......................................................................49 3.1.1 ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Web ............................................................................................50 3.1.3 √ÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜.............................................................................................................59 3.1.5 √ÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ‹ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜;..................................................................................64 3.2 ∞Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ∆·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ......................................................................................70 3.2.2 ¶fiÙ ‰‡Ô ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Â›Ó·È fiÌÔȘ;..........................................................................71 3.3.1 ÀËÚÂۛ˜ Web.....................................................................................................73 3.3.3 ∂Í·ÙƠ̂΢ÛË .......................................................................................................77 3.3.5 ∂ÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· º˘ÛÈ΋˜ °ÏÒÛÛ·˜.......................................................................79 4.1 ∏ ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Web ..........................................................................................83 4.1.2 ¢ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË £ÂˆÚ›· °Ú¿ÊˆÓ .......................................................85 4.2.1 ∆· ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈο ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· ..............................................................................92 4.2.3 ∞Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹..............................................................................96 4.2.5 ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ .............................................98 5.1 ∂ÚÌËÓ›·, Û˘ÓÂ·ÁˆÁ‹ Î·È ıÂÌÂÏ›ˆÛË Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ ....................................101 5.2.1 ∆È ¿ÏÏÔ ı· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ;.............................................................................................103 5.2.3 ™˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ οو ·fi ·Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ................................................................106 5.4 ∏ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Web ................................................................................109 5.4.2 ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷΤ˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ .........................................................111 5.4.4 º‹ÌË Î·È ›ÛÙË ..................................................................................................116 5.4.6 ∏ıÈΤ˜ Î·È Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈΤ˜ Ï¢ڤ˜ Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Web................................121 6.1 ¶ÚfiÙ˘· Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ......................................................................................127 6.3 ¶·Ú·‚·ÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿...............................................................................130 6.5 √ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ıÂÒÚËÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ .................134 7. ™˘˙‹ÙËÛË Î·È ™˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ..........................................................................137 ∂ÎÙÂٷ̤Ó˜ ÂÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂȘ fiÚˆÓ Î·È ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ.......................................................................143 µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ .......................................................................................................147 ∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ ....................................................................................................159 ∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ ·ÁÁÏÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ ......................................................................................................163 ∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ Î·È ‰È·ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ .........................................................................167 ∞fi‰ÔÛË ·ÁÁÏÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ ........................................................................................................169
  • 6.
  • 7.
    11 Sir Timothy Berners-LeeOM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA O Tim Berners-Lee ÁÂÓÓ‹ıËΠÙÔ 1955 ÛÙÔ §ÔÓ‰›ÓÔ Ù˘ ∞ÁÁÏ›·˜. ∞ÔÊÔ›ÙËÛ ÙÔ 1976 ·fi ÙÔ Queen’s College ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ Ù˘ √ÍÊfiډ˘. ™ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ηٷÛ··Û ÙÔÓ ÚÒÙÔ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹ ·fi Û˘ÁÎÔÏÏËÙÈ΋ Ô˘Û›·, ÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ‡Ï˜, ¤Ó·Ó ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ M6800 Î·È ÌÈ· ·ÏÈ¿ ÙËÏÂfiÚ·ÛË. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ÂÚÁ¿ÛıËΠÁÈ· ‰‡Ô ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÛÙË ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›· ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ÙËÏÂÈÎÔÈÓˆ- ÓÈ·ÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ Plessey Telecommunications Ltd. ∞ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ··Û¯fiÏËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ‹Ù·Ó Ù· ηٷÓÂÌË̤ӷ ÙËÏÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È Ë Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· barcode. ∞fi ÙÔ 1978 ¤ˆ˜ ÙÔ 1980 Û˘Ó¤¯ÈÛ ÙËÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ηÚȤڷ ÛÙËÓ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›· D.G Nash Ltd fiÔ˘ Î·È Û˘Ó¤ÁÚ·„ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi ÁÈ· ¤Í˘ÓÔ˘˜ ÂÎÙ˘ˆÙ¤˜ Î·È ¤Ó· ÔÏ˘ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·ÛÙÈÎfi ÏÂÈ- ÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·. °È· ÂÓ¿ÌÈÛË ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÂÚÁ¿ÛıËΠˆ˜ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ˜ Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜. °È· ¤ÍÈ Ì‹Ó˜ (πÔ‡ÓÈÔ˜ – ¢ÂΤ̂ÚÈÔ˜ 1980) ··Û¯ÔÏ‹ıËΠˆ˜ Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙÔ ‰È¿ÛËÌÔ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ º˘ÛÈ΋˜ CERN Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÛÙÔ European Particle Physics Laboratory ÛÙË °ÂÓÂ‡Ë Ù˘ ∂Ï‚ÂÙ›·˜. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ·Ú·ÌÔÓ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂Ï‚ÂÙ›· ηٷÛ··Û ÁÈ· ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi ·Ôı‹Î¢Û˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ¿Ì‚·ÓÂ Ù˘¯·›Â˜ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ. ∆Ô ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ·˘Ùfi ÔÓÔÌ¿ÛıËΠ«Enquire» Î·È ‰ÂÓ ‰ËÌÔÛȇıËΠÔÙ¤, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ ÙËÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‚¿ÛË Ù˘ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙÔ˘ World Wide Web. ∞fi ÙÔ 1981 ¤ˆ˜ ÙÔ 1984 ÂÚÁ¿ÛıËΠÛÙËÓ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›· Image Computer Systems Ltd ÙÔ˘ John Poole ˆ˜ ˘‡ı˘ÓÔ˜ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ ۯ‰›·Û˘. ∏ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÏ¿Ì‚·Ó ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘Ú- Á›· real time control firmware, ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi ÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙËÏÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ Î·È ÌÈ· ÚˆÙÔ- ÁÂÓ‹ ÁÏÒÛÛ· Ì·ÎÚÔÂÓÙÔÏÒÓ. ∆Ô 1984 Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ˘ÔÙÚÔÊ›· ÛÙÔ CERN Ì ÛÎÔfi Ó· ÂÚÁ·Ûı› ÛÙ· ηٷÓÂÌË̤ӷ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Î·È Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ¯ÚfiÓÔ. ªÂٷ͇ ¿ÏψÓ, ··Û¯ÔÏ‹ıËΠÛÙÔ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· FASTBUS Î·È Û¯Â‰›·Û ¤Ó· ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓ¤˜ ÂÍ ·Ô- ÛÙ¿Ûˆ˜ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÎÏ‹ÛˆÓ. ∆Ô 1989 ÚfiÙÂÈÓ ¤Ó· ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ Îϛ̷η˜ ¤ÚÁÔ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ ˘ÂÚ-ΛÌÂÓÔ, ÁÓˆÛÙfi ˆ˜ World Wide Web. ∏ ÚfiÙ·ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ‚·Û›ÛıËΠÛÙËÓ ÚÔÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚË ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ «Enquire» Î·È Â›¯Â ۯ‰ȷÛÙ› ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ÙÔ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi ÁÓÒÛ˘ Û ¤Ó·Ó ÈÛÙfi ·fi ·Ú¯Â›· ˘ÂÚÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ. ∫·Ù·Û··Û ÙÔÓ ÚÒÙÔ Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹ (server) World Wide Web («httpd») Î·È ÙÔÓ ÚÒÙÔ ÂÏ¿ÙË (client) Ì ÙËÓ ÔÓÔÌ·Û›· «WorldWideWeb» Ô˘ ·Ô- ÙÂÏÔ‡Û ¤Ó· Ê˘ÏÏÔÌÂÙÚËÙ‹/Û˘ÓÙ¿ÎÙË WYSIWYG1 ˘ÂÚÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û ¤Ó· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ NeXTStep. H ÂÚÁ·Û›· ·˘Ù‹ ÍÂΛÓËÛ ÙÔÓ √ÎÙÒ‚ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 1990 Î·È ÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· «WorldWideWeb» ÂÓÂÚ- ÁÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÁÈ· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ ̤۷ ÛÙÔ CERN ÙÔ ¢ÂΤ̂ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ¤ÙÔ˘˜. ™ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ Ê¿ÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛıËΠ·fi ÙÔ Î·ÏÔη›ÚÈ ÙÔ˘ 1991. www 1 What You See Is What You Get. ªÈ· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ WYSIWYG ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÔıfiÓË ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹ ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ Î·È Ù· ÁÚ·ÊÈο ÛÙËÓ ·ÎÚÈ‚‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ô˘ ı· ¤¯Ô˘Ó fiÙ·Ó Ù˘ˆıÔ‡Ó, ‹ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ Î·Ù·Û΢- ‹˜ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ, ÛÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ô˘ ı· ¤¯Ô˘Ó fiÙ·Ó ‰ËÌÔÛÈ¢ıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ Web.
  • 8.
    12 ∞fi ÙÔ 1991 ¤ˆ˜ ÙÔ 1993, Ô Tim Û˘Ó¤¯ÈÛ ӷ ÂÚÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË Û¯Â‰›·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web, ·ÍÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Ù· Û¯fiÏÈ· ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ·fi fiÏÔ ÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô. √È ·Ú¯ÈÎÔ› ÔÚÈÛÌÔ› ÙˆÓ URIs, ÙÔ˘ HTTP Î·È Ù˘ HTML ÙÚÔÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó Î·È ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Â˘Ú›·˜ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÍ¿ψÛË Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∆Ô 1994 ›‰Ú˘Û ÙÔ World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) ÛÙÔ ∂ÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ªπ∆ (LCS)2. ∞fi ÙfiÙ ̤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Â›Ó·È ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ W3C, ÂÓfi˜ ÊÔÚ¤· Ô˘ Û˘ÓÙÔÓ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ‰È¿‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔ ERCIM3 ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË Î·È ÙÔ ¶·ÓÂ- ÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ÙÔ˘ Keio ÛÙËÓ π·ˆÓ›·. ∏ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ W3C4 Â›Ó·È Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ Web ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÁÈÛÙÔ ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘, ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·˜ ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏ· Î·È Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ Ô˘ ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌË ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹ ÙÔ˘. ∆Ô 1999 ˘‹ÚÍÂ Ô ÚÒÙÔ˜ οÙÔ¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ¤‰Ú·˜ 3Com Founders chair ÛÙÔ LCS, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Û˘Á- ¯ˆÓ‡ıËΠ̠ÙÔ ∂ÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ ∆¯ÓËÙ‹˜ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘5 Î·È ÂÍÂÏ›¯ıËΠ۠«CSAIL»6. ™‹ÌÂÚ·, ˆ˜ ·ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ CSAIL, ‰È¢ı‡ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ √Ì¿‰· ∞ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤Ó˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ (DIG)7. ∆Ô ¢ÂΤ̂ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2004 ÂÎϤ¯ıËΠηıËÁËÙ‹˜ ÛÙÔ ÙÌ‹Ì· ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ Southampton ÛÙË µÚÂÙ·Ó›·. ∞fi ÙÔ 2006 Û˘Ó-‰È¢ı‡ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ∂Ú¢ÓËÙÈ΋ ¶ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web (WSRI)8. ∆Ô ‚È‚Ï›Ô Ô˘ Îڷٿ٠ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· Û·˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ÁÚ·Ùfi ΛÌÂÓÔ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜. ∆Ô ª¿ÚÙÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2007 ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘ Web Û ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˜ ÂÈÙÚÔ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÔ‡ ∫ÔÁÎÚ¤ÛÔ˘, ÛÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ·fi Ì›· ÛÂÈÚ¿ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ æËÊÈ·Îfi ª¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙˆÓ ∏ÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ¶ÔÏÈÙÂÈÒÓ. ∂›Ó·È Û˘ÓÙ¿ÎÙ˘ ‰Âο‰ˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ¿ÚıÚˆÓ, ‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ Î·È ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, ÂÓÒ ¤¯ÂÈ Ï¿‚ÂÈ Ï‹ıÔ˜ ÙÈÌËÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÛˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ÙÔÓ Ù›ÙÏÔ «Sir» ·fi ÙË µ·Û›ÏÈÛÛ· Ù˘ ªÂÁ¿Ï˘ µÚÂÙ·Ó›·˜. √È ÔÌÈϛ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó¿ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ·‹¯ËÛË Î·È ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ ÙˆÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›ˆÓ ÂÙÒÓ. ¢È·ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ 1995: µÚ·‚Â›Ô ∫·ÈÓÔÙÔÌ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ π‰Ú‡Ì·ÙÔ˜ Kilby µÚ·‚Â›Ô ∫·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ˘ §ÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ Ù˘ ACM µÚ·‚Â›Ô Prix Ars Electronica ∞ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ˜ ¤·ÈÓÔ˜ Ù˘ µÚÂÙ·ÓÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ 1997: Œ·ÈÓÔ˜ ·fi ÙË µÚÂÙ·ÓÈ΋ ∞˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›· µÚ·‚Â›Ô Koji Kobayashi Ù˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ¤ÓˆÛ˘ ªË¯·ÓÈÎÒÓ IEEE ªÂÙ¿ÏÏÈÔ Duddell ÙÔ˘ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ Ù˘ º˘ÛÈ΋˜ Œ·ÈÓÔ˜ ‰È·ÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ¢È·‰Ú·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÀËÚÂÛÈÒÓ µÚ·‚Â›Ô ∫·ÈÓÔÙÔÌ›·˜ MCI Computerworld/Smithsonian www 2 Laboratory for Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 3 European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics, http://www.ercim.org. 4 ∏ ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ÁÚ·Ê›Ԣ Â›Ó·È http://www.w3c.gr. 5 Artificial Intelligence Lab. 6 Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. 7 Decentralized Information Group. 8 Web Science Research Initiative, www.webscience.org.
  • 9.
    ¢ÈÂıÓ¤˜ µÚ·‚Â›Ô ÛÙȘÙËÏÂÈÎÔÈӈӛ˜ ÙÔ˘ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ Columbus 13 1998: µÚ·‚Â›Ô Charles Babbage ªÂÙ¿ÏÏÈÔ Mountbatten Medal ÙÔ˘ ∂ıÓÈÎÔ‡ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ µÚ·‚Â›Ô ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ∂ÈÙ‡ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ §fiÚ‰Ô˘ Lloyd ÙÔ˘ Kilgerran µÚ·‚Â›Ô ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ∞ÚÈÛÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ PC Magazine ÀÔÙÚÔÊ›· MacArthur µÚ·‚Â›Ô ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Eduard Rhein ∂›ÙÈÌÔ Ì¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÏfiÁˆÓ ªË¯·ÓÈÎÒÓ ∞Ó·ÎËÚ‡¯ıËΠ¤Ó·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ 100 ηχÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÈÒÓ· ·fi ÙÔ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi TIME µÚ·‚Â›Ô ¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˘ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ∂ÈÙ‡ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙȘ ∂ÈÎÔÈӈӛ˜ ∂›ÙÈÌÔ Ì¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ∆¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ 2000: µÚ·‚›· Paul Evan Peters, Educause and CNI ∞ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ µÚ·‚Â›Ô ÙÔ˘ π‰Ú‡Ì·ÙÔ˜ Electronic Freedom ∞ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ µÚ·‚Â›Ô George R. Stibitz ∂ȉÈÎfi ‚Ú·‚Â›Ô ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂ͤ¯Ô˘Û· ™˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔ ¢ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ºfiÚÔ˘Ì ∆ËÏÂ- fiÚ·Û˘ 2001: ªÂÙ¿ÏÏÈÔ Sir Frank Whittle Ù˘ µ·ÛÈÏÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜ ªË¯·ÓÈ΋˜ ÀfiÙÚÔÊÔ˜ Ù˘ µ·ÛÈÏÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ª¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜ ∆¯ÓÒÓ Î·È ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ 2002: µÚ·‚Â›Ô ÙÔ˘ π‰Ú‡Ì·ÙÔ˜ ∂ÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Î·È ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Ù˘ π·ˆÓ›·˜ ¶Ú›ÁÎÈ·˜ ÙÔ˘ π‰Ú‡Ì·ÙÔ˜ Asturias ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ Î·È Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ (Ì·˙› Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Larry Roberts, Rob Kahn Î·È Vint Cerf) ÀfiÙÚÔÊÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ π‰Ú‡Ì·ÙÔ˜ Guglielmo Marconi ªÂÙ¿ÏÏÈÔ Albert Ù˘ µ·ÛÈÏÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜ ∆¯ÓÒÓ, ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ∂ÌÔÚ›Ô˘ 2004: πfiÙ˘ (Sir) ÙÔ˘ µÚÂÙ·ÓÈÎÔ‡ ıÚfiÓÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ‰È¿‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ µÚ·‚Â›Ô ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Ù˘ ÃÈÏÈÂÙ›·˜ ∂ȉÈÎfi ‚Ú·‚Â›Ô Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈοÓÈ΢ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Î·È ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ª¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈοÓÈ΢ ºÈÏÔÛÔÊÈ΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ 2005: µÚ·‚Â›Ô Common Wealth ÁÈ· ÙȘ ¢È·ÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÀËÚÂۛ˜ ÛÙË ª·˙È΋ ∂È- ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· µÚ·‚Â›Ô Die Quadriga µÚ·‚Â›Ô ª¤ÁÈÛÙÔ˘ ∂ÈÙ‡ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰·˜ Financial Times 2006: ªÂÙ¿ÏÏÈÔ Â›ÙÈÌÔ˘ ÚÔ¤‰ÚÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ º˘ÛÈ΋˜ 2007: µÚ·‚Â›Ô ∆ÈÌ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ µÚÂÙ·ÓÈÎÔ‡ ıÚfiÓÔ˘ µÚ·‚Â›Ô Charles Stark Draper Ù˘ ∂ıÓÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜ ªË¯·ÓÈ΋˜ ªÂÙ¿ÏÏÈÔ Lovelace Ù˘ µÚÂÙ·ÓÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ µÚ·‚Â›Ô D&AD President’s ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∫·ÈÓÔÙÔÌ›· Î·È ÙË ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· µÚ·‚Â›Ô MITX (Massachusetts Innovation & Technology Exchange) ∂͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˘ Ù˘ ∂ıÓÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜ ªË¯·ÓÈ΋˜
  • 10.
    14 ∆ÈÌËÙÈο ¶Ù˘¯›·: Parsons School of Design, New York (D.F.A., 1995) Southampton University (D.Sc., 1995) Essex University (D.U., 1998) Southern Cross University (1998) Open University (D.U., 2000) Columbia University (D.Law, 2001) Oxford University (D.Sc., 2001) University of Port Elizabeth (DSc., 2002) Lancaster University (D.Sc., 2004) Wendy Hall ∏ Wendy Hall Â›Ó·È Î·ıËÁ‹ÙÚÈ· Î·È Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙÌ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈ- ÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ÙÔ˘ Southampton ÛÙË ªÂÁ¿ÏË µÚÂÙ·Ó›·, fiÔ˘ Î·È ›‰Ú˘Û ÙÔ ∂Ú¢ÓËÙÈÎfi ∂ÚÁ·ÛÙ‹- ÚÈÔ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, ¶ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ Î·È ¶Ú·ÎÙfiÚˆÓ. Œ¯ÂÈ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÛÂÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·fi 350 ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÛÙ· ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ‰›· ÙˆÓ ˘ÂṲ́ۈÓ, ÙˆÓ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ, ÙˆÓ „ËÊÈ·- ÎÒÓ ‚È‚ÏÈÔıËÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Web. ™‹ÌÂÚ· Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙÈÚfi‰ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ µ·ÛÈÏÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ªË¯·ÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÚ›ÊËÌ˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ (ACM), ÂÓÒ ‰ÈÂÙ¤ÏÂÛ Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ µÚÂÙ·ÓÈ΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔ- ÚÈ΋˜. ™˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙÔ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎfi fiÚÁ·ÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ¶Úˆı˘Ô˘ÚÁÔ‡ Ù˘ µÚÂÙ·Ó›·˜ Î·È Â›Ó·È ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ˆ˜ ÌË ÂÎÙÂÏÂÛÙÈÎfi ̤ÏÔ˜ ÛÙ· ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈο Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÈ· ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆ- ÊÂÏÒÓ È‰Ú˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ. ¶ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ÔÚ›ÛıËÎÂ È‰Ú˘ÙÈÎfi ̤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ŒÚ¢ӷ˜ Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÈÌË- ı› Ì ‰Âο‰Â˜ ‚Ú·‚›· Î·È Â·›ÓÔ˘˜. James A. Hendler √ James Hendler η٤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ¤‰Ú· Tetherless World Senior Constellation ÛÙÔ ¶ÔÏ˘Ù¯ÓÈ- Îfi πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ Rensselaer, fiÔ˘ Î·È ‰È¢ı‡ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ Ì ٛÙÏÔ «∆Ô ª¤ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔ- Ú›·˜». ¢È‰¿ÛÎÂÈ ÛÙÔ ∆Ì‹Ì· ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ ªπ∆ Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÚÈÛı› ·Ó·ÏËÚˆ- Ù‹˜ ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ Ù˘ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web (Web Science Research Initiative) Ô˘ ÛÙÂÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ. ∂›Ó·È Ô Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·˜ 200 Î·È ϤÔÓ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ÛÙ· ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ‰›· Ù˘ ∆¯ÓË- Ù‹˜ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, ÙÔ˘ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Web, ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Ú·ÎÙfiÚˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÂ- ÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ˘„ËÏÒÓ ÂȉfiÛˆÓ. ø˜ ¤Ó·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÊ¢ڤÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Web ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÈÌËı› Ì ÙÔ ‚Ú·‚Â›Ô ÙÔ˘ ȉڇ̷ÙÔ˜ Fulbright ÙÔ 1995, ÂÓÒ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯Â ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÂÈÙÚÔ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÌÂÚÈη- ÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÓfiÏˆÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÓ. ∂›Ó·È ˘fiÙÚÔÊÔ˜ Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈοÓÈ΢ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∆¯ÓËÙ‹ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË. À‹ÚÍ ÂÈÎÂÊ·Ï‹˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ‹˜ Ù˘ ÂÚ›ÊËÌ˘ DARPA, ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ·Ê›Ԣ ÚÔËÁ- ̤Ó˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÓfiÏˆÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÓ. ø˜ ̤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ W3C ¤Ï·‚ ÙÔ 2002 ÙÔ ÌÂÙ¿ÏÏÈÔ ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜ ·fi ÙȘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈΤ˜ ¤ÓÔϘ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ
  • 11.
    ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ÙÔ˘ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Web. 15 ∂›Ó·È ·Ú¯ÈÛ˘ÓÙ¿ÎÙ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ IEEE Intelligent Systems Î·È Ô ÚÒ- ÙÔ˜ ÚÔÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ·˜ Ô˘ ˘ËÚ¤ÙËÛ ÛÙÔ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎfi Û˘Ì- ‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÒÓ (Reviewing Editors for Science). Kieron O’Hara √ Kieron O’Hara Â›Ó·È ·ÓÒÙÂÚÔ˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˘ ÙÔ˘ ÙÌ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ- ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ Southampton Î·È ˘fiÙÚÔÊÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Science Research Initiative. ∏ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó¿ ÙÔ˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋, ÙË ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜. Œ¯ÂÈ Û˘ÁÁÚ¿„ÂÈ Ù· ‚È‚Ï›·: «Plato and the Internet» (2002), «Trust: From Socrates to Spin» (2004), «After Blair: Conservatism Beyond Thatcher» (2005), «The Referendum Roundabout» (2006), «inequality.com: Power, Poverty and the Digital Divide» (2006, Ì·˙› Ì ÙÔÓ David Stevens), Î·È «After Blair: David Cameron and the Conservative Tradition» (2007). ∂Ú¢ÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÔÓÙ·È Û ÁÓˆÛÙ¿ ÂÚÈÔ‰Èο Î·È ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰Â˜, ÂÓÒ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ÒÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÛÂÈÚ¿ Û˘ÓÂÓÙ‡ÍÂˆÓ Û ÙËÏÂfiÚ·ÛË Î·È Ú·‰ÈfiʈÓÔ. Nigel Shadbolt √ Nigel Shadbolt Â›Ó·È Î·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙÌ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ Southampton. ∂›Ó·È ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚ›Ô˘ ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ Î·È Ë ¤ÚÂ˘Ó¿ ÙÔ˘ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ∆¯ÓËÙ‹ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ·Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È ÙË ‚ÈÔ-ÚÔÌÔÙÈ΋. ∆Ô 2000 ËÁ‹ıËΠÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎÔÓÛfiÚÙÛÈÔ˘Ì ¤ÓÙ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›ˆÓ Ì ÙËÓ Âˆ- Ó˘Ì›· EPSRC Interdisciplinary Research Collaboration in Advanced Knowledge Technologies (AKT). ø˜ ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏ˘‰¿·ÓÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ·Í›·˜ ÂηÙÔÌÌ˘Ú›ˆÓ ÏÈÚÒÓ ÚÔˆı› ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È ÚÔˆıÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÚ¿Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Web. Œ¯ÂÈ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÛÂÈ ¤Ú·Ó ÙˆÓ 250 ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜ Ù˘ ∆¯ÓËÙ‹˜ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘, ÂÓÒ ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘ÁÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ¤ÓÙ ‚È‚Ï›·. ∞fi ÙÔ 1985, Ô Î·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ Shadbolt ¤¯ÂÈ ÚˆÙÔÛٷًÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË 30 ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ ÌÂ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi Ô˘ ˘ÂÚ‚·›ÓÂÈ ÙȘ 20 ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ϛژ ∞ÁÁÏ›·˜. ∂›Ó·È Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ µÚÂÙ·ÓÈ΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ Î·È ˘fiÙÚÔÊÔ˜ Ù˘ µ·ÛÈÏÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜ ªË¯·ÓÈ΋˜. ∞fi ÙÔ 2001 ¤ˆ˜ ÙÔ 2004 ‰ÈÂÙ¤ÏÂÛ ·Ú¯ÈÛ˘ÓÙ¿ÎÙ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ IEEE Intelligent Systems Î·È ÙÔ 2005 ·Ó·ÎËÚ‡¯ıËΠÂ›ÙÈÌÔ˜ Û˘ÓÙ¿ÎÙ˘ ÙÔ˘. ∂›Ó·È Â›Û˘ ˘fiÙÚÔÊÔ˜ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ∆¯ÓËÙ‹ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË (ECCAI). Œ¯ÂÈ ‰È·ÙÂϤÛÂÈ Ì¤ÏÔ˜ Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÚÔ¤˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔ̤Ó˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÁÓˆÛÙ‹˜ ÂÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ ÛÙËÓ ŒÚ¢ӷ Î·È ÙËÓ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ µÚÂÙ·Ó›·˜ (UK EPSRC Strategic Advisory Team).
  • 12.
    16 Daniel J. Weitzner √ Daniel Weitzner Â›Ó·È ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) Î·È Û˘Ó-‰È¢- ı‡ÓˆÓ Ù˘ √Ì¿‰·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓË ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÛÙÔ ªπ∆. ∂›Ó·È ÂÈÊÔÚÙÈṲ̂ÓÔ˜ Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ Web Ó· Â›Ó·È Û˘Ì‚·Ùfi Ì ÙȘ ÓÔÌÈΤ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ. ¢È‰¿ÛÎÂÈ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ıˆڛ· ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ÛÙÔ ªπ∆. ø˜ Ë ËÁÂÙÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÛÙËÓ ÂÊ·Ú- ÌÔÁ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ‹Ù·Ó Ô ÚÒÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ·ÓËÏ›ÎˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ȉȈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ. ∏ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›· ¤·ÈÍ ηıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË-ÛÙ·ıÌfi ÂχıÂÚ˘ ¤ÎÊÚ·Û˘ ̤ۈ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Ô˘ ÂΉÈοÛÙËΠÛÙÔ ∞ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ ‰ÈηÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ (Reno v. ACLU, 1997). ∆Ô 1994 ¤Ù˘¯Â ÙË ÓÔÌÈ΋ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ email Î·È ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÏÔÁ›ˆÓ ̤ۈ Ù˘ ¶Ú¿Í˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ π‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ (Electronic Communications Privacy Act). √ Weitzner ‰È·ÙÂÏ› ·ÓÒÙÂÚÔ˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˘ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÚÁ·ÛÙËÚ›Ô˘ ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ Î·È ∆¯ÓËÙ‹˜ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÙÔ˘ ªπ∆, Â›Ó·È È‰Ú˘ÙÈÎfi ̤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· Î·È ÙËÓ π‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· Î·È ÙËÓ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·. ÀËÚÂÙ› ˆ˜ ̤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢.™. ÛÙÔ ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂Ï¢ıÂÚ›· ÙÔ˘ §ÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÛÙÔ ÿ‰Ú˘Ì· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ˘·Î‹ ∂Î·›‰Â˘ÛË. √È ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ËÌÔÛÈ¢ı› Û ÂÈÊ·Ó‹ ÂÚÈÔ‰Èο ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘, Ù¯ÓÔ- ÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ.
  • 14.
  • 15.
    19 ¶ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜ÙÔ˘ ηıËÁËÙ‹ °ÈÒÚÁÔ˘ ªËٷΛ‰Ë9 ∂›¯· ÙËÓ Î·Ï‹ Ù‡¯Ë Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›Ûˆ ÙÔÓ Tim Berners-Lee Ùo 1992 fiÙ·Ó ÙÔ Web ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ·ÎfiÌ· ·Ú¿ ÌÈ·… Ï¿Ì„Ë ÛÙ· Ì¿ÙÈ· ÙÔ˘. £˘Ì¿Ì·È ÌÈ· ‚Ú·‰È¿ ÛÙÔ Û›ÙÈ ÌÔ˘ ÛÙȘ µÚ˘Í¤ÏϘ fiÔ˘ ‡ÛÙÂÚ· ·fi ·ÚÎÂÙfi ηÏfi ÎÚ·Û›, Ô Tim ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡Û ӷ ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙÔ ªÈ¯¿ÏË ¢ÂÚÙÔ‡˙Ô Î·È Û Â̤ӷ Ò˜ ÙÔ Web ı· ÌÔ- ÚÔ‡Û ӷ Á›ÓÂÈ –¤Ú· ·fi ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘– ¤Ó·˜ ηıÚ¤Ù˘ Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ù˘. √ ªÈ¯¿Ï˘ ÎÈ ÂÁÒ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ Î·Ù·Ï¿‚·ÌÂ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ «ÓÈÒÛ·Ì» fiÙÈ ‹Ì·ÛÙ·Ó ·ÓÙÈ- ̤وÔÈ Ì ÌÈ· Û‡ÏÏË„Ë Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ ÔÏÏ¿ Î·È ÌÂÁ¿Ï·. ∞fi ÙËÓ ÂfiÌÂÓË Ì¤Ú· Ô ªÈ¯¿Ï˘ ¢ÂÚÙÔ‡˙Ô˜ ÍÂΛÓËÛ ÙȘ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ ÛÙȘ ∏.¶.∞. Î·È ÂÁÒ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋ ŒÓˆÛË Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛË Ù˘ ›‰Ú˘Û˘ ÙÔ˘ World Wide Web Consortium ÙÔ 1993 Ì ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹ ÙÔÓ Tim Berners-Lee. ∆· ˘fiÏÔÈ· ›ӷÈ, fiˆ˜ ϤÁÂÙ·È, ÈÛÙÔÚ›·. ™ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ·˘Ù‹ ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ÙÒÚ· Ó· ÚÔÛı¤ÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ηÈÓÔ‡ÚÈÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ, Ë Ó¤· ÚˆÙÔ- ‚Ô˘Ï›· ÙÔ˘ Tim Berners-Lee Ì ÌÈ· Û˘ÓıÂÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ ÂͤÏÈ͢ ÙÔ˘ Web, Ë ÔÔ›· ‚·Ù›ÛÙËΠ̠ÙËÓ (fiˆ˜ Ô ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˘ ı· ‰ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı›) ÛÎfiÈÌ· ‰ÈÊÔÚÔ‡ÌÂÓË ÔÓÔÌ·Û›· Web Science ‹ ∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web. ∆Ô ‚È‚Ï›Ô Ô˘ Îڷٿ٠ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· Û·˜ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÚÒÙË ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ó· ÂÍËÁËı›, Û ÚÔÛÈÙfi Â›‰Ô, Ë ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ·˘Ù‹, Ó· ηÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÛ˜ Ù˘ Î·È Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ·Ú¯ÈÎfi˜ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ Ô‡ Î·È Ò˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔÛı¤ÛÂÈ ·Í›· Û ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Î¿Ùˆ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÌڤϷ ÙˆÓ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ. £· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û –Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ‰›Î·È·– Ó· ıˆÚËı› ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏ‹ ‹ Î·È ¤·ÚÛË Ô ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌfi˜ fiÙÈ Ì ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍ‹ ÙÔ˘ –·fi ÙÔ 1993 ̤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ·– ÙÔ Web ¤¯ÂÈ ‹‰Ë Á›ÓÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˜ ÊÔÚ¤·˜ Î·È Î·ıÚ¤Ù˘ Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ù˘. www 9 √ °ÈÒÚÁÔ˜ ªËٷΛ‰Ë˜ Û˘Ó¤‚·ÏÏ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÛÙËÓ Â›ÛÔ‰Ô Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏ› ˙ˆÓÙ·Ófi ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘. ¢È·Ù¤ÏÂÛ ηıËÁËÙ‹˜ ÛÙÔ MIT, ÛÙȘ ∏¶∞, ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ∫ÔÚÓ¤Ï Î·È ÙÔ˘ ƒfiÙÛÂÛÙÂÚ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÎÏÂÁ› ηÙfiÈÓ ˆ˜ Ù·ÎÙÈÎfi˜ ηıËÁËÙ‹˜ ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ Ù˘ ¶¿ÙÚ·˜. Œ¯ÂÈ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÛÂÈ ÛÂÈÚ¿ ¿ÚıÚˆÓ Î·È ‚È‚Ï›ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋, ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ∂ÈÛÙ‹Ì˘. ∂›Ó·È Â›ÙÈÌÔ˜ ‰È‰¿ÎÙÔÚ·˜ ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ¡ÈԇηÛÙÏ, ÛÙÔ ∆¯ÓÈÎfi ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ µÔ˘ÎÔ˘ÚÂÛÙ›Ô˘, ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ Ù˘ £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔӛ΢ Î·È Â›ÙÈÌÔ˜ ηıËÁËÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ Ù˘ ªfiÛ¯·˜. ∂›Ó·È ̤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÚˆÛÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜ º˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ, Â›ÙÈÌÔ Ì¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ƒÔ˘Ì·ÓÈ΋˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÒÓ Î·È Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Ù˘ ƒÔ˘Ì·Ó›·˜ Û ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘. Œ¯ÂÈ Ï¿‚ÂÈ Ï‹ıÔ˜ ‚Ú·‚›ˆÓ Î·È ÙÈÌÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÂÓÒ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰È·ÙÂϤÛÂÈ Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ √Ì¿‰·˜ ŒÚ¢ӷ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘. ◊Ù·Ó ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ESPRIT Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ·fi ÙÔ 1993 ̤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛ‹ ÙÔ˘, ÙÔ 1998 Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ Â˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ «Essential Technologies and Infrastructures in Europe». ∞˘Ù‹ ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Â›Ó·È Î·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ¶·ÙÚÒÓ Î·È ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ π∆À, Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·›Ô˘ ∂ÈÙÚfiÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∫·ÈÓÔÙÔÌ›· Î·È Ù˘ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Ù˘ ƒÔ˘Ì·Ó›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜.
  • 16.
    20 ∏ ÂͤÏÈÍ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·˘Ù‹, Ì ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘, Â›Ó·È ·ÎfiÌ· ÛÙ· Û¿ÚÁ·Ó·! ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿ Î·È ¤Ú· ·fi ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÊÔÚ¤·/ηıÚ¤ÙË, ÙÔ Web ¤¯ÂÈ ÍÂÂÚ¿ÛÂÈ –ÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ Ì·˜ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ– ·Ú¯ÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘ Û fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ Ó· ÚÔ- ηÏ› ‹‰Ë Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Û ÔÏϤ˜ ·ÙÔÌÈΤ˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜, ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ- Τ˜, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜. ™Â ÌÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜ ÔÈ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ –̤¯ÚÈ ÙÒÚ· ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ– Â›Ó·È Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÂÚÈıˆÚȷΤ˜. ™Â ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È ‰˘ÓËÙÈο ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ‰›¯ˆ˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ÌÂÏÂÙË̤ӷ ÚÔËÁÔ‡- ÌÂÓ·. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο, ÙÔ Web ¤¯ÂÈ ‹‰Ë ʤÚÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ· ÏËıÒÚ· ÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ- ÎÒÓ ÔÓÔÎÂÊ¿ÏˆÓ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·Ú¿ ÌfiÓÔ ÙËÓ ÎÔÚ˘Ê‹ ÂÓfi˜ ·Áfi‚Ô˘ÓÔ˘ ‰ÈÏËÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· (privacy), ÙËÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·, Ù· ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈο ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· Î·È –›Ûˆ˜– ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙË Ê‡ÛË Ù˘ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Û ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ Â›‰Ô. ∫·ıÒ˜ ÙÔ Web ˘ÂÚ‚·›ÓÂÈ ÂıÓÈο Û‡ÓÔÚ·, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› Ú‹ÁÌ·Ù· Û ÂıÓÈΤ˜ ÓÔÌÔıÂۛ˜ Û¯Â- ‰È·Ṳ̂Ó˜ Ó· ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó Û ۷ÊÒ˜ ηıÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÁˆÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜, fiˆ˜ ¿ÏψÛÙ ··ÈÙ› Ë ›‰È· Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ ¤ıÓÔ˘˜-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜. ∞Ïfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· (Î·È fi¯È ÙÔ ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi) ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ô ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂÈÒÓ Ô˘ ‰È·Ó¤ÌÔ˘Ó ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· Î·È ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÛÙÔ Web, ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ë ÂÁÁÚ·Ê‹, ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË, ÙÔÔıÂÛ›· Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙÒÓ, ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Î·È ·Ôı‹Î¢ÛË ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡ ÎÒ‰Èη ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ‰È·- ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Ë Î¿ı ̛·. ∏ ÂÎıÂÙÈ΋ ·‡ÍËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓÔًوÓ, Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ peer to peer (P2P) Î·È ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Web, ÌÂٷ͇ ¿ÏψÓ, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ‰Ô̤˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ë Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÂÈÎfiÓÈ- ÛË ·Ê’ ÂÓfi˜ Î·È Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÂÈÙÒÛÂˆÓ ·Ê’ ÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ó¤Â˜, ‰È·ÚÎÒ˜ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂ- Ó˘ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ. ¢È·¯ÚÔÓÈΤ˜ ·Í›Â˜ fiˆ˜ Ô Û‚·ÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ȉȈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ (ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÚÔÛٿ٢·Ó ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÚˆÙfiÁÔÓ˜ ÎÔÈӈӛ˜) ‰ÔÎÈÌ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È. ∞fi ÙȘ ÛÎÔÙÂÈÓfiÙÂÚ˜ Ï¢ڤ˜ ÙÔ˘, ÙÔ Web ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ·¤Ó·Ë˜ ϤÔÓ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ˘ ·ÙfïÓ, ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ, Ì ·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏ˘ ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ·˜ ÚÔ··ÈÙÔ‡ÌÂÓ· Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛ˘. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›˜ Î·È (Â˘Ù˘¯Ò˜ Û ÌÂÌÔӈ̤Ó˜ ̤¯ÚÈ ÙÒÚ· ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ) ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ ηٷ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ‰È·Î›ÓËÛ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ó¤Ô˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÛÙÔ Web ·fi ¿ÙÔÌ· ‹ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Ô˘ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ¤˜ (‚Ϥ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›˜ „˘¯·ÁˆÁ›·˜) ‹ ·ÂÈϤ˜ (‚Ϥ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ). ∆Ô Web ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ·ÎfiÌË Î¿Ùˆ ·fi Ù· ÌÈÛ¿ Ù˘ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚ˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ‡·ÚÍ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÌfiÏȘ ÙÒÚ· ·Ú¯›˙ÂÈ Ó· ‚Á·›ÓÂÈ ·fi ÙË ‚ÚÂÊÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô!
  • 17.
    21 √ÈÂÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓ˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ı· ʤÚÔ˘Ó fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÌÂÁ¿Ï· Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈο ¿ÏÌ·Ù· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ –‰È·Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ˜ Î·È ÌË– ηıÒ˜ ÙÔ Web ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È Î·È ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿ Ì ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ÌÔ›Ú·. ∏ ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ô˘ ÂÈÛËÁÂ›Ù·È Ë ∂ÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ÌÈ· ÚÒÙË ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Ô ÙfiÌÔ˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ¢ÂÏÈÛÙ› Ó· Ì·˜ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ Î·È ›Ûˆ˜ Ó· ÌÔÚ¤ÛÔ˘ÌÂ, Ô Î·ı¤Ó·˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÙÔ˘, Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÔ˘Ì ıÂÙÈο Û ·˘Ù¤˜. ∞ı‹Ó·, 10.10.2007 °ÈÒÚÁÔ˜ ªËٷΛ‰Ë˜
  • 18.
    22 ¶ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ηıËÁËÙ‹ ™ˆÎÚ¿ÙË ∫¿ÙÛÈη10 √È ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ Î·È ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ϤÔÓ ÂÓۈ̷وı› ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Ì·˜, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈÛ·¯ı› Î·È ·ÍÈoÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÙÔÌ›˜ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ Î·È ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ Ì·˜ ˙ˆ‹, ·ÏÏ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÚÁ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙÂ, ÂÓËÌÂÚˆÓfiÌ·ÛÙÂ, ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÔ‡ÌÂ, Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·Á¤˜, ‰È·ÛΉ¿˙Ô˘ÌÂ, ÊÚÔ- ÓÙ›˙Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ ˘Á›· Ì·˜, Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ˙ˆ‹. ∆Ô ÈÔ ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ, ·fi ¿Ô„Ë ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ, ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Î·È, ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÙÔ Web. Ÿˆ˜ Î·È ÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô, ¤ÙÛÈ Î·È ÙÔ Web ·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËΠ·Ú¯Èο ÁÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÛÎÔfi ·fi ·˘ÙfiÓ Ô˘ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Â͢ËÚÂÙ›: ÁÈ· Ó· Â͢ËÚÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Ù˘ º˘ÛÈ΋˜ À„ËÏÒÓ ∂ÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ. ™‹ÌÂ- Ú· ·ÍÈÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È (‹ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ùfi Ó· ·ÍÈoÔÈËı›) ·fi ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ οı ËÏÈΛ·˜, ÂÈ¤‰Ô˘ ÌfiÚʈÛ˘, ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ı¤Û˘ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â͢ËÚ¤ÙËÛË ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ Ô˘ Ë Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ Î˘Ì·›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ·Ï‹ Â͇ÚÂÛË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ̤¯ÚÈ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ, Î·È ·fi ·Ï‹ ÂÓË̤ڈÛË ÁÈ· Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈο Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ‰ÚÒÌÂÓ· ̤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ÂÓÂÚÁfi Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ Û ·˘Ù¿. ∂Âȉ‹ Ë Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·˘ÙÔÛÎÔfi, ·ÏÏ¿ ¤¯ÂÈ (‹ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ) ˆ˜ ÛÎÔfi ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ Ì·˜, Ô ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ·›˙ÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹ Ù˘ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛ‹ Ù˘. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, fiÙ·Ó ÌÈ· Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ·fi ÙË Ê‡ÛË Ù˘ Â›Ó·È ·ÓıÚˆÔÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋, fiˆ˜ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Web, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ·˘Ù‹ ηı·˘Ù‹, ·ÏÏ¿ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. ŒÙÛÈ, ¤Ú· ·fi ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Web, Ì·˜ ··Û¯ÔÏÔ‡Ó Û‹ÌÂÚ· Î·È ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web, ÛÙËÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ, ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜. Ÿˆ˜ Û˘¯Ó¿ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, ÔÈ www 10 √ ™ˆÎÚ¿Ù˘ ∫. ∫¿ÙÛÈη˜ Â›Ó·È ¢Èψ̷ÙÔ‡¯Ô˜ ∏ÏÂÎÙÚÔÏfiÁÔ˜ ªË¯·ÓÈÎfi˜, Master of Science in Electrical & Computer Engineering Î·È ¢È‰¿ÎÙÔÚ·˜ ªË¯/Îfi˜ ∏/À & ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜. ™‹ÌÂÚ· Â›Ó·È ∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ∆Ì‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ¢È‰·ÎÙÈ΋˜ Ù˘ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È æËÊÈ·ÎÒÓ ™˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ¶ÂÈÚ·ÈÒ˜. ¢ÈÂÙ¤ÏÂÛ ¶Ú‡Ù·Ó˘ (2003-2006), ∞ÓÙÈÚ‡Ù·Ó˘ √ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ & ∞Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ (1997-2003), ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∆Ì‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ªË¯·ÓÈÎÒÓ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ & ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ·ÎÒÓ ™˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (1997-1998 Î·È 2000), ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∆Ì‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ™Ù·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ∞Ó·ÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ – ÃÚËÌ·ÙÔÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ (2003-2006) Î·È ¢È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÚÁ·ÛÙËÚ›Ô˘ ∞ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ Î·È ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ·ÎÒÓ ™˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (1997 – 2005) ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ÈÁ·›Ô˘. ∂¯ÂÈ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÂÈ ‹ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¿Û¯ÂÈ Û ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·fi 60 ∂˘Úˆ·˚ο Î·È ÂıÓÈο ¤ÚÁ· ŒÚ¢ӷ˜ Î·È ∞Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÛÙË ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∂›Ó·È Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚˆÓ ·fi 150 Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÛÂˆÓ Û ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ÂÚÈÔ‰Èο, ‚È‚Ï›· Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈο Û˘Ó‰ڛˆÓ. ¢ÈÂÙ¤ÏÂÛ ¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÔ‡ ™¯Â‰È·ÛÌÔ‡ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÀÔ˘ÚÁ›Ԣ ÀÁ›·˜ Î·È ¶ÚfiÓÔÈ·˜ (2000-2002) Î·È Ù˘ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÔ‡ ™¯Â‰È·ÛÌÔ‡ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÀÔ˘ÚÁ›Ԣ ¢ÈηÈÔÛ‡Ó˘ (2002-2004), ÂÓÒ ‹Ù·Ó ̤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÔ‡ ™¯Â‰È·ÛÌÔ‡ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÀÔ˘ÚÁ›Ԣ ¶·È‰Â›·˜ (2000-2004). À‹ÚÍ (2004-2007) ∂ıÓÈÎfi˜ ∂ÌÂÈÚÔÁÓÒÌÔÓ·˜ Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙÔ˘ 1Ô˘ ∂ȉÈÎÔ‡ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÛÙȘ ∂ȉÈΤ˜ ¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ 6Ô˘ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ¶Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ŒÚ¢ӷ Î·È ÙËÓ ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË. ∂›Ó·È ̤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÂÌÂÈÚÔÁÓˆÌfiÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌÈ·ÎÒÓ È‰Ú˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›ˆÓ (European University Association – EUA), ̤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ∞Ú¯‹˜ ¢È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∞ÓÒÙ·ÙË ∂Î·›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È ∂ıÓÈÎfi˜ ∂ÎÚfiÛˆÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ «ÕÓıÚˆÔÈ» ÙÔ˘ 7Ô˘ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ¶Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘.
  • 19.
    23 ÔχÌÔÚʘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘. ªÂÚÈΤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜, ÙÔ Ï‹ıÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÏ¿‰ˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Ô˘ ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Â›Ó·È Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi ÌÈ·˜ Ó¤·˜ «ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘». ∆Ô ‚È‚Ï›Ô ·˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ› ÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ¶Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÂÙ·È ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web, ÙËÓ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘, ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ, ÙË Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÌÔÓÙÂÏÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο, ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈο, ÔÏÈÙÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ Î·È ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË Î·È ‰È·- ¯Â›ÚÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘. ∏ ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÛÙ· ÂÏÏËÓÈο ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈ΋ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›·, Ô˘ ı· ‰ÒÛÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ ÎÔÈÓfi, Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÂÍÔÈÎÂȈ̤ÓÔ Ì ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·, Ô‡ÙÂ Î·È Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ·ÁÁÏÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ, Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙË Ó¤· ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË. ª·˙› Ì ٷ ·˘ÙÔÓfiËÙ· Û˘Á¯·ÚËÙ‹ÚÈ¿ ÌÔ˘ ÛÙÔÓ Ê›ÏÔ Î·È Û˘Ó¿‰ÂÏÊÔ ªÈ¯¿ÏË µ·ÊfiÔ˘ÏÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· ÙÔ˘ ·˘Ù‹, ηٷı¤Ùˆ ÙËÓ Â˘¯‹ Î·È Û˘Ó¿Ì· ÙËÓ ÂÏ›‰· ÌÔ˘ ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÂÊ·ÏÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ- ÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È¿‰ÔÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙÔ Web ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Î·È Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ·È- Ù¤Úˆ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ì ÁÓÒÌÔÓ· ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ Ì·˜ ÚfiÔ‰Ô. ¶ÂÈÚ·È¿˜, 15.10.2007 ∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ™ˆÎÚ¿Ù˘ ∫. ∫¿ÙÛÈη˜ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ¶ÂÈÚ·ÈÒ˜
  • 20.
    24 ¶ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ªÈ¯¿ÏË µ·ÊfiÔ˘ÏÔ˘ ∆· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Ë ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ¤¯ÂÈ Î·ÙÔÚıÒÛÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÂÈ Ì ¿ÌÂÛÔ ‹ ¤ÌÌÂÛÔ ÙÚfiÔ Û fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ. ∏ ‰È¿‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ „ËÊÈ·ÎÒÓ ·Á·ıÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ ÚˆÙÔÊ·Ó¤˜ ¯·ÚÙÔÊ˘Ï¿ÎÈÔ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙˆÓ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ, ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ∏ ÁÓÒÛË Ì·˜ ÁÈ· ÔχÏÔη, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·Ï¿, ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ ı¤Ì·Ù· ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È Ë̤ڷ Ì ÙËÓ Ë̤ڷ Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ‚·ıÌfi ÂÍ ·ÈÙ›·˜, ΢ڛˆ˜, Ù˘ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÂÓÈ·›Ô˘ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘, ÙÔ˘ Web. √ ¯ÒÚÔ˜, Ô ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ Î·È ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ Û˘ÚÚÈÎÓÒÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È ·ÂÏ¢ıÂÚÒÓÔ˘Ó ÏÂÔÓ¿˙Ô˘Û· ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ÁÈ· Ӥ˜ Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓ·Û¯ÔÏ‹ÛÂȘ Û fiÏÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜. √ ·ÛÙ›Ú¢ÙÔ˜ ÂÓıÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÌfi˜ Ì·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ó¤Ô Ì¤ÛÔ Î·È Ë Û·Á‹ÓË Ô˘ ÚԤ΢„ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó·Á¤ÓÓËÛË Ù˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ÏÂÈ- ÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜, Ì·˜ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ ÛÙÔ Ó· ÌËÓ ÂÓÙÚ˘Ê‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÛÙ· Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Î·È ÙȘ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web. ™‹ÌÂÚ·, Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Web ÍÂÂÚÓ¿ÂÈ ÙÔ ¤Ó· ‰ÈÛÂ- ηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈÔ, ÂÓÒ Ë ¿ÌÂÛË Î·È Ë ¤ÌÌÂÛË ·Í›· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ·‰‡Ó·ÙÔÓ Ó· ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛı›, Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο Â›Ó·È ¿ÂÈÚË. £· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ԇ̠fiÙÈ ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·ÈÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜. ∏ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ, Û ÚÒÙË Ê¿ÛË, ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜, ÙȘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÌÂÙ¿‚·Û˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ Î·È Ó· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÂÈ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÔÏÈÙÈ- ΋˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·ÚÔÊfiÚ· ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÔÎÂÓÙÚˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ªÂÙ¿ ·fi ‰Âη¤ÓÙÂ Î·È ϤÔÓ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ·fi ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘, Î·È ¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ Û¯ËÌ·Ù›ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· –fi¯È ·Ï¿ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌË ·ÏÏ¿– ÂÎÚËÎÙÈ΋ Ì¿˙·, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ·ÈÒÓ·. ◊ÚıÂ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, Ë ÒÚ· Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÈÔ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·, ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜, ÙȘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ Î·È ÙË ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ Ù¯ÓÔ˘ÚÁ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Web. ¡· ÂÈÛ¯ˆÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚ· ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ï‹ ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛË Î·È ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓ›·˜ ÈÛÙÔÛÂ- Ï›‰ˆÓ. ¡· Û˘Ó‰˘¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÙË ÁÓÒÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Ì·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÔ˘Ì ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÎÂÓÙÚˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙË- Ì¿ÙˆÓ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ∆ÔÓ ÚfiÏÔ ·˘Ùfi ÊÈÏÔ‰ÔÍ› Ó· ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›ÛÂÈ Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web, ·ÍÈÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ Ù· ÔχÙÈÌ· ÔÚ›ÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Û˘Óı¤ÙÔÓÙ·˜ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ¤Ó· ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ‰›Ô ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘. ªÈ· Ó¤· ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÍÂÎÈÓ¿ÂÈ Ì ÚˆÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ‹ ÙÔÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁfi ÙÔ˘ Web, ÙÔÓ Tim Berners-Lee ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ Ô˘ Îڷٿ٠ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· Û·˜! ª˘ÙÈÏ‹ÓË, 16.10.2007 ªÈ¯¿Ï˘ µ·ÊfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜
  • 22.
  • 23.
    27 ∆Ô ‚È‚Ï›Ô ·˘Ùfi·¢ı‡ÓÂÙ·È Û fiÏÔ˘˜ fiÛÔ˘˜ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο, ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜, ÙȘ ÂȉڿÛÂȘ Î·È ÙȘ ÂÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÎÂÓÙÚˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÙÔ˘ Web. ªÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ‚¿ÛË ÁÈ· Â- Ú·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ıÂ̤ÏÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÚı‹ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚÈÒÓ Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Û fiÏ· Ù· Â›‰·. ¶¤Ú· ·fi ·˘Ùfi fï˜, Ë ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web. ª›·˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Ô˘ ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ ÙËÓ Á¤ÓÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘. ∂ÓÒ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÛËÌÂÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ‰‡Ô ŒÏÏËÓ˜, Ô ªÈ¯¿Ï˘ ¢ÂÚÙÔ‡˙Ô˜ Î·È Ô °ÈÒÚÁÔ˜ ªËٷΛ‰Ë˜ ¤·ÈÍ·Ó Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯‹ ÂÍ¿ψÛË Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∏ ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË ÛÙ· ÂÏÏËÓÈο ÂÓfi˜ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ì ÙfiÛÔ «˘ÎÓ¿» Î·È ‚·ıÈ¿ ÓÔ‹Ì·Ù· Ì ‰ÈÂÈ- ÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ηٷ‚ÔϤ˜ Î·È ÚÔ‚ÔϤ˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ì›· Û˘Ó·Ú·ÛÙÈ΋ ÚfiÎÏËÛË Ì ÔÏÏ¿ ‰ÈÏÏ‹Ì·Ù·. ∆Ô ÚÒÙÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‰›ÏÏËÌ· ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÙËΠÛÙËÓ ·fi‰ÔÛË ‹ ÌË Ù˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ ÙÔ˘ «Web» ÛÙ· ÂÏÏËÓÈο ˆ˜ «πÛÙfi˜». ∏ ÙÂÏÈ΋ ·fiÊ·ÛË ‹Ù·Ó Ó· ·Ú·Ì›ÓÂÈ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο Ô ÌfiÓÔ˜ ·ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛÙÔ˜ ‚·ÛÈÎfi˜ fiÚÔ˜, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë Ï¤ÍË «πÛÙfi˜» ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ ·ÎfiÌ· ÛÙËÓ Î·ıÔÌÈÏÔ˘Ì¤ÓË ÙËÓ ·Ó·Áη›· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·, fiˆ˜ Ë Ï¤ÍË «¢È·- ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô»11. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÂÛÊ·Ï̤ӷ ˆ˜ «ÙÔ Web», ·ÓÙ› ÙÔ˘ ÔÚıÔ‡ «Ô Web» ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ¤ÎÊÚ·Û˘. ∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, ηٷϋͷÌ ÛÙËÓ Ì¤ÛË Ï‡ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ «Web Science» Û «ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web» Î·È fi¯È «ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ πÛÙÔ‡». ™Â ÌÂÚÈο ÛËÌ›· ÚԤ΢„Â Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÓÂÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÒÓ fiˆ˜ ÔÈ «Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜» (folksonomies) Î·È Ë «πÛÙÔÌÂÙÚ›·» (webmetrics). ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Û ÔÏÏ¿ ÛËÌ›· Ë Û˘ÓÙÔÌÔÁÚ·Ê›· SW Î·È ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Web (Semantic Web). ∂›Û˘, ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÂÍËÁËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ˘ÔÛËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÛÙÂı› ·fi ÙÔÓ ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ·ÛÙ‹, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú·ÔÌ¤˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÌÔÚÊ‹ [ÃÃÃ] Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ fiÔ˘ ·Ú·Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο ÔÈ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ·Ú·ÔÌ¤˜ ÁÈ· ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚ¤ÛÙÂÚË ÂÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ [·‡ÍˆÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜, ÛÂÏ›‰· ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘]. ¢ËÏ·‰‹, Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË [2, ÛÂÏ›‰· 144] ÂÓÓÔԇ̠fiÙÈ ÌÔÚ›Ù ӷ ‚Ú›Ù ÙËÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ·Ú·ÔÌ‹ Ì ·ÚÈıÌfi 2 ÛÙËÓ ÛÂÏ›‰· 144. √˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ·˘Ùfi ‰›ÓÂÙ·È Ë ÛÎ˘Ù¿ÏË ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ οı ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ (Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜, ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ Î·È Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜) ÁÈ· Ó· Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ Â˘ÂÚÁÂÙÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔ‡ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ÔÏÔÛÙ·Û›Ô˘ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È Ë ‰¤ÛÌË ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Web. www 11 ªÂ ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ «¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô» (Internet) Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, ÂÓÓÔÔ‡ÌÂ Û˘ÓÔÏÈο ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Ô˘ Ì·˜ ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ó·ÎÙԇ̠ÈÛÙÔ- ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜. ™ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ Web (WWW ‹ World Wide Web) Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi Ô˘ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Ë ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Î·È Ë ·Ó¿- ÎÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ.
  • 24.
    28 ¶·Ú·Î·ÏÒ ıÂÚÌ¿ οı ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË Ó· ÌËÓ ‰ÈÛÙ¿ÛÂÈ Ó· ÌÔ˘ ·ÔÛÙ›ÏÂÈ Û¯fiÏÈ·, ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ, ‰È·ÊˆÓ›Â˜ Î·È ‰ÈÔÚıÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚfiÓÙÔ˜ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÛÙÔ vaf@aegean.gr, ÂÓÒ Û ÌÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ Ì‹Ó˜ ı· ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ www.webscience.gr. ∫·Ï‹ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË!
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    31 µ·ÛÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ÚÔΛÌÂÓÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·Ó·Ï˘ıÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· (·Ó·)Û˘ÓÙÂıÔ‡Ó Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È Û˘Ó·ÊÒÓ Ì ·˘Ùfi ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ. £· ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ӷ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web ̤۷ ·fi ¤Ó· ¢ڇ Ê¿ÛÌ· ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ˘ÔÂÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ó Ó· ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÔ˘Ì ÔχÏ¢ڷ Î·È ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ÙË ıˆڛ· Î·È ÙËÓ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∞˘Ù¿ Ù· ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÔÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ «·ÓÔ›ÁÔ˘Ó» ÙËÓ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web, Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÎÂÓÙÚˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∏ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web, ·ÊÂÓfi˜, Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ Web, ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘, ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ì›· ̤ıÔ‰Ô ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚˆıԇ̠ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌˆÓ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Û fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙÔ Web. ™ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ì›· ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË Û ‚·ÛÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Web, ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Web Î·È Ù· ‰›ÎÙ˘· P2P. ∂ÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È, Â›Û˘, ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο ÔÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web, ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Î·È ÔÈ ‰È·ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ÂÂȉ‹ ÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È Ì›· Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ϤÔÓ ÂÓۈ̷و̤ÓË ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Ì·˜, ÌÂÏÂÙ¿Ì ٷ ÔÈΛϷ ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê‡ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ Î·È ·fi ÙË ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘.
  • 28.
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    33 ¶·ÚfiÙÈ ÙÔ WorldWide Web (WWW ‹ ·Ï¿ Web) Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· Ôχ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë, Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘, ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÓۈ̷وı› Î·È ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÏÔÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ‚·ıÌfi ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓfiÙËÙ¿ Ì·˜. ∏ ·Ú¯È΋ ÙÔ˘ Û‡ÏÏË„Ë Û¯ÂÙÈ˙fiÙ·Ó Ì ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ Ù˘ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ù˘ º˘ÛÈ΋˜ À„ËÏÒÓ ∂ÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ. ™‹ÌÂÚ·, ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÂÎÙ·ı› Û fiÏÔ˘˜ ·ÓÂÍ·ÈÚ¤Ùˆ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔÌ›˜, ÛÙÔ ÂÌfiÚÈÔ, ÙË ‰È·ÛΤ‰·ÛË, ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ηÈ, ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ۯ‰fiÓ Û οı ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ [142, 143]. ∆· ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Î·È Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ ‰È·Ó¤ÌÔÓÙ·È Ù·¯‡Ù·Ù· ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ÂÎÙ‡ˆÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛ˘. ∏ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ ÏÔ‡ÛÈÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÔÈ Î·ÈÓÔÙfi̘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÙÔ˘ Web ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘Ó·Ó ÙȘ ¢ηÈڛ˜ ÁÈ· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ∆· ÈÛÙÔÏfiÁÈ·12 Î·È Ù· wikis13 ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÛfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏ›·˜, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ Â˘Î·Èڛ˜ ‰È¿‰Ú·Û˘ ̤۷ ·fi ÙȘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÂÍ¿ÓÙÏËÙ˜. Ÿˆ˜ Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ Á‡Úˆ Ì·˜, ¤ÙÛÈ Î·È ÙÔ Web ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÛÙ¿ÛÈÌÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È ·ÓÙ·Ô- ÎÚÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÛÙȘ ȤÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÂÈÛً̘, ÙÔ ÂÌfiÚÈÔ, Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ ÎÔÈÓfi. ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘14, ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ¯¿ÚÈÓ, ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Û˘ÓÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏ¢Û˘ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈˆÓ ÔÛÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, ÂÓÒ Ë ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË15 Î·È ÙÔ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎfi ÂÌfiÚÈÔ16 ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó Â›Û˘ ÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ [34]. ∂›Ó·È Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·È ÙȘ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Î·È ÂͤÏÈ͢ ÙÔ˘ Web ÁÈ·Ù› ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· Ì·˜ ‰È·Ê‡ÁÔ˘Ó Â˘Î·Èڛ˜ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷ΋˜ Î·È ·Ú·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜. ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È Ë ‰È¿‰ÔÛË ˆÛÙfiÛÔ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·˘ÙÔÛÎÔfi˜. ¶¤Ú· ·fi ÙËÓ ÔχÏ¢ÚË Î·È ÂÂÎÙ¿ÛÈÌË Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘, ÙÔ Web ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ··Ú¿‚·ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈÎÒÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Ô˘ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¯‹ ‰È¿‰ÔÛË Î·È, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ó· ÂÌÓ¤ÂÈ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ó¤Ô˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Ô˘ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Îχ˙Ô˘Ó. ∏ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË, Ô ·˘ÙÔ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È Ô Û‚·ÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰ÂȘ Ù˘¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú·‚ϤÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ Ù·¯Â›· ÂÍÂÏÈÎÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÙÔ˘. ∏ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web ı· Ú¤ÂÈ ÔˆÛ‰‹ÔÙ ӷ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚˆı› Û ‰‡Ô ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ: (·) ÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú·Ì›ÓÂÈ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfi Î·È (‚) ÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ. ™Â ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È ·ÊÂÓfi˜ Ó· Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ www 12 Weblog ‹ ·ÏÒ˜ blog. 13 ¶ÚÔʤÚÂÙ·È Ô˘›ÎÈ Î·È Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ Ù‡Ô˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘ Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Û ÔÔÈÔÓ‰‹ÔÙ ӷ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·ÛÙ› ÙȘ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ ÙÔ˘. 14 e-science. √ fiÚÔ˜ e-science (‹ eScience) ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Î·È ·˘ÍË̤Ó˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ¯ÒÚ· Û ηٷÓÂÌË̤ӷ ‰›ÎÙ˘· ‹ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ϤÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ Û ÁÈÁ·ÓÙÈ·›· Û‡ÓÔÏ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. 15 e-government. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Â›ÛËÌÔ ÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ∂.∂. Â›Ó·È «Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÙËÏÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ ÛÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Î·È Ó¤Â˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡, Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ Â͢ËÚ¤ÙËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡, ÙËÓ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ». 16 e-commerce. ∏ ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ Ì ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈο ̤۷ (Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘ Web).
  • 30.
    1. EÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ 34 ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÔÈ ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ› Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ› (fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Web) ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Â͢ËÚÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘, Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘, Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Î·È ÙȘ ‰Ô̤˜ Ô˘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡Ó Û ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì˯·- ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ [34]. ÀÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ì fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙˆÓ ·ÔÎÂÓÙÚˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÈ ˙ˆÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ¿Ù˘ÔÈ Î·È Ù˘¯·›ÔÈ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜, ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘˜ Î·È È‰ÈˆÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÊÔÚ›˜, ‚¿ÛÂȘ ‰Â‰Ô- Ì¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÏÔÈÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ηχ„Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷΤ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ, fiˆ˜ Ë ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË Î·È Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË. ∆Ô ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ¤Ó·˜ ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ Â›Ó·È ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfi˜ [34]. ∏ ÊÚ¿ÛË «Web Science» Â›Ó·È ÛÎfiÈÌ· ‰ÈÊÔÚÔ‡ÌÂÓË. ∞fi ÙË Ì›· ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÙȘ Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛً̘, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙË ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË ÓfiÌˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈ- Ô˘ÚÁ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ӈÓØ Ë ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋, ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ˆ˜ Â› ÙÔ Ï›ÛÙÔÓ Û˘ÓıÂÙÈ΋, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÔÈ ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔÈ Î·È ÔÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔÈ ÊÔÚ- Ì·ÏÈÛÌÔ› ηٷÛ΢¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. ∏ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ÂÓÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ‰‡Ô ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘, ·ÊÂ- Ófi˜ ‰ÈfiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙËı› Î·È Ó· ηٷÓÔËı› ÙÔ Web, Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ú¤- ÂÈ Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÂÂÎÙ·ı› ̤ۈ Ù˘ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘. ™Â ÌÈÎÚÔÎϛ̷η, ÙÔ Web ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ˘Ô‰ÔÌ‹ Ù¯ÓËÙÒÓ ÁψÛÛÒÓ Î·È ÚˆÙÔÎfiÏψÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ۯ‰›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Ë ÏÔÁÈ΋ Ù˘ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ Î·È Ë ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË, Ô˘ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡Ó ÛÙÔ Web, ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û·Ó ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Û ̷ÎÚÔÛÎÔÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ (οÔÈ· ·fi Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ·˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È ıÂÌÈÙ¿ Î·È Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·‰ÔıÔ‡Ó, ÂÓÒ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· οÔÈ· ¿ÏÏ· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú·- ÏÂÈÊıÔ‡Ó). ∫·È ‚¤‚·È·, Ë ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÂÓfi˜ ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹- Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ Î·È ‰È¤ÂÙ·È ·fi ¤Ó· ϤÁÌ· ÓfiÌˆÓ Î·È Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ. ∏ ÔÏ˘Â- ›Â‰Ë Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Web ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ªÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË, Ô˘ ı· ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÂÈ ÙÔ Web Û ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ‡¯ÚË- ÛÙ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜, ·Ô˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Î·È ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈËı›. ªÂ ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÛÙfi¯Â˘ÛË ‰ÈÔÚÁ·ÓÒıËΠÙÔ ™Â٤̂ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2005 ÛÙÔ §ÔÓ‰›ÓÔ ¤Ó· Û˘Ó¤‰ÚÈÔ Ì ı¤Ì· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web17. ∆Ô Û˘Ó¤‰ÚÈÔ ÌÂϤÙËÛ ÌÈ· ¢Ú›· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›· Û˘ÓÔ„›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ˆ˜ ÂÍ‹˜: ñ ÔÈ Ó¤Â˜ Ù¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Web ñ ÔÈ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ Î·ıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ñ Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÒÓ Î·Ù¢ı‡ÓÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚÈÒÓ Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó Ë ÊÔÚËÙfiÙËÙ·, Ù· Ó¤· ÔÏ˘Ì¤Û·, ÔÈ ·ÓÙ·¯Ô‡ ·ÚÔ‡Û˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜18 Î·È Ë ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓË ÔÛfiÙËÙ· ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙÔ Web www 17 Web Science Workshop, http://www.cs.umd.edu/~hendler/2005/WebScienceWorkshop.html. ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· «∂˘¯·ÚÈÛٛ˜». 18 Ubiquitous computing (‹ ubicomp) Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ô˘ ı· ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÂÓۈ̿وÛË ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚˆÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓÒÓ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ Î·È ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔًوÓ.
  • 31.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ñ Ë ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ·Á·ıÒÓ fiˆ˜ Ë È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È 35 ñ Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·È Ë ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ÛÙ·ıÂÚÒÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Ë ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÛÙÔ Web. ∆Ô Î›ÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ Ô˘ Îڷٿ٠ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· Û·˜ ÚԤ΢„ ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Û˘Ó¤‰ÚÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ÚÔÛ·ı› Ó· Û˘ÓÔ„›ÛÂÈ, Ó· ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÂÈ Î·È Ó· Û¯ÔÏÈ¿ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ı¤ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó Û ·˘Ùfi. ŸÏÔÈ ÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ˘ÔÁÚ¿ÌÌÈÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÚÈÎÏ›ÂÈ ÙËÓ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙȘ Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜, Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛً̘. ™Â ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web ‰ÂÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÌfiÓÔ ÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË, ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÌÈÎÚÔÛÎÔÈο Î·È Ì·ÎÚÔÛÎÔÈο Â›‰·. ∞ÊÔÚ¿ Â›Û˘ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÚˆÙÔÎfiÏÏˆÓ Î·È ˘Ô‰ÔÌÒÓ Ô˘ ı· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ (hardware) Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Ô˘ ÙÔ ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓ›. ∏ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÓÙÔÓ›ÛÂÈ ÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ì ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ, ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ì ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜, ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ì ÙË Û‡ÓıÂÛË. ∏ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È ÂÍ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi ‰›Ô ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Î·È ÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ ‚È‚Ï›Ô Â›Ó·È ·ÊÔÛȈ̤ÓÔ ÛÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÚԉȷÁÚ·Ê‹. ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ Web ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙË ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÏÔ‹ÁËÛ˘ Û ·˘Ùfi. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙÔ ÛÊ¿ÏÌ· 40419 ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ô‰ËÁ› Û ηٷÛÙÚÔÊÈ΋ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·, ÂÓÒ Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ URI20 Î·È Ë Ï‹Ú˘ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÚÔ-¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ˘Ô‰ÔÌ‹˜ (.¯. DNS21) ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÏËÊıÔ‡Ó Û ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈÎfi Â›‰Ô. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÎÔÈÓÒÓ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Î·È Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ÙÔ W3C22 ·›˙ÂÈ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ. ∏ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÚfiÙ·Û˘ Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ηıÔÏÈο ·Ô- ‰ÂÎÙÒÓ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘Ì‚·‰›˙ÂÈ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ‰È·‚Ô‡Ï¢Û˘. ™ÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÎÙÂÓÒ˜ ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Web. ¢ÈÂÚ¢ÓÒÓÙ·˜ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚÈο ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ «ÂͤÏÈ͢» Â›Ó·È Èı·Ófi Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ Web ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ÔÏ˘ÏËı¤˜ ÔÈÎÔÛ‡ÛÙËÌ·, ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÌÂ Û˘Ó‹ıÂȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ, ÓfiÌÔ˘˜ Î·È Î·ÓfiÓ˜. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, Ë Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÔÈÎ›ÏˆÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛˆÓ, ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Î·È ¯ˆÚÔ¯ÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÁÂıÒÓ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË Û ¤Ó· ¢ڇ Ê¿ÛÌ· ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ‰›ˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û· ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÁÈ· οı ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ·. ∆Ô ÙÚ›ÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ·Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ù·È Ì ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÒıËÛË Ó¤ˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Î·È ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ (.¯. ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο ϤÁÌ·Ù·23). ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· www 19 ∂ÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰·. 20 Uniform Resource Identifier. ∂ÓÈ·›Ô˜ ∞Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙ‹˜ ¶fiÚˆÓ. ∞ÏÊ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈÎfi Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ (.¯. ÂÓfi˜ ·Ú¯Â›Ô˘) ·fi ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ Web, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔÓ Ù‡Ô Î·È ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ (1-ÛÂÏ›‰· 143). 21 Domain Name System. ™‡ÛÙËÌ· √ÓÔÌ¿ÙˆÓ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ. ∆Ô Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÙ·È Ë ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›· Î·È Ë ÚÔÛ¤Ï·ÛË ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ ÛÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô (2-ÛÂÏ›‰· 144). 22 World Wide Web Consortium. ∫ÔÈÓÔÚ·Í›· ÙÔ˘ Web. ∆Ô W3C Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ‰ÈÂıÓ‹˜ ÎÔÈÓÔÚ·Í›· fiÔ˘ ÔÈ √ÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ›-ª¤ÏË, ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi Ï‹ÚÔ˘˜ ··Û¯fiÏËÛ˘ Î·È ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi ‰Ô˘ÏÂ‡Ô˘Ó Ì·˙› ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó ÚfiÙ˘· ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web, Ì ÛÎÔfi Ó· ÙÔ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÁÈÛÙÔ ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘. 23 Grids. °ÂˆÁÚ·ÊÈο ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ˘Ṳ̂ÓÔÈ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ‰ÈÎÙ˘ÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÒÛÙÂ Ë Û˘Ó‰˘·Ṳ̂ÓË ÈÛ¯‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ‰È·Ù›ıÂÙ·È ÛÙË ˙‹ÙËÛË.
  • 32.
    1. EÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ 36 ·Ó·Ï‡ÂÙ·È Ì›· ·fi ÙȘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜ ÌÂÙÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Web, ÙÔ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Web (SW)24. ∆Ô Web ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ˆ˜ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Û˘Ó‰Â‰ÂÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÁÁڿʈÓ, Ë ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÚÔÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ·fi ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ì˯·ÓÈο ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÈÌÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ··ÈÙ› ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Â˘ÚËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ‰›Ô˘ Ù˘ ÂÂ- ÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜25 (NLP). ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ÙÔ SW, ¤Ó· fiÚ·Ì· Â¤ÎÙ·Û˘ Î·È ·ÍÈÔ- Ô›ËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web, ·ÔÛÎÔ› ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏ¢ÛË Ù˘ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ·˘ÙfiÌ·ÙË ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÏËıÒÚ·˜ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈο Û¯ÂÙÈ˙fiÌÂÓˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ™ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ÙÔ̤· ‰ÈÂÍ¿ÁÂÙ·È Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ¤Ú¢ӷ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÁψÛÛÒÓ Î·È ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÒÓ Ô˘ ı· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË, ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. °È· Ó· ¢‰ÔÎÈÌ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ SW, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È¤ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ›‰È· ·ÔÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈ΋ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Ô˘ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ Î·È ÙÔ Web. ªÈ· ÚfiÎÏËÛË Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Â›Ó·È Ó· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Ù· ÌÂÌÔӈ̤ӷ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘Á¯ˆÓ¢ıÔ‡Ó ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο Û ÙÔÈÎfi Â›‰Ô, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÂȉÈÒÎÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·˜ Û ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ Â›‰Ô. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ Ë ÎÔÈÓ‹ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ (.¯. URI) ·fi ÊÔÚ- Ì·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ (.¯. ηÓfiÓ˜ Î·È §ÔÁÈ΋26), ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ «‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡» ‹ «ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÔ‡» ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ Web. ŒÓ· ÙÚ›ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿- ‰ÂÈÍË ÙˆÓ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Â·Ó·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, ηıÒ˜ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÛÙËÓ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÔıËÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó· Û ·ÔÌÔӈ̤ӷ ÛËÌ›· Î·È ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÔÈË̤ӷ, fiˆ˜ Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÛÙÔ Web. ™ÙÔ ∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 4 ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Ì ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜. ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈο, Ë Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ Web ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÓ·ÚÌfiÓÈÛË Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Ì ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·- ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷ΋˜ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ, ȉ›ˆ˜ ÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ‰›· fiˆ˜ Ë ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜, Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Î·È Ë ˘Ô- ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ. ∏ ηٷÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ Ì·ÎÚÔÛÎÔÈ΋˜ ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ı· Ì·˜ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·ıȤڈÛË Ó¤ˆÓ ÓfiÌˆÓ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ Î·È ‰È·‚¿ıÌÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. Ÿˆ˜ ÙÔÓ›ÛıËΠÚˆÙ‡ÙÂÚ·, Ë ·Í›· ÙÔ˘ Web ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ·ÊÂÓfi˜ ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ·fi ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ Ó· Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷΤ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ηٷÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÈ ¿ÏϘ ·ÍÈfiÏÔÁ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ‰È¿‰Ú·Û˘. ∞˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ·˘Ù¤˜, ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÌÊ›‰ÚÔÌË Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÚfiÔ‰Ô. ¶·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈ΋˜ ˘Ê‹˜ ·Ó·Ï‡ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 5. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈο ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ÓfiËÌ· ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚fiψÓ, ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· §ÔÁÈ΋˜, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ (reasoning methods), Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆ- ÓÈο ı¤Ì·Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÂÁηı›‰Ú˘ÛË Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ Î·È ÙË ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË ÙˆÓ „ËÊÈ·ÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Web. www 24 Semantic Web. 25 Natural language processing. ∞ÔÙÂÏ› ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ Ù˘ ∆¯ÓËÙ‹˜ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡Ó˘ Î·È Ù˘ °ÏˆÛÛÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È ÌÂÏÂÙ¿ÂÈ Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ·˘ÙfiÌ·Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛ˘ ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜. 26 ªÂϤÙË Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ ÔÚı‹˜ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ.
  • 33.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ∫¿ÔȘ ·fi ÙȘ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂȘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· 37 Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù˜ Î·È ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ë ÔÔ›· ı· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Úfi- ÛÎÔÙË ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙÔ SW ÂÓı·Ú- Ú‡ÓÂÈ ÂÌÊ·ÓÒ˜ ÙË ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË Î·È ÙË ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË ·ÙÔÌÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÙ·ÈÚÈÎÒÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘, ÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÙËÓ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ- ΋ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›· ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì¤Û· Û ÌÈ· ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓ‹ ‚¿ÛË ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ. ∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ı¤Ì·Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 6. ∆Ô ∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 7 ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÙÔÌÔ Â›ÏÔÁÔ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ fiÚ·Ì·, ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Î·È Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web fiˆ˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ Î›ÌÂÓÔ.
  • 34.
    2. ∆Ô Web ηÈË ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘
  • 35.
    39 ™ÙËÓ ·ÁÁÏÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ·,ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ·Ú·ÊÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÙË Web Science ˆ˜ science of the Web. ªÔÏÔÓfiÙÈ Ë ÈÛÔ‰˘Ó·Ì›· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ ÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÚÔÊ·Ó‹˜, ı· ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ ·fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ··ÚÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È, ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ Web Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ˆ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·. ™ÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 2.1 ı· ·Ó·ÛÎÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Web, Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ۯ‰ȷÛÙ› ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË Î·È ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ·Í›Â˜ Ù˘ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, Ë ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 2.2 ı· Ì·˜ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÌÂÚÈο ÌÂ- ıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈο ÔÚ›ÛÌ·Ù· ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. 2.1 ∏ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ Web H ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ Web ·ÍÈÔÔÈ› ·Ϥ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Û˘Ó‰˘·˙fiÌÂÓ˜ Ì ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ¤Ó·Ó ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi ¯ÒÚÔ Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ¢ÂÏÈÍ›·, ¢¯ÚËÛÙ›· Î·È –ÙÔ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙÂÚÔ–, ÂÂÎÙ·ÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·. ∆Ô Web ·ÔÙÂÏ› ‹‰Ë ÌÈ· ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛȷ΋ Ï·ÙÊfiÚÌ· Ì ¯ÈÏÈ¿‰Â˜ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓÔ˘˜ ηÚÔ‡˜ Î·È ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ϤÔÓ ÂÏ›˙Ô˘ÌÂ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÂÂÎÙ·ı› ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÂÈ Ó¤Â˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜, Ó· Â›Ó·È ÏÔ˘ÛÈfiÙÂÚÔ Û ÔÏ˘Ì¤Û· Î·È ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜, Ó· ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓ› ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜, Î·È ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Ó· ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Ù· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Î·È ÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ™ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ÌÈ· Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ÂÈ- ÛÎfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ Ù˘ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ Web27. ∆Ô Web Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˜ fiÔ˘ ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ28 ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È Ù·˘ÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) [33], ÂÓÒ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏ· Ù· ÔÔ›· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ Ú·ÎÙfiÚˆÓ29 Î·È ÙȘ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜30 ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ. ∞˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È Ù· ‚·ÛÈο Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ·fi ÙË Û¯Â‰›·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È Ë ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ë ‰È¿‰ÔÛ‹ ÙÔ˘. ∞ÎÔÏÔ‡ıˆ˜, Ë Û¯Â- ‰›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ·fi ·Ú¯¤˜, οÔȘ ·fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ·Ó Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ·Ú¯È΋˜ Û‡ÏÏ˄˘, ÂÓÒ ¿ÏϘ ÚԤ΢„·Ó ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË. √ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Â›Ó·È ˙ˆÙÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜, ·ÊÂÓfi˜ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔ- Û¿ıÂÈ· ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·Û˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ Î·È ·ÈÙÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜, Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ÛÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹˜ Î·È ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ŒÓ·˜ fiÚÔ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÔÙȉ‹ÔÙ ‰‡Ó·Ù·È Ó· ‰È·Û˘Ó‰Âı› ‹/Î·È Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê›. ªÂÚÈÎÔ› fiÚÔÈ ·Ô- ÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·ÌÈÁÒ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷο ÛÙÔȯ›·, ÂÓÒ ¿ÏÏÔÈ ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù·Ù¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È fiÏÔÈ ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ ÛÙÔ WebØ ÂÓÒ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÔ Web www 27 °È· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ‰Â›Ù ÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ [155]. 28 Resources. ŒÓ·˜ fiÚÔ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÔÙȉ‹ÔÙ ¤¯ÂÈ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ËÏÂ- ÎÙÚÔÓÈÎfi ·Ú¯Â›Ô, ÌÈ· ÂÈÎfiÓ· ‹ ÌÈ· ˘ËÚÂÛ›·. ¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È fiÏÔÈ ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ ·Ó·ÎÙ‹ÛÈÌÔÈ. 29 Agents. ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÂÎÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· ·Ú·ÛÎËÓȷ΋ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Î·È ÙÔÓ ÂȉÔÔÈÔ‡Ó fiÙ·Ó ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆı›. 30 Formats. ∏ ‰ÔÌ‹ ‹ Ë ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‹ ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘.
  • 36.
    2. ∆Ô WebÎ·È Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ 40 ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÂÈ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ùfi Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó·ÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ̤۷ ·fi ·˘Ùfi. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ·ÌÈÁ›˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Î·È ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÔ‡Ó Ï‹Úˆ˜ ̤۷ Û ÌÈ· ÊÚ¿ÛË ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÂÍÂȉ›Î¢ÛË ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ› fiÚÔÈ. °È· Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Û ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙË Ë ‡·ÚÍË ÂÓfi˜ ÂÓÈ·›Ô˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˘ ÚÔÙ‡Ô˘. √È URIs ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÚÔÙ˘ÔÔ›ËÛ˘. £· ‹Ù·Ó ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ·Ó·Ù˘¯ıÔ‡Ó ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ˘„ËÏ‹ Ë ÚÔÛÙÈı¤ÌÂÓË ·Í›· Ù˘ ‡·Ú͢ ÂÓfi˜ ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎÔ‡ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi, ÙË ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Î·È ÙË Û‹Ì·ÓÛË31 ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓÒÓ fiÚˆÓ. √È fiÚÔÈ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔÈ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ URIs Î·È Î¿ı URI ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ Û ȉ·Ùfi Â›Â‰Ô ¤Ó·Ó ÌfiÓÔ fiÚÔ32, ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓfi ÙÔ˘. √È URIs ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó fiˆ˜ Ù· ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· Î·È ÔÈ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ33 ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ Ì·˜ ˙ˆ‹, Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ (·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È Û›ÁÔ˘ÚÔ) Ó· Ì·ÓÙ¤„Ô˘Ì ÙË Ê‡ÛË ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔÓ URI ÙÔ˘. √È ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ Û¯¤Û˘ ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ URIs ·ÚfiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ¤˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ï‹Úˆ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÈ̘. ∆Ô ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ Ì ¤Ó·Ó URI Â›Ó·È Ë ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Û ·˘ÙfiÓ, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ‰‡Ô fiÚˆÓ ÛÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ URI Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ÚÔÛ¤Ï·Û˘, ηıÒ˜ Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÙÔ˘ ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔÓ. √È URIs ‰È·Û˘Ó‰¤Ô˘Ó ÙÔ Web Ì ÙÔ «ÂÎÙfi˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘»34 ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Á›ÁÓÂÛı·È, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Î·ıÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈο Û¯‹Ì·Ù· fiˆ˜ Ù· ÁÓˆÛÙ¿ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ HTTP, FTP Î·È mailto, Ù· ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È Î·ÙÔ¯˘ÚˆÌ¤Ó· Û ÂȉÈÎfi ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi35. °È· Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο Ù· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ Û¯‹Ì·Ù· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Ì ‚¿ÛË ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Î·È ‰Ô̤˜. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ HTTP, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÔÈ HTTP URIs ‰È·ÎÈÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó Û ·Ó- ıÚÒÔ˘˜ ‹ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜, Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Ë ‰È·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Ì ˘‡ı˘ÓÔ ‹ ·Ó‡ı˘ÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Â›Ó·È ÂÈı˘ÌËÙfi ¤Ó·˜ HTTP URI Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó·Ó ÌÔÓ·- ‰ÈÎfi fiÚÔ, Ó· ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ Û ¤Ó·Ó ȉÈÔÎÙ‹ÙË Î·È Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚ› ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈο ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ ÙË ‰È·Û‡Ó‰Â- Û‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ fiÚÔ36. ∏ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ Web ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ‹ ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ37 ÁÈ· ¤Ó·Ó fiÚÔ. ŒÓ·˜ Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔÓ URI ‹ Ë ·ÔÛ‡Ó‰ÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔÓ URI. ∞Ó Û ¤Ó·Ó fiÚÔ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰Ôı› ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ·Ó·- ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘, Â›Ó·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ ÌfiÓÔ ·Ó Ì·˜ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘. ∏ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Û ¤Ó·Ó fiÚÔ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙÔ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ, Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÂÓfi˜ ηٿÏÏËÏÔ˘ ‰Â›ÎÙË. ∂Ó·fiÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ˘‡ı˘ÓË ·Ú¯‹ ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›·˜ fiÚˆÓ Ó· ıÂÛ›ÛÂÈ www 31 Bookmarking. ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÛÂÏȉԉ›ÎÙË. ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡ ÛËÌ·‰ÈÔ‡ Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙË ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚË Â·Ó·ÊÔ- Ú¿ Ì·˜ Û ¤Ó·Ó fiÚÔ, ÌÈ· ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰· ‹ ÌÈ· ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘. 32 ™Â ȉ·ÓÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜, fiÙ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·. 33 °È· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÏÂÙÔ̤ÚÂȘ ‰Â›Ù ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÛÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 3.1.2. 34 Off-line. ∂ÎÙfi˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ì οÔÈÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ ‹ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. 35 IANA – http://www.iana.org/assignments/urischemes. 36 °È· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÏÂÙÔ̤ÚÂȘ ‰È·‚¿ÛÙ ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 5.4.6. 37 ¢ÔÌË̤ӷ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÁÈ· ¿ÏÏ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ.
  • 37.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web οÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯È΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘ Î·È ·Ó¿- 41 ÎÙËÛ˘. √È Ù·¯˘‰ÚÔÌÈÎÔ› ÎÒ‰ÈΘ, ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ¯¿ÚÈÓ, ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· ÈÂÚ·Ú¯È΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ Ô˘ Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ÂÓfi˜ ÎÙÈÚ›Ô˘. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÁÈ· Ó· ‚ÚÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ˜ ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ‰ÚfiÌÔ ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ¿ ÙÔ˘ Î·È fiÙÈ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ §ÔÓ‰›ÓÔ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ı› ÙÔÓ Ù·¯˘‰ÚÔÌÈÎfi Ô‰ËÁfi London A-Z. √ÌÔ›ˆ˜, ÙÔ DNS ·ÍÈÔÔÈ› ÙËÓ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯È΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ URIs, ηıÒ˜ ·Ó ı¤ÏÔ˘Ì ӷ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ‹ÛÔ˘Ì Ì ÙÔÓ Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹38 Ô˘ ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓ› ÙË ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË foo.cs.bar.edu ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ·Ú¿ Ó· ÛÙ›ÏÔ˘Ì ¤Ó· Ì‹Ó˘Ì· ÛÙÔÓ Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹ Ô˘ ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ÙÔ˘ Bar ÛÙȘ ∏.¶.∞. ŸÛÔ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÂÚȤ¯ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· ‹ ÙÔ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘, ÙfiÛÔ ÈÔ Â‡ÎÔÏË Â›Ó·È Ë Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ì ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ ·˘Ùfi. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ù· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ó· Û˘ÓÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ˘‡ı˘Ó˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ ̤ۈ URI. ∞Ó Ô Ù·¯˘‰ÚÔÌÈÎfi˜ Ô‰ËÁfi˜ London A-Z ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·ÓÂÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘¯Ó‹ ‚¿ÛË ı· Á›ÓÂÈ ¿¯ÚËÛÙÔ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi Ô‰ÒÓ Î·È ÎÙÈÚ›ˆÓ, Ì ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ı· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÚÔÛ¤Ï·ÛÙÔÈ ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ Bar Â¿Ó ‰ÂÓ Û˘ÓÙËÚËı› ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi Î·È ÙÔ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓ›·˜ ÛÙÔÓ Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹. ∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ Û ¤Ó·Ó ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi fiÚÔ ÔÈΛÏÏÂÈ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ È‰È·›ÙÂÚÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓfi ÙÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ Ë ÈÔ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Ô˘ ·ÔÎÔÌ›˙Ô˘Ì fiÏÔÈ Â›Ó·È Ë Ï‹„Ë Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Û ¤Ó·Ó ÏÔËÁfi ÙÔ˘ Web. ∞˘Ùfi ‚¤‚·È· ‰ÂÓ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ˆ˜ Ë ÚÔÛ¤Ï·ÛË ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ ̤ۈ URI Ô‰ËÁ› Î·È Û ÚÔÓÔÌȷ΋ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Û ·˘ÙfiÓ. ™Â ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌËÓ ˘Ê›ÛÙ·Ù·È ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ ‹ Ó· ÚԂϤÂÙ·È ‰È·- ‚·ıÌÈṲ̂ÓË ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË39, ·ÏÏ¿ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ Ë ÚÔÛ¤Ï·ÛË ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ ̤ۈ URI ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÂÎÙ›ıÂÙ·È Û ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ı¤·. ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ Web ˆ˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘, Î·È fi¯È ˆ˜ ÙÂÚ¿- ÛÙÈÔ˘ Î·È Û‡ÓıÂÙÔ˘ ›Ó·Î· ·Ó·ÎÔÈÓÒÛˆÓ, ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ Ó· ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Î·È Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂȘ Î·È ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ̤۷ ·fi ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘. ∏ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ù˘ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓ˘ «·ÛÊ·ÏÔ‡˜» ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È Î·Ì›· ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ë ·Ó¿ÚÙËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ·Ú¯Â›Ô˘ Û ÌÈ· Ï›ÛÙ· Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· «·Ó·ÛÊ·Ï‹˜» ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ. ¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È fiÏÔÈ ÔÈ URIs ηٷÛ΢·Ṳ̂ÓÔÈ ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·È Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙÔ Û¯‹Ì· mailto: ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛÂÏ¿ÛÈÌÔ˘˜ ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Ù·¯˘‰ÚÔÌ›Ԣ (.¯. ÙÔ mailto:romeo@example.edu ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ mailbox), ¯ˆÚ›˜ fï˜ Ó· ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ·Ó·ÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ fiˆ˜ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Ì ÌÈ· ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰·. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈԇ̠ÙÔÓ URI ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÔÛÙ›ÏÔ˘Ì email ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ mailbox ‹ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó·ÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ٷ emails Ì·˜ Â¿Ó Ì·˜ ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ Ë ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË ·˘Ù‹. www 38 Server. ŒÓ· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· client-server Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ÂÓÒÓÂÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜, ÒÛÙ ÔÈ clients Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ˙ËÙÔ‡Ó ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ·fi ¤Ó·Ó server, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ‹ ÂÈÚfiÛıÂÙË ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡. 39 ∂ÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓË ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ Έ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Î·È Û˘ÓıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Ϥ͢.
  • 38.
    2. ∆Ô WebÎ·È Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ 42 ∆Ô Web ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÌÈ· ¢Ú›· Áο̷ ·fi Ù‡Ô˘˜ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ, Ì ÈÔ ‰ËÌÔÊÈÏ‹ ÙÔÓ HTML. ∏ ÔÈÎÈÏ›· Î·È Ë Â˘ÂÏÈÍ›· ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ Ù‡ˆÓ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ Â͢ËÚÂÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ÂÙÂÚfiÎÏËÙË Ê‡ÛË Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÛÙÔ Web. ∆Ô ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ Web Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÚÔÛ‚¿ÛÈÌÔ Ì¤Û· ·fi fiϘ ÙȘ Û˘Û΢¤˜ (Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, ̤ۈ ÂÓfi˜ ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔ‡ ‹ ÊÔÚËÙÔ‡ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ∏/À), ηıÒ˜ ·ÔÎÙ¿ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ·Í›· Â¿Ó Â›Ó·È fiÛÔ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÈÔ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓ Ù‡Ô ÙˆÓ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ. ∏ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË Ì ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÛˆÛÙ‹ ·fiÊ·ÛË. ™Â ¤Ó· ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜, ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ, Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË Î·È Ë ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â·Ó·Û˘ÓıÂıÔ‡Ó Ì ¤Ó·Ó ‡¯ÚËÛÙÔ ÙÚfiÔ. ∏ Â·Ó·Û‡ÓıÂÛË ·˘Ù‹ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ ·fi ÙÔÓ Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹ Î·È ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ ·fi ÙÔ ÙÔÈÎfi ÙÂÚÌ·ÙÈÎfi ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔÓ Ù‡Ô Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘. ∏ ÈÛ¯‡˜ ÙÔ˘ Web ËÁ¿˙ÂÈ ·fi ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ. ŒÓ·˜ fiÚÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Û ¤Ó· ¿ÏÏÔÓ fiÚÔ Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ÂÓۈ̷و̤ÓÔ˘ URI, ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔÛÂÏ·ı›. √È Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ ·˘ÙÔ› ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÙË Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÙÈ΋ ÏÔ‹ÁËÛË ÛÙÔ Web. °È· Ó· Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ Ë ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Î¿ı ÌÔÚÊ‹˜, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ Û ¿ÏϘ ËÁ¤˜, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ì οı fiÚÔ ÛÙÔ Web Î·È ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Á- ÁÚ·Ê›˜ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û¯ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ URIs. ŒÓ·˜ ‚·ÛÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Ó· ηıÔÚ›ÛÂÈ Ù· ˙ˆÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ ·Ó·- ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘, Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ Â‡Ú˘ıÌË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È Ó· ÂÈÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÎÂ›ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ˘Ô- ÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·È ‰È·‰›‰Ô˘Ó ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ¤˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜. ∏ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ÂÁÁÚ¿ÊˆÓ Î·È –ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿– ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î¿ı ›‰Ô˘˜, Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈ· ‰‡Ó·ÌË ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÈ- Ô˘ÚÁÔ‡˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜. ∏ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÂÈÙ˘¯Ô‡˜ Â·Ó·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÂÚÈÂ- ¯Ô̤ÓÔ˘ ÛÙÔ Web ÂÓ‰˘Ó·ÌÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜, Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Û ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÔÔÈ·‰‹Ô٠ٯÓÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ. ™Â ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ÙÚÂȘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Web: Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘, Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘. ∏ ÚÔÛı‹ÎË ‹ Ë ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Âȉڿ ÛÙ· ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓ· ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ ‹ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÙ·È Ë ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙË Î·È ·ÚıÚˆÙ‹40 ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ Web, ηıÒ˜ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó Û˘Ó¯Ҙ Ӥ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Î·È Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜. Èڛ˜, ‚¤‚·È·, ·˘Ùfi Ó· ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ˜ (‹ ÔÚıÔÁÒÓȘ) ÚԉȷÁڷʤ˜ ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÓÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Ì ΢ÎÏÈÎfi Î·È ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÂÎÙ¿ÛÈ̘ Ì ٤ÙÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ, ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ‰È·Î˘‚‡ÂÙ·È Ë ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯¤ÛË. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ô ·Ïfi˜ Î·È Â˘¤ÏÈÎÙÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÛÊ·ÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ‚·ÛÈ΋ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂ- ÎÙÔÓÈ΋ ·Ú¯‹ ÙÔ˘ Web. ™Â ¤Ó·Ó ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi ¯ÒÚÔ Ì ̤ÁÂıÔ˜ ¯ÈÏÈ¿‰ˆÓ terabytes41, Ì www 40 Modular. ªÈ· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ‹ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡, ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ¤Ó· ¤ÚÁÔ ·Ó·Ï‡ÂÙ·È Û ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ˜, Û˘Ó‰ÂfiÌÂÓ˜ ˘ÔÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜. 41 1 terabyte = 1012 bytes.
  • 39.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÂηÙÔÓÙ¿‰Â˜ ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜, Î·È Ì ·ÓÔÌÔÈÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ Î·È ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘Ú- 43 ÁÒÓ, Ù· ۯ‰ȷÛÙÈο ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·Ù· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ıÂÌÂÏÈ҉˜ ̤ÁÂıÔ˜. ∏ ‡·ÚÍË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ- ÎÒÓ Û˘Ó‰¤Û̈Ó42, ÂÏÏÈÔ‡˜ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÔÔÈÔ˘‰‹ÔÙ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ÚԂϤ„ÈÌÔ˘ ÛÊ¿Ï- Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÚÚ¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÔÈ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜43 ÚԉȷÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Â·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ οı ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ¤Ó· ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·, ¯ˆÚ›˜ fï˜ Ó· ·Ú·‚ϤÂÙ·È Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÂÓË̤ڈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂ- ÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·ÙÔ˜. ∫·ıÒ˜ ÙÔ Web ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È Î·È ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È ÁÈ· Ó· ÈηÓÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ Ó¤Â˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ù·È ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Î·È Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÚÔfi‰Ô˘ Ù˘ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ ۯ‰›·Û˘. ∏ ÂͤÏÈÍË, fï˜, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÛÙ·‰È·Î‹ Î·È ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈ΋, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ·Ú·‚È¿˙ÂÙ·È Ë ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›·˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜. ∆Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÏÔÁÈ΋ Â͢ËÚÂÙÔ‡Ó Î·È ÔÈ ¯ÚÔÓÔ‚fiÚ˜ Î·È Â›ÔÓ˜ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÛÂȘ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙˆÓ ÂÈÙÚÔÒÓ ÚÔÙ˘ÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ W3C. ∏ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙÔ˘ Web ÔÊ›ÏÂÈ Ó· Û¤‚ÂÙ·È ÙȘ ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰ÂȘ ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¤˜ ÙÔ˘, fiˆ˜, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙˆÓ URIs Î·È Â›Ó·È ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ‰È·Ê˘Ï¿ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÙ¤˜, Û οı ÂÚ›- ÙˆÛË, Ù· Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ̤ÚË ÙÔ˘ Web Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·Ê˘Ï·¯ıÔ‡Ó. √ ÛÎÔfi˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ Â͢- ËÚÂÙÂ›Ù·È ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ Ù˘ √Ì¿‰·˜ ∆¯ÓÈ΋˜ ∞Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ W3C44. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, Ù· ÚfiÙ˘· ‰ÂÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Ï‹Ú˜ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÌ· ÙÔ˘ Web ·ÏÏ¿ ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ‰È·‚Ô‡Ï¢Û˘ ÂÓÙfi˜ Î·È ÂÎÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ W3C. 2.2 ∏ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ∂¿Ó ÂÈı˘Ìԇ̠ӷ ÂÓÙ¿ÍÔ˘Ì ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘ Web ÛÙË Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ, ÙfiÙ ÙÔ ¿ÌÂÛÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ Â›Ó·È Ò˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛı› Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ‰›Ô. ªÂ ÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛı› ÙÔ Web ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ÒÛÙ ӷ ηٷÓÔËı› Ë Û¯¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ Ì ÙËÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È Ó· ÂÍÂÏȯı› Ì ηÈÓÔÙfiÌÔ ÙÚfiÔ; ªÂÚÈΤ˜ Ï¢ڤ˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Û¯ÂÙÈο ηٷÓÔËÙ¤˜, ηıÒ˜ ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Ù¯ÓËÙ¿ ηٷÛ΢·Ṳ̂ÓÔ Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ªË¯·ÓÈ΋˜ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ê˘ÛÈÎfi Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÎÚËÍË Ù˘ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÏ·Ï·ÛÈ·ÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ‰È¿‰Ú·Û˘ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, ¤¯Ô˘Ì ηٷϋÍÂÈ Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ì ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÁÈ· ÌÂÚÈο Û‡ÓıÂÙ· Ê˘ÛÈο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ÁÔÓȉ›ˆÌ·, ·fi fi,ÙÈ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ù¯ÓËÙfi ηٷÛ··ÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ Web. √ÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË, ¿ÓÙˆ˜, fiˆ˜ ÎÈ ·Ó ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÏËÚÔ› οÔȘ ÚÔÊ·Ó›˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜, ÁÈ· Ó· ·Í›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÌfi ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ùfi˜ Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ˘Ôı¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ë Â·Ó·ÏËÙÈ΋ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·˜. ¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ηıÈÂÚˆıÔ‡Ó ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Î·È ÚfiÙ˘· Ì ‚¿ÛË Ù· ÔÔ›· ı· ÂϤÁ¯ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Î·ıÈÂڈ̤Ó˜ ˘Ôı¤ÛÂȘ. ¶ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ÙÔ Ú·ÎÙÈÎfi ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ı¤ÛÈÛ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ Î·È ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ. ∫·È Ê˘ÛÈο, ÔÈ ÌÂıÔ- ‰ÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Î·È Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È ÛÎfiÈÌÔ Ó· Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË Î·È ÙËÓ 42 ™‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó URI ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÙÔ˘ ‰È·Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘. 43 ∏ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Ì ÂÓÈ·›Ô Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ·fi ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ www Î·È ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·. 44 Technical Architecture Group [154].
  • 40.
    2. ∆Ô WebÎ·È Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ 44 ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·ÈÓÔÙfiÌˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Î·È Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙË ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ‡ˆÛË Ù˘ ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web45. ¶ÔÈ· Ú¤ÂÈ fï˜ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ë ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛË Ô˘ Ì·˜ ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔÈ ¯¿ÚÙ˜46; √È ÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·ÂÈÎÔ- Ó›ÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È Û˘¯Ó¿ Ôχ ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛȷΤ˜, ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÚÈۉȿÛٷٷ ÁÚ·ÊÈο Î·È ¤Á¯ÚˆÌÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜. ¶Ò˜, fï˜, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÏÂÁ¯ı› Ë ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· ÙˆÓ ¯·ÚÙÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ; ªÂ ÔÈ· ÏÔÁÈ΋ Ì¿˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web; ¶ÔÈÔÈ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ› ÙÔ˘˜; ªÂ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜, Ë ÚÔÊ·Ó‹˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ¯·ÚÙÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÁÚ·ÊËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Ë ¿ÌÂÛË ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏË„›·47, ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ È‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ù· ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ Î·È Ù· ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·. ∏ Ú·Á‰·›· ÂÍ¿ψÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· η٤ÛÙËÛ ·‰‡Ó·ÙË ÙËÓ Ï‹ÚË ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘, ηıÒ˜ ÔÈ ÂÈÛً̘ Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ªÂÏÂÙÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ¿ÌÂÛ· Ù·¯¤ˆ˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈ˙fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÛÙ·- ÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰Â›ÎÙ˜. ∏ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ¢ÙÈ΋ ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏË„›· Â›Ó·È Ë ·¿ÓÙËÛË-ÎÏÂȉ› ÛÙËÓ ÚÔ- ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓË ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÁÂÓÓ¿ÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘Ïϯı› ¤Ó· ‰Â›ÁÌ· ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÔηÏÂ›Ù·È ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ¢ÙÈÎfi [188]. ŒÓ· ‰Â›ÁÌ· ÁÈ· Ó· Â›Ó·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Ù˘¯·›Ô, fiÔ˘ ˆ˜ «Ù˘¯·ÈfiÙËÙ·»48 ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È –Û ̛· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ‰›·– Ë È‰ÈfiÙËÙ· οı ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÈÛÔ›ı·ÓË Â˘Î·È- Ú›· Ó· ÂÈϯı›. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ̤ÚË. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ì·˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ ‹ ÔÈ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜; ¢ÈfiÙÈ Â¿Ó Ì·˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Â‡ÎÔÏ· ηٷÓÔËÙfi fiÙÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·Ó˘- ¤Ú‚ÏËÙ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ηıÒ˜ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ï‹Ú˘ ··Ú›ıÌËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏË„›·˜ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ IP49 ÂÚÈϤÎÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÏfiÁˆ ÙÔ˘ «·Ú·ÈÔηÙÔÈÎË̤ÓÔ˘» ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂˆÓ [219]. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯·ÌËÏÔ‡ ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ̤۷ ÛÙÔ Web, ¤Ó·˜ ÌÈÎÚfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ·ÏÏÔÈÒÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÙÂÏÈÎfi ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ fiÛÔ ÚÔ- ÛÂÎÙÈο Î·È ·Ó ÂÈϤÍÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ‰Â›ÁÌ·. ªÈ· Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ50 ·ÔÎ¿Ï˘„ fiÙÈ ÙÔ 27% ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Ì ηٿÏËÍË .de ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È Î¿ı ‚‰ÔÌ¿‰·, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ηٿ 3% Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Î·Ù¿ ̤ÛÔ fiÚÔ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∞ԉ›¯ıËΠÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· fiÙÈ Ë ·ÈÙ›· Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ «·Ú·Ï·ÓËÙÈ΋˜» Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ‰ÂÓ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÈ- ¯ÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚˆÙÔÙ˘›· ÙˆÓ °ÂÚÌ·ÓÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ ·fi ¤Ó· Âη- ÙÔÌ̇ÚÈÔ URLs51, ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ ÛÙËÓ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙÔ˘˜ –·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È fiÏÔÈ– Û ÁÂÚÌ·ÓÈÎÔ‡˜ Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ¤˜, η٤ÏËÁ·Ó Û ̛· IP ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË ÂÓfi˜ ·˘ÙfiÌ·Ù· Î·È Û˘Ó¯Ҙ ÌÂÙ·‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓÔ˘ ÔÚÓÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÔ‡ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘. ∆Ô Web ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÔÏϤ˜ ·Û˘Ó‹ıÈÛÙ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ηıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË ÙË ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏË„›·. ¶Ò˜ fï˜ ı· ‚Úԇ̠ÌÈ· ̤ıÔ‰Ô ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏË„›·˜ Ô˘ ı· Û¤‚ÂÙ·È Ù·, ÂÎ ÚÒÙ˘ fi„ˆ˜, www 45 ¶ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÌÔÚ›Ù ӷ ‰È·‚¿ÛÂÙ ÛÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· 4.1. 46 ¢È·‚¿ÛÙÂ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ [80]. 47 Direct sampling. ∆· ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙÔ˘ ‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ̤ÏË ÙÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡. 48 Randomness. ∏ ϤÍË «Ù˘¯·›Ô˜» ÛÙË ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ÌÈ· Â·Ó·Ï·Ì‚·ÓfiÌÂÓË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ‰ÂÓ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· ÓÙÂÙÂÚÌÈÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹, ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÈ· ηٷÓÔÌ‹ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ·˜. 49 Internet Protocol. ∂›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏÔ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Î·È ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÛÙË ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·Ì¤ÛÔ˘ Ù˘ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ·Î¤ÙˆÓ Û ¤Ó· ‰È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô. 50 ¶·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ [99]. 51 Uniform Resource Locator. √ ∂ÓÈ·›Ô˜ ∂ÓÙÔÈÛÙ‹˜ ¶fiÚˆÓ (1, ÛÂÏ›‰· 143).
  • 41.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ Web, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ 45 Ô˘ ÂÓËÌÂÚÒÓÂÙ·È Û ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ‹ ‚‰ÔÌ·‰È·›· ‚¿ÛË Î.Ô.Î; ¶Ò˜ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÔ˘Ì ı¤Ì·Ù· fiˆ˜ Ë ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›· ÙˆÓ ˘ÔΛÌÂÓˆÓ fiÚˆÓ; Œ¯Ô˘Ì ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÁψÛÛÒÓ ÛÙÔ Web52 (Î·È ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Ô˘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó); ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ò˜ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ Ë ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓË Â˘Ê˘˝· ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ [138]; ∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È ·Ó ›̷ÛÙ ¢¯·ÚÈÛÙË̤ÓÔÈ ·fi ÙȘ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏË„›·˜, Ì ÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ‡ÓÔ˘Ì ٷ ÂÚÈÙÙ¿ ÛÙÔȯ›·53 Î·È Ó· ÂÍ·Á¿ÁÔ˘Ì ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌ· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· [191]; ¶·ÚfiÙÈ Û ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈԇ̠ÙÔ Web Û·Ó ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi˜ Î·È Û˘Ó¯Ҙ ÂÍÂÏÈÛÛfiÌÂÓÔ˜. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, οı ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ‚·ıÈ¿˜ ηٷÓfiËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ˘fi„Ë ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË [218]. ™Â ¤Ó·Ó ȉ·ÓÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ, Ù· ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÌÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹- Ì·ÙÔ˜54 ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙË ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈο ÌÂÙ·‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓË Û˘Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ Î·È ÙȘ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚˆÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ˘fiÎÂÈÓÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘Ó¯‹ ·Ó·ıÂÒÚËÛË [253]. ∏ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈ΋ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË, fiÙ·Ó Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÙ› ÌÂ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο Û˘ÏÏÂÁ̤ӷ ÂÌÂÈÚÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙȘ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜ ‰È·ÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ‹ ÙÚÔÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÂ- ¯Ô̤ÓÔ˘ ÌÈ·˜ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰·˜. ŒÓ· ›ڷ̷ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ ÂηÙÔÓÙ¿‰ˆÓ ¯ÈÏÈ¿‰ˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ Ì‹Ó˜ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ Û ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌ· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·: ÙÔ 20% ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ- ÛÂÏ¿˙ÔÓÙ·Ó ·Ó¿ ¿Û· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ‹Ù·Ó «Ó·ÚfiÙÂÚ˜» ÙˆÓ 11 ËÌÂÚÒÓ, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ 50% ›¯Â Úˆ- ÙÔÂÌÊ·ÓÈÛÙ› ̤۷ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÙÚÂȘ Ì‹Ó˜. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, ÙÔ 25% ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔ- ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ ‹Ù·Ó «ÁËÚ·ÈfiÙÂÚ˜» ÙˆÓ 12 ÌËÓÒÓ, fiÔ˘ ˆ˜ ËÏÈΛ· ÔÚÈ˙fiÙ·Ó ÙÔ ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· ·fi ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ·Ó·Ó¤ˆÛË Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤Ï·ÛË ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋ ÔÌ¿‰· [43]. ™Â ¤Ó· ¿ÏÏÔ ›- Ú·Ì·, ÚÔÛÂÏ¿˙ÔÓÙ·Ó ¿Óˆ ·fi 150 ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· HTML ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜, Ì›· ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ Â‚‰ÔÌ¿- ‰·, ÁÈ· ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· 11 ‚‰ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ, Î·È ‰È·ÈÛÙÒıËΠÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·- ÏËÎÙÈ΋ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË (.¯. .gr, .com) Î·È ÙË Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ÔÈ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ .com ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·Ó Û˘¯ÓfiÙÂÚ· ·fi ÙȘ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ .edu Î·È .gov, ÂÓÒ Ù· ÌÂÁ¿Ï· Û fiÁÎÔ ·Ú¯Â›·, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ ‰È·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ Úfi‚Ï„Ë, ¿ÏÏ·˙·Ó ÈÔ Û˘¯Ó¿ ·fi Ù· ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ·. ∏ Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÚ·ÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ ·ԉ›¯ıËΠηÏfi˜ ‰Â›ÎÙ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Úfi‚ÏÂ„Ë Ù˘ Û˘¯Ófi- ÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔÔ›ËÛ ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙˆÓ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓˆÓ Web crawlers55 [99]. ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏË„›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web ÂÈÙ¿¯˘Ó ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘. √È Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ online56 ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, ›ÙÂ Â›Ó·È §ÔÁÈΤ˜, ›Ù ¢ÚÂÙÈΤ˜57, ›Ù ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ, ›Ù ÚÔ- ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙ˘ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. 52 ◊ ·ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Û οı ÁÏÒÛÛ· [167]; www 53 °ÓˆÛÙ¿ ˆ˜ ıfiÚ˘‚Ô˜ (noise) ÛÙË ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ÔÚÔÏÔÁ›·. 54 ªÂ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ÚfiÛıÂÛ˘ Ó¤ˆÓ ·ÎÌÒÓ Î·È ÎÔÚ˘ÊÒÓ ÛÙÔ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ÁÚ¿ÊËÌ· ÙÔ˘ Web. 55 ŒÓ·˜ Web crawler (‹ Web spider ‹ Web robot) Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÏÔËÁÂ›Ù·È ÛÙȘ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Web Ì ¤Ó· Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎfi Î·È ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ. 56 ŸÙ·Ó ›̷ÛÙÂ Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔÈ ÛÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô. 57 Heuristic. ¶ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ‹ ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˜ Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ χÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ì ÌË ·˘ÛÙËÚÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜. ¶ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ ÊÚ¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ ∞Ú¯ÈÌ‹‰Ë «∂‡ÚËη!».
  • 42.
    2. ∆Ô WebÎ·È Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ 46 ªÈ· ÔÙÈ΋ ÁˆÓ›· ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ·ÂÈÏÒÓ, ¢ηÈÚÈÒÓ Î·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚÒÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÍÂÏÈÎÙÈ΋ ÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ Web. ªÈ· ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ Ó¤ˆÓ Î·È Èı·ÓÒ˜ ÌË ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Û ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ¶·ÚfiÌÔȘ ηٷÛ΢·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔ¤ÏıÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ Î·È ÙË ‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈ΋ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋. ∏ Û‡ÓıÂÛË Ó¤ˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÁψÛÛÒÓ, ·ÏÁÔÚ›ıÌˆÓ Î·È ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÎÏÂȉ› ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓË Î·È Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙË̤ÓË ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ Web, fiˆ˜ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÛÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ58, fiÔ˘ ÙÔ ÌÂÁ·- χÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÚÔfi‰Ô˘ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔ¤ÏıÂÈ ·fi ÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË, ηıÒ˜ Â›Û˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ [51]. ∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ¢ڤˆ˜ ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·Û˘ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘ÌÂ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· P2P59 Î·È Ó· ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ·˘Í·- ÓfiÌÂÓË Îϛ̷η ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜. ∆¤ÙÔȘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÚˆÙÔÔÚȷ΋˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Â›Ó·È ˙ˆÙÈ΋˜ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ Web. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, ·˜ ÌËÓ Í¯ӿÌ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ù›ÔÙ· ¿ÏÏÔ ·Ú¿ ¤Ó· Ù¯ÓËÙfi ηٷÛ··ÛÌ·. ∏ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÔÔȈӉ‹ÔÙ ӤˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙÔ˘ Web ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ ÙË ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È fi¯È ÙËÓ ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ ÂÌÏÔ΋ ÙÔ˘˜, ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Î·Ù·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ÊÔÚ›˜ ÚÔÙ˘ÔÔ›- ËÛ˘. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜ Û‡ÓıÂÛ˘, ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Î·È ‰È·- ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘. ™Ù· ÂfiÌÂÓ· ÎÂÊ¿Ï·È· ı· ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÔ˘Ì ‰È·‰Ô¯Èο ÙË Û‡ÓıÂÛË, ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Î·È Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ Web, ÂÓÒ ı· ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒ- ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û‹ Ì·˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÂͤٷÛË ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘. www 58 Cognitive systems. 59 Peer-to-Peer ‹ ÔÌfiÙÈÌ· ‰›ÎÙ˘·. ∞ӷʤÚÂÙ·È Û ÌÈ· ÎÏ¿ÛË ·fi Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Î·Ù·ÓÂÌË̤ÓÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ·Ú¯‹. ŒÓ· P2P Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Û ‰‡Ô ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜ Ó· ÌÔÈÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛÔ‰‡Ó·Ì·. ∆Ô ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ·˘Ùfi ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ÙËÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·ÛÙÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡, ÙÔÓ ·ÔıË΢ÙÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ Î·È ÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ ˙ÒÓ˘ ÙˆÓ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ. ŸÏÔÈ ÔÈ ÎfiÌ‚ÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ›Û· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù·.
  • 44.
    48 3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web
  • 45.
    49 √È ‚·ÛÈÎÔ› ÛÙfi¯ÔÈÙ˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Û˘Ó›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙˆÓ ÂˆÊÂÏÒÓ ÂÂÎÙ¿ÛˆÓ60 Î·È ÙËÓ ·- Ú¿ÏÏËÏË ÂÏ·¯ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ61. ™ÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ı· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ì ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û˜ ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ Ù˘ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Web. ™ÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 3.1 ı· ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÔ˘Ì ٷ ‚·ÛÈο ÛËÌ›· Î·È ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú·ı¤ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Web (Semantic Web). ∆· ı¤Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ SW, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Î¿ı ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ (∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 3.2). ™ÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 3.3 ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi Û˘Ó·Ê›˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Web, Ù· ‰›ÎÙ˘· P2P Î·È ÙÔ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎfi ϤÁÌ·. 3.1 ∏ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Web To Web Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ‰ÔÌË̤ÓË ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋ Ì ÚfiÙ˘·, ÁÏÒÛÛ˜ Î·È ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡˜, ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ¤Ó· ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ ÔÏÏ·ÏÒÓ ·ÓÔÌÔÈÔÁÂÓÒÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ. ∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ‡ÎÔÏ· Ó· ÚÔηϤÛÂÈ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Û‡Á¯˘ÛË Î·È ÔÈ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· Ù· ÚfiÙ˘· Ô˘ ηıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌfi, Ó· Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Û ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÂÈÏÔΤ˜ Î·È ÔχÏÔΘ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈΤ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ [146]. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, ÔÈ ÔÏÏ·Ϥ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ·fi ÙÔ Web ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ÂÈÚ·ÛÌfi ÁÈ· ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ì ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ·Í›·˜. ™˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, fï˜, ÌÈ· ÙfiÛÔ ˘„ËÏ‹ ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ Ù›ÌËÌ· ÙË Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ¢¯ÚËÛÙ›·˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÍ¿ÏÂÈ„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Ï›ÁˆÓ Î·È ·ÏÒÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, Û ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, Ë ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈ΋ Û¯¤ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ˘„ËÏ‹ ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ Â˘¯ÚËÛÙ›· Á›ÓÂÙ·È ı‡Ì· Ù˘ η΋˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÒÓ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ¤Ó·˜ ‰Â‰Ëψ̤ÓÔ˜ ÎÔÈÓfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ SW [35, 17]62 Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓ Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓÔ˘ Web. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ fï˜ ÙÔ˘ ۯ‰ȷÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È Ë Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÛÙË ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ·ÓÙfi˜ Ù‡Ô˘ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È fi¯È Ë ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ‹ Ë ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÂÛËÌ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘63. ÿÛˆ˜, fiˆ˜ ÔÏÏÔ› ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·È ÂÏ›˙Ô˘Ó, Ù· ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· ÙÔÈ΋˜ ÂÌ‚¤ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È Ë ·Ó·Ù˘ÛÛfiÌÂÓË ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∞Ó ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó Ù· ·ÓˆÙ¤Úˆ, ÙfiÙ ı· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› ÌÈ· Û¯¤ÛË ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔ‡ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Ì ÙË ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ªËÓ Í¯ӿÌ fiÙÈ Ù· ÔʤÏË Ù˘ ‰ÔÌË̤Ó˘ Î·È Î·Ù·ÓÂÌË̤Ó˘ www 60 °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ù· ‰›ÎÙ˘· P2P. 61 °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ phishing. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙÚfiÔ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ÂÍ·¿ÙËÛ˘ ·Ó˘Ô„›·ÛÙˆÓ ÂÏ·ÙÒÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÌËӇ̷ٷ ·fi «·ÍÈfiÈÛÙ˜» ËÁ¤˜ (ÙÚ¿Â˙˜, ÂÙ·ÈÚ›˜ Î.Ï.) Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ˙ËÙÔ‡Ó Î¿ÔÈ· ÚÔÛˆÈο ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔȯ›· (Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡˜ ÈÛÙˆÙÈÎÒÓ Î·ÚÙÒÓ, ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡˜ ÏÔÁ·ÚÈ·ÛÌÒÓ ÙÚ·¤˙˘, Έ‰ÈÎÔ‡˜ ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ Î.¿.), ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ‰ÈÂÎÂÚ·ÈÒÛÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·Á‹. 62 ∞ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÂÎÙÂÓ‹˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË. 63 Annotated text. ∫›ÌÂÓÔ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÛÙÂı› ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›·. ∞ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web.
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    3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 50 ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·Û˘ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·64. ∞Ó ˘Ô-¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙË ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· ·Ó·Áο˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË- ¿ÓıÚˆÔ Ó· ÂˆÌÈÛÙ› ÙÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ì ٷ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ ƒ2ƒ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·, Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ˘ÔÙ˘Ò‰ÂȘ Î·È ¯·ÌËÏÔ‡ ÂÈ¤‰Ô˘ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ë ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ Ô ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ SW Â›Ó·È Û¯Â‰È·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ› ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ ۠ΛÌÂÓ·, Ô‰ËÁ› Û ·Ú·Ï·ÓËÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· «Â‡ÎÔÏ·» Ó¤· ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈο Û¯‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÙË «‰‡ÛÎÔÏË» §ÔÁÈ΋. ¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ›̷ÛÙ ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈÎÔ› ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌË Û˘Ó‰¤Ô˘Ì ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ‰›· ÂÈ- ÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜. 3.1.1 ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Web To Web ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËΠ̠ÛÎÔfi Ó· ÂÈʤÚÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ. Ÿˆ˜ Û οı ÂÔ¯‹, ¤ÙÛÈ Î·È Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÔÏÏÔ› ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ Û˘ÓÙ¿ÛÛÔ˘Ó ¤ÁÁÚ·Ê·. ¶ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ¤Ï¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web, fï˜, ÙÔ ¤ÁÁÚ·ÊÔ ‹Ù·Ó ȉȈÙÈÎfi ÎÙ‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ë ·fiÊ·ÛË ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ‚¿Ú˘Ó ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ‰ÂÓ ˘‹Ú¯Â Ë Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰˘Ó·- ÙfiÙËÙ· Ë ÔÔ›· ı· Â¤ÙÚÂ ÛÙÔÓ Î·ı¤Ó· Ó· ‰ËÌÔÛȇÂÈ Î·È Ó· ‰È·Ó¤ÌÂÈ ¤ÁÁÚ·Ê· Î·È ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈο ·Ú¯Â›·, Ì ·Ïfi Î·È ·Ó¤ÍÔ‰Ô ÙÚfiÔ. √ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ Web ‹Ù·Ó Ó· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ ‰Ú·ÛÙÈο ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Ì ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ηٿÏÏËÏ˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜. √ ηı¤Ó·˜ ϤÔÓ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ‰È·ı¤ÛÂÈ Ù· ΛÌÂÓ¿ ÙÔ˘ Û ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Û ·˘Ù¿. ∏ Ú·Á‰·›· ‰È¿‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È Ë ÎÔÏÔÛÛÈ·›· ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙË ¢˘ÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ¤¯ÂÈ, ›Ûˆ˜, ·ÏÏÔÈÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÂͤÏÈ͢ ·˘Ù‹˜. ∆Ô SW Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÌÈ· ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Â¤ÎÙ·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Web, ÂÈÎÔ˘ÚÔ‡ÌÂÓ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ Â·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıË ÚÔ¤ÎÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ∏ Âȉ›ˆÍË ÙÔ˘ SW Â›Ó·È Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Ó· ‰È·ı¤ÛÔ˘Ó Û ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘˜ Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÙÔ˘˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ÙÔ fiÚ·Ì· ÙÔ˘ SW Â›Ó·È Ë Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Web ·fi Ù· ·Ú¯Â›· ÛÙ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ. ∏ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË, Â¿Ó Á›ÓÂÈ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ‹ Î·È Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈËı›, ı· ·ÂÏ¢ıÂÚÒÛÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ Web ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ- ÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û ¢ڇÙÂÚ˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ì ÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔÈ- ËÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È «¯ÂÈÚÔΛÓËÙˆÓ» ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ [34]. µ¤‚·È·, Ë ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛË ·˘Ù‹ ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÌÂÁ¿- ÏË ··›ÙËÛË ÁÈ· Ù· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÙÔ˘ SW: ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ·ÓÔÌÔÈÔÁÂÓÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘Ïϯı› Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜. ∏ ‰‡Ó·ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web ı· ·˘ÍËı› ‰Ú·Ì·ÙÈο Â¿Ó Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÔÚÈÛıÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ‰È·Û˘Ó‰ÂıÔ‡Ó Ì ٤ÙÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ, ÒÛÙ ÔÈ Ì˯·Ó¤˜ Ó· ÍÂÂÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ù˘ ·ÂÈÎfiÓÈÛ˘ Î·È Ó· ÂÂÎÙ·ıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔÓ ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, ¤Ú· ·fi Ù· fiÚÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ, ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ. ™‹ÌÂÚ· ÙÔ Web ·Ô‰›‰ÂÈ Ôχ ηϿ ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, Ù˘ ÌÔ˘ÛÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜, ·ÓÂÎÙ¿ ÛÙÔ ‚›ÓÙÂÔ Î·È ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÔÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ [135]. √ ÛÎÔfi˜ ÙÔ˘ SW Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È¢ÎfiÏ˘ÓÛË Î·È Ë ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û ·ÓÒÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·fi ·˘ÙfiÓ Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ Google. www 64 ∏ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ηÓfiÓ· ˆ˜ Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ÁψÛÛÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜.
  • 47.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ∫¿Ùˆ ·fi ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Ú›ÛÌ·, Â›Ó·È ıÂÌÈÙfi Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË 51 Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜65 Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ66 ‹ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÚˆÙ·ÔÎÚ›ÛˆÓ. √ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÂÈ Ù· ·Ú¯Â›· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÌÈ· ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·˘Ùfi Ó· ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Â›Ó·È ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi, ηıÒ˜ ÌÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ‹ ÌÂÙ·ÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚË ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ë ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂȉÈÒÎÂÈ Ó· ‰ÒÛÂÈ ÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ÂÚÒÙËÛË ‹ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙȘ ‰È·- ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Ù‡Ô˘˜ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÈ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ Ë ÂÌÌÔÓ‹ Û ·˘ÛÙËÚ¤˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ηٿ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÚÙÈÛË ÙˆÓ Û¯ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ™Â Ú·ÎÙÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ·fi ¤Ó· ¤ÁÁÚ·ÊÔ Î·È, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, Ë ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ Ô˘ ı· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ Web ÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙÂÚË. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚ› ¤Ó·˜ ÔÚ˘Ì·Á‰fi˜ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ «ÂΛ ¤Íˆ». ∆Ô ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ·ÓÔÈÎÙfi ˙‹ÙËÌ· ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ·ÎÚÈ‚‹ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› Ì ÙË ıÂÌÂÏ›ˆÛË Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂˆÓ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ËÁ¤˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ¶·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο, ÛÙËÓ ∆¯ÓËÙ‹ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË (∆¡)67 ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÔÈ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÁÓÒ- Û˘68, Ù· ¤ÌÂÈÚ· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·69 Î·È ÔÈ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û ¤Ó·Ó ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÈÛÙÔÔÈË̤ÓË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·, Ë ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙË, ¤Á΢ÚË Î·È Û˘ÓÂ‹˜ Î·È ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ Î·È ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏ· ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘. ™ÙÔ Web, ‚¤‚·È·, Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ·˘Ù¿ ‰ÂÓ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó Û fiϘ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛÈÁÔ˘Ú¢Ùԇ̠fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ (ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓ˜ ÛÙÔ Web) ‰ÂÓ ı· ÂÎÙÚԯȿ˙Ô˘Ó fiÏ· Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÍ·¯ıÔ‡Ó ·fi ÌÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÔÌ¿‰· ·ÌÔÈ‚·›· ·Û˘Ì‚›‚·ÛÙˆÓ ËÁÒÓ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ¶·ÚfiÙÈ ÔÏϤ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ SW ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘ÈÔıÂÙËı› ·ÎfiÌ·, Ë ‰˘ÓËÙÈ΋ ·Ù·Í›· Ô˘ ÂÓ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Ó· ÚÔ·„ÂÈ, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÔÚı¿ ‰ÔÌËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·fi ÔÏÏ·Ϥ˜ ËÁ¤˜, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÛÔ‚·Úfi ˙‹ÙËÌ· [278]. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·˘Ù‹, Ë ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ SW Â›Ó·È Ó· ·Ú·Û¯Âı› ¤Ó· ÎÔÈÓfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÂÏ¢ı¤ÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, ‚·ÛÈṲ̂ÓÔ ÛÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· RDF70, Ô˘ ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÂÈ ÔÈΛϘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· XML71 ˆ˜ ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ [195]. ∆· «·Î·Ù¤ÚÁ·ÛÙ·» ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ô˘ ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û ‚¿ÛÂȘ www 65 Information retrieval (IR). 66 Data retrieval. 67 Artificial Intelligence - AI. ∆¯ÓËÙ‹ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË Â›Ó·È Ô ÙÔ̤·˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ Ô˘ ·Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙË Û¯Â‰›·ÛË Â˘Ê˘ÒÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÂȉÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙Ô˘Ì Ì ÙË ÓÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË ÛÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. 68 Knowledge base ‹ ÂÓ Û˘ÓÙÔÌ›· KB, kb ‹ ¢. ∂›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÂȉÈ΋ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ‚¿Û˘ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÁÓÒÛ˘. ¶·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Ù· ̤۷ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹, ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Î·È ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘. 69 Expert systems. ∞ÔÛÎÔÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ Ì ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ·˘ÙfiÌ·Ù˘ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ∆¡ ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙȘ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ÂÌÂÈÚÔÁÓˆÌfiÓˆÓ Û ÂȉÈο ı¤Ì·Ù·. ŒÓ· ŒÌÂÈÚÔ ™‡ÛÙËÌ· ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È ÙÔ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹. 70 Resource Description Framework. °ÏÒÛÛ· Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ Îˆ‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË, ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ Î·È ÙËÓ Â·Ó·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÔÌËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ¶·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÚfiÛıÂÙ· ̤۷ (Ù· ÂÂÍÂÚÁ¿ÛÈÌ· ÏÂÍÈÏfiÁÈ·) Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù·ÓÔ‹ÛÈÌ· ·fi ÙÔÓ ¿ÓıÚˆÔ Î·È ÙË Ì˯·Ó‹. 71 eXtensible Markup Language. ∂›Ó·È ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÁÈ· ÙË ‰fiÌËÛË ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓØ ı˘Ì›˙ÂÈ Ï›ÁÔ ÙËÓ HTMLØ Â›Ó·È Û ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÎÂÈ̤- ÓÔ˘Ø Â›Ó·È «Êχ·ÚË» ÁÏÒÛÛ· Î·È Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙ÂÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜. ∏ XML ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜ ηÈÓÔ‡ÚÁÈ· ÁÏÒÛÛ·. O‰Ë- Á› ÙËÓ HTML Û XHTML, ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ·ÓÂÍ·Úًو˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ù˘Á¯¿ÓÂÈ Â˘Ú›·˜ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ηıÒ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ‚¿ÛË Ù˘ RDF Î·È ÙÔ˘ SW.
  • 48.
    3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 52 ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È ‚¿ÛÂÈ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ÂÌ‚¤ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ, fiˆ˜ ı· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ì ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·. ªÂ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Û˘Ó¿- ıÚÔÈÛ˘ Î·È ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÓÂÒÓ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·fi ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓ›˜ ËÁ¤˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ∆Ô Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ›ӷÈ, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ·˘Ù¿ ηı·˘Ù¿. ∆Ô SW ‰ÂÓ ·ÏÒ˜ ÌÈ· ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Û‹Ì·ÓÛ˘ HTML72 ÂÁÁÚ¿ÊˆÓ ÛÙÔ Web, Ô‡Ù ÌÈ· ·Ú·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Û ¤ÁÁÚ·Ê·. ∂›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆıÔ‡Ó Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· ÛÙÔ Web ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› ÌÈ· ·¤Ú·ÓÙË ‚¿ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ı· ÍÂÂÚÓ¿ Ù· ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘, ÂÈÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓÒÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ. ∫·Ù¿ ·Úfi- ÌÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ÙÔ CS AKTive Space, ηıÒ˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÏÔ‹ÁËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ÔÏÏ·Ϥ˜ ËÁ¤˜ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ ÛÙÔ ∏ӈ̤ÓÔ µ·Û›ÏÂÈÔ [251]. ∆Ô ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘ SW Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÂÓ¿ Ì ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ73 ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ·Ó··Ú›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È ˆ˜ n-·‰ÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔÈ¯Ô‡Ó Û ¤Ó·Ó ›Ó·Î· [62]. ∏ Û¯¤ÛË Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÂÓ‹ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·¢ı›·˜ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·fi ÙȘ Û¯ÂÛȷΤ˜ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ RDF. ªÈ· Û¯ÂÛȷ΋ ‚¿ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÊÙÈ·Á̤ÓË ·fi ÂÁÁڷʤ˜ ÙÔÔıÂÙË̤Ó˜ Û ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈ· ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹. ∫¿ı ÂÁÁÚ·Ê‹ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ‰›· ·Ó¿ οıÂÙË ÛÙ‹ÏË Î·È Î¿ı ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ù›ÔÙ· ¿ÏÏÔ ·Ú¿ Ù· ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· ÙˆÓ ‰›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘74. ∆· ÛÙÔȯ›· Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÎfiÌ‚ÔÈ Ù˘ RDF, Ù· ‰›· Â›Ó·È ÔÈ È‰ÈfiÙËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ Î·È Ù· ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· ÙˆÓ ‰›ˆÓ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÙÈ̤˜ [28]. ŒÙÛÈ, ·˜ ˘Ôı¤ÛÔ˘ÌÂ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, fiÙÈ ¤Ó·˜ ›Ó·Î·˜ ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ·˘ÙÔÎÈÓ‹ÙˆÓ. ∫¿ı ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹ (ÂÁÁÚ·Ê‹) ·ÊÔÚ¿ ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ·˘ÙÔΛÓËÙÔ Î·È Î¿ı ÛÙ‹ÏË ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ÌÈ· ȉÈfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘, fiˆ˜ ¯ÚÒÌ·, fiÓÔÌ· ȉÈÔÎÙ‹ÙË, ·ÚÈıÌfi ηٷ¯ÒÚÈÛ˘, Ù‡Ô, ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi ÂÈÛ΢ÒÓ Î.Ô.Î. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ÌÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË È‰ÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔÎÈÓ‹ÙÔ˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÙ˘ÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ ‰›Ô Ù˘ ÂÁÁÚ·Ê‹˜. √ ›Ó·Î·˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û Â›Û˘ Ó· ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÂÈϤÔÓ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÂÎÊÚ·Ûı› Ì RDF ‹ Ì ÙÔ Û¯ÂÛÈ·Îfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ¤ÛÙˆ fiÙÈ Ë ¶ÔÏÈÙ›· Ù˘ ª·Û·¯Ô˘Û¤Ù˘ ‰È·ÙËÚ› ÌÈ· Û¯ÂÛȷ΋ ‚¿ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÁÈ· Ù· ·˘ÙÔΛÓËÙ·, Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· ‰›Ô ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÈӷΛ‰Â˜ Ù˘ ª·Û·¯Ô˘Û¤Ù˘. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·˘Ù‹ Ë ‚¿ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ·˘ÛÙËÚfi ÔÚÈÛÌfi, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ¤Ó· ·˘ÙÔΛÓËÙÔ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ·Ó, Î·È ÌfiÓÔ ·Ó, ¤¯ÂÈ ÓfiÌÈÌË ÈӷΛ‰· ª·Û·¯Ô˘Û¤Ù˘. ∞˘Ù‹ ›ӷÈ, Û›ÁÔ˘Ú·, ÌÈ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ȉÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ›Ó·Î· [28]. ∏ ÂÌÙÔ˘Û›· ÙÔ˘ SW ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ ËÁÒÓ ·ÚfiÌÔÈˆÓ Ì ÙË ‚¿ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÙÔ SW Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· Â¤- ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Û fiÚÔ˘˜ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘, ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È fi¯È ·ÏÒ˜ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ ‹ ÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ. ¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÌfiÓÔ Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓˆÓ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ ÛÙÔ Web ‹ ¤Ó·˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÈÂÚ·Ú¯‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓ˜ www 72 HyperText Markup Language. ∏ HTML ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡. ∂›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ·, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ¤Ó·˜ ÂȉÈÎfi˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘. √ ηı¤Ó·˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ·Ú¯Â›Ô HTML ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ·ÏÒ˜ ¤Ó·Ó ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘. 73 Relational data. ÿÛˆ˜ ÙÔ ϤÔÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi Î·È Â˘Ú¤ˆ˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Ó· Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Û¯ÂÛÈ·Îfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ, Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËΠ·fi ÙÔÓ Ted Codd Á‡Úˆ ÛÙÔ 1970. ∆Ô Û¯ÂÛÈ·Îfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚˆÓ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. 74 Ÿˆ˜ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, Ù· ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ· ÙˆÓ ÎÂÏÈÒÓ ÂÓfi˜ ›Ó·Î·.
  • 49.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜, Ô‡Ù ·ÏÒ˜ ÌÈ· ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·fi ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ‹ 53 ¤Ó·˜ ˘ÂÚ-Â˘Ê˘‹˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÛÎÔ‡ÂÈ Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Ô˘Û›· ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÂÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ∏ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Â›Ó·È ÙÔ «ÎÏÂȉ›» ÙÔ˘ SW. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ·ÚfiÙÈ Ë ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ RDF Â›Ó·È Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜, ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ë Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÂ›Ù·È Â›Ó·È Ë ÌÂÙ·ÙÚÔ‹ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û RDF Î·È Ë ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ͯˆÚÈÛÙ¿ ·fi ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔ‹ Î·È ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ÁψÛÛÒÓ, ÙˆÓ ÌÂ- ıfi‰ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ SW ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆı› ̤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ·, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÚfiÙ˘· ·Ó¿ Â›Â‰Ô ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘. ∂›Ó·È ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ÂȉfiÛÂȘ Ù˘ RDF, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ·ÎfiÌ· ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿ Û¯ÂÙÈο ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÎfiËÛË, ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, ηıÒ˜ Ë ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û˘¯Ó¿ Ù· ·ÔÎfiÙÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, Ë Ó¤· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Ê·ÓÙ¿˙ÂÈ ÁÈ· ÔÏ- ÏÔ‡˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ¯ÂÈÚfiÙÂÚË ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔ-SW ÂÔ¯‹. ∂›Ó·È ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÏÏ¿ ·fi Ù· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÊÔÚ¤· ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘„ËÏfi ‚·ıÌfi ÏÂÈÙÔ˘Ú- ÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ·ÔÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ÂÎÏËÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ∂Ó Ùˆ ÌÂٷ͇, Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ˘ÔÁÚ·ÌÌ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÈϤÔÓ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ SW. ∆Ô ÂfiÌÂÓÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÙÔ˘ SW Â›Ó·È Ë Î·Ù·Û΢‹ Ù˘ °ÏÒÛÛ·˜ √ÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web75 [198], Ë ÔÔ›· ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈο ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÁÈ· ÙË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì ÙÔÓ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ ÎfiÛÌÔ (ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË ÎÈÓÂ›Ù·È Î·È Ë RDF Schema ‹ RDF-S [44]). ∏ RDF Î·È Ë OWL Trust Proof Logic framework Encryprion Signature Rules Ontology RDF Schema RDF M&S XML Namespaces URI Unicode ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 3.1 ∆· Â›‰· ÙÔ˘ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Web www 75 Ontology Web Language – OWL.
  • 50.
    3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 54 Â͢ËÚÂÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ™Â ¤Ó· ·ÓÒÙÂÚÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÙÔÔıÂÙÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ76 ÁÈ· ÙËÓ RDF, Ë ÔÔ›· ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û ηٷÓÂÌË̤ӷ Û‡ÓÔÏ· ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì ÔÏÏ·Ϥ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜. ∏ SPARQL ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙË ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÂ Û˘Á¯ˆÓÂ˘Ì¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏ· ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ Â·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıË ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÛÙË Û˘Ó‰˘·Ṳ̂ÓË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó [232]. ∆Ô ·Ú¯ÈÎfi fiÚ·Ì· ÙÔ˘ SW Û˘Ì˘ÎÓÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ‰ËÌÔÊÈϤ˜ ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÙˆÓ ∂È¤‰ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ SW (¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 3.1). Ÿˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È, Ë ÂÍÂÏÈÎÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÙÔ˘ SW ÎÈÓÂ›Ù·È ·fi οو ÚÔ˜ Ù· Â¿Óˆ, Ì ÙËÓ RDF Î·È ÙËÓ OWL Ó· ÙÔÔıÂÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘. ∏ RDF ÙÔÔıÂÙÂ›Ù·È ¤Ó· Â›Â‰Ô ¿Óˆ ·fi ÙËÓ XML, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ Î·ÙÒÙ·ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Î·Ù·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È User Interface & applications Trust Proof Unifying Logic ontology: Rules: Query: OWL RIF SPARQL RDF-S Crypto Data interchange: RDF XML URI Unicode ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 3.2 ∏ ˘Ú·Ì›‰· ÙÔ˘ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Web (2006) ·fi ÙÔÓ URI. ™ÙËÓ ÂfiÌÂÓË ˘ÔÂÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔ ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÈ Ô URI ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÚ¿Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ SW. Ÿˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓÔ, ÙÔ fiÚ·Ì· ÂÍÂÏ›¯ıËΠηٿ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘. ªÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ OWL ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ, ÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˘˜ ÌÂٷʤÚıËΠÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÙˆÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ Î·È ÛÙȘ ηٿÏÏËϘ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤ÎÊÚ·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ™ÙËÓ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û· Ê¿ÛË, ÙÔ Û¯ÂÙÈÎfi ˘fi ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÚfiÙ˘Ô ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÙ·È Rule Interchange Format (RIF)77 [112] Î·È ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÙÔÔıÂÙËı› ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ì ÙËÓ OWL ˆ˜ ¿ÏÏË Ì›· Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ RDF-S. ∆· Â›‰· ·˘Ù¿ Û˘Ó˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Ì ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ SPARQL. ∏ ÙÚÔÔÔÈË̤ÓË ÂΉԯ‹ ÙÔ‡ ¢È·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ∂È¤‰ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ SW, ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Ù˘ www 76 Query language. ÀÔÛ‡ÓÔÏÔ Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È, ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÙÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÂΛÓÔ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·fi ÌÈ· ‚¿ÛË ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. 77 Œ¯ÂÈ ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Û ÂͤÏÈÍË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ηÓfiÓˆÓ Ë ÔÔ›· ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Û fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ηÓfiÓ˜ Ó· Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·ÓÙÈÏËÙÔ› ·fi fiϘ ÙȘ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜ Î·È Ù· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ηÓfiÓˆÓ, http://www.w3.org/2005/rules/wg.html.
  • 51.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ·Ó¿Á΢ ÁÈ· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÂ·ÊÒÓ78 Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ 55 ·ÔÙ˘ÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 3.2. 3.1.2 URIs: ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· ‹ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ; ‹ Ì‹ˆ˜ Î·È Ù· ‰‡Ô; ∏ RDF ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙˆÓ URIs, Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ȉÈfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ [195]. ∂› ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, Ë XML ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ XLink79, Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÓÒ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÁÈ· ¤Ó·Ó Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔ, ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Î·Ì›· Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ Ì ÙÔ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔ ·˘Ùfi. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Ë RDF http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#person http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#fullName Eric miller http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#mailbox mailto:em@w3.org http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#personalTitle Dr. ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 3.3 °Ú¿ÊËÌ· RDF Ì ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ‡ˆÛË ÙˆÓ URIs ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ URIs ۠ͯˆÚÈÛÙ¿ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· fiˆ˜ ı· ‰Â›ÍÔ˘Ì ÛÙÔ ÂfiÌÂÓÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·. ∂›Ó·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ Ó· ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÙˆÓ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÙfiÍˆÓ ÂÓfi˜ RDF ÁÚ·Ê‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ (¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 3.3) ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈԇ̠ÙÔ˘˜ URIs ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙˆÓ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ. ŒÓ·˜ URI ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ˆ˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˜ Û ¤Ó· RDF ÁÚ¿ÊËÌ· ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘. ÃÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ¤Ó·Ó URI ˆ˜ ηÙËÁfiÚËÌ·, ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ë Û¯¤ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰ÂfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ [172]. ∞ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ô ÎÒ‰Èη˜ RDF Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ› ÛÙÔ ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 3.3.: www 78 Interface. ¢ÈÂ·Ê‹, ‰ÈÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ· ‹ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÔÓÔÌ¿˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÚÔ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ·˜ (.¯. ÙÔ ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ ÂÓfi˜ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡, ÌÈ· Û˘Û΢‹ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡, ¤Ó· ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘, ÎÙÏ.) Ì ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘. 79 ∂ÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÛÙ· ·Ú¯Â›· XML ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÙ·È Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Î·È Ë ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û fiÚÔ˘˜.
  • 52.
    3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 56 <?xml version="1.0"?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:contact="http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#"> <contact:Person rdf:about="http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me"> <contact:fullName>Eric Miller</contact:fullName> <contact:mailbox rdf:resource="mailto:em@w3.org"/> <contact:personalTitle>Dr.</contact:personalTitle> </contact:Person> </rdf:RDF> °ÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ URIs ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ Web [33]. ∏ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘ (·ÚfiÙÈ, ·˘ı·›ÚÂÙÔ˘) ÙÚfiÔ˘ ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›·˜, ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ıÂÙÈÎfi «·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘»80 Û ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ Îϛ̷η, ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ËÁ¿˙Ô˘Ó Î·È Ù· ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ Web. √È URIs ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ‚ÂÏËÓÂΤ˜ Î·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÌÂ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Û fiϘ ÙȘ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË ÂÓfi˜ URI Ì ¤Ó·Ó fiÚÔ ˘ÏÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È fiÙ·Ó ÂÈı˘Ìԇ̠ÙË ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË, ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘ [155]. √È Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ URIs ‰È·Û˘Ó‰¤Ô˘Ó fiÚÔ˘˜ ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Ì ÙËÓ ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È ·˘ÙÔ› ·fi URIs. °È· Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ı› Ë Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·81, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‚·ÛÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ SW, Ú¤ÂÈ Ë Ì˯·Ó‹ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙË Û¯¤ÛË, Ó· ÌÔÚ› ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ó· ·ÔΈ‰ÈÎÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ·Ó·ÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙË Û¯¤ÛË Ô˘ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ URI. ™Â ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ô˘ Ë ÚÔÛΛÌÂÓË ÛÙË Û¯¤ÛË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· (.¯. ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ› ÛÙȘ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜) ‰È·Ù›ıÂÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ URI, ÙfiÙÂ Ë Ì˯·Ó‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁËı› ÛÂ Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË Û¯¤ÛË. ∏ RDF-S Î·È ÔÈ ÔχÏÔΘ ÂÎÊ¿ÓÛÂȘ Ù˘ OWL ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌÒÓ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÛÙȘ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ Û¯¤Û˘, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ÂÈ- ÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÔÚÈÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ªÂ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÔÈ URIs ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ SW. ∏ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ URIs ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÛÙȘ Ì˯·Ó¤˜ Ó· ÂÂÍÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Â˘ı¤ˆ˜ Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË Û¯Â‰È·Ṳ̂ÓË ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ΤÓÙÚÔ˘ ‚¿ÚÔ˘˜ ·fi Ù· ·Ú¯Â›· ÛÙ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ. Ÿˆ˜ ÛËÌÂÈÒÛ·Ì ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜, Ë Û‡ÏÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘ SW ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ Û¯ÂÛȷΤ˜ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. °È· Ó· ÂÈÙ¢¯ıÔ‡Ó Ù· ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓ· ÔʤÏË ÛÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ‚¿Û˘ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, Ù· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍ·¯ıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ Web ˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ÚÒÙ˘ Ù¿Í˘ ηÈ, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙË Ë ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÙˆÓ URIs. ∏ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ SW, ¤Ú· ·fi ÙÔ ‰Â‰Ëψ̤ÓÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô Ù˘ ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ ıÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web, ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Ï‡ÛÂȘ ÛÙ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·- ‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ [278]. ŸÌˆ˜, Ë ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ô˘˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ··ÈÙ› ÌÈ· ÌÂÙ·ÙfiÈÛË ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛ˘ Î·È ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙˆÓ URIs. ™˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, Ù· ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· Î·È ÔÈ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È www 80 Network effect. ªÈ· ˘ËÚÂÛ›· ‹ ¤Ó· ÚÔ˚fiÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ıÂÙÈÎfi «·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘» fiÙ·Ó Ë ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Î·Ù·Ó¿ÏˆÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·fi οı ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Í›· ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜. ªÂÏÂÙ¿Ù·È ÂÎÙÂÓÒ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ √ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË. 81 Machine-readability. ∞ӷʤÚÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ ·fi Ì›· Ì˯·Ó‹ (Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ∏/À) Έ‰ÈÎÔÔÈË̤Ó˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜.
  • 53.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù·. ∆Ô fiÓÔÌ· ÂÓfi˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È Â˘ı¤ˆ˜ Û ·˘Ùfi, ÂÓÒ 57 Ë ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì·˜ ˘·ÁÔÚ‡ÂÈ Ô‡ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È. ™ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ ÂÎÙ¤ÏÂÛË ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÒÓ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÁψÛÛÒÓ, Ù· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Ì¿˜ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Û ÙÔÔıÂۛ˜ ÛÙË ÌÓ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹. ∆· ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· Â›Ó·È «Î·Úʈ̤ӷ» ¿Óˆ ÛÙ· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Î·È ÔÈ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ ¿Óˆ ÛÙȘ ÙÔÔıÂۛ˜, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· οı ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· ÈÛfi‚ÈÔ fiÓÔÌ·, ÂÓÒ Ë ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È Ôχ Û˘¯Ó¿ Ì ·˘ı·›ÚÂÙÔ ÙÚfiÔ. ¶·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ÏÔÁÈ΋ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÂ›Ù·È Î·È ÛÙÔ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi Web, ηıÒ˜ ˘Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ¤Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈÎfi (URI ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓË ÂÚ›- ÙˆÛË) ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ÈÙÙ‹ ʇÛË. ∂›Ù ı· ʤÚÂÈ ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· οÔÈÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÙËÓ ÙÔÔıÂÛ›· ÙÔ˘ (¤Ó· URN, 1-ÛÂÏ›‰· 143), ›Ù ı· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÙÔÔıÂÛ›· ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤- ÓÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ (¤Ó· URL). ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ URIs ‰È·¯ˆÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ URNs Î·È ÙˆÓ URLs (›Ûˆ˜ Î·È Û ¤Ó· ‹ ‰‡Ô ·ÎfiÌË Û‡ÓÔÏ·, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi ÙˆÓ URCs82). ∆Ô Û¯‹Ì· HTTP, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈÛÙ› ˆ˜ ¤Ó· Û¯‹Ì· URL. ∞˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÂÈϤÔÓ Â›Â‰Ô ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÂÚÈÏÔ΋˜ ·ԉ›¯ıËΠÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ ˆ˜ ÌÂȈ̤Ó˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ URI ηıÈÂÚÒıËΠˆ˜ ÂÓÈ·›·. √È URIs ÂÈÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘˜ ›Ù ·¢ı›·˜ ̤ۈ ÔÓÔÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â›Ù ̤ۈ Ù˘ ÙÔÔıÂÛ›·˜, ‰›¯ˆ˜ ‚·ı›˜ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ÙÔ HTTP Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Û¯‹Ì· URI, ·ÚfiÙÈ ¤Ó·˜ HTTP URI ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓfi ÙÔ˘ ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔÓ ·Ú¯ÈÎfi Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ Î·È ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi ÌÔÚԇ̠(·ÓÂ›ÛËÌ·) Ó· ϤÌ fiÙÈ ¤Ó·˜ HTTP URI Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ URL. √ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û fiÓÔÌ· Î·È ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÙÔÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ë ÔÔ›· ÏÂÈ- ÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ¿„ÔÁ· ÛÙÔ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ηٷÚÚ¤ÂÈ Û ‰ÈÎÙ˘ˆÌ¤Ó· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·. √ÌÔ›ˆ˜, Ù· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÌÂÙÔÓÔÌ·ÛıÔ‡Ó, fiˆ˜ Û˘¯Ó¿ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË (ÔÈ ÏfiÁÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ·˘Ùfi ÂÍËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ÛÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 5.4.6). ŸÙ·Ó ¤Ó· ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›·˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ù·È Î·È Û˘ÓÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÌÈ· ∞Ú¯‹, ÙÔ «fiÓÔÌ·» ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Î·È ·ÔηχÙÂÈ ÙË ‰‡Ó·Ì‹ ÙÔ˘ ÌfiÓÔ fiÙ·Ó Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ∞Ú¯‹ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·ÓÂÏÏÈÒ˜ Î·È Û ‚¿ıÔ˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ›̷ÛÙ ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈÎÔ› fiÙ·Ó ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ ÙÔÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›·˜ fiÓÔÌ·/‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚÈۉȿÛÙ·ÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ. ™Ù· ‰ÈÎÙ˘ˆÌ¤Ó· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ›̷ÛÙ ·fiÏ˘ÙÔÈ Ì ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ÂÓÓÔԇ̠ϤÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· ‹ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ ‹ Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ı¤ÛË Û ¤Ó· ÎÂÏ› ÌÓ‹Ì˘, fiÔ˘ ·˘Ù¿ ·ÔıË·ÔÓÙ·È. ∏ ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ÌÓ‹Ì˘ Û ¤Ó·Ó ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹ Â›Ó·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ÌÈ· ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË Û ¤Ó·Ó ÂÈÎÔÓÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ ÌÓ‹Ì˘ ÂÓfi˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ Û ÌÈ· ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ÌÓ‹Ì˘. √È ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ πƒ ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ˘Ô- ÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÌ̤ۈ˜ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Û ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ‰ÚÔÌÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙÂ Ô ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹˜ Ô˘ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙË ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË πƒ Ó· ÌËÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ˘Óı› ·fi ÙËÓ ‰ÔÌ‹ ‰ÚÔÌÔÏfiÁËÛ˘. ∆· √ÓfiÌ·Ù· ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Û ¤Ó·Ó ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹ ‹ ÛÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ Î·È Ù· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ Ô Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹˜, fiÙ·Ó ÂÈı˘Ìԇ̠ӷ ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· ÌÂٷΛÓËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ·fi ¤Ó· ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ ¢È·- ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Û ¤Ó· ¿ÏÏÔ. ∫·ıÒ˜ ÙÔ DNS Â›Ó·È ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ ·fi ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ‰ÚÔÌÔÏfiÁËÛ˘, ‰ÂÓ www 82 Uniform Resource Citations. ŒÓ· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ·fi ˙‡ÁË ÙÈÌÒÓ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ. ªÂÚÈΤ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ÙÈ̤˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È URIs ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ Ù‡ˆÓ. ÕÏϘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂΉfiÙË, ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·, ÙËÓ ËÌÂÚÔÌËÓ›· ‹ Ù· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜.
  • 54.
    3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 58 ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ πƒ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰ÔıÔ‡Ó Û ¤Ó·Ó ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ‰Â‰Ô- ̤ÓÔ˘ √ÓfiÌ·ÙÔ˜ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜. ∆Ô DNS fiÓÙˆ˜ ÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ì ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÔÓÔÌ¿ÙˆÓ, fiÔ˘ ÔÈ ‰È¢- ı‡ÓÛÂȘ πƒ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ [26]. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù·Ê·Ó¤˜ fiÙÈ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË Ù· √ÓfiÌ·Ù· ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ ÁÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ù· ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏ· ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›·˜ ·ÏÏ¿˙Ô˘Ó, ηıÒ˜ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÂÓۈ̷و̤ÓË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Û οı fiÓÔÌ·. ™ÙÔÓ ÂÎÙfi˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ (offline) Ù· ÔÓfi- Ì·Ù· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÈ‚ÈÒÛÔ˘Ó ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ·Ó ¿„Ô˘Ó Ó· ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ÂÓۈ̷و̤- Ó˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο, Ô John Stuart Mill ‰›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ù˘ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜ «Dartmouth» Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ Ë ÙÔÔıÂÛ›· ÛÙËÓ ÎÔ›ÙË ÙÔ˘ ÔÙ·ÌÔ‡ Dart ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ú·Ì›ÓÂÈ ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ ‹ Ó· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ. ªÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·. ŸÌˆ˜ fiÙ·Ó Â›Ì·ÛÙÂ Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔÈ ÛÙÔ WWW Ë Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ‰˘ÛÎÔχÂÈ. ∞˜ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ù˘ ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛ˘ http://pegasus.cs.example.edu/disk1/students/- romeo/cool/latest/readthis.html [26]. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏÔ› ÏfiÁÔÈ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ URI. √È Ï¤ÍÂȘ «pegasus», «cs», «students» Î.Ï. Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËıÔ‡Ó ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈο ηıÒ˜ ı· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ› ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ‹ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙÔ˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·fiÊÔÈÙÔÈ ÙÔ˘ Romeo ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ˜. £· ˘¤ıÂÙ ηÓ›˜ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÂÚ› «cool»83 ‹ «latest»84 ı· ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËı› Ì ÙÔ ¤Ú·ÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘. ∆Ô «http» ˆ˜ ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏÔ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ «readthis» ˆ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο ·ÓÔ‡ÛÈ· ÔÓÔÌ·Û›· Â›Ó·È Ù· ̤ÚË ÙÔ˘ URI Ì ÙË ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚË Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹˜. √ ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ú·Ù¤ıËΠÙÔ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ¤Ó· fiÓÔÌ· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÚÔÛ‚¿ÛÈÌÔ Ì ‚¿ÛË ¤Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈÎfi, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ì ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ fiÓÔÌ·. ™˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·˘Ù‹ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ ‹ Û‡ÓÔÏ· ‰ÂÈÎÙÒÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿ ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ Î·È Ì ηÓÔÓÈÎfiÙËÙ˜ ‹ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· ¿Ù˘ÔÈ Î·È ¯·Ï·Ú¿ ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ. ∆¤ÙÔÈÔÈ ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ Â›Ó·È Û ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈÎÔ›, fiˆ˜ Ù· ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· ÛÙÔ DNS, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË. ∂Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ··Ï›„Ô˘Ì fiÏË ÙËÓ ÏË- ÚÔÊÔÚ›· ·fi ¤Ó· ŸÓÔÌ· ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜ Î·È Ó· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi ·Ó·ÁÓˆ- ÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ (Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î·Ó¤Ó·˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ· ÛÙÔȯ›· Â›Ó·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¿85, Ó· ÌËÓ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÈÌÔ Î·È ÙÔ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈÎfi), ÏËÚÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ fï˜ ÙÔ Ù›ÌËÌ· Ù˘ ‰˘Û¯ÂÚÔ‡˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ Ì ‚¿ÛË ¤Ó· Î·È ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈÎfi. ∞fi ÙËÓ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ ÙÔ Web ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËΠ·fi ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜, ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù· ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·Ó ˆ˜ ÂÔ˘ÛÈÒ‰Ë, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘ URI ·ÚfiÙÈ ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÙÈ΋ ‰ÂÓ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÚÚ¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. √È ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Û¯ÂÙÈο ¢¤ÏÈÎÙÔÈ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ online ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ó¯ıÔ‡Ó Î¿ÔȘ ‰˘ÛÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜. ŸÌˆ˜ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰›ÔÏÔ˘ fiÓÔÌ·/‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË www 83 ªÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜. 84 ¶ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ, Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ. ∆· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· Ó¤·. 85 ∆Ô ÁÓˆÛÙfi ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· ceteris paribus. ¶Ò˜ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ı· ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËı› ÙÔ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎfi ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·, fiÙ·Ó ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËı› ÌfiÓÔ ¤Ó·˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ Î·È ÔÈ ˘fiÏÔÈÔÈ ·Ú·Ì›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔ›.
  • 55.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Â¿Ó ÂÈı˘Ìԇ̠ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ URIs ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ86. ∆Ô SW Â›Ó·È 59 ¤Ó· ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÛÊ·›Ú· Î·È fi¯È ·ÏÒ˜ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi Ù‡ˆÓØ Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, Â›Ó·È ·Ó·Áη›Ô Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ì Û ÙÈ ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌ·ÛÙÂ Î·È Ò˜ ı· ÚÔÛÂÏ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ fiÙ·Ó ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Û ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÌÔÚ›Ô˘ ÂÈı˘Ìԇ̠ӷ ·Ó·ÊÂÚıԇ̠¯ˆÚ›˜ ·Û¿ÊÂȘ Û ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, fiˆ˜ ¤ÁÁÚ·Ê· (Ï.¯. ÏÔÁ·ÚÈ·ÛÌÔ› Î·È ÂÌ‚¿ÛÌ·Ù·), Î·È Û ·ÊËÚË̤ӷ (Ï.¯. ÙÈ̤˜) ‹ ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ¿ ÛÙÔȯ›· (Ï.¯. ·ÁÔÚ·ÛÙ¤˜ Î·È ÂÌÔÚ‡̷ٷ). √ Tim Berners-Lee [31] Û˘ÓÔ„›˙ÂÈ Î·È ·ÛΛ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ ÙÚfiˆÓ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤- ÓÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ HTTP. ∏ ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›·, ÙÂÏÈο, Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ì‚¿ÛˆÓ. ¢ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú·Û˘Úıԇ̠·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÔÓÈ΋ ʇÛË ÙÔ˘ ∫˘‚ÂÚÓÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘ Î·È Ó· ÎÏ›ÛÔ˘Ì ٷ Ì¿ÙÈ· ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ˙ËÙÔ‡Ó, ÏËÚÒÓÔ˘Ó Î·È Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó √ÓfiÌ·Ù· ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ Î·È ¯ÒÚÔ Û Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ¤˜. √È ∞Ú¯¤˜ Ô˘ η٤¯Ô˘Ó Î·È Û˘ÓÙËÚÔ‡Ó Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· ·˘Ù¿, ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· Î·È ˆ˜ ÔÈ ¿ÚÔ¯ÔÈ ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ Ì ‚¿ÛË ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈο. ∏ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ· ÛÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ıÂÛÌÔıÂÙË̤ÓË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ì¿˜ ‚ÔËı¿ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙË ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web. 3.1.3 √ÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ™ÙÔ ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 3.2 (ÛÂÏ›‰· 54) ¿Óˆ ·fi ÙËÓ RDF Î·È ÙËÓ RDF-S ÙÔÔıÂÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ÔÓÙÔÏÔ- Á›·. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ Û‡ÏÏË„Ë [123], ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ÙȘ Úԉȷ- Áڷʤ˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÌÈ· ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹, ÙÔ ··- Ú·›ÙËÙÔ ÏÂÍÈÏfiÁÈÔ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ·˘Ù¤˜, ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ì ÙÔ ÏÂÍÈÏfiÁÈÔ Î·È, ÂÈϤÔÓ, ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ÔÚ›- ˙ÔÓÙ·È, ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È Î·È ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÎÏ¿ÛÂȘ, Ù· ÛÙÈÁÌÈfiÙ˘· Î·È ÔÈ È‰ÈfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ªÈ· ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È Ù˘È΋ ‹ ¿Ù˘Ë. ∆Ô ÏÂÔÓ¤ÎÙËÌ· Ù˘ Ù˘ÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Î·ıÈ- ÛÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›· Ì˯·ÓÈο ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÈÌË Î·È, Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÛÙË Ì˯·Ó‹ Ó· ÂÍ·Á¿ÁÂÈ ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚ· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· fiÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Web. ∆Ô ÌÂÈÔÓ¤ÎÙËÌ· ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙË ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ‰ËÌÈ- Ô˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈˆÓ Ù˘ÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÚʈ̿وÓ. ∆· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ·ÊËıÔ‡Ó Û ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ¢ڤˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈÏËÙ‹ ÁÏÒÛÛ· ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÂȉÈÒÎÔ˘Ó Ó· ‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó Ù¿ÍË Û ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓ›˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Î·È ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ È‰Â·Ù‹ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙÔ˘ Web Ô˘ ı· Â›Ó·È Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷ΋ ËÁ‹. ªÂ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·, ÌÈ· ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›· ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ì ¤Ó· Û¯‹Ì· ‚¿Û˘ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, Ì ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ fiÙÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÈ- ÙÈο ÈÔ ÏÔ‡ÛÈ·˜ Î·È ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜. ∏ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Â›Ó·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ‰ÔÌË̤ÓË Î·È ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ıˆڛ· ÂÓfi˜ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ Î·È fi¯È ·ÏÒ˜ ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ [96]. www 86 Formal systems. ™ÙË §ÔÁÈ΋ Î·È ÛÙ· ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ¤Ó· Ù˘ÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ‰‡Ô ̤ÚË: ÌÈ· Ù˘È΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· Î·È ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‹ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ. ŒÓ· Ù˘ÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ηٷÛ΢¿˙ÂÙ·È Â›Ù ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ·Í›· ÙÔ˘, ›Ù ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ӈÓ.
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    3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 60 √È ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ˙ˆÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛı‹Î˜ ÛÙË ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ˘¤ÚÙ·ÙÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚÔ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Û ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ ËÁ‹ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜. ∏ ı¤ÛË fï˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÚÔηÏ› Î·È ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ. ¶ÔÏÏÔ› Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÙ¤˜ ·ÓËÛ˘¯Ô‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙË ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ· Ô˘ ÚÔÛ‰›‰ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ηٿ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÂȂ‚·›ˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÌÂÏ- ÏÔÓÙÈÎfi Web, ηıÒ˜ ÙÔ Û˘¯ÓfiÙÂÚÔ Ï¿ıÔ˜ Ô˘ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ˘ÂÚÙ›ÌËÛË ÙˆÓ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Î·È ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ [113]. £· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÙÔÓÈÛı› fiÙÈ ÔÏϤ˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÛÙË ‚ÈÔ- Ì˯·Ó›·, Â›Ó·È Ù·ÍÈÓƠ̂˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÈÂÚ¿Ú¯ËÛË ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‹ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈο ‰ÔÌË̤Ó˜ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ÂÈ¤‰Ô˘ [88]. ∏ OWL ¤¯ÂÈ ÙȘ Ú›˙˜ Ù˘ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚË ÁÏÒÛÛ· DAML+OIL [65], Ë ÔÔ›· ¤¯ÂÈ ÂËÚ·Ûı›, ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏψÓ, ·fi ÙËÓ ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋87 [42]. ∏ OWL ˆÛÙfiÛÔ ÚÔ¯ˆÚ¿ÂÈ ¤Ú· ·fi ÙËÓ ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Î·ıÈÂÚÒÓÂÈ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ Î·È ÙË ‰ÔÌË̤ÓË ÔÚÔÏÔÁ›· Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ Ù˘ RDF. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÛÙȘ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Ó· ηٷӤÌÔÓÙ·È Û ÔÏÏ·Ï¿ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·, Ô‡Û˜ ·ÓÔÈÎÙ¤˜, ÂÂÎÙ¿ÛÈ̘, ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÈ̘ Î·È Û˘Ì‚·Ù¤˜ Ì ٷ ÚfiÙ˘· ÙÔ˘ Web. √È ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ηٷÓÂÌËıÔ‡Ó ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë OWL ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Û fiÚÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ. ªÂ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ë OWL ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web Î·È ÙÔ SW, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ÔÏϤ˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜ Ì ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈÛÌfi [134]. ∂›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÂÍÂȉÈ·ÛÔ˘Ì Ì ·˘ı·›ÚÂÙÔ ÙÚfiÔ ¤Ó· ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌfi Ô˘ ı· Û˘ÏÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ fiÏË ÙËÓ ÁÓÒÛË Û ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ‰›Ô. º˘ÛÈο ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Â͢ËÚÂÙÔ‡Ó ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜. ∂›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ÏÔ‡ÛÈÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ (ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛË Û ¤Ó· ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô Î·È ¿Ú· ı· Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔϘ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÙÔ˘˜) ‹ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÈÔ «Ú˯¤˜» (Î·È ¿Ú· Ó· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ Ô- ÛfiÙËÙ˜ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì ۯÂÙÈο Ï›ÁÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ Î·È ¤ÓÓÔȘ [34]). ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛ˘, ¤ÎÊÚ·Û˘ Î·È ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ¤Ú· ·fi ÙȘ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ë ∞ÈÙÈ҉˘88, Ë ÃÚÔÓÈ΋ (TL)89 Î·È Ë ¶Èı·ÓÔÙÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋90. ∏ ∞ÈÙÈ҉˘ §ÔÁÈ΋ [258] ÚԤ΢„ ·fi ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ∆¡ Î·È ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋˜ ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÏÔÁÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∏ ÃÚÔÓÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊÔÔÈ› ÙÔ˘˜ ηÓfiÓ˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯Ë̤Ó˜ Û ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ Îϛ̷η. ™Ù· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ Ù·¯¤ˆ˜ ·Ó·Ù˘ÛÛfiÌÂÓÔ˘ Web, Ë ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛË Ù˘ online ηٷÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÛËÌ›Ԣ οı ‰Ú¿Û˘ Î·È ÔÈ Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔÈ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÚÔÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚˆÓ ‹ «ÍÂÂÚ·Ṳ̂ӈӻ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ, ıÂÌÂÏÈÒÓÂÈ ÙË ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ TL. ™Â ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÙ·ı› ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Ù˘ TL ÛÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂΉfiÛÂˆÓ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ [149]. ∏ ¶Èı·ÓÔÙÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ ‚·ÛÈṲ̂ÓË Û Ú¿ÍÂȘ Èı·ÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÁÈ· ÌÂÌÔӈ̤ӷ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· ‹ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ. ∏ ÈÔ ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ¶Èı·ÓÔÙÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋ ηٿ Bayes, Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈ̇ÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi Èı·ÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÁÈ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ·, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÚÔÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚ˜ ıˆڛ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ¤Ó·Ó ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ www 87 Description Logic. 88 Causal logic. 89 Temporal logic. 90 Probabilistic logic.
  • 57.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ∏ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ *Bayes Â›Ó·È ÎÔÈÓfi˜ ÙfiÔ˜ ÛÙȘ Ì˯·Ó¤˜ ·Ó·- 61 ˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Ì·˙ÈÎÒÓ Ô¯ÏËÚÒÓ ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ91 [117]. ™Â ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ Ô˘ Ë ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÂ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ·‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜, fiˆ˜ Ë ‚ÈÔÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋, ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ηٿ Bayes ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÙ·ı› ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Û ٤ÙÔȘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ [19]. ∏ ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Bayes ÛÙ· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙËı›, Â›Ó·È fï˜ ·ÌÊÈÏÂÁfiÌÂÓ˜ ÔÈ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÌÈ·˜ ÌÂÚ›‰·˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÒÓ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙË ıˆڛ· ÙÔ˘ Bayes [118]. ™ÙËÓ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· Ù˘ Ë ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· Û˘ÓËÁÔÚ› ÛÙÔ fiÚÈÛÌ· fiÙÈ Ë ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎÙÈÌËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Bayes [162]. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÈÔ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÒÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ó Û˘Ó¯Ҙ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ÙȘ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ Ӥ˜ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜, ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ô Û˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈÎfi˜ ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ·fi ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜. ¶ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙÔ Web ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ÂÛÊ·Ï̤ӷ ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˜, ÂÓÒ ·ÏÏ¿˙ÂÈ ‰È·ÚÎÒ˜. ∏ ‰È·- ¯ÚÔÓÈο ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· Â›Ó·È ¿ÚÚËÎÙ· Û˘Ó˘Ê·Ṳ̂ÓË Ì ÙȘ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÛÙÔ Web, fiˆ˜ Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘, ÔÈ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ Ì ÙËÓ Î·ıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË, Ô ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜, Ù· ·ÙÔÌÈο ÚÔÊ›Ï ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ Î.Ô.Î. [104]. ÀÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜ ÙÔ˘ SW, fiˆ˜ Ô Fry Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘, ÈÛÙÂ‡Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ‚·ÛÈ΋ ˘fiıÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÚ¿Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ SW Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· Â›Ó·È ‰ËψÙÈ΋ – ¿ÏψÛÙÂ, ·ÓÙÈÌÂ- Ùˆ›˙Ô˘Ì Ì ·ıËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÎÙ‹ÛÈÌ· ·fi ¤Ó·Ó Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹, Î·È ÔÈ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÚÁ¤˜– ηıÒ˜ Ë ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Û·ÓÈfiÙÂÚ· ·fi ÙËÓ ÏÔ‹ÁËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Ë ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ÚÔÊ›Ï ÙÔ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Î·È ÔÈ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ·ÍÈfiÏÔÁÔ ı¤Ì·. √ÌÔ›ˆ˜, ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Î·È Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ÂÚÈ‹ÁËÛ˘ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈ ÔÈΛϘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÏÔ‹ÁËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë Ó¤ˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ, ÂÓÒ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì¤Ûˆ Ú·ÎÙfiÚˆÓ Î·È ÙË Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓË ·Ó·Ó¤ˆÛË ÂÚȯÔ- ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ. ¶ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, Ë ‡·ÚÍË ÂÓfi˜ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔ‡ ÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ÔÏÔÛÙ·Û›Ô˘ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈ ÌÈ· ÏËıÒÚ· ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∆Ô ‚·ÛÈÎfi Âȯ›ÚËÌ· ÙˆÓ ÔϤÌÈˆÓ Ù˘ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ [113] ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È Ë ÂÎ ‚¿ıÚˆÓ Î·È ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓË ÂÓۈ̿وÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘92 (‹ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘) ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‰ÂÓ ·Ô‰›‰Ô˘Ó Ù· ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏÏ·Ï·ÛÈ·ÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·ÊËÚËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÒÓ. ∆ËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹, fï˜, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔʇÁÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ ÙÔ SW ÚÔÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ˆ˜ ·ÓÙÔ‰‡Ó·ÌÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, Ì ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎÔ‡˜ ηÓfiÓ˜ Ù· ÚÔ·- ·ÈÙÔ‡ÌÂÓ· Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Ô˘ ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ÁÓÒÛË Û ̛· ÂÓÈ·›· ÌÔÚÊ‹ [158]. * ªÂ ·Ï¿ ÏfiÁÈ·, ÙÔ ıÂÒÚËÌ· ÙÔ˘ Bayes Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÈ Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚfiÓÙÔ˜ (Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›·) Ì ٷ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘- Ì fiÙÈ ¤Ï·‚·Ó ¯ÒÚ· ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ (ÙÔ ÚÔÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚÔ) Î·È Ì ȉ¤Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÙÈ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È Ó· Û˘Ì‚Â› (ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ). www 91 ∆Ô ÁÓˆÛÙfi Û fiÏÔ˘˜ spam. ∞ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ ·ÓÂÈı‡ÌËÙˆÓ ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ. 92 Conceptualization.
  • 58.
    3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 62 Ÿˆ˜ ›‰·ÌÂ, ÙÔ SW ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏ¢ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ∞Ó Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ·˘Ù¿ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Í›· ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ÙfiÙ Â·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıˆ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Í›· Î·È ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ SW, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· (·) ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÚfiÛıÂÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È (‚) ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó, ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ, ÙË ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Ì ¤Ó· ‰˘ÓËÙÈο ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô- Ì¤ÓˆÓ Û ¿ÏϘ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, Ô ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ SW ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ fiÏ· Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ‹ Ë ÁÓÒÛË Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰‡Ó·ÓÙ·È Ó· ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ·ıÔ‡Ó ·fi ¤Ó· ÌÈÎÚfi Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÔ›ıËÛË fiÙÈ Ë ‰‡Ó·ÌË Ù˘ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÏ·Ï‹ ¯ÚËÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜. ™Â ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, ·Ï¿ Î·È fi¯È ˘ÂÚÊ›·Ï· Û¯‹Ì·Ù· ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘, ‰›¯ˆ˜ ÏÔ‡ÛÈÔ ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎfi ÚÂÂÚÙfiÚÈÔ, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Û ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·. ∆Ô SW ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ô˘ ı· οÓÂÈ Ù· ¿ÓÙ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Ì Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ Ù˘ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ÌÈ·˜ ÚˆÙÔÊ·ÓÔ‡˜ ÔÛfiÙËÙ·˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. √È ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ηٷÓfiËÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓÒÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÌfiÓÔ fiÙ·Ó Ù· ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔȯ›· Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎ- Ï‹ÚˆÛË ÂÓfi˜ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘. ∏ ÊÈÏÔ‰ÔÍ›· Î·È Ë ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓË ˘ÂÚ·Í›· ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ SW ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó Î·È fi¯È ÛÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ‰‡Ó·ÓÙ·È Ó· ÂÍ·¯ıÔ‡Ó (·ÚfiÙÈ Â›Ó·È Â›Û˘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ‰È¢ڢÓı› Î·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ). 3.1.4 §·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜93 Î·È ÔÈ Ó¤Â˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ∏ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙË ‰fiÌËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, fiÙ·Ó ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÈηÓfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ·ÙfïÓ, Ë ‰ÔÌ‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ÛÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛ‹ Ù˘, ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ·fi οı ¿ÙÔÌÔ Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿. ∞˘Í¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ‰È·ÚÎÒ˜ ÔÈ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÔÎÂÓÙÚˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È Î·Ù·Ù¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ‰ËÌÔÊÈϤ˜ (·ÚfiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ Ì ϿıÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ) ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙÔ wiki Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˜ Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Û ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Î·È ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˜ Ó· ÚÔÛı¤ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·ÛıÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ, Ó· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ‹ÛÔ˘Ó, Ó· Û¯ÔÏÈ¿ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó. ∂ͤ¯ÔÓ ‰Â›ÁÌ· ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ηÙËÁÔÚ›·˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Wikipedia94, ηıÒ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· online ÂÁ΢ÎÏÔ·›‰ÂÈ·, ÁÚ·Ì̤ÓË ·fi ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ Ù˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ˘„ËÏ‹ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·, ·Ú¿ ÙËÓ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ Î‡ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·- ¯ˆÚ›ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È¿¯˘ÙÔ˘˜ Êfi‚Ô˘˜ ÁÈ· ‚·Ó‰·ÏÈÛÌfi. √È ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈ- ¯ıÔ‡Ó ·fi ÙȘ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó fiÙ·Ó ¤Ó·˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ ÂӉȷʤÚÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Î·È ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ‹ Ó· ÙÔÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ÂÙÈΤٷ (tag). ∏ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÂÙÈΤٷ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Ì ÂÁˆÈÛÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ‹ ·ÏÙÚÔ˘ÈÛÙÈο, Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙË ‰È¢ÎfiÏ˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ÏÔ‹ÁËÛ˘ ÙÚ›ÙˆÓ. ™Â ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÌÈ· ÎÂÓÙÚÈο ηıÔÚÈ˙fiÌÂÓË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ηÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÚÔÛı¤ÛÔ˘Ó Ï¤ÍÂȘ-ÎÏÂȉȿ ۠ΛÌÂÓ· Î·È ÏÔÈÔ‡˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜. π‰›ˆ˜ fiÙ·Ó ÔÈ ÂÙÈΤÙ˜ www 93 ¡ÂÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ ·fi ÙË Û‡ÓıÂÙË ·ÁÁÏÈ΋ ϤÍË folksonomies (folk+taxonomies). ∏ Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔÓ ·Ïfi ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Î·È fi¯È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡˜ Û ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô. 94 ∏ ·ÁÁÏÈ΋ ¤Î‰ÔÛ‹ Ù˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki.
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    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÌ·‰ÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È, ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó Ôχ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·. ¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· 63 ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈÙ‡¯ÂÈ Ó· «¯·ÏÈÓ·ÁˆÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó» Î·È Ó· ÂÎÌÂÙ·ÏÏ¢ÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÂÙÈÎÂÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Flickr95 Î·È ÙÔ del.icio.us96. √È Î¿ÙÔ¯ÔÈ ·ÓÂ›ÛËÌˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÏÔÁ›ˆÓ ÙÔÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó ÂÙÈΤÙ˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÔÛȇԢÓ. ∏ ÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ µÚÂÙ·ÓÈ΋ ƒ·‰ÈÔÙËÏÂfiÚ·ÛË (BBC) ‰È¤‚Ï„ ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË Â˘Î·ÈÚÈÒÓ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ Ú·‰ÈÔʈÓÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ÁÈ· Ô ÌÔ˘ÛÈ΋ ̤۷ ·fi ÂÙÈΤÙ˜ Ô˘ ‰È·‚È‚¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ ÎÈÓËÙÔ‡ ÙËÏÂÊÒÓÔ˘ [61]. ∫·ıÒ˜ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÙÈÎÂÙÒÓ Û ÌÈ· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹, ·Ó·‰‡ÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ‰ÔÌ‹, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÙÈΤÙ˜ Â·Ó·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È Â·Ó·ÏËÙÈο Û Ӥ· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ·fi Ó¤Ô˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜, Ô‰ËÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓËıÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ˘·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Î.Ï. √È ‰Ô̤˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜. ∂›Ó·È Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· ȉÈÔÛ˘ÁÎÚ·ÛȷΤ˜, ‰ÂÓ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ÔÚ›ÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ §ÔÁÈ΋˜, ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏ¿ ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÙÈο ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Û˘ÓˆÓ˘Ì›·˜97 Î·È ÔÏ˘ÛËÌ›·˜98, ÂÌÔ‰›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË, Î·È ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ·fi ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ·Ó¿ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË. ∫·È ‰ÂÓ ÊÙ¿ÓÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ·˘Ùfi, ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÔÚ› ηÓ›˜ Ó· Ê·ÓÙ·Ûı› ÙÈ ı· Û˘Ì‚Â› fiÙ·Ó Ë Â˘Ú›· ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÙÈÎÂÙÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Web ÚÔÛÂÏ·ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ›˜ ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÙÈÎÒÓ ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ (spammers), ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ı· ·Ú¯›ÛÔ˘Ó Ó· ÙÔÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó ·˘ÙfiÌ·Ù· ÂÙÈΤÙ˜ ÛÙԯ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙË Û˘¯ÓfiÙÂÚË ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, ÔÈ ÂÙÈΤÙ˜ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË Ì ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÛÙÔÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, ·ÔηχÙÔ˘Ó ·˘ıÂÓÙÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·Úfi¯Ô˘˜ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜. ∏ ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÙÈÎÂÙÒÓ Û ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈ· Û‡ÓÔÏ· ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙËı› Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓ ·ÔÎ¿Ï˘„Ë Ù˘ ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ [84]. ¶·ÚfiÌÔÈ·˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ̤۷ ·fi ¤ÌÌÂÛÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÔ‡˜. √È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔÈ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÔ› ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Á¤ÓÔ˜, ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi, ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ‹ ÙÔ ÚfiÛˆÔ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ Ï¤ÍˆÓ, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÓÙÔ- ÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ¿ÌÂÛÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÔ‡˜. ∆Ô ‰›Ô Ù˘ ™ËÌÂȈÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘99 ‚·Û›- ˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ È‰¤· ˆ˜ Ë ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ì ·ÌÔÈ‚·›· Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÚÒÓ, ‹ Ù· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤Ó˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„˘ Î·È ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢Û˘ [268]. ÀÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¤ÌÌÂÛÔÈ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÔ›, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ù˘ ηٿ ·Ú·ÁÁÂÏ›· «ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·Û˘» ·fi ÙÔ ¤Ó· ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi Û¯‹Ì· ÛÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ô‰ÂȯıÔ‡Ó Â·ÚΛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÌÈ·˜ ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ηٿÏÏËÏ˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ηٷÓÂÌË̤Ó˘ ·Ó·- ˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Û ƒ2ƒ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·ÓÔÈÎÙfi ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ÙÔ Î·Ù¿ fiÛÔÓ Ë Î·Ù·Û΢‹ Ù¤ÙÔÈˆÓ ¤ÌÌÂÛˆÓ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÒÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Â›Ù¢Í˘ ÔÏÏ·ÏÒÓ ÛÎÔÒÓ [2]. www 95 http://www.flickr.com. ŒÓ·˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘Û˘ Î·È ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·Û˘ ʈÙÔÁÚ·ÊÈÒÓ. 96 http://del.icio.us. ŒÓ·˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·Û˘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÛÂÏȉԉÂÈÎÙÒÓ. 97 ¢È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ϤÍÂȘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÓfiËÌ· .¯. science fiction, sci-fi and SF. 98 ¢È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÓÔ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· ϤÍË .¯. SF = science fiction ‹ San Francisco. 99 Semiotics. ∏ ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÛËÌ¿ÙˆÓ.
  • 60.
    3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 64 3.1.5 √ÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ‹ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜; ¶·ÚfiÙÈ Ë Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÂ›Ù·È Ì ·ÚÁÔ‡˜ Ú˘ıÌÔ‡˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜ Â›Ó·È ÚÔÙÈÌfiÙÂÚ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓ˜ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈο ηıÔÚÈ˙fiÌÂÓ˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ [259]. √ Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓˆÓ ÏÂÍÈÏÔÁ›ˆÓ ı· ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÛÂÈ ÙȘ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ó· ÂÌÊ·ÓÈÛÙ› Ë «ÛˆÛÙ‹» ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰· Û ÌÈ· ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË, ÂÓÒ ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ‚ÚÂı› ¤Ó· ÈηÓfi Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ ‹ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ, ̤۷ ÛÙÔÓ ˆÎ·Ófi Ù˘ ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓÔ‡˜ ‚¿Û˘ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ, Ô˘ ı· Â›Ó·È Úfiı˘ÌÔ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· Û˘ÓÙËÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·. ∏ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÓۈ̿وÛË ÌÈ·˜ Ó¤·˜ ÔÙÈ΋˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ Î·È ÙËÓ Â¤Ó‰˘ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛË ÁψÛÛÒÓ Î·È ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ, ÂÓÒ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· Ë ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÂÙÈΤٷ˜ Â›Ó·È «¯·Ï·Ú‹», ¿ÌÂÛË Î·È ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚË. ∏ ÂÙÈΤٷ ÂÓfi˜ ÌÂÌÔӈ̤ÓÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ¿¯ÚËÛÙË ‹ ·Ó·ÍÈfiÈÛÙË Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÌÊÈ‚ÔÏ›· ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ È‰È·›ÙÂÚË Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓË ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÂÙÈÎÂÙÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ͯӿÌ fiÙÈ Ë ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÌ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÌÔӈ̤ÓÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË ÁÓÒÛË Î·È ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛË ÁÈ· οÔÈÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔÓ. ™ÙÔÓ ·ÓÙ›Ô‰·, ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó Â¤Ó‰˘ÛË Û ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È fiÚÔ˘˜ Î·È Ë ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛË ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È Ì ÈÔ ·ÚÁÔ‡˜ Ú˘ıÌÔ‡˜. ∫·È ÙÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ fiψÓ, Ù· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Ô˘ ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ¿ÚÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÌÔ‰›ˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Â›ÛÔ‰fi Ì·˜ ÛÙ· ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓ· ÏÂÍÈÏfiÁÈ· ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Ì Ôχ ÈÔ ·ÚÁÔ‡˜ Ú˘ıÌÔ‡˜ ·’ fi,ÙÈ Ù· ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ [61]. ∏ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÂÙÈÎÂÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· ÌÈ· Û˘Ó·Ú·ÛÙÈ΋ ÂͤÏÈÍË Î·È ¤Ó· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú¯›ÛÔ˘Ì ӷ ·ÓËÛ˘¯Ô‡Ì ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÂÙÈΤÙ˜ Î·È ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Û˘Ó·ÁˆÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ˙ˆÙÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ. ∏ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÂÙÈÎÂÙÒÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ‰˘ÓËÙÈ΋ ËÁ‹ ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È fiÏ· Ù· ÌÂÈÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ¤ÏÏÂȄ˘ ·˘ÛÙËÚÒÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ Î·È fiÏ· Ù· ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ¯·ÌËÏÒÓ ÂÌÔ‰›ˆÓ ÂÈÛfi‰Ô˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ ‚¿Û˘ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ. ∞ÏÏ¿ Ë ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÙÈÎÂÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ˘fiıÂÛ˘ ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Web [128]. √È ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Î·È ÔÈ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ·Ù˘¯Ò˜ Û·Ó Î·ÚÈηÙÔ‡Ú· ‰‡Ô ÌÔÓÔÌ¿¯ˆÓ. ™ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ·ÚfiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù·, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ·Ó·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙ· ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ·fi ÙȘ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜ Û ÔÏÏ¿ Â›‰·. ™ÙÔ ı¤Ì· ·˘Ùfi ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰‡Ô ηÙËÁÔڛ˜ ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÚÔ˜ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË. ∏ ÚÒÙË Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ˘ÔÙÈı¤ÌÂÓË ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈ΋ Û¯¤ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Î·È ÙȘ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜ Î·È Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ̇ıÔ˘˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÔ‰Â‡Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜. √È ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Î·È ÔÈ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜ ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÁÈ· Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· Î·È Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ. √È Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ϤÍÂȘ-ÎÏÂȉȿ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· ηÈÓÔÊ·Ó‹ Î·È ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û· ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜. ∞·ÓÙÔ‡Ó ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Û ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ «Ò˜ ÌÔÚÒ Ó· ·Ó·ÎÙ‹Ûˆ ·Ú¯Â›· (Ï.¯. ʈÙÔÁڷʛ˜) Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ı¤Ì· Ô˘ Ì ÂӉȷʤÚÂÈ;». √È ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙÌËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÙË ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË Î·È ÙË Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ Î·È ÙÔÔıÂÛ›· ‹ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘Ïϯı› ·fi ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›Â˜. ∞˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È Û·Ó
  • 61.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Û¯¤ÛË ˘ÔηٿÛÙ·Û˘, ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ‹ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Û·Ó ·›ÁÓÈÔ ÌˉÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ·ıÚÔ›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜100 65 ı· ‹Ù·Ó ÚÔÙÈÌfiÙÂÚÔ Ó· ÏÔÁ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Û ·ÓfiÌÔÈ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·. ∂›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÂÈÎ·Ï˘ÙfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Ì·˜ ·Ó·Áο˙Ô˘Ó Ó· ÂÈϤÍÔ˘Ì ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Î·È ÙȘ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ fï˜ Ó· ·ÏÏ¿˙ÂÈ Ë Ô˘Û›· ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙÔ˜ fiÙÈ Î·È ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó Û ÂÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂÈ Î·ÚÔÊfiÚÔ˘˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰ÚfiÌÔ˘˜ [257]. Œ¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯı› fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Â›Ó·È ÈηӤ˜ Ó· ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÛÔ˘Ó ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi ·fi ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi Î·È Ù· ‰›ÎÙ˘·, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë ‰ÔÌË̤ÓË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË [201]. ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ·˘Ùfi ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Ó¤ˆÓ ¢ηÈÚÈÒÓ. ∞˜ ÛÎÂÊÙÔ‡ÌÂ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÂȉÈÎÔ‡ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ·˘ÙfiÌ·Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÁÈ· ÈÛÙÔÏfiÁÈ·, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÍÈÔÔÈ› ÌÈ· «·fi οو ÚÔ˜ Ù· ¿Óˆ» ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÏÔÁÈ- ÛÌÈÎÔ‡ [163]. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, Ë ‚¿ÛË ¿Óˆ ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌÂ›Ù·È Ë ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô –fiÙÈ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÔÈ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ·Ê’ ·˘ÙÒÓ Î·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ˘„ËÏfi ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ Î·È ‰˘Û‚¿ÛÙ·¯ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘– Â›Ó·È ·ÌÊÈ‚fiÏÔ˘ ·Í›·˜. ™ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ‰È·ÈÛو̤ÓË ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ, ‰ËÌÈ- Ô˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È «ÂÏ·ÊÚȤ˜», ¢¤ÏÈÎÙ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÈÛ¯˘Ú¤˜ Î·È Ì ¢Ú›· ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Friend-of-a-Friend (FOAF – [45]) Î·È ÙÔ˘ Flink [200]. °ÂÓÈο, ·ÚfiÌÔȘ ÂÚÈÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Û˘Ì›ÙÔ˘Ó Ì ÙË ‰˘·‰È΋ Î·È Û˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ SW ·fi ÙË Ì›· ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Î·È Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔ-ÔÚÁ¿- ÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Web, ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË [101]. √È ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ Ì·˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ·ÓˆÙ¤Úˆ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛ˘. ∞˜ ‰Ô‡ÌÂ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ. ∫·Ù·Ú¯¿˜, ı· ˘¿ÚÍÔ˘Ó ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ‰›· ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ı· ¤¯ÂÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÏËÚˆı›. ™Â «Î·ÏÔ¯ÙÈṲ̂ӷ» ‰›· fiˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜, Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ÏÂÍÈÏÔÁ›Ô˘ ·Í›˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÔ Î·È Ô‰ËÁ› Û Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ SW ÎÂÚ‰›˙Ô˘Ó Û˘Ó¯Ҙ ¤‰·ÊÔ˜ Û ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ‰›· Ì ÏÔ‡ÛÈ· Û ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Î·È Â›Ù¢Í˘ Û˘ÁÎÏ›ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ. °È· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÂÌÔ- ÚÈΤ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜, ÙÔ ‰˘ÓËÙÈÎfi ΤډԘ ·fi ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο ‰ÔÌËÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È Û˘Ì‚·ÙÒÓ ÏÂÍÈÏÔÁ›ˆÓ ı· ˘ÂÚ·ÎÔÓÙ›ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÌË-·Ó·ÎÙ‹ÛÈÌÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜101 Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ‹ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ ÔÚÈ·Îfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜102 ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ‰È¢ÎfiÏ˘ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ·Ôı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÏÈ·ÓÔˆÏËÙ‹ Ì ·˘Ùfi ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔÌËıÂ˘Ù‹, ·Ô‚·›ÓÂÈ ÂˆÊÂϤ˜ Î·È ÁÈ· Ù· ‰‡Ô ̤ÚË. ∫·È ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌÂȈı› ηıÒ˜ ı· ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ Ë ‚¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ Ù˘. ∞Ó ˘Ôı¤ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ‰È·ÌÔÈÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ, ÙfiÙÂ Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÎÒÓ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Ô˘ ·Ó·- Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ı· ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Ì ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· www 100 Zero-sum game. ∆Ô fiÊÂÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ·›¯ÙË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·ÒÏÂÈ· ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔÓ. 101 Sunk cost. 102 Marginal cost. ¶ÚfiÛıÂÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ÂÈϤÔÓ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜.
  • 62.
    3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 66 Ô ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ·Ó¿ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Û‡ÓÙÔÌ· Ôχ ÌÈÎÚfi˜ [29]. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ë Â˘Ú›· ÂÍ¿ψÛË Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÍÔÈΛˆÛË Î·È ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ Â·Ó·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ηٿÙÌËÛ˘ Î·È ¤ÓˆÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ [212, 256, 10], ÂÓÒ ı· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› ÌÈ· Û˘Ó¯Ҙ ‰ÈÔÁÎÔ‡ÌÂÓË ‚¿ÛË ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ÚÔ˜ ÎÔÈÓ‹ (Â·Ó·)¯Ú‹ÛË(ÌÔÔ›ËÛË). ∫·Ù¿ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, ÂÈÎÚ·Ù› Ë ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÔÏ˘Ù·Ú¯ÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ۯ‰ȷṲ̂Ó˜ «·fi ¿Óˆ ÚÔ˜ Ù· οو», ¿Û¯ÂÙ˜ ‹ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ· Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ Ì ÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ·ÊÂÓfi˜, Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÈÏÔÌÔÚÊ›· ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ ‹ ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰›Ô˘ [158]. ∂›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÂÔ›ıËÛË Ó· ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ È‰¤· Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÌÔÓ·‰È΋˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÔ‡˜ √ÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ¶¿ÓÙˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ¯¿ÚË Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Ì ÙÔ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ CYC [183]. ªÈ· ÙfiÛÔ Â˘Ú›·, Ï‹Ú˘ Î·È Û·ÚˆÙÈ΋ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›· ›Ûˆ˜ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ó·È ÍÂοı·ÚÔ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÎÏÈÌ·- Έı› Î·È Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛı›. ∞Ó ‰Ô‡Ì ÙÔ SW ˆ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Ô˘ ·fi ¤Ó· ÛËÌÂ›Ô Î·È ÌÂÙ¿ ··ÈÙ› Î·È ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙË Ì·˙È΋ ‰È¿‰ÔÛË, ÙfiÙ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÓÙÈÏËÙfi fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·Ó·Î‡ÙÔ˘Û˜ ‰Ô̤˜, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜, ı· Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È fiÏÔ Î·È ÂÏ΢ÛÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜ [259]. ∞˘Ù‹, fï˜, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ··›ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ SW. ™ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ SW ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ˆ˜ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·Û˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. √È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ‰‡Ó·ÓÙ·È Ó· ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÔ˘Ó Î·È ·ÏÏËÏÂȉÚÔ‡Ó ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ‹ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Â›Ù¢Í˘ ÁÂÓÈ΋˜ ‹/Î·È ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆÙÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·˜ Î·È Î¿Ï˘„˘. ŒÓ· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ù· ÂÌÔÚ‡̷ٷ ÂÓfi˜ ÏÈ·Ó¤ÌÔÚÔ˘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÏ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘, ı· ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ·fi ÙË ‚¿ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÌËıÂ˘Ù‹ (Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÂÙÂÚÔ- ÁÂÓ›˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ) Ì ÛÎÔfi Ó· ÙȘ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ·Ê‹ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÙȘ ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›ÛÂÈ ÂÎ Ó¤Ô˘ Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ô˘ ÚÔÙÈÌ¿ÂÈ Ô Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˜ ¤ÌÔÚÔ˜. ∆· ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔÈË̤ӷ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÈ- ÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ÊfiÚÔ˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ÙÚ·Â˙Èο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÚÔÙ›ÌËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÙÚ¿Â˙·˜ Î·È Ù· ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ·ÊÔ‡Ó ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ Â›Ó·È ¤ÙÔÈÌ· ÁÈ· ÊÔÚÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË. ™ÙȘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜. √‡Ù ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔ›¯ÈÛË ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Î·È ÙË ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË ÁÂÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÌËÓÂÈÒÓ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙÔ ˘ÔÛ‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·Á‹. √È ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯ›ÛÂȘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ Û ÙÔÈÎfi Â›‰Ô. √ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ SW Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ȉˆı› ˘fi ÙÔ Ú›ÛÌ· Ù˘ Â·Ó·ÏËÙÈ΋˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔ›¯ËÛ˘ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„·Ì ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜. ∆Ô SW ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛı› ÚfiÙ˘· Ô˘ ı· ÂÈÛ·Á¿ÁÔ˘Ó Î·È ı· ηٷÛÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÌÂÚÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔ›¯ÈÛË Û fiϘ ÙȘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ∆¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÚfiÙ˘· ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û ÁÂÓÈ΋ Îϛ̷η Ì ÔÏÏ·- Ï·ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο Û˘ÓÂ·ÁfiÌÂÓ· ÔʤÏË. 3.1.6 ªÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ∆· ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙË ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· ‹ ÙËÓ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙÔ˘ Web ËÁ·›ÓÔ˘Ó ¤Ú· ·fi ÙÔ SW. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ù· ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ‹ ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ Ì ÛÎÔfi Ó· ηٷÛÙ› ÈÔ Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙfi˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜. √È ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ, ÔfiÙ ٷ ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ·‰fiÌËÙ·, ‹
  • 63.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È Ì˯·Ó¤˜ Î·È Ù· ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ì˯·ÓÈο ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÈÌ·. 67 ™˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, Ù· ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈο Î·È ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ‚·ÛÈο ÛÙÔȯ›·, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡, ÙÔÓ Ù›ÙÏÔ ‹ ÌÈ· Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë ÂÓfi˜ ÂÁÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ Î·È ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘, fiˆ˜ Ô Ù‡Ô˜ ·Ú¯Â›Ô˘, Ù· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘, Ù· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡, Ë ËÌÂÚÔÌËÓ›· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜, Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ¤Î‰ÔÛ˘ Î.Ô.Î. ∆· ÛÙÔȯ›· Ì ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ103 Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛıÔ‡Ó Ì ÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÁڷʤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ ϤÍÂȘ-ÎÏÂȉȿ Ô˘ ı· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË. °ÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ù· ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË (ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ Â‡ÚÂÛË fiÚˆÓ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÌÈ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Áο̷ ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ Î·È ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛı‹ÎË ‰ÔÌÒÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Û ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜), ÛÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ (.¯. ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰ÈÎÙ˘·Î¤˜ ‡Ï˜ ÙËÓ ·˘ÙfiÌ·ÙË «Û˘Ó·ÚÌÔÏfiÁËÛË» ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ ·fi ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈο), ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯ÂÈÔı¤ÙËÛË [58] Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ (fiˆ˜ Ë ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎÔ‡ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÈχÂÙ·È ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ¤Ó·˜ fiÚÔ˜ ÛÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È «fiÌÔÈÔ˜» Ì ¤Ó·Ó ¿ÏÏÔ). ∏ ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋, fï˜, ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ÚÔÒıËÛË Ù˘ ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÔ‡ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓÒÓ fiÚˆÓ Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ Ï·ÙÊfiÚ̘, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ ·ÒÏÂÈ· ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘. ŒÓ· Û¯‹Ì· ‹ ÚfiÙ˘Ô ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì ÌÈ· Ù˘ÔÔÈË̤ÓË ÌÔÚÊ‹, ÛÙԯ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙË ÌÂÁÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. Œ¯ÂÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› ¤Ó·˜ ÈηÓfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈˆÓ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Dublin Core104 Î·È ÙÔ Text Encoding Initiative105 (TEI). ∏ RDF ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ·ÚfiÌÔÈˆÓ Û¯ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ∆ËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹, ÁÂÓÓÒÓÙ·È ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· Ù· ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ. ¶ÚÒÙÔÓ, ÙÈ Â›‰Ô˘˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ; ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, Ì ÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ı· ÂËÚ¿ÛÂÈ Ë ÌÂÙ·-ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ; £· ÙË ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ; ∆È ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Ì ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘; Œ¯Ô˘Ó ÁÚ·Ê› ÔÏÏ¿ ÁÈ· Ù· ÂÚˆ- Ù‹Ì·Ù· ·˘Ù¿, ·ÏÏ¿ ÈÛÙ‡ˆ fiÙÈ ·Í›˙ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÌÈÎÚ‹ ·Ú¤Î‚·ÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ·. ∂›Ó·È ÂÚÈÙÙfi Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·Ó¿ ÂÚ›- ÙˆÛË ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ ÛÎÔfi ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ô Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi˜ ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘. ™Â ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, –Ï.¯. ÛÙË ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË „ËÊÈ·ÎÒÓ ÊˆÙÔÁÚ·ÊÈÒÓ– Ù· ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· «ÊÚÔÓÙ›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜», fiˆ˜ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓÔ˘ Flickr. ™Â ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ, Èı·Ó¤˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈΤ˜ ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤- ÓˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ë ¯ÚÔÓÔÛ‹Ì·ÓÛË, Ë ÚԤϢÛË, Ë ·‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÔÈ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ› ÛÙËÓ ¿‰ÂÈ· ¯Ú‹Û˘. ∏ ¯ÚÔÓÔÛ‹Ì·ÓÛË Â›Ó·È ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û·, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ‚·ÛÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘. ŸÙ·Ó, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ‰È·‚¿˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔ 2006 ÌÈ· ÌÂϤÙË ÁÈ· ÙË ÁˆÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Û ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ Â›‰Ô, Â›Ó·È Ô˘ÛÈ҉˜ Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘ÌÂ Â¿Ó ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ www 103 Multimedia. «¶ÔÏÏ·Ï¿ ̤۷», ΛÌÂÓ· Î·È ÁÚ·ÊÈο, ‹¯Ô˜, ÎÈÓÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ, ‚›ÓÙÂÔ Î·È ÔÙȉ‹ÔÙ ¿ÏÏÔ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ Ë ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ·ÔıË·ÂÙ·È, ÌÂÙ·‰›‰ÂÙ·È, ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ‹ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÓÙÈÏËÙ‹. 104 http://dublincore.org. 105 http://www.tei-c.org.
  • 64.
    3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 68 ·˘Ùfi Û˘ÓÙ¿¯ıËΠÚÈÓ ‹ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ 11Ë ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ 2001. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó «ËÌÂÚÔÌËÓ›· Ï‹Í˘» ‹ ¤Ó· ÛËÌÂ›Ô ¤Ú·Ó ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·È Û ·Ó·ÍÈfiÈÛÙ˜ ‹ ¿¯ÚËÛÙ˜. ™˘¯Ó¿, ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔ‚ÏÂÊı› Ì ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰ÔıÔ‡Ó ÌfiÓÔ ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ ÂӉ›ÍÂȘ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ·Ó Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÚÔÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÎÚ›ÛÈÌ˘ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ Î·È ·fi ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ·ÓÔ¯‹˜ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·˘Ùfi. ∏ ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÁÈ· ¤Ó·Ó fiÚÔ, Û ÁÂÓÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰Ôı› ·fi ÌÈ· ÂÙÈΤٷ XML Ì ÙÔ Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Â›Ó·È Èı·Ó‹ Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ‡·Ú͢ Î·È ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ÛÙÔ Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ̤ÚÔ˜ (ÛÒÌ·) ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ (ηıÒ˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ˘Ôı¤ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ‰ÔÌË̤ÓÔ˜) Ë ÔÔ›· ı· Â›Ó·È ÚÔÛ‚¿ÛÈÌË ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Ì «¯ÂÈÚÔΛÓËÙÔ» ÙÚfiÔ. ™Â ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, Â›Ó·È Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ Û ¤Ó· ·‰fiÌËÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ÙËÓ ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Î·È Ó· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ Â¿Ó Ë ¯ÚÔÓÔÛ‹Ì·ÓÛË ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ fiÚÔ ‹ ·ÊÔÚ¿ οÔÈÔÓ ÙÚ›ÙÔ. ∂› ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ȉ¤Â˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Ù˘ ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ Û ÈÔ ‰ÔÌË̤ÓÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó, Ì ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË Ó· ·ÔÊ¢¯ı› Ë ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ [173]. ∂›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ fï˜ Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ì ÙË ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È ÙȘ ˘Ôı¤ÛÂȘ Ì·ÎÚÔ‚ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Â¿Ó ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ «Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ ‹ Ó· ·ÔÛ˘Úı› ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÚÔÂȉÔÔ›ËÛË, ÙfiÙÂ Ë ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÙÂÏ› ˘fi ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛË Î·È Ë ·Í›· ÙÔ˘ ˆ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ·Á·ıÔ‡ ÌÂÈÒÓÂÙ·È ‰Ú·Ì·ÙÈο» [107]. ∏ ÚԤϢÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ·Í›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÎÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘. ∏ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ „ËÊȷ΋ ·Ú¯ÂÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÚԂϤÔ˘Ó ÍÂοı·Ú· ÙËÓ ÚԤϢÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Ô˘ ··ÈÙ›ٷÈ. ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· Open Archival Information System (OAIS) Ù˘ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ¢È·ÛÙËÌÈÎÒÓ ¢Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ106, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ··ÈÙ› ÙËÓ ËÁ‹ ‹ ÙËÓ ÚԤϢÛË ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘, ÙÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi (log) ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ï¿‚ÂÈ ¯ÒÚ·, ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ˘fi Ù›ÓÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·ÈÁ›‰· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËηÓ, Î·È ÌÈ· ÂÁÁÚ·Ê‹ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ï˘Û›‰· ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏÒÓ [57]. ∆· ÚfiÙ˘· ÛÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ Digital Archives (Cedars) ËÁ·›ÓÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ‚‹Ì· ·Ú·¤Ú·, ··ÈÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ηٷÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ËÁÒÓ ÚÔ¤Ï¢Û˘ (Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÏfiÁˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ Ô fiÚÔ˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËÎÂ, Ù˘ Ï‹ÚÔ˘˜ Ï›ÛÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ˘‡ı˘ÓˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ ̤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Î·È ÁÈ·Ù› Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú¯ÂÈÔıÂÙËı›), ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ (Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜), ÙÔ ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi (Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡ Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ·Ú¯ÂÈÔı¤ÙËÛ˘, ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰Ú¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ıËÎ·Ó ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ·Ú¯ÂÈÔı¤ÙËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘) Î·È ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ ÂÁÁÚ·Ê‹˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ٷ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈο ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ [58]. ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ fiˆ˜ Ë ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·È ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ϤÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ËÁÒÓ ÚÔ¤Ï¢Û˘ Ì ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÛÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÚԤϢÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Έ‰ÈÎÔÔÈËı›. √‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó, Â›Û˘, ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛ‹Ì·ÓÛË ÙˆÓ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔ- www 106 Consultative Committee on Space Data Systems.
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    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Á›·˜ ·Ôı‹Î¢Û˘ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ÚÔ¤Ï¢Û˘ Î·È ÁÈ· Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ 69 ·˘Ù‹˜, fiˆ˜ Ë Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ Ù˘ Î·È ÔÈ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜107 [122]. ŒÓ·˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˜ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛË Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÂÁÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌÒÓ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Û ·˘Ùfi. ∆· ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÚÔ¤Ï¢Û˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÂÈÎÔ˘ÚÈο Û ٤ÙÔȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, ·ÏÏ¿ Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ÌËÓ Â›Ó·È ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ÁÈ· Ó· ÙȘ ÂÈχÛÔ˘Ó. ∏ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ‚¤‚·È˘ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋ ‹Ù·Ó ¿ÓÙ· ÌÈ· ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË ˘fiıÂÛË. ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÂÈ- ÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÂÍ‹˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ: Ë ÀÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋108, Ë ÔÔ›· ·ÚÈÛÙ¿ ÌÈ· ÁÓÒÌË Ì ¤Ó· ÙÚ›Ù˘¯Ô Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÈÌÒÓ (›ÛÙË, ‰˘ÛÈÛÙ›·, ·‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ·) ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·ıÚÔ›˙ÂÈ ÛÙË ÌÔÓ¿‰· [159, 160], Ë ‰È·‚¿ıÌÈÛË Ì ‚¿ÛË ÔÈÔÙÈ΋ ÎÚ›ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÚÔÛ‰›‰ÂÙ·È ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈÎfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ Î·È ıÂÌÂÏÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·ԉ›ÍÂȘ [110, 115], Ë ∞Û·Ê‹˜ §ÔÁÈ΋109 [248] Î·È ÔÈ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜ [148]. °È· ¿ÏÏË Ì›· ÊÔÚ¿ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ê·ÓÂÚfi ÙÔ ‰›ÏËÌÌ· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚ- Ì·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ì ˘„ËÏ‹ ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÛÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ì ·ÏÔ‡ÛÙÂÚË ÌÔÚÊ‹. ∆ÂÏÈο, Ë Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· Ù· ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ù· ÔÔ›· Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÛÙËÓ ·‰ÂÈÔ‰fiÙËÛË Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ‰È¢ڇÓıËΠ̠ÙÔ Î›ÓËÌ· ÙˆÓ ÏÂÁÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ «creative commons», ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ù˘ ¢¤ÏÈÎÙ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web Î·È Ù· ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· Ì ·˘Ùfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·. ∆· ÂÏ·ÛÙÈο ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙÔÓ ¿Î·ÌÙÔ ÓfiÌÔ ÂÚ› ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜, ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡˜ Ó· Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÔ˘Ó Ì ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜, ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ÌÂÚÈ΋ ·Ú·›ÙËÛË Î·È Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ηıÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ Ï·›ÛÈ· [187]. ∆· ı¤Ì·Ù· ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÂÚ·È- Ù¤Úˆ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ÛÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 6.2. ∆· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙȘ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì¤Û· ·fi Ù· ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Ô ÁÈÁ·ÓÙÈ·›Ô˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌÔ‡ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ‰È¿Ï·Ù· ·ÓÔÈÎÙ¿. Œ¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯı› fiÙÈ Ô Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÂ- ¯Ô̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ı· ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂÈ ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔÈË̤Ó˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ¢Ú›·˜ Îϛ̷η˜ Î·È Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ù¤ÙÔȘ ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ı· ·ÍÈÒÛÔ˘Ó È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÈÛ¯˘Ú¤˜ ·Ú·‰Ô¯¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ [170]. µ¤‚·È·, ÌÈ· ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ‰Ú¿ÛË ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÍÂοı·ÚÔ ·Ó ı· ÂÓ·ÓÙȈı› ÛÙÔ ·Ô- ÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔ Ó‡̷ ÙÔ˘ Web. £· ÂÍ·ÚÙËı›, ηٿ Ôχ, ·fi ÙÔ Î·Ù¿ fiÛÔ ı· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËıÔ‡Ó ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÙÚÂ¯Ô˘ÛÒÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Û Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È ÙˆÓ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓÔ Web «‚¿ıÔ˘˜»110 [283]. www 107 ∞ÔÙÂÏ› ÂÈÚˆÓ›· Ù˘ Ù‡¯Ë˜ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ˆ˜ ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜, ηٿ ÙÔÓ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ·Ú¯Â›Ô ˘fi ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ·‰fiÌËÙË ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ÚÔ¤ÏÂ˘Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘. 108 Subjective logic. 109 Fuzzy logic. 110 Deep Web. ∆Ô ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ Web Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌË̤ÓÔ (Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ÌË ÚÔÛ‚¿ÛÈÌÔ) ·fi ÙȘ Ì˯·Ó¤˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘.
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    3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 70 3.2 ∞Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ∆·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ∆Ô SW ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ Û˘Ì‚¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ οÓÔ˘Ì ÁÈ· Ù· ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ URIs ηÈ, ‚‚·›ˆ˜, οı ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÂÙÈÎÂÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ Web ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Ì ‚¿ÛË ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ¿ÏϘ Û˘Ì‚¿ÛÂȘ. ∆Ô Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ù˘ ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›·˜ ‹ Ù˘ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛ˘ ÂÙÈÎÂÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ Web ËÁ¿˙ÂÈ ·fi ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÊÚÔ˘ÚÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ Î·Ï‹˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÈfiÏ·ÈˆÓ Û¯ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÂÓÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ηٿÚÚ¢Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓÔ˘ ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. 3.2.1 ∞Ó·ÊÔÚ¿: fiÙ ‰‡Ô ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Â›Ó·È ›‰È·; ∏ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ‰‡Ó·Ì˘ Ì·ÎÚÈ¿ ·fi ÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Úfi‚ÏËÌ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡˜ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔ ÏÂÔÓ¤ÎÙËÌ·. ∆Ô ›‰ÈÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙÔ Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ ÎfiÛÌÔ ÔÏÏ·Ϥ˜ ÔÓÔ̷ۛ˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ηӤӷ Úfi‚ÏËÌ·, .¯. Û˘Ó·- ÓÙ¿Ì ÂΉԯ¤˜ fiˆ˜ «Jane Doe», «Janey Doe», «Jane A. Doe», «Doe, J.A.» Î.Ô.Î. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, ÌÂÚÈΤ˜, ‹ fiϘ, ÔÈ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓ˜ ÂΉԯ¤˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·. Èڛ˜ Ó· ·ÁÓÔԇ̠‚¤‚·È· ÙËÓ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· Ë Jane Doe Ó· ·ÔηÏÂ›Ù·È Ï·ıÂ̤ӷ «Jnae Doe» Î.Ï. √È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›Â˜ ÌÔÓ·‰È΋˜ Î·È ÂÓÈ·›·˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Â›Ó·È Û¯ÂÙÈο ‡ÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÍÂÂÚ·ÛıÔ‡Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô ÁÈ· ÙȘ Ì˯·Ó¤˜. ¶fiÛÔ ‰Â Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ·Ó ÚÔÛ·ıԇ̠ӷ ÂÍ·Á¿ÁÔ˘Ì ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ·fi ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙȘ ·Ôı‹Î˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, fiÔ˘ ÔÈ «¯ÂÈÚÔΛÓËÙ˜» χÛÂȘ Î·È ÔÈ ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ Ì ÙÔ Ì¿ÙÈ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙ¤˜. ™ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ë Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤Ï·ÛË Â›Ó·È ÌÔÓfi‰ÚÔÌÔ˜. ∆· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ fiÙ·Ó ÔÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷΤ˜ ËÁ¤˜ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Û˘Á¯ÒÓ¢Û˘. ∆¤ÙÔÈ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Â›Ó·È Â˘Ú¤ˆ˜ ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Î·È È‰È·ÈÙ¤Úˆ˜ ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ SW, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓË Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web ÂÌÔ‰›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÔÓfiÌ·ÙÔ˜, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ Ô Reiter [240]. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, ÔÈ URIs ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ Web ÙÔ ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜, fiÙ·Ó ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈÏ˘ı› Ë Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ‰‡Ô ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ô˘ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ URI. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ·Ó Î·È ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ «morning star» Î·È «evening star» ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó ·¢ı›·˜ ÛÙËÓ http://ex.org/planets.owl#venus, ÙfiÙ οı ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ·ÈÙÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÙÙ‹. ∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜, Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ› URIs Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Ì ÌË ÚÔÊ·Ó‹ ÙÚfiÔ ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÌfiÓÔ ÁÈ· οÔȘ ·fi ÙȘ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘. ªÂÚÈΤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜, ¤Ó· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ·ÓȯÓ‡ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ·ÏÁÔÚÈıÌÈ΋ Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË (ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ù· √ÓfiÌ·Ù· ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ·ÓÂÍ·Úًو˜ Â˙ÒÓ ‹ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›ˆÓ ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÙ·È Ë ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÌÔÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜), ·ÏÏ¿ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ùfi. ∏ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ URIs ‰ÂÓ ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÓÂÈ Î·È Ôχ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ‰˘ÓËÙÈ΋ ‚¿ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ Û ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛÙȘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi Ù˘ÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·È Û˘Ìʈӛ· ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚fiψÓ. ªÈ· ¢ÚÂÙÈ΋ ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ·ÚfiÌÔÈˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ Â›Ó·È Ó· οÓÔ˘Ì ÌÈ· «¤Í˘ÓË» ÎÚ›ÛË Ì ‚¿ÛË ·ÚÂÌÊÂÚ›˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Î·È Ó· ÙË ‰ÔÎÈ- Ì¿ÛÔ˘Ì online, ÂϤÁ¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ÙˆÓ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂˆÓ Á‡Úˆ ·fi Ù· ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙÔ‡ÌÂÓ·
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    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÛÙÔȯ›·. ∂¿Ó, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë «Jane Doe» Î·È Ë «Doe, J.A.» ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ 71 Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË Ì ÙÔ «University of Loamshire» (UoL), Ë Ì›· ÂÂȉ‹ ÂÚÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÂΛ Î·È Ë ¿ÏÏË ÂÂȉ‹ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙ› Û ¤Ó· ¤ÚÁÔ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯Â ÙÔ UoL, ÙfiÙ ÂÎ ÚÒÙ˘ fi„ˆ˜, ·˘Ùfi ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·fi‰ÂÈÍË fiÙÈ ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌ·ÛÙ ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ, ·ÚfiÙÈ ¤Ó· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Âȯ›ÚËÌ· Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Û·ıÚfi [11]. °ÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ë ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Î·È Ë ÂÎÛÊ·ÏÌ¿ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ ı· Â›Ó·È ¿ÓÙ· Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔϘ, ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Web ηχÙÂÈ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙȘ ÔÛfiÙËÙ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Û˘- Ó˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÁÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ- ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ™Â ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ˆÎ·Ófi ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Ù· ÓÔ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÔÈ ÂÚÌËÓ›˜ Û˘¯Ó¿ ·ÏÏ¿˙Ô˘Ó Î·È Î·Ù¿ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ·ÔÎÏ›ÛÂȘ ÛÙ· Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÌÈ·˜ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜. ŒÓ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ı¤Ì· ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Ó· ·ÓÙÈÏËÊıԇ̠̠·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Î·È Ó· ηıÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì ٷ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ı· Ì·˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ó Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ηχÙÂÚ· Î·È Ó· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Web. 3.2.2 ¶fiÙ ‰‡Ô ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Â›Ó·È fiÌÔȘ; ªÈ· ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ΋ ‰›Ô‰Ô˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ηıÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙ ‰‡Ô ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Â›Ó·È fiÌÔȘ. ∫¿ÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Û ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È ÙÂÙÚÈÌ- ̤ÓÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÙÔ «‚·ÛÈÎfi» ΛÌÂÓÔ ·ÓÙÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ·fi ÙË Ì›· ÛÂÏ›‰· ÛÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË Î·È ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È ·fi ‰È·ÊËÌ›ÛÂȘ, ÏÔÁfiÙ˘·, Ù›ÙÏÔ˘˜ Î·È ˘fiÙÈÙÏÔ˘˜. À¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÏËıÒÚ· ÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ111 ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÛÔÙÈÎfi ηıÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ‚·ıÌÔ‡ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛ˘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ‰‡Ô ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜. ∏ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ·˘ı·›ÚÂÙË Î·È Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ (.¯. Ë ·ÔÎ¿Ï˘„Ë ÏÔÁÔÎÏÔ‹˜ ‹ Ë ·Ú·‚›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜), ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÙË £ÂˆÚ›· Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Û·Ó Â›ÛÔ‰ÔÈ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘. ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ·fiÛÙ·ÛË Levenshtein Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ·ÏÁÔÚ›ıÌˆÓ ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ·Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi ÂÓfi˜ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ ·fi ¤Ó· ‚·ÛÈÎfi Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚÔ‹˜ Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ [38]. ∏ ‚¿ÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ‰ÂÓ ËÁ¿˙ÂÈ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÌfiÓÔ ·fi ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ÛÂÏ›‰·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÚÔ¤ÏıÂÈ Î·È ·fi ÙËÓ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ Ì¤Û· ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È ÂÓۈ̷و̤ÓË Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÛÂÏ›‰·. ∏ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Ô˘ ·ÍÈÒÓÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘ ‰ÂÓ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È Î·Ù’ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ·fi Ì›· ÌfiÓÔ ÛÂÏ›‰·, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÛÙ·¯˘ÔÏfiÁËÌ· ·fi ÌÈ· ‰¤ÛÌË Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ Ì ÙÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ı¤Ì· ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ ηÈ, Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÔÈ ‰Ô̤˜ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ˘ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜. ŒÓ·˜ ÚfiÛıÂÙÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È Ó· ·ÓÙÈÏËÊıԇ̠ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ù˘ ÛÂÏ›‰·˜. ª‹ˆ˜ ‰‡Ô ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ ÚÔÛÂÏ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ÛËÌ›· ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ÏÔ‹ÁËÛ˘ ÛÙÔ Web [76]; www 111 ªÂÙÚÈ΋ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÂÌÂÈÚÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔ›¯ÈÛË ÂÓfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ Û ̛· ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ·, Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi Ù˘ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜.
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    3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 72 ∏ ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙÔ Ù·›ÚÈ·ÛÌ· ϤÍÂˆÓ ‹ ˘Ô-·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÈÒÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Û¯ÂÙÈο ·Ϥ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ‚·ıÌÔ‡ ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ‰‡Ô ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜112 Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‚·ıÌÔ‡ Û˘ÌÂÚ›Ï˄˘ Ù˘ ÌÈ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË113 [48]. √È ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÌÂÙÚ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ114 Î·È ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ÂÈÛÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÂÍÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓ˜ ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙˆÓ ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô. √È ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ¯Ú‹Û˘ ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Ô˘ Û˘ÏϤÁÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹ Î·È ¿ÏϘ ËÁ¤˜ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Â›Û΄˘, ·ԉ¯fiÌÂÓ˜ ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÈÛΤ„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰· Â›Ó·È Î·Ù·Ú¯‹Ó115 Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈ˙fiÌÂÓ˜. ŸÛÔ ÈÔ fiÌÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ù· ¯ÚÔ- ÓÈο ÛËÌ›· ÚÔÛ¤Ï·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ ÙfiÛÔ ÈÔ ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ Â›Ó·È Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÔÈ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ó· Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ‚¿ÛË Î¿ÔÈ· ηÓÔÓÈÎfiÙËÙ· [227]. 3.3 ¡¤Â˜ ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ ÛÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜ ‡·Ú͢ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ, ·‰fiÌËÙ˘ ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤Ó˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜, ηÈÓÔÙÔÌ›·˜ Î·È ÂÎÔ‡ÛÈ·˜ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ηٷÛ΢‹˜. ™ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ı· ÂÛÙÈ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÛÙÔ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ÛËÌÂ›Ô Î·È ı· ·Ó·ÛÎÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÚÔÂͤ¯ÔÓÙ· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ·ÓÔÈÎÙ¿ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ʇÛ˘. ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÌÊÈ‚ÔÏ›· Ô ÂÈ- ‰ÈˆÎfiÌÂÓÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜. ∏ ·Ôı‹Î¢ÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚˆÓ ÔÛÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ Á¤ÓÔ˘˜ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ›¯·Ì ÔÙ¤, ı· Â›Ó·È ˙ˆÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ ÚԂϤ„ÈÌÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ. ∏ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Â˘Ê˘¤- ÛÙÂÚˆÓ Î·È Ù·¯‡ÙÂÚˆÓ ÙÚfiˆÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·¯fiÚÙ·ÁˆÓ Û ÌÓ‹ÌË ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ‚›ÓÙÂÔ, ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÂÓ Ù¤ÏÂÈ ÙÔ Web Û ÌÈ· ˘ÂÚ‰ÈfiÁΈÛË Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ı· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯı› ·fi ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ô ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˜ PageRank ··ÈÙ› ÙË Û¿ÚˆÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ôı‹Î¢ÛË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÔ‡ ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Web. ÕÏψÛÙÂ Ë ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ Î·Ù¿ fiÛÔ Ë Google ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÙË ÌÓ‹ÌË ·˘Ù‹, ·Ú¿ ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıfi˜ Ù˘, ÚÔÛ‚¿ÛÈÌË Î·È ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÈÌË. ∏ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÚÔÛˆÔÔÈË̤Ó˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Î·È ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË ›ÂÛ˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ·. ∏ ‰È‡ڢÓÛË Ù˘ ÂÌ‚¤ÏÂÈ·˜ Ù˘ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔȯ›· fiˆ˜ ÔÏ˘Ì¤Û·, ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ‹ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÚÙÈÛË ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÈηÓÒÓ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÓ٤ψÓ, ÚÔÙÔ‡ ÔÈ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Á›ÓÔ˘Ó Ì·˙Èο ÂÌÔÚÈΤ˜. √È ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û˜ Î·È ÔÈ ˘fi ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Ìfi¯Ï¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛıÔ‡Ó ÚÔ˜ Ù· Ó¤· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ (fiˆ˜, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ù· ‰›ÎÙ˘· P2P). www 112 ∏ ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ Ù˘ ÙÔÌ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ˘Ô-·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÈÒÓ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ Ù˘ ¤ÓˆÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜. 113 ∏ ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ Ù˘ ÙÔÌ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ˘Ô-·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÈÒÓ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚ›Ï˄˘. 114 Citations. 115 ªÂ ‚¿ÛË Î¿ÔÈ· ·Ú¯‹.
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    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web 3.3.1 ÀËÚÂۛ˜ Web116 73 √È ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÎÔÌ‚È΋ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÁÈ· Ù· ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È Â›Ó·È ·Ó·Áη›Ô Ó· Ì·˜ ··Û¯ÔÏ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ Ë Â¤ÎÙ·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜. √È ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Î·Ù·ÓÂÌË̤ӷ ̤ÚË ·fi ÎÒ‰Èη, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÁÚ·Ê› ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÈχÛÂÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Î·È ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ› Ì ¿ÏϘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ. √È ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ ˘„ËÏ‹˜ Îϛ̷η˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ó·Ï˘ıÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ‰È·Û·ÛÙÔ‡Ó ·Ó·‰ÚÔÌÈο Û ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ˘Ô-ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÂÈ Ë ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔ›¯ÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Ô˘ Â͢ËÚÂÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜. ™Â ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, Â¿Ó ÔÈ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÙÔÔıÂÙËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙÔ˘ Web, ÙfiÙ ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ‰‡Ó·ÓÙ·È Ó· ˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ·fi Û˘Ó‰˘·Ṳ̂Ó˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜. ∆Ô ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi ·ÔÛ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi Î·È Ì·˜ ‰›ÓÂÙ·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÂÍÂȉÈ·ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Ì˯·Ó¤˜ Û fiÚÔ˘˜ §ÔÁÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó·ÚÙ‹ÛˆÓ, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ÙËÓ ÂÍÂȉ›Î¢ÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ï‡ÛÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÈÔ ¿ÌÂÛÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜. ∏ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙÔ˘ Web ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ Î·È ÙË ‰È¿‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ·ÓÔ›ÁÂÈ Ó¤Â˜ ÚÔÔÙÈΤ˜ ·Ê·›ÚÂÛ˘. ŒÓ· ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ Â›Ó·È Ò˜ ı· ηٷʤÚÔ˘Ì ӷ ÂÈÙ‡¯Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ ›‰È· ·Ê·›ÚÂÛË Î·È Û Â›Â‰Ô ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡. ¶ÔȘ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Ô˘ ı· ·Ì‚χÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›Â˜ Ì·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·fi‰ÔÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜; ∆· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛı› ¤Ó·˜ ÈηÓfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚԉȷÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ Web. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë WS-Net Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË Ù· ¤Á¯ÚˆÌ· ‰›ÎÙ˘· Petri117 Î·È ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ Ù· ̤ÚË ÌÈ·˜ ˘ËÚÂÛ›·˜ Web Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Û ¿ÏÏ· ̤ÚË, ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Ô˘ ··È- Ù› ÁÈ· Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Î·È ÙȘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜. ø˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ¤Ó· ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÚÈÎÏ›ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ ÙÔÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ, Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ÙËÓ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË Ó¤ˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ, ÂÓÒ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ [296]. √È ÕÏÁ‚Ú˜ ¢È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ118 ¤¯Ô˘Ó, Â›Û˘, ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛı› ÛÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜. Ÿˆ˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Petri, Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÌÈ·˜ Ù˘È΋˜ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ˜ Ì·˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ó· ۯ‰ȿÛÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È Ó· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ٷ˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÌÈ· ˘ËÚÂÛ›· (Û ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈϤÍÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ¤Ó· ‹ ÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙȘ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈ̘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ‹ ÂÈÛÎfiËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÒ‰Èη). °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ô Ferrara [98] ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ÙË ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË Ù˘ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛ˘ ·Ó¿- ÌÂÛ· Û ÌÈ· ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈ΋ ÕÏÁ‚ڷ ¢È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Î·È ÙËÓ BPEL4WS119. ∏ BPEL4WS ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ·ÊÂÓfi˜ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Û˘Óԉ‡ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Î·È Â·Ï‹ı¢Û˘ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ÕÏÁ‚ڷ ¢È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ, Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ÙËÓ ·˘ÙfiÌ·ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÎÒ‰Èη BPEL4WS ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙËÓ ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÍÂȉ›Î¢ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈ- ı˘ÌËÙÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ. °ÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ë ·ÏÁ‚ÚÈ΋ ÚԉȷÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Û ·ÊËÚË̤ÓÔ www 116 Web services. 117 ∂›Ó·È Ì›· Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÏÒÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Petri Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛı‹ÎË ÙÈÌÒÓ Î·È ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛ˘ ÛÙ· ÙÂÎÌ‹ÚÈ·. °È· Ì›· Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ÂÚÈ- ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Petri ·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÙ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 4.2.5. 118 Process algebras. °È· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÏÂÙÔ̤ÚÂȘ ÌÔÚ›Ù ӷ ·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÙ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 4.2.5. 119 Business Process Execution Language for Web Services. ¶ÚfiÙ˘Ô˜ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈÛÌfi˜ XML ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÂÎÙÂϤÛÈ- ÌˆÓ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ.
  • 70.
    3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 74 Â›Â‰Ô Î·È Ë ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÁÈ’ ·˘Ù¤˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· ‚·ÛÈ΋ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ [75, 105, 208]. ∏ BPEL4WS Â›Ó·È Ì›· Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË Ù˘ Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) Î·È ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Î·È ·ÓÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Web Ì ÙȘ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜. ∏ BPEL ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ fiÚÈ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Û‡ÓıÂÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ·fi ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜. ∆Ô ÂfiÌÂÓÔ ‚‹Ì· Â›Ó·È Ó· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfiÛÔ˘Ì ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙˆÓ P2P. ∆Ô fi¯ËÌ· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ۋÌÂÚ· ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· Ì·˜ (ÙÂÏ› ˘fi ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË) ÁÈ’ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔ ÛÎÔfi Â›Ó·È Ë CDL120 [164], ÌÈ· ÁÏÒÛÛ· Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ XML Î·È ‚ÔËı¿ÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ÎÔÈÓÒÓ Î·È Û˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ ÛÙȘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ ÛÙ· P2P ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·. √ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈΤ˜ P2P Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ CDL, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ˘fi„Ë ÏÂÙÔ̤ÚÂȘ fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈΤ˜ Ï·ÙÊfiÚÌÂ˜Ø ·ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜, ÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ Â›Ó·È Ë Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÒÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂÓˆÓ ÌÂÚÒÓ. ∂ÓÒ Ë BPEL ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙË Û˘Ó¤ÓˆÛË ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ, Ë CDL ÌÂÙ·ÙÔ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ ÚÔ˜ ÙË ÁÂÓÈ΋ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ, ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, ÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏÔ˘¯›· ÙˆÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ Î.Ô.Î. ÛÙԯ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙˆÓ ÚԉȷÁÂÁÚ·ÌÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ. 3.3.2 ∏ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ ηٷÓÔÌ‹˜: ·ÓÙ·¯Ô‡ ·ÚfiÓÙ˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜, P2P Î·È ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο ϤÁÌ·Ù· À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏ¿ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ‰ÈÂÈÛ‰‡ÛÂÈ ÙÔ Web Î·È Ù· ÔÔ›·, ηٿ ‚¿ÛË, ‰ÂÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ÎÏ·ÛÈΤ˜ ˘Ôı¤ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Â˘Ú›·˜ Îϛ̷η˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ·ÊÔÛÈˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÒÓ. ¶ÚÔÊ·Ó‹ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÊÔÚËÙfi ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤- ÏÔ, ÔÈ ·ÓÙ·¯Ô‡ ·ÚfiÓÙ˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜, fiÔ˘ Ë ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÛÔ‚·Úfi ˙‹ÙËÌ·, Ù· P2P Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È Ù· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο ϤÁÌ·Ù·. ∆Ô ÊÔÚËÙfi ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ··ÈÙËÙÈÎfi Û Â›Â‰Ô Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜. ∏ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌË ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Î·È ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘Ó¯‹ ΛÓËÛË Î·È ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıˆ˜ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÌÂÙ·‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ ˙ÒÓ˘ Î·È ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ··ÈÙ› ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÌÔÚÊfiÙ˘· ·fi ·˘Ù¿ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ∏/À, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÔÈ ÙÚÔÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ÂÏ΢ÛÙÈ΋ Ë ÏÔ‹- ÁËÛË Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙË ÌÈÎÚ‹ ÔıfiÓË ÌÈ·˜ ÊÔÚËÙ‹˜ Û˘Û΢‹˜ [20, 193]. ∏ ÊÔÚËÙ‹ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Ô Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ Û ÔÏÏ¿ ¤ıÓË, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛÙ· ·Ó·Ù˘ÛÛfiÌÂÓ·, ÏfiÁˆ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈο ÚÔÛÈÙÒÓ ÙÈÌÒÓ, Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ·Û‡ÚÌ·ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ ·fi Ì·Ù·Ú›Â˜ [222]. ∏ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙË «‰›Î·ÈË» Î·È ÂÍÈÛÔÚÚÔË̤ÓË Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∆· ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙ·¯Ô‡ ·ÚfiÓÙÔ˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡, Ù· P2P Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È Ù· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο ϤÁÌ·Ù· ÌÔÈÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù·, Ì ÚÔÂͤ¯ÔÓ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ Û ηٷÓÂÌË̤ӷ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ˘„ËÏ‹˜ Îϛ̷η˜. ∆Ô ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙ·¯Ô‡ ·ÚfiÓÙÔ˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ ÔÚ·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÙ·È ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÌÈÎÚÒÓ, ¯·ÌËÏ‹˜ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜, ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ı· Â›Ó·È ÂÓۈ̷و̤Ó˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Î·È ı· www 120 ∂Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÙ·È Web Services Choreography Description Language (WS-CDL).
  • 71.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ·ÏÏËÏÂȉÚÔ‡Ó Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ Ì ϷÓı¿ÓÔÓÙ˜ Î·È ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜. À¿Ú- 75 ¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÏËıÒÚ· ·fi Â˘Ê¿ÓÙ·ÛÙ˜ Èı·Ó¤˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ, fiˆ˜ Ù· ¤Í˘Ó· Ó‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ‡Ê·ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ˘¯ÈÛÌÔ‡ Ì·˜. ∞‰È·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙ·, Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË Ù¿ÛË Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙË ÛΤ„Ë fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ Û˘Û΢¤˜ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ·Û‡ÚÌ·ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÛ˘ Ô˘ ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ·˘ÙfiÌ·ÙË Î·È Â› ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·ÌÂÙÚÔÔ›ËÛË, Î·È Û ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ì ÔÏÏ·Ϥ˜ Ì˯·ÓÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ [244, 176]. ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Û ¤Ó· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ì ϷÓı¿ÓÔ˘Û˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Ì˯·Ó¤˜, Ë ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË. √È ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ÊËÌ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„‹ ÙÔ˘˜. °È· ÙË ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ı· ··ÈÙËıÔ‡Ó ÚfiÙ˘· Ù· ÔÔ›· ı· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· Î·È ÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÙËÓ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Ù˘ ˘ËÚÂÛ›·˜, ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÛÙ¿ıÌÈÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ¿ÚÔ¯fi Ù˘ Î·È ÙÔÓ ·ÎÚÈ‚‹ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ı· Û˘Ó-ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ì ÙȘ ˘fi- ÏÔÈ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‹ Ù˘ Â›Ù¢Í˘ ÂÓfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘ [179]. ∞˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ÚԷӷʤڷÌÂ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ ÌÈ· ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ¤Ó‰ÂÈÍË ÂÓfi˜ ÂÍÂÏÈÛÛfiÌÂÓÔ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈ- ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹. ™Ù· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÛÙ·ıÂÚÒÓ Ù˘ ÌÔÓ·‰È΋˜ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ ÏÔ‹ÁËÛ˘ Û ·˘Ùfi, Â›Ó·È ˙ˆÙÈÎfi Ó· ÂÏ·¯ÈÛÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ˘Ôı¤ÛÂȘ Ô˘ οÓÔ˘Ì ÁÈ’ ·˘Ù¿ Ù· Ó¤· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· Î·È ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Ô˘ Ù· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó. ∆· ‰›ÎÙ˘· ƒ2ƒ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›· ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÔ‡˜ Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ¤˜, ÙËÓ ·Û˘Ó¯‹ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Î·È ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚȷ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ [220] Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂfiÌÂÓË ÁÂÓÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ Web. ™Ù· ‰›ÎÙ˘· ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ (Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·Û˘ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Napster, ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Skype Î·È ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ SETI@home) Ô ˘Ô- ÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹˜ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤ÂÙ·È Û ̤ÚÔ˜ ÂÓfi˜ ηٷÓÂÌË̤ÓÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Èı·Ófiٷٷ ηÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ÂÎÙÂϤÛÂÈ Î¿ı هÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·: ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ·ÓÙÈÁÚ¿ÊˆÓ ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜, ·Ôı‹Î¢ÛË ÎÚ˘ÙÔÁÚ·ÊËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ, ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ÛÙÔ ·Ú·Û΋ÓÈÔ Î.Ô.Î. ∂›Ó·È ηٷʷӤ˜ fiÙÈ ‰˘ÓËÙÈο ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÔÌËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·‰fiÌËÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ P2P ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¢‰ÔÎÈÌ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ Web. ∆Ô ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙË ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ˙ˆÙÈÎÒÓ ÏÂÈ- ÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÒÓ Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ ÛÙÔ Web, Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚËıÔ‡Ó Û ¯·Ï·Ú¿ Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ӷ ·˘ÙfiÓÔÌ· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·. ∂Í·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ·Û˘Ó‹ıÈÛÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙˆÓ P2P, Û˘ÌÂÚÈ- Ï·Ì‚·ÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰˘ÓËÙÈο ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓÒÓ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ, ÔÈ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷΤ˜ ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ Ù˘ ªË¯·ÓÈ΋˜ fiˆ˜ ÔÈ online ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÛÌÔ› (ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ˘¤ÚÔÁÎÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ Û˘Ó‰Â‰ÂÌ¤ÓˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ) ‹ ÔÈ ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂȘ ¢Ú›·˜ Îϛ̷η˜ (·ÏÒ˜ Ë Îϛ̷η Â›Ó·È ‰˘ÛıÂÒÚËÙ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏË) Â›Ó·È ·Î·Ù¿ÏÏËϘ ÛÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË. ∏ ÎÏÈ̿ΈÛË ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ë Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ı· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÛÙ· ‰›ÎÙ˘· P2P [249, 189], ηıÈÛÙ¿ ˙ˆÙÈ΋ ÙË ıˆڛ· ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Î·È Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ì ÔÈ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÔ› ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÛÌÔ›, Ë Î·ÈÓÔÙÔÌ›· Î·È Ë ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ÎÏ¿‰Ô.
  • 72.
    3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 76 ∂›Ó·È Ôχ ÈÛ¯˘Úfi˜ Ô ÂÈÚ·ÛÌfi˜ Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ӷ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·, fiˆ˜ Ù· ‰›ÎÙ˘· P2P, ÛÙËÓ ÂfiÌÂÓË ÁÂÓÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ WebØ ¿ÏψÛÙÂ Ë ·ÔΤÓÙÚˆÛË Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÛÙÔȯ›Ô- ÎÏÂȉ› ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙÔ˘ Web. ŒÙÛÈ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÙ› ηÓ›˜ Ù· ‰›ÎÙ˘· P2P Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ·ÔıËÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÁÚ¿ÊˆÓ ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ ·ÔÙ˘¯›·˜ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ ÌÈ·˜ ÛÂÏ›‰·˜ ÏfiÁˆ ·ÒÏÂÈ¿˜ Ù˘ ‹ ÏfiÁˆ «¯·Ï·- Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘» Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘. ∞ӷ̤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÏÂÁ¯ı› ·Ó Ë ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ P2P Ó· ‰ÈÂÎÂ- Ú·ÈÒÛÔ˘Ó ·ÚfiÌÔȘ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ (ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·˘Ù¤˜ ηı·˘Ù¤˜ ÂȂ‚·Èˆı› ̤¯ÚÈ Û‹- ÌÂÚ·) ı· ÂÍ·ÛıÂÓ›ÛÂÈ ‹ ı· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈ ÙÔ DNS. ∞Ó Î·È Ù· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· P2P ÂÎÌÂÙ·ÏχÔÓÙ·È ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Îϛ̷η ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÈÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÌÈÎÚÔ‡˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜, Ù· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο ϤÁÌ·Ù· [102] ›ӷÈ, Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, Ë Î·Ù·ÓÂÌË̤ÓË ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â˘Ú›·˜ Îϛ̷η˜ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈ·˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÎÔÏÔÛÛÈ·›·˜ ÔÛfiÙËÙ·˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ∆Ô Úfi- ‚ÏËÌ· ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚȷ΋ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ, fiˆ˜ ÛÙ· ‰›ÎÙ˘· P2P. ∆· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο ϤÁÌ·Ù·, fiˆ˜ Î·È Ù· ‰›ÎÙ˘· P2P, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ٷ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο ηٷ- ÓÂÌË̤ӷ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ, Â›Ó·È Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚ· ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Î·È Ï·Ù- ÊfiÚÌ·˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÒÓ. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·ÓÔÈÎÙ¿ ÚfiÙ˘· Î·È ÂÚÈÏËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÁڷʤ˜ ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ. ™Â ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· Ì ÙÔ SW, Ë ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ϤÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÛ ÙÔ ™ËÌ·- ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎfi ϤÁÌ· (Semantic Grid), ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ë ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Î·È ÔÈ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÔ› fiÚÔÈ Û¯ÔÏÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ (fiˆ˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ SW ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ë ÁÏÒÛÛ· RDF), ÂÈÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏ¢ÛË ÙËÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÎÒÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÈÌˆÓ ÚԉȷÁÚ·ÊÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ·˘ÙfiÌ·ÙÔ Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â˘Ú›·˜ Îϛ̷η˜ [72]. ∏ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ϤÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈ- ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ϤÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â˘Ú›·˜ Îϛ̷η˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·ÓÂ·Ó¿ÏËÙË Â˘Î·ÈÚ›·, Ì ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔÓ Large Hadron Collider ÙÔ˘ CERN121 fiÔ˘ Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÌÂٷʤÚÔÓÙ·È Î·È Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Û ·Û‡ÏÏËÙÔ˘˜ Ú˘ıÌÔ‡˜ ‰Âο‰ˆÓ gigabyte/sec. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Û ٤ÙÔȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎfi ϤÁÌ· Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÓÙÈηٿÛÙ·ÙÔ. ∆Ô ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎfi ϤÁÌ· Î·È ÙÔ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎfi ϤÁÌ· ·Ó·ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ·ÚÈıÌfi ·Ï·ÈÒÓ ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û Ӥ· ‚¿ÛË. ªÂ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÔ› fiÚÔÈ ÂÓfi˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ·Ú·¯ˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘˜, Ù· ı¤Ì·Ù· ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡Ó˘ Î·È ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â·Ó·ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó [23]. ™Â ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Â›‰Ô, ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Ó· ‰ÈÂÚ¢ӋÛÔ˘ÌÂ Â¿Ó ÙÔ Web ı· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ ÚÈ˙Èο ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË ‹ ·Ó ı· ÂÈʤÚÂÈ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜, fiˆ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ fiÏÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ [207]. °ÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Ô˘ ÂÁ›ÚÂÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ Î·ÈÓÔÊ·ÓÒÓ ˘ÔÏÔ- ÁÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÔÈÔ˜ ı· Â›Ó·È ÙÂÏÈο Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈο ·˘ÙfiÓÔÌˆÓ ÌÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó ·ÌÔÈ‚·›· ÂˆÊÂÏ‹ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· (ÂˆÊÂÏ‹ ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Î·ı¤Ó· ͯˆÚÈÛÙ¿, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ˆ˜ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ). ∆· ÚÔ- www 121 πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ ŒÚ¢ӷ˜ ÛÙȘ º˘ÛÈΤ˜ ∂ÈÛً̘, ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÍÂΛÓËÛ ÙÔ Web ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· ÙÔ˘ Sir Tim Berners-Lee. √ Large Hadron Collider ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·Ó ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎfi ÂÈÙ·¯˘ÓÙ‹ ÌÈÎÚÔۈ̷Ùȉ›ˆÓ.
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    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ‰ÂÛfi˙Ô˘Ó Û ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÈÛً̘ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ı· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ¤ÎÏËÍË Â¿Ó 77 ‚ÚÂıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. 3.3.3 ∂Í·ÙƠ̂΢ÛË ™˘¯Ó¿ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë ÂÍ·ÙƠ̂΢ÛË Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÛ· ÛÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ·Í›·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ [81] Î·È ÛÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÂÏ·ÙÂȷ΋˜ «‰¤ÛÌ¢Û˘» [281]. °È· Ó· ÂÈ- Ù¢¯ı›, fï˜, Ë ÂÍ·ÙƠ̂΢ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ Î·È Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË Â›Ó·È Ó· ·Ú·Ì›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ Web οÙÈ ¤Ú· ·fi ¤Ó· Ì·˙ÈÎfi ÂÌfiÚÂ˘Ì· «ÂÓfi˜ ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· fiÏÔ˘˜» Î·È Ó· Û˘Ó¯›ÛÂÈ Ó· ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˜ fiÔ˘ οı ¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜ ı· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÛÌÈχÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÙÔÌÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÁˆÓÈ¿. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ ηχÙÂÚˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ, «Ú·ÌÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙ· ̤ÙÚ·» ÙÔ˘ ηıÂÓfi˜, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Ì ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ‹ ÂÏ·ÊÚÒ˜ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ [90]. ∆· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ122 Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÚÔÊ·Ó‹˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ [6]. °È· Ó· ÂÈÙ‡¯Ô˘Ì ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÍ·ÙƠ̂΢ÛË ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÚԂԇ̠۠ÔÏÔÎÏËڈ̤ÓË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ·fi ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ fiÚˆÓ, Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ (Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÏÈÎ, ÙÔ ÌÔÙ›‚Ô ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÎÙ‹ÛˆÓ, Ù· online ÚÔÊ›Ï), ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ú·‰fiıËÎ·Ó (ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Î·È ‰ÔÌ‹ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰·˜) Î·È Ù˘ ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘. √È ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ·˘ÙÔ› Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙȘ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÂÍfiڢ͢ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, ÛÙԯ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÂÔÙ›·˜ ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ, Ô˘ ı· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ÔÛfiÙËÙ· ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Ô˘ ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜, Û ÌÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ô˘ ı· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÔ‡Ó, ÂÓÒ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ı· ·ÔÎÏ›ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÓÂÈı‡ÌËÙË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ˘ÔÁÚ·Ì- Ì›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ʇÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÏ·ÙÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÒÓ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ŸÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ı· Û˘Ì‚Ô‡Ó ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ‰È·Î˘‚‡ÂÙ·È Ë ·ÚÌÔÓÈ΋ Û¯¤ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¤˜ Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ ÛÙÔ Web Î·È ÙÔ È‰È·›ÙÂÚÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÔÔÈË̤Ó˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ô˘ ÂÓ‰˘Ó·ÌÒÓÂÈ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ «ÁˆÓÈ¿˜» ÛÙÔÓ ∫˘‚ÂÚÓÔ¯ÒÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Î·ı¤Ó·, ÌÈ·˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Â¤ÎÙ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘. ªÂ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ fiÙÈ ÛÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È Ôχ Èı·ÓfiÓ Ë Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ˘„ËÏfi ‚·ıÌfi ηٷÓÔÌ‹˜ Î·È ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙfi- ÙËÙ·˜, ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎԇ̠fiÙÈ Ë ÂÍ·ÙƠ̂΢ÛË ı· Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ÔʤÏË ÙÔ˘ SW, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ ÎÔÚˆÓ›‰· ÙˆÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÔÏÏ·ÏÔ‡˜ Î·È Î·Ù·ÓÂÌË̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜. ∞˘Ù‹ ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ «ÙÚ¤¯ÂÈ» ¤Ó·˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ¤ÚÁˆÓ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ ªË¯·ÓÈ΋˜, Ù· ÔÔ›· ‰ÈÂÚ¢ÓÔ‡Ó Â˘ÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÙƠ̂΢ÛË Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·, ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔ̤Ó˘ Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ [120], ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ [74, 165], ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ P2P [126], Î·È Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ı· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË [74, 157, 223]. ∂›Û˘, ÚÔˆıÂ›Ù·È Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ı· Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÙƠ̂΢ÛË [136, 53, 194] Î·È Ë ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈ˙fiÌÂÓˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ Ô˘ ı· ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Î·È fi¯È ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ [54]. ªÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÂÍ·ÙÔÌ›Î¢Û˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ Ù· ÔÔ›· ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο ·Ú¯¿ÚÈÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ‹ www 122 Recommender systems.
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    3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 78 Ó· ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÛÔ˘Ó ÔχÏÔη Ù¯ÓÔ˘ÚÁ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ [213, 211] ‹ ÔÈ wrappers123 [250]. 3.3.4 ¶ÔÏ˘Ì¤Û· ∆Ô Web Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ··ÈÙ› ÔχÏÔÎË ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·, Î·È ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ÌfiÓÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web. √È Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ÌÂÙ·-Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜124 Î·È Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁ›· Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ˆ˜ ̤ÛÔ, ·ÚfiÙÈ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË ÔÏϤ˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó Û ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹. ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÌÂÈÚÔÁÓÒÌÔÓ˜ Û˘¯Ó¿ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ‰È·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ÁÓÒÛË ÙÔ˘˜ [174, 263]. ™ÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ Ó· ·Ú·¯ıÔ‡Ó Ù·ÍÈÓƠ̂˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ÁψÛÛÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· [190], ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù¤ÏËÍ·Ó Û ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜. ªÈ· ÌÂÚ›‰· ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÒÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıËÛ ӷ ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„ÂÈ ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ô˘ ‰È¤Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰È·ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ [60]. À‹ÚÍ·Ó, Â›Û˘, ·ÍÈfiÏÔÁ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÔΈ‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ì ·Ù¤ÏÂȘ [147] Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÌÈ· ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›· [8]. ™Â ÙÂÏÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË, Ë ÂÓۈ̿وÛË ÔÏ˘ÌÔÚÊÈÎÒÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ ÛÎËÓ‹˜ ‹ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· [224]. °ÂÓÈο, ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ ·ÎfiÌË ÁÓˆÛÙfi˜ ¤Ó·˜ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË Ù˘ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ. ∆Ô Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÓÔÌ·ÛÙ› «ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ÎÂÓfi». øÛÙfiÛÔ, ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ ÙÔ Web Ù˘ ÂfiÌÂÓ˘ ÁÂÓÈ¿˜ Ó· ÛÙËÚȯı› ÛÙËÓ ÂÛÊ·Ï̤ÓË ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ Â›Ó·È Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô Î·È Ë ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Ì ϤÍÂȘ-ÎÏÂȉȿ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ÁÈ· fiϘ ÙȘ ‰Ô˘ÏÂȤ˜ [127]. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ù· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó Ì ÙËÓ ÏÔ‹ÁËÛË ·ÊÂÓfi˜ ̤ۈ ·ÔıËÎÒÓ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ (fiˆ˜ ·Ú¯Â›· ‚›ÓÙÂÔ), Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ̤ۈ ÙÔ˘ Web, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛÙ· ‰ÈfiÙÈ Î·È ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ‡·ÚÍË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ Ô˘ ı· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÚÈ‹ÁËÛË Î·È Ì˯·ÓÒÓ Ô˘ ı· ÂÈÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ¯ÂÈÚÔΛÓËÙË ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË Ì¤Ûˆ ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛˆÓ. ∂ÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, Ë Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô˜ Ù˘ Ϥ͈˜-ÎÏÂȉÈÔ‡ ›Ûˆ˜ Ó· ·ÔÙ‡¯ÂÈ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ˘ ÏÔ‡ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚˆÓ ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈÎÒÓ Ì¤ÛˆÓ [264]. ∆Ô Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ Ù˘ Google, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ Ô˘ «ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ» ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· Î·È ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÌÈ· Û¯ÂÙÈο ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚË ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË. ∫·È Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ô ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· οÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÈ΋ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹, «ÍÂÛηÚÙ¿ÚÔÓÙ·˜» ÙȘ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓ˜ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ (Ë ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ Ì ‚¿ÛË Ï¤ÍÂȘ-ÎÏÂȉȿ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ «ÂÈÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÈ» Ôχ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÍÈÔÔÈËı› fiϘ ÔÈ Â‡ÏÔÁ˜ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜). ∏ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ·ÚÔ˘Û›· Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ Î‡ÎÏÔ ‰Ú¿Û˘ Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ·ÔÊ¢¯ı› ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ. ™˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÂÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÔÙÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Ì ¿ÏϘ ·ÈÛı‹ÛÂȘ [224], ·Ú¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ·fi ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ‰ÔÌÒÓ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó Î›ÌÂÓ· Û¯Â- www 123 ŒÓ·˜ wrapper ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ¿˙ÂÈ ·fi ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÙˆÓ mediators (ÂȉÈÎfi ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜) Î·È ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· Ù˘ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˘ ËÁ‹˜. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ Ù›ÙÏˆÓ ÌÈ·˜ on-line ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰·˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ¤Ó·Ó wrapper, ÊÙÈ·Á̤ÓÔ ÂȉÈο ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÛÎÔfi ·˘Ùfi. 124 Metareasoning. ™˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜.
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    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÙÈ˙fiÌÂÓ· ÌÂ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ Î·È ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË Û ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ 79 Ï·›ÛÈÔ [7]. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ÍÔ‰¤„Ô˘Ì ÂÈϤÔÓ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÂÈÎfiÓ·˜, ÛÙԯ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ηχÙÂÚˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·fi ÙȘ ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ì ϤÍÂȘ- ÎÏÂȉȿ, ·Ó ‚¤‚·È· ‰ÂÓ Ì·˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÂÈ Ë Ù·¯‡ÙËÙ· ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ [293]. ™Â ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÁÓˆÚÈÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ˙‹ÙËÌ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ¯·ÌËÏÔ‡ ÂÈ¤‰Ô˘, fiˆ˜ Ï.¯. ÙÔ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô ¯ÚÒÌ·, Î·È Û ·˘Ù¿ ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ÂÈ¤‰Ô˘, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· «Madonna» ‹ Ô Ù›ÙÏÔ˜ ÂÓfi˜ ‰›ÛÎÔ˘ Ù˘ («still life»). ∏ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Û ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ¯·ÌËÏÔ‡ ÂÈ¤‰Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ Ù·¯‡ÙÂÚË Î·È ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚ˘ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Èı·Ófiٷٷ Ó· ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Ì ÈÔ «·ÊËÚË̤ÓÔ˘˜» Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ [121]. ∏ Î¿Ï˘„Ë ÙÔ˘ «ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ÎÂÓÔ‡» ÛÙȘ ÔÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔÙ·ı› ̤ۈ ÂÓfi˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ˘‚Úȉ›Ô˘ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Û¯ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ı· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ¯·ÌËÏÔ‡ ÂÈ¤‰Ô˘ Î·È ı· ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË Ì ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ÂÈ¤‰Ô˘ ·ÊËÚË̤Ó˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ, ÂÎÂÊÚ·Ṳ̂Ó˜ Û ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ [229]. ∏ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ˘Ô‰ÔÌ‹ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË (i) ÌÈ·˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÔÙÈ΋˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ‚·ÛÈṲ̂Ó˘ Û ÌÈ· ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË RDF ÙÔ˘ MPEG-7125 ÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈÁڷʤ·, (ii) ÌÈ·˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Ù˘ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÛÙÔ MPEG-7 ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi Û¯‹Ì· ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ Î·È (iii) ÌÈ·˜ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÛÙË Ú›˙· Ù˘ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ˆ˜ Á¤Ê˘Ú· ÁÈ· fiϘ ÙȘ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi Û¯‹Ì· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÌÈ· ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›· [260]. ŒÓ· Â›Û˘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ·ÓÔÈÎÙfi ˙‹ÙËÌ· Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ SW Ì ٷ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· RDF, fiˆ˜ Ù· ÌÂÙ·- ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ EXIF ÙÔ˘ JPEGS ‹ ÔÈ ·ÓÂ›ÛË̘ ÂÙÈΤÙ˜ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ ÛÙÔ Flickr [279]. ¶ÚfiÛıÂÙË ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ηٷ‚ÏËı› ÛÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË Ù˘ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛ˘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÂÈÎfiÓˆÓ ·fi ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ¯¤ÚÈ Î·È Ù˘ Èı·Ó‹˜ ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ‹˜ Ù˘ [156, 206], Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔ̤Ó˘ Ù˘ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÈ Ï·˚- ÎÔÓƠ̂˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ (‰Â›Ù ۯÂÙÈο ÙȘ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ˜ 3.1.4 Î·È 3.1.5). µÂ‚·›ˆ˜, Ù· ÔÏ˘Ì¤Û· Ô˘ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÛÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· Î·È ÙÔ ‚›ÓÙÂÔ. √ ηٿÏÔÁÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÔÈÎÙÒÓ ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÚÔ˜ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ fiÛÔ ‚·ıÈ¿ ÛÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ù˘ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÌÔÚ› οÔÈÔ˜ Ó· ÊÙ¿ÛÂÈ Ì ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È fiÛ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ›‰Ë ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·˘Ù‹. 3.3.5 ∂ÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· º˘ÛÈ΋˜ °ÏÒÛÛ·˜ ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ (NLP), ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙËÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ·‰fiÌËÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û Î›ÌÂÓ·, Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ (Û οÔÈÔ ‚·ıÌfi) ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡. ∏ NLP Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È www 125 ∆Ô MPEG-7 Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÚfiÙ˘Ô ISO/IEC Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËΠ·fi ÙÔ MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group), ÙËÓ ÂÈÙÚÔ‹ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Â›Û˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÂÈ Ù· ‹‰Ë ÁÓˆÛÙ¿ ÚfiÙ˘· MPEG-1 (1992), MPEG-2 (1994) Î·È ÙÔ MPEG-4 (Version 1 ÙÔ 1998 Î·È version 2 ÙÔ 1999). ∂›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÚfiÙ˘Ô Ô˘ ·ÔÛÎÔ› ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Î·Ï˘ÊıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ Û Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‹ ÌË-Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ¯ÚfiÓÔ.
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    3. ∏ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web 80 Ì ÙÔ Web Ì ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜. ∫·Ù¿ ÚÒÙÔÓ, Ë Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÛÔÚ·‰ÈÎfi Î·È ·Û˘Ó¯¤˜ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Î·ıÒ˜ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ‹ ÂÎʤÚÔÓÙ·È ÚÔÊÔÚÈο ÁÈ· Ì›· ÊÔÚ¿ ‹ Ôχ Û¿ÓÈ· Î·È Ë ÁÈÁ·ÓÙÈ·›· Îϛ̷η ÙÔ˘ Web ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ (corpus) ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì¤Ûˆ NLP. ª›· ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Web ‹Ù·Ó fiÙÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ‰‡Ô ¯ÈÏÈ¿‰Â˜ ‰ÈÛÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ϤÍÂȘ, ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÙÔ 71% Â›Ó·È ∞ÁÁÏÈΤ˜, ÙÔ 6.8% π·ˆÓÈΤ˜, Î·È ÙÔ 5.1% °ÂÚÌ·ÓÈΤ˜. ¶ÔÏϤ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο ·Û˘Ó‹ıÈÛÙ˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜, fiˆ˜ Ù· ™ÏÔ‚ÂÓÈο ‹ Ù· ª·Ï·ÈÛÈ·Ó¿ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ˘ÂÚËÊ·Ó‡ÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË 100 ÂηÙÔÌÌ˘Ú›ˆÓ ϤÍÂˆÓ Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Web, fiÙ·Ó ÙË ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹, ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌ› ÙÔ Â˘Ú¤ˆ˜ ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÛ¤‚·ÛÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Ù˘ ∞ÁÁÏÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜126. ¢È·Ù˘ÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙÔ Î·Ù¿ fiÛÔ ı· Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ¢ÙÈÎfi ÙÔ Web ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ηıÔÚÈÛÙ› Ì ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ‡ÂÈ ¤Ó· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ [167]. £· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÌÈÏ›·, ÙÔ ÁÚ·Ùfi ÏfiÁÔ, ‰Â˘ÙÂÚ‡ԢÛ˜ ÁψÛÛÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ fiˆ˜ Ù· «ÌÔ˘ÚÌÔ˘Ú›ÛÌ·Ù·» Î·È Ù· «·Ú·ÌÈÏËÙ¿» ÛÙÔÓ ‡ÓÔ ‹ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ù· ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·Ù· ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘; ∫·Ù¿ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, Ì ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ Îϛ̷η˜ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Web, ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ù˘ NLP ı· ·Ô‰ÂȯıÔ‡Ó ÔχÙÈ̘ Û ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ fiˆ˜ Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÚÈÏ‹„ˆÓ127, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÛÙÔ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘. ∆Ú›ÙÔÓ, Ë NLP ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ‡ÎÔÏ· ÚÔÛ‚¿ÛÈÌˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ë ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓ‹˜, Î·È fi¯È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÂÍÔÈÎÂȈ̤ÓË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜, ‚¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∏ NLP Â›Ó·È Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÂÈ ÛÙË ÁÂʇڈÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ fiÚ·Ì· ÙÔ˘ SW ÁÈ· ¤Ó· Web ÊÙÈ·Á̤ÓÔ ·fi ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ô˘ ı· ˘ÔÏÔÁ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Ù˘ §ÔÁÈ΋˜ Î·È ÙÔ ÈÔ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi fiÚ·Ì· ÙÔ˘ Web ˆ˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌˆÓ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ. ∂› ·Ú·- ‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÈ, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ù˘ NLP Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„Ô˘ÌÂ Î·È Ó· ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ [153]; ™‹ÌÂÚ·, Ù· ΛÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ·‰fiÌËÙ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ·ÊËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó Û‹Ì·ÓÛË Î·È Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ «ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË». √È ˘ÔÏÔÁ›ÛÈ̘ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ‰ÂÈ Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹˜ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙÔ ÛÎÔfi Î·È ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ıËÛ·˘ÚÔ‡˜ ÁÓÒÛˆÓ128 Î·È ÙȘ Ù·ÍÈÓƠ̂˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿Ì ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Ù˘ NLP, ·ÚfiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ‰È·Ì¿¯Ë ÁÈ· ÙË Ê‡ÛË Î·È ÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ [125, 289]. ∆Ô WordNet, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿ ÌÈ· ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÏÂÎÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Ì ÔÏÏ·Ϥ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ, ÂÓÒ Ë ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÚÔÛ·ı› Ó· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÌÈ·˜ Î·È ÌÔÓ·‰È΋˜ ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜ ÁÈ· οı fiÚÔ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ›. ŸÌˆ˜, ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, ÙÔ WordNet ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ, fiˆ˜ Ë ‡·ÚÍË Û˘ÓfiÏˆÓ Î·È ÔÈ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯÔÈ Î·ÓfiÓ˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ¿ ÙÔ˘˜. √È fiÚÔÈ Ù˘ NLP ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÎÔÈÓ¿ ÛÙÔȯ›· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ì ÙȘ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜. www 126 British National Corpus. 127 ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ÌÔÚ›Ù ӷ ·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÂÙ ÛÙËÓ Document Understanding Conference – http://duc.nist.gov/ Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¯ÒÚ· Û ÂÙ‹ÛÈ· ‚¿ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ [69]. 128 Thesauri. ¶·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ fiÚˆÓ, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù‹ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÒÓ˘ÌˆÓ.
  • 77.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ∞fi ÙËÓ ÔÙÈ΋ ÁˆÓ›· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web, Ù· ÛÔ˘‰·›· ·ÓÔÈÎÙ¿ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È 81 ÛÙË Û¯¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Ì ÙËÓ NLP. ∂›Ó·È ÔÈ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ NLP ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ˜ ‹ Â›Ó·È Û˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈΤ˜ Ì ÙȘ §ÔÁÈΤ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ˘ÈÔıÂÙ› Ë ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ SW; ∂Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο, Ù›ıÂÙ·È ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Â¿Ó ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ‚¤ÏÙÈÛÙË ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ô˘ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ‰‡Ô ‰›· ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ. ™ÙȘ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ·›˙ÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓfiÌ·ÛÙ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ Web. ∞Ó, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, οÔÈÔ˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ô ‚·ÛÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ô Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ë ·ÚÔ¯‹ ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ‰ÔÌ‹˜ («Ë ¯·ÏÈÓ·ÁÒÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ Web», fiˆ˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ÛÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ [196]), ÙfiÙÂ Ë NLP ı· ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›ÛÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·˘Ù‹, Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔ̤Ó˘ Î·È Ù˘ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛ˘ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Î·È ÂÚÌËÓÂÈÒÓ Û ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô [290]. ∞Ó ıˆÚԇ̠fiÙÈ ÙÔ SW ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÈΤÓÙÚˆÛË ÛÙ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Î·È ÛÙÔ Û¯ÂÛÈ·Îfi ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙˆÓ ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, ÙfiÙ ٷ ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ §ÔÁÈ΋˜ Î·È ÔÈ ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ÛÈÌÔÈ URIs ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙË ‚¿ÛË Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘. ∏ NLP ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙË ™Ù·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋, ÂÓÒ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· ÙÔ SW ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ §ÔÁÈ΋˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÎfiÌ· Ó· οÓÂÈ ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ™Ù·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋˜. ∏ Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· Â›Ó·È ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ùfi ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÁÏ·Ê˘Ú¿ Ì ÙËÓ ÊÚ¿ÛË «ÙÔ ÓfiËÌ· ˆ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛË»129 (ÁÈ· ÈÔ ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚ‹ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ·Ú·Î·ÏÒ ·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÙ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 5.1). ∆Ô ıÂÌÂÏÈ҉˜ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi Ù˘ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Ï¤ÍË, ÂÓÒ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ÛÙÔ SW ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÂÈÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÏÔÁÈÎÔ› fiÚÔÈ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıˆ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¿ÚÚËÎÙË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ì ÙÔ˘˜ URIs. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ¿ÌÂÛ· Ë ‰˘Û·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ NLP Î·È ÙÔ˘ SW Ô˘ ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ URIs, Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙȘ ϤÍÂȘ, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ȉÈÔÎً٘ Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰ÈÔÈÎËıÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘. ªÂ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË ‰ÂÓ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ì ӷ ԇ̠fiÙÈ Ë ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ «·ÓÔÛ›·» ÛÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÔ- Ô›ËÛË ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜ ÁÈ· οı ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ô˘ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Ù˘ ηıÔÌÈÏÔ˘Ì¤Ó˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ‚·ıÌfi ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ· Û ‚Ú·¯˘¯ÚfiÓÈÔ Î·È ÌÂÛÔ¯ÚfiÓÈÔ Â›‰Ô. www 129 Meaning is use.
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    82 4. H ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web
  • 79.
    83 ∏ ηٷÓfiËÛË Î·ÈË ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛË ÙˆÓ È‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Web ˆ˜ ·˘ı‡·ÚÎÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·Ó Ôχ ηÏfi ÙÚfiÔ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÙÒÓ Ó¤ˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ·ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˆÊÂÏ‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ∞Ú¯¤˜ ¶ÚÔÙ˘ÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„Ô˘Ó Î·È Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¤˜ Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ ÛÙÔ Web Û ̷ÎÚÔÛÎÔÈÎfi Â›‰Ô. ™ÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ·ÊÂÓfi˜ ı· οÓÔ˘Ì ÌÈ· Û˘ÓÔÙÈ΋ ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛ·ıÂÈÒÓ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Ô˘ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙˆÓ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ. 4.1 ∏ ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Web 4.1.1 ∏ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ Web ∏ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË Ù˘ ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ› Ó· ͯˆÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ ·fi Ù· ‚·ÛÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ ۯ‰›·Û˘ Î·È Ó· ·Ôηχ„ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ‰ÔÌ‹ Î·È ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋. ∏ ‰ÔÌ‹ ¤¯ÂÈ Ó· Ì·˜ ÂÈ ÔÏÏ¿ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌ· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù·. ∏ ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Web, ÚÔÊ·ÓÒ˜, ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ¿ÓÙ· ·fi ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ·Ê·›ÚÂÛ˘ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÂ›Ù·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙÔ˘. ∂›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÒÛÙÂ Î·È ÔÈ ·Ú·ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔ- ÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ·fi‰ÔÛË Î¿ÔÈˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Û ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ·ÔÎÏ›ÛÂȘ Û ̷ÎÚÔÛÎÔÈÎfi Â›‰Ô. ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÂÓÒ ÛÙ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ‰ÂÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ·ÓËÛ˘¯›· Ë ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ¤Ó·Ó ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ Ù¿Í˘ ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜ O(n)130 Î·È Û ¤Ó·Ó ¿ÏÏÔÓ Ù¿Í˘ ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜ O(nlogn)131, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Îϛ̷η ÙÔ˘ Web Ô fiÚÔ˜ logn Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÈÛıËÙ¿ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˜ [191]. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, Ë Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÚÒÓ ÛÙ· ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ‰›ÎÙ˘· ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÛËÌ·Û›·, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È fiÙ·Ó ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ì ÙȘ ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ë ‰ÔÌ‹ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ Ù˘ ·Ù¿ ÛÙÔȯ›· ÁÈ· ÙȘ «˙‡ÍÂȘ» Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ¯ÒÚ· ÛÙÔ Web. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Û ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ, fiˆ˜ Ë ÏÔ‹ÁËÛË, Ë ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË, Ë ·ÚÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ fiÚˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘Ô- ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ online ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ‹ Ë Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÂȉڿÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔη- ÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ Í·ÊÓÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ÛÙË ˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·. ∆Ô Web Â›Ó·È ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈÛÌfi˜ ‹ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi˜ Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÛÙȘ ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ. ∂¿Ó ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈÏËÊıԇ̠ˆ˜ Ì›· ‰ÔÌ‹ ˘ÂÚÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ÙfiÙ Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ë Â˘¯ÚËÛÙ›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, Ë ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË «¯·Ì¤ÓÔ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ∫˘‚ÂÚÓÔ¯ÒÚÔ» ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÙÈÎfi Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ·ÔÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ·Ó·Î‡ÙÂÈ ·fi ÙË ‰È·‰Ô¯È΋ ·Ï˘Û›‰· ηÎÒ˜ Û˘Ó‰Â‰ÂÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ. ∏ ·Ï˘ÛȉˆÙ‹ ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ·fi Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔ Û ۇӉÂÛÌÔ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ì ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚÔ Ú›ÛÎÔ fiÙ·Ó ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂ Ê˘ÏÏÔÌÂÙÚËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Web (.¯. Internet Explorer) Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚԂϤ„ÂÈ ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔ˘ÌÈÔ‡ ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ («back») ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ ÔÔ›· ·Ó·ÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÙ·È Ë ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË www 130 °Ú·ÌÌÈ΋˜ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ·˜. 131 √ÈÔÓ› - ÁÚ·ÌÌÈ΋˜ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ·˜.
  • 80.
    4. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛËÙÔ˘ Web 84 Û ¤Ó· Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔ. ∫·È, Û οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÒÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÓÙÔ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Ô˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË, Ë ÏÔ‹ÁËÛË ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ì›· Óˆ¯ÂÏÈ΋ ÂÚÈ‹ÁËÛË Á‡Úˆ ·fi Ì›· ·Ï˘Û›‰· Û˘Ó‰¤Û̈Ó. ∏ ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Web ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ· ·fi ÙȘ ·Ϥ˜ ÁÚ·ÌÌÈΤ˜ ·Ï˘Û›- ‰Â˜. ™Â ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ı· Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋˜ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È Ò˜ Ë Î¿ı ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰· ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿ Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙ÂÈ Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ‹ ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜; °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙfi Ó· ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ·Ê‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙË ÁÓÒÛË ÛÙÔ Web; ŒÓ·˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˜ ¯¿ÚÙ˘ ›Ûˆ˜ Ì·˜ Â¤ÙÚÂ ӷ ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚ· ÙȘ online ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ‹ Ó· ÂȉÔıԇ̠۠¤Ó· ΢ӋÁÈ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Î·È ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛˆÓ, fiˆ˜ Ë ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÌÈÌËÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ȉ¤·˜, ‹ ÌÈ·˜ Ê‹Ì˘ ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ηٷÛ΢·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙÔ˜ ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ıˆڛ·˜, ·fi ÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘, Î·È ÙÔ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙÔ, ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Î·È Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ [5]. ªÂ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¯¿ÚÙ˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓÔ «ÊÔ‡ÛΈ̷» ÙÔ˘ Slashdot132, ÚÈÓ Î·Ó Û˘Ì‚Ô‡Ó ‹ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ·Ú¤Ì‚Ô˘Ì ¿ÌÂÛ· ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÚÈ΋ ‹ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÏÈ΋ ·ÔηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ- ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. £· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·ÌÂ, ÂÈϤÔÓ, Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„Ô˘Ì ·Ó ÔÈ ÂȉڿÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ «ÊÔ˘ÛÎÒ- Ì·ÙÔ˜» ÙÔ˘ Slashdot ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ì‚Ï˘Óı› ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ Û˘Ó¯fiÌÂÓ˘ Â¤ÎÙ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Web, fiˆ˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›¯ıËΠÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ÛÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· [166]. Œ¯Ô˘Ó ηٷӷψı› ÔÏÏÔ› ÙfiÓÔÈ ÌÂÏ·ÓÈÔ‡ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web Î·È Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·fi„ÂȘ Û˘ÁÎÏ›- ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·‰Ô¯‹ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ˙ˆÓÙ·Ófi˜, ÂÍÂÏÈÛÛfiÌÂÓÔ˜ Î·È ÂÎÙfi˜ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ [.¯. 87]. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, Ë ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓË Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓËÁÔÚ› ÛÙËÓ ÂÔ›ıËÛË fiÙÈ Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹ ÙÔ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÍÂʇÁÂÈ ·fi οı ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô. ∏ ıÂÒÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ Web ˆ˜ Ï·ÙÊfiÚÌ·˜ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÔÈÎ›ÏˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈ΋ Î·È ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ÂÔ›ıËÛË fiÙÈ ÔÈ «‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ›» ÙÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ Û ̷ÎÚÔÛÎÔÈÎfi Â›‰Ô. ø˜ «‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ›» ÙÔ˘ Web ÏÔÁ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÚˆÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ› Ù˘ Û‡ÏÏ˄˘ Ù˘ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ ÙˆÓ «‰ÈÂÈÛ‰˘ÙÈÎÒÓ» Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙË ÁÓÒÛË Î·È ÙˆÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂÒÓ ÙË˜Ø ÔÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ› ÙˆÓ ·Ó›Û¯˘ÚˆÓ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ Î·È ÁψÛÛÒÓ ›Ûˆ ·fi ÙÔ Web, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÂÈ Ì¤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ·Ø ÔÈ ÔÏÏÔ› Â·ÁÁÂÏ- ̷ٛ˜ Ô˘ ·ÓȉÈÔÙÂÏÒ˜ ‰ÈÂÍ¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÙȘ Â›ÔÓ˜ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÛÂȘ ÛÙȘ ÂÈÙÚÔ¤˜ ÚÔÙ˘- ÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ W3CØ Î·È Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÔÈ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ô˘ ‚Ϥ- Ô˘Ì online. ∏ ıÂÒÚËÛË ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È ·Ó›Û¯˘ÚË, ¯ˆÚ›˜ fï˜ ·˘Ùfi Ó· ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Web ¤¯ÂÈ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ·› Û ÌË ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈË̤ÓË «ÛÔ‡·» ·fi Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤Ó˜ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜. √È Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÌÔÙ›‚ˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ [171] ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ô‰ÂȯÙ› ÂÍfi¯ˆ˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜, ‰È·ÊˆÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Û˘Ì·Á›˜ ÛÙȘ ‰Ô̤˜ Ô˘ ·ÔηχÙÔ˘Ó. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÌÂÚÈÎÔ› ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡Ó Î·Ù¿ ÌÈ· ¤ÓÓÔÈ·. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ· ÔÏÏÔ› ¿ÏÏÔÈ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ·˘ÙÔ‡˜. √È ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ ·˘ÙÔ› ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÔÓÔÌ·ÛıÔ‡Ó Î˘Ú›·Ú¯ÔÈ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ (authorities). À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó, Â›Û˘ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÂÍÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ –¤Ó·˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ıˆڋÛÔ˘Ì ˆ˜ Ù· ÛËÌ›· Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ www 132 OÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ¤Ó·˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Ôχ ·ÚÁ¿ ‹ ÎÏ›ÓÂÈ ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜, ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ Ì·˙È΋˜ ÂÈÛfi- ‰Ô˘ Ó¤ˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ¤Ó·Ó ¿ÏÏÔ ‰ËÌÔÊÈÏ‹ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ Î·È ¤Ï·‚ ÙËÓ ÔÓÔÌ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô Ú·Á- Ì·ÙÈÎfi ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó¤‚Ë ÛÙÔ online ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi Slashdot.
  • 81.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ‰È·ÏÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô– Î·È Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· 85 ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔÈ ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ÎÔÌ‚Èο ÛËÌ›·Ø ˆ˜ ÔÌÊ·ÏÔ› (hubs). √È ÔÌÊ·ÏÔ› ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Î·È ˆ˜ ΢ڛ·Ú¯ÔÈ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·›ı·ÓÔ Ó· Ô‰ËÁ› ÌÈÎÚfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Û ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ‹ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Î·Ì›·. ŸÙ·Ó ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ì ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô˘ ÂÈÛ‹Á·Á·Ó ÔÈ ÚˆÙÔfiÚÔÈ Kleinberg, Brin Î·È Page Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË Ì‹ÙÚ· ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ˘ÔÏÔÁ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ‰È·Ó‡ÛÌ·Ù·, ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛË Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙȘ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Â˜ ÎÔÌ‚ÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ Ì‹ÙÚ·˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÔÎ·Ï˘ÊıÔ‡Ó. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ë ·Ú¯È΋ ÚfiıÂÛË ÙÔ˘ Kleinberg ‹Ù·Ó Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ô˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜, ÂÓÒ ·Ú¯Èο ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ ¤ÎÏËÍË Ë ·ÓÙ·¯Ô‡ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÈÔ ÔχÏÔÎˆÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯ˆÓ ÎÔÌ- ‚ÈÎÒÓ ÛËÌ›ˆÓ ÛÙ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ [171]. ¶ÔÏϤ˜ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Â˜ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ Î·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ÚÔÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi fiÏÔ˘˜ ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜ Ô˘ ÂÍÂȉÈ·ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÂÚÈÔ¯‹. °È· ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Â¿Ó ÔÈ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Â˜ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ ‰ÂÓ «‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó» Ë Ì›· ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË (Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙˆÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ) Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤Ó˜ Û ¤Ó· ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ˘Ô-‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Ì¤Ûˆ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÌ‚ÈÎÒÓ ÛËÌ›ˆÓ. ∆¤ÙÔȘ ‰Ô̤˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÂÎ ÙˆÓ Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ (de facto) ¤Ó· ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô, fiˆ˜ ı· ÔÚÈ- ˙fiÙ·Ó ·fi ÌÈ· ÂÓÂÚÁ‹ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ. ¶·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ‰›· Î·È ÎÔÈ- ÓfiÙËÙ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ¤Ó·Ó ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ «ÛÌ›ÏÂ˘Ì·» ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÏ·ÛÈÎÔ‡ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ [137]. 4.1.2 ¢ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË £ÂˆÚ›· °Ú¿ÊˆÓ ∆Ô ÈÔ ÁÓˆÛÙfi ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÌÂϤÙË ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Ë £ÂˆÚ›· °Ú¿ÊˆÓ133. £· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ Web ˆ˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ Ì ÎÔÚ˘Ê¤˜ (ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜) ÙȘ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Î·È Î·Ù¢ı˘ÓfiÌÂÓ˜ ·Î̤˜ (Ï¢ڤ˜) ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜. ∂Âȉ‹ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙÔÈ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ Â›Ó·È Ù˘¯·›ÔÈ, Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÍÂοı·ÚÔ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·Î̤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ·Ê‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Έ‰ÈÎÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔȯ›· ‰ÔÌ‹˜ ·fi ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÚ·Ù¿ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÚˆÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡˜ ÂÚÈÂ- ¯Ô̤ÓÔ˘. ∆· ÈÛ¯˘Ú¿ Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ӷ ̤ÚË ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔÈ¯Ô‡Ó ÛÙȘ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓ˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∫˘‚ÂÚÓÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘134 Î·È ÔÈ ÚÒÙ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ Kumar Î·È ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘, Ô‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÎ¿Ï˘„Ë Î·È ÙË ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË ¯ÈÏÈ¿‰ˆÓ ·Úfi- ÌÔÈˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ [175]. ∂ÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, Ë ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓÔ-ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙË ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ·ÎfiÌ· οÙÈ Û·Ó Ù¤¯ÓË Î·È ÚÔηÏ› ·ÓÙÈı¤ÛÂȘ. ªÂÚÈΤ˜ ÚÔ- ÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Û˘¯Ó¿ ·Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó «ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜» Ì ÌË ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓ˜ Î·È ÂÏÏÈ›˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯¤˜, ÂÓÒ ¿ÏϘ ηٷÌÂÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ [137]. www 133 ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÔχÏÔÎˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ‰˘·‰ÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Ì ÙË ¯¿Ú·ÍË ÁÚ·ÌÌÒÓ ÛÙÔ Â›‰Ô. ∏ £ÂˆÚ›· °Ú¿ÊˆÓ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È fiÙÈ ÍÂΛÓËÛ ·fi ÙÔÓ Euler ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 18Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·. √È ÁÚ¿ÊÔÈ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË Î·È ÙË Ï‡ÛË ÔÏÏÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ‰›ÎÙ˘· Î·È Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙËÏÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ (.¯. ÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô), Û ¯¿ÚÙ˜ –ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ‰ÚÔÌÔÏÔÁ›ˆÓ–, Û ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ, ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÚÔ- ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î.¿. 134 Cybercommunities. ∫˘‚ÂÚÓÔ-ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜.
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    4. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛËÙÔ˘ Web 86 ∏ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·135 ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·Ï˘ı› Ì οı ÏÂÙÔ̤ÚÂÈ·, Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ‰ÂÈÎÙÒÓ Ù˘ ‰ÔÌ‹˜, ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÎfiÌ‚ÔÈ. ¶ÔÈΛϘ Ì·ÎÚÔÛÎÔÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ͯˆÚ›ÛÂÈ Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂÙÚËı›. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ¤Ó· ¤Ú·ÛÌ· (crawl) ·fi ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ 200 ÂηÙÔÌÌ˘Ú›ˆÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ ·ÔÎ¿Ï˘„ fiÙÈ ÙÔ 90% ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË Û˘Ó- ‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ, ÂÓÒ, Â¿Ó ıˆڋÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ ÌË Î·Ù¢ı˘ÓÙÈÎÔ‡˜, 56 ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Â›Ó·È ÈÛ¯˘Ú¿ Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤Ó˜ [49] [80]. ∏ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ Web ·ÚfiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ·ÔÎ·Ï˘Êı›, Û˘¯Ó¿ ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙ¿Ù·È ˆ˜ ¤Ó· Û¯‹Ì· «ÊÈfiÁÎÔ˘» (bowtie), fiˆ˜ ·ÔÙ˘ÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 4.1. ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 4.1 ∆Ô Û¯‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ «ÊÈfiÁÎÔ˘» Î·È Ë ÌÔÚÊÔÎÏ·ÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ Web [78] ∏ ¤ÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ¿ÎÚˆÓ ÙÔ˘ «ÊÈfiÁÎÔ˘» Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÈÛ¯˘Ú¿ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈ΋ ‰¤ÛÌË (SCC) ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web, ̤۷ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· ÌÔÓÔ¿ÙÈ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û οı ˙¢Á¿ÚÈ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ. ∏ SCC Û˘ÓÔÚ‡ÂÈ Ì ‰‡Ô Û‡ÓÔÏ· ·fi ‰¤Û̘: ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â̤Ó˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ SCC, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔ˜ Ô˘ Ó· Ô‰ËÁ› ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙË Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË, ÚÔ˜ Ù· ›Ûˆ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ (ÛËÌÂÈÒÓÂÙ·È Ì π¡ ÛÙÔ ‰È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ·)Ø Î·È ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤Ó˜ ·fi ÙËÓ SCC Î·È ‰ÂÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È ÚÔ˜ Ù· ›Ûˆ (OUT). ∏ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÙÚÈÒÓ, SCC, IN Î·È OUT ‰›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ Û¯‹Ì· «ÊÈfiÁÎÔ˘». √È ÂÈÏÔΤ˜ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÙÔÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Â˘ÚËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË. ¶·ÚfiÙÈ ÌÂÚÈÎÔ› ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ ÙÚÔÔÔÈ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔÓ ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ PageRank ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓË ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›· [18], Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ÔÏÏ‹ ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÎÌÂÙ·ÏÏ¢Ùԇ̠ÙȘ ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ¤˜ ‰Ô̤˜. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ë ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ «ÊÈfiÁÎÔ˘» ÂÈÎÚ·Ù› Û ÌÈ· ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ·fi Îϛ̷Θ Î·È Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÌÂÁ¤- ıÔ˘˜. √ Dill Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÂÈ fiÙÈ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ· ˘ÔÛ‡ÓÔÏ· ÙÔ˘ Web ¤¯Ô˘Ó, Â›Û˘, ¤Ó· Û¯‹Ì· «ÊÈfiÁÎÔ˘», ¤Ó‰ÂÈÍË fiÙÈ ÙÔ Web ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜ ȉÈfi- ÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÔÚÊÔÎÏ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ136. ¢ËÏ·‰‹, οı ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ÂÓÔÔÈË̤ÓË ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· www 135 Connectivity. ŒÓ·˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfi˜ Â¿Ó Î¿ı ˙¢Á¿ÚÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÚ˘ÊÒÓ Ô˘ ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ÛÙÔ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ ·˘Ùfi ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ÎÔÚ˘Ê¤˜. 136 Fractal. ªÔÚÊfiÎÏ·ÛÌ· ‹ ÌÔÚÊÔÎÏ·ÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÛÙ· ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈο, ÙË º˘ÛÈ΋ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Û ¿ÏϘ ÂÈÛً̘ ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÙ·È ¤Ó· ÁˆÌÂÙÚÈÎfi Û¯‹Ì· Ô˘ Â·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ·˘ÙÔ‡ÛÈÔ Û ¿ÂÈÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÌÂÁ¤ı˘ÓÛ˘, ÎÈ ¤ÙÛÈ Û˘¯Ó¿ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ˆ˜ «·›ڈ˜ ÂÚ›ÏÔÎÔ».
  • 83.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÌ·Ù· Ì ÙÔ Web ˆ˜ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ [78]. ∆Ô Web Â›Ó·È Â·ÚÎÒ˜ «·Ú·ÈÔ- 87 Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ» ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙÂ, Ô ˘Ô-ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ÌÈ· Ù˘¯·›· Ï‹„Ë ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ ı· Â›Ó·È Û¯Â‰fiÓ ÎÂÓfi˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Â¿Ó ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÌË Ù˘¯·›Â˜ ‰¤Û̘ (ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ÂÓÔÔÈË̤Ó˜ ‰¤Û̘ ‹ TUCs), ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤Ó˜ Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi, ÙfiÙ ı· Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ͷӿ ÙÔ Û¯‹Ì· «ÊÈfiÁÎÔ˘». ∫¿ı TUC ı· ¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰È΋ Ù˘ SCC Ì ÙȘ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˜ π¡ Î·È √U∆ Ï¢ڤ˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÚȤ¯ÔÓÙ·È Û ̛· ¢ڇÙÂÚË SCC. ∏ SCC ¢ڇÙÂÚ˘ Îϛ̷η˜, ÂÂȉ‹ Â›Ó·È ÈÛ¯˘Ú¿ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈ΋, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ˆ˜ Ú·¯ÔÎÔηÏÈ¿ ÏÔ‹ÁËÛ˘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ TUCs. ªÂ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ, Ë ÌÔÚÊÔÎÏ·ÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ʇÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Ì¿˜ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ¤Ó‰ÂÈÍË ÁÈ· ÙÔ fiÛÔ Î·Ï¿ Û˘Ó¿ÙÂÙ·È Ô Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÌfi˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙË ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÈÏfiÙËÙ·. ¢ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ͯӿÌ fiÙÈ ¤Ó·˜ ‡ÏÔÁ· ÛÙ·ıÂÚfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ Û ÔÈΛϷ Â›‰· ÎÏÈ̿ΈÛ˘ Ô‰ËÁ› Û ÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· [29]. ŒÓ·˜ ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈÎfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ Û˘Ó- ‰¤ÛÂˆÓ Ô‰ËÁ› Û ˘„ËÏfi ¿ÁÈÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, ÂÓÒ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ¤Ó·˜ ÌÈÎÚfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ù· ‚·ÛÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ·Ô˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó. ∏ ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ Ù· Â›‰· Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È Â˘ÏfiÁˆ˜ ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¿ Û οı Â›Â‰Ô ÎÏÈ̿ΈÛ˘, Â›Ó·È Ô˘ÛÈÒ‰Ô˘˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÂÈ¤‰ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ‡ÚÔ˘˜ ˙ÒÓ˘ Û ̷ÎÚÔ¯ÚfiÓÈÔ Î·È ‚Ú·¯˘¯ÚfiÓÈÔ Â›‰Ô. ∆Ô Web ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÂÓfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙˆÓ ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· Â›‰· Î·È ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ıÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ È‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Û fiϘ ÙȘ Îϛ̷Θ. ∞Ó ˘Ôı¤ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÙÔ Web ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ ȉÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÌÔÚÊÔÎÏ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÙfiÙ ÁÈ· ÙË Û¯Â‰›·ÛË ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÏÁÔÚ›ıÌˆÓ Ì ÚÔÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙÔ Web, Û ÌÈ· ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ÎÏÈ̿ΈÓ, Â›Ó·È Â·ÚΤ˜ Ó· ηٷϿ‚Ô˘Ì ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi Ì›· Î·È ÌfiÓÔ ·Ï‹ ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈ΋ ·Ó¤ÏÈÍË [78]. À¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌˆÓ ÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÛÙËÓ £ÂˆÚ›· °Ú¿ÊˆÓ 137. √È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ (centrality) ÌÂÙÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ ηÈ, ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, Ì·˜ ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÔ «ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÔ‡˜» ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜. À„ËÏ‹˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷ΋˜ ·Í›·˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ¿ıÚÔÈÛÌ· ÙˆÓ ·ÔÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÂÓfi˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜ (Ë ¤Íˆ- ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË) Î·È ÙÔ ¿ıÚÔÈÛÌ· ÙˆÓ ·ÔÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜ (Ë ¤Ûˆ-‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË), ·Ó ηÓÔÓÈÎÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó Ì ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÔÏfiÎÏËÚÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ·Ê‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ø˜ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ÎfiÌ‚Ô ‚·Ù›˙Ô˘Ì ¤Ó·Ó ÎfiÌ‚Ô Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi Û¯ÂÙÈο ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ¤Ûˆ Î·È ¤Íˆ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË. ™Â ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÈÍË, ÔÈ ÎfiÌ‚ÔÈ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Ì·ÎÚÈ¿ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜ Â›Ó·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ Èı·- ÓfiÓ Ó· ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÌÈ· ·Ï˘Û›‰· Û˘Ó‰¤Û̈Ó. ∏ Â›ÁÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÈÔÈ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÔ› ÎfiÌ‚ÔÈ Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÔÈ ¤Íˆ-ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÔ› (ÔÈ ÎfiÌ‚ÔÈ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜) ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚÒÙÔ ‚‹Ì· ÛÙËÓ ÏÔ‹ÁËÛË ÛÙÔÓ ˘ÂÚ-¯ÒÚÔ (hyperspace). ¶·ÚfiÌÔÈÔÈ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÔ› ÎfiÌ‚ÔÈ Â›Ó·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ·˘ı·›ÚÂÙ· ÂÈÏÂÁÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛËÌ›ˆÓ ÛÙÔ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ [76]. √È ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ·fi ÙÔ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ ˆ˜ ÂÓÈ·›Ô Û‡ÓÔÏÔ. ∏ Û˘Ì·Á›· (compactness) ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ̤ÙÚÔ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘. ŸÙ·Ó ¤Ó·˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ì·Á‹˜ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È Â‡ÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÊÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ì Û ¤Ó·Ó Ù˘¯·›· ÂÈÏÂÁ̤ÓÔ www 137 °È· Ì›· ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ÂÈÛÎfiËÛË ·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÙ ÛÙȘ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ [40] Î·È [76].
  • 84.
    4. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛËÙÔ˘ Web 88 ÎfiÌ‚Ô ‰È·Ì¤ÛÔ˘ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ. ∏ ÈÔ Û˘Ó‹ı˘ ÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ·›ÚÓÂÈ ÙÈ̤˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ 0 (·Ô- χو˜ ÌË Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎÔ›/·Û‡Ó‰ÂÙÔÈ ÎfiÌ‚ÔÈ) Î·È ÙÔ 1 (ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ). ∏ ÌˉÂÓÈ΋ Û˘Ì·Á›· Â›Ó·È ·ÓÒÊÂÏË ÁÈ· ¤Ó·Ó ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi ¯ÒÚÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ó·È ›Ûˆ˜ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÚÔÊ·Ó¤˜ fiÙÈ Î·È Ô ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ı· Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Û˘Ì·Á‹˜. ∂¿Ó ÔÈ ÚˆÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ› ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈÎÔ› Î·È «ÊÂȉˆÏÔ›» Ì ÙȘ ‰È·Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙfiÙÂ Î·È ÔÈ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔ› ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È Ôχ Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· Â›Ó·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔÈ. ∂›Û˘, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÔ˘ÌÂ Â¿Ó ¤Ó·˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÈÛÔÚÚÔË̤ÓÔ˜ ‹ fi¯È. ¢ËÏ·‰‹, Â¿Ó ÌÂÚÈο ̤ÚË ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈο ·fi ¿ÏÏ· Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, ·Ó ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ·ÒÏÂÈ·˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜. ∏ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ȉÈfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ Î¿ı ÎfiÌ‚Ô Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿ Û ¤Ó· ÁÚ¿ÊÔ Î·È ‰È·ÈÛıËÙÈο ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ Û ¤Ó· Û¯ÂÙÈο ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎfi fiÚÔ ÙÔ˘ Web ÌÂÙ·- ÊÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ·Ú·¤Ú· ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙˆÓ È‰ÂÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ‡ÂÈ Ô fiÚÔ˜ ·˘Ùfi˜. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, fiÙ·Ó ÌÂÚÈÎÔ› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ˘„ËÏ‹ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÂÓÒ ¿ÏÏÔÈ ·fi ¯·ÌËÏ‹, ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ Ô‰ËÁËıԇ̠ÛÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÚÒÙÔÈ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Û ¤Ó· ÏËÚ¤ÛÙÂÚ· ıÂÌÂÏȈ̤ÓÔ ı¤Ì· ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Î·È ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ·fi fi,ÙÈ ÔÈ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔÈ [40]. ÕÏϘ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ÁÚ·ÌÌÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÂÓfi˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘, ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ‹ ÙË ‰È¿ÌÂÙÚÔ (ÙË Ì¤ÁÈÛÙË ·fiÛÙ·ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ‰‡Ô ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜). ∏ ‰È¿ÌÂÙÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ¤¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ› fiÙÈ ÈÛÔ‡Ù·È Ì 500 Î·È Ë ‰È¿ÌÂÙÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ- ÎÔ‡ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘ Ì ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚË Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Û 28 [49]. ∆Ô 1999 ›¯Â ÂÎÙÈÌËı› fiÙÈ Ë Ì¤ÛË ·fiÛÙ·ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ‰‡Ô Ù˘¯·›· ÂÈÏÂÁÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ ÈÛÔ‰˘Ó·ÌÔ‡Û ÂÚ›Ô˘ Ì 19 [13], Î·È ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ¤Ó· Ì ‰‡Ô ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ ÙÔ 21 [21]. ∏ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ Web ·Ú·ÏÏËÏ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ¤Ó· ÌÈÎÚfi ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ, ̤۷ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ù· ÈÔ Û‡ÓÙÔÌ· ÌÔÓÔ¿ÙÈ· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ· ·fi ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ı· ÂÚ›ÌÂÓ ηÓ›˜ Û ¤Ó· ÁÚ¿ÊÔ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜ [284]. ªÂÙ¿ ÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰›Ô˘, Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚·- ÛÈÛÙ› Û ϤÍÂȘ-ÎÏÂȉȿ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÏÔ‹ÁËÛË ÛÙÔ Web Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÈÎÈÏ›·˜ Ì˯·ÓÒÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË˜Ø ÛÎÔfi˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ ÁÂÈÙÓ›·Û˘ Ô˘ ı· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚˆÓ ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ϤÍÂȘ-ÎÏÂȉȿ. ∆¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÁÚ·- Ê‹Ì·Ù· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ηٿ ÎfiÚÔÓ ÁÈ· Ó· ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ·Ê‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÁÓˆÌÔÛ‡ÓË Û ÔÏϤ˜ ıÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜. ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì ÙÔÓ Schroeder Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘ [252], Ô˘ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ·Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘˜ ÁÂÈÙÓ›·Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ·ÔÛÎÔÒÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi ıÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ È‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ fiˆ˜ Ë Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ë ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·. √È ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ Û˘Ó‰˘·Ṳ̂Ó˜ Ì ÙȘ Û˘ÓÂÓÙ‡ÍÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÂȉËÌfiÓˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÎ¿Ï˘„Ë ÙˆÓ ÌÔÙ›‚ˆÓ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Î·È ‰È·ÊÒÙÈÛ·Ó ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Â¿Ó Ë ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ Web ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ÌÈ· ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓË ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË fiÔ˘ ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÏÏÔ› ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ› ¿ÚÔ¯ÔÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ‹ ·Ó ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ¤Ó· Web fiÔ˘ «Ô ÓÈÎËÙ‹˜ Ù· ·›ÚÓÂÈ fiÏ·» Î·È Ù· ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓ· Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ΤÓÙÚ· ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙÂÚ·. ∆· ÚÔηٷÚÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó Î·È ÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓ˜ Ù¿ÛÂȘ, ÂÓÒ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ˘ÔÁÚ·ÌÌ›˙ÂÙ·È Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÌÂÁ·- χÙÂÚ˘ ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋˜ Î¿Ï˘„˘ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÚÈÁˆÓÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ·fi„ÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂȉÈÎÒÓ, Ù˘ ÌÂÙÚÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Web (Webmetrics138) Î·È ÙˆÓ ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚˆÓ ÌÂÏÂÙÒÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛ˘. www 138 ∏ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ·fi‰ÔÛË ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ Â›Ó·È πÛÙÔÌÂÙÚ›·.
  • 85.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ∏ ‰ÔÌ‹ Î·È Ë ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Û˘¯Ó¿ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ 89 «Ù˘¯·›Ô˘˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘˜», fiÔ˘ ηı¤Ó·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¡ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· p Ó· Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ˜ Ì ¤Ó·Ó ¿ÏÏÔ ÎfiÌ‚Ô. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· οı ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ k Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÌÈ· ηٷÓÔÌ‹ Poisson [89]. ∂ÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· ·›ı·ÓÔ ÔÈ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο Ù˘¯·›ÔÈ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ·Ó ‰Â¯Ùԇ̠ˆ˜ ÔÈ ÏÔÈÔ› ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Â›Ó·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔ›, ¤Ó·˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˜ ı· Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ˜ Ì ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜ Â¿Ó Â›Ó·È Î·Ï¿ ÂÓۈ̷و̤ÓÔ˜ Î·È ‰ËÌÔÊÈÏ‹˜ Û ÌÈ· ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹. ∏ ÚfiÎÏËÛË, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ £ÂˆÚ›· °Ú¿ÊˆÓ ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ó· ·Ôηχ„ÂÈ Î·È Ó· ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ‹ÛÂÈ ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ÌË ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web. √ Battelle [21] ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÈ ÙË ™Ù·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ªË¯·ÓÈ΋ ˆ˜ ‰˘ÓËÙÈ΋ ËÁ‹ ¤ÌÓ¢Û˘, ηıÒ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÍ·Á¿ÁÂÈ ÙȘ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ Web ˆ˜ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÂÂÚ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ ‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ (·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ô ‰Â›ÎÙ˘ Ù˘ Google ÁÈ· ‰ÈÛÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi). ŒÓ·˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ ÌÂÏÂÙÒÓ, ÛÙÔ ¤Ú·ÛÌ· ÂÚ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ Ó¤Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·, ¤‰ÂÈÍ fiÙÈ Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÌÈ·˜ ÛÂÏ›‰·˜ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ k Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜, ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· Ì ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ÚԂϤÂÈ Ë ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈ΋ £ÂˆÚ›· °Ú¿ÊˆÓ, (fiÙÈ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙË ‰ÈˆÓ˘ÌÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÏ›ÓÂÈ Û ηٷÓÔÌ‹ Poisson ÁÈ· ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ‰›ÎÙ˘·), Êı›ÓÂÈ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒÓÙ·˜ ¤Ó·Ó ÂÎıÂÙÈÎfi ÓfiÌÔ. ™‡Ì- ʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Barabasi, Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÌÈ· Ù˘¯·›· ÂÈÏÂÁ̤ÓË ÛÂÏ›‰· Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ k Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ _ ÈÛÔ‡Ù·È Ì k G fiÔ˘ G = 2,45 ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÍÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜, Î·È G = 2,1 ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÛÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜. √È ÙÔÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÔÓÙ·È Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Â›Ó·È ÛÔ˘‰·›Â˜. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Û ¤Ó· ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ Poisson Â›Ó·È ÂÎıÂÙÈο Û¿ÓÈÔ Ó· ‚Úԇ̠ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜ Ì ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÔ Ì¤ÛÔ ÎfiÌ‚Ô, ÂÓÒ Ë Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ¤Ó·Ó ÂÎıÂÙÈÎfi ÓfiÌÔ ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›· fiÔ˘ ÔÏÏÔ› ÎfiÌ‚ÔÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ï›ÁÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ Î·È ÌÈ· ÌÈÎÚ‹ ·ÏÏ¿ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÌÂÚ›‰· ¤¯ÂÈ ¿Ú· ÔÏÏÔ‡˜. ™ÙÔ Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓÔ Ù‡Ô ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘, Ô Ì¤ÛÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ·Ó¿ ÎfiÌ‚Ô Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ‰ÔÌ‹˜, ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ Poisson. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ Barabasi Î·È ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘, ·˘Ùfi˜ Ô Ì¤ÛÔ˜ fiÚÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÌÈÎÚ‹˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ‰›ÎÙ˘· Î·È ÁÈ’ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ‰›ÎÙ˘· ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙ‹ÙÔ˘ Îϛ̷η˜139 [22]. √ Barabasi Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¯Èο ÂÚ›ÌÂÓ·Ó Ó· ‚ÚÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· Ù˘¯·›· ‰È·ÛÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤Û̈Ó, ‚·ÛÈ˙fiÌÂÓÔÈ ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó Ù· ÚÔÛˆÈο Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ fiÙ·Ó Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Û ·Ú¯Â›· ηÈ, Ì ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ ÙÔÓ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ, Ô ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ı· ¤ÚÂ ӷ Â›Ó·È ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈÎfi˜. ™ÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË, fï˜, Ë Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Web ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹. ∞˘Ùfi Ô˘ ‚ϤÔ˘ÌÂ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ ÎfiÌ‚ÔÈ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Ì ϛÁÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜, ·ÏÏ¿ οÔÈÔÈ ÔÌÊ·ÏÔ› ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi Û˘Ó‰¤- ÛˆÓ, ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Î·È ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ·. º·›ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ fiÚÈÔ ÛÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ÔÌÊ·Ïfi˜, ηӤӷ˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˜ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÚfiÙ˘Ô ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Î·È Ì ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Â›Ó·È ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ Îϛ̷η˜. ∆· ‰›ÎÙ˘· ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙ‹ÙÔ˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÚԂϤ„È̘ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ fiˆ˜ fiÙÈ ·ÓÙÈÛÙ¤ÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔÛ‰fiÎËÙË ·ÔÙ˘¯›·, ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ó·È Â˘¿ÏˆÙ· ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·Ṳ̂Ó˜ ÂÈı¤ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÌÊ·ÏÔ‡˜. www 139 Scale-free networks.
  • 86.
    4. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛËÙÔ˘ Web 90 ∂Ífi¯ˆ˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Î·ı·˘Ùfi Ê˘ÛÈÎfi ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Ô˘ Â›Û˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙ‹ÙÔ˘ Îϛ̷η˜ Î·È ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙËÓ ÂÎıÂÙÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹ Ì ÂÎı¤ÙË G = 2,5 ÁÈ· ÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ÙˆÓ ‰ÚÔÌÔÏÔÁËÙÒÓ Î·È G = 2,2 ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¯¿ÚÙË ÙˆÓ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ [92]. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·ÊÂÚı› fiÙÈ Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ‡ÚÂÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ηٷÛ΢·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ ·fi N ÈÛÙÔ- ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ ηٷӤÌÂÙ·È, Â›Û˘, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ÂÎıÂÙÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹ [150]. ∏ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙË ·fi ÎÏ›- ̷Θ ʇÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈËı› ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÏÁÔÚ›ıÌˆÓ Î·Ù¿Ù·Í˘ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·, fiˆ˜ Ô PageRank. ∫·Ù¿ ¿Û· Èı·- ÓfiÙËÙ·, Ë Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ·˘Ù‹ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ‰˘ÓËÙÈο ÌÈ· Ôχ ηÚÔÊfiÚ· ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ [178]. ∏ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Web ‰È·ÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÙ·È Â›Û˘ Î·È ·fi ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ ‹ Ù˘ ‰ÂÛÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘ (clustering), fiÙ·Ó ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ‰‡Ô Á›ÙÔÓ˜ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘ Ó· Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔÈ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ·fi ÙËÓ Ù˘¯·›· [4]. ∆Ô Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·Í›· ÙÔ˘ Web ˆ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ‰ÈfiÙÈ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ë Ù˘¯·›· ÂÍÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈ΋˜ Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ (Û˘ÛÙ¿‰·˜) Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ (·) Ó· ‰È·ÙË- Ú‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Ì¤Û· ÛÙ· fiÚÈ· Ù˘ Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ, (‚) Ó· ·ÂÏ¢ıÂÚÒÛÂÈ Ó¤· ÁÓÒÛË ‹ Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÌÈ· ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û· ÔÙÈ΋ ÁˆÓ›· ÛÙÔ ı¤Ì· ˘fi Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË. ¢È·- ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ› Ù‡ÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒÛÂˆÓ ‹ ÌÔÙ›‚· ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔ- ÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ˜ ˘Ô-ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘˜ Ì ÂÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ηٷÓÔ̤˜. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ Web ·ÔÛÎÔÔ‡Ó ÛÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·, fiˆ˜ Ë ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ [252]. ÕÏÏ· ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ› Ù‡ÔÈ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ, ÂÓÒ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÙÔÌÈ΋ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ηٷÛÙ› ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ Î·È ÔχÏÔÎË, fiˆ˜ Ë ·Ó¿ÚÙËÛË ÈÛÙÔÏÔÁ›ˆÓ [3, 5]. ™ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ, Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ «ÚÔ¿ÛÙÈ·» ÙÔ˘ Web ı· Û¯ËÌ·Ù›ÛÔ˘Ó ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ηÏÔ‡È· Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ·fi ¿ÏÏ· ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÛËÌ›·, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·fi ÙÔ Web ˆ˜ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ. ∏ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙ·ıÂÚÒÓ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÓ Ì·˜ ʤÚÓÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ÈÔ ÎÔÓÙ¿ Û ÌÈ· ÍÂο- ı·ÚË ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Web, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÈϤÔÓ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂfiÌÂÓË ÁÂÓÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ WebØ Ù· ÚfiÙ˘· ·˘Ù¿ ·ÔÛÎÔÔ‡Ó ÛÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ˙ˆÙÈÎÒÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙˆÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ, ÂÈÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË Î·È ÙË ÌÂÁ¤ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ¢¯ÚË- ÛÙ›·˜, Ù˘ ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ˘fiÏÔÈˆÓ ÂÈı˘ÌËÙÒÓ ÁÓˆÚÈÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ˘·ÎÒÓ È‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Web ı· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ˘fi„Ë ÙȘ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È Ù· ÙÚˆÙ¿ ÛËÌ›·, ÙË ÚÔ‹ ÚÔ˜ ÙË Û˘ÌÊfiÚËÛË, ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÂΉËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯÙ› ‹ ÙÈ ı· Û˘Ì‚Â› Â¿Ó ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› ¤Ó· Web ‰‡Ô Ù·¯˘Ù‹ÙˆÓ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÓÔÌȷ΋ ÌÂÙ·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÌÂÚ›‰·˜ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ı· ʤÚÂÈ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ Ô˘‰ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘. ™ÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 4.2.4 Á›ÓÂÙ·È Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∏ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋ £ÂˆÚ›· °Ú¿ÊˆÓ Ù›ÓÂÈ Ó· ÂÚÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔ‡ ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜. ∂ÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, Ë ÂÍ¿ψÛË ÙÔ˘ Web fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ··ÈÙ› ÌÈ· ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ £ÂˆÚ›· °Ú¿ÊˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· Ù· ÔÔ›· ı· Û¤‚ÔÓÙ·È ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÂÍ¿ψÛ˘. ŒÙÛÈ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÔÈ Ó¤ÔÈ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù·Ó¤ÌÔÓÙ·È ϤÔÓ ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈο fiˆ˜ Û˘Ó¤‚·ÈÓ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ Î·È Â›Ó·È Ôχ Èı·ÓfiÓ ¤Ó·˜ Ó¤Ô˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔ˜ Ó· Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ˜ Ì ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‹‰Ë ‰È·Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤Ó˜ Û ˘„ËÏfi ‚·ıÌfi (ÂȉÂÈÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ·˜, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈ΋ Û˘Ó‰ÂÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·). ªÂ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi, Ô Barabasi Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ·Ó
  • 87.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ‰›ÎÙ˘· Ô˘ ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ì ÙÔ Web ˆ˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ οı ӤԘ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˜ 91 ÚÔÛÙ›ıÂÙ·È ·Ó¿ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‚‹Ì·, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜ ηٷӤÌÔÓÙ·È ÌË ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈο Î·È Ì ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ‹‰Ë ÔÏ˘-Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜. ŒÓ·˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ˜ Îϛ̷η˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ¿ÏÏË Ì›· ÊÔÚ¿ Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÓfi˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ k Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙËÓ ÂÎıÂÙÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹, Ì ÂÎı¤ÙË G = 3. ™Â ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ, Â›Ó·È Ê·ÓÂÚfi fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÔÏ˘-Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔÈ ÎfiÌ‚ÔÈ ·˘Í¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË Û˘Ó‰ÂÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· Ù·¯‡ÙÂÚ· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜ [21]. ¶·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙ‹ÙÔ˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·Ï¿ ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÂÍÂÏÈÛÛfiÌÂÓˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓØ Â›Ó·È fï˜ ÛÙ· ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· ·Ï¿; ∏ ˘fiıÂÛË Ù˘ ÂÎıÂÙÈ΋˜ ηٷÓÔÌ‹˜ [92] ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈο ·ÎÚÈ‚‹˜ Î·È Ë Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ‚·ıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ, ·ÚfiÙÈ Â˘ÌÂÙ¿‚ÏËÙË, ›Ûˆ˜ Ó· ÌËÓ Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÎıÂÙÈÎfi ÓfiÌÔ [59]. ◊‰Ë ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÍÂÎÈÓ‹ÛÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÛ¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ [94]. ªÈ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÍÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÒÓ ÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ÙÔÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ, ÔÈ ·Èٛ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó Ù· ·Û˘Ó‹ıÈÛÙ· ÌÔÙ›‚· ÛÙËÓ ÂÍ¿ψÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ÔÈ ÙÚfiÔÈ Ô˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó. ¶ÚÔÛı¤Ùˆ˜, ÔÈ ÂÈÚÚÔ¤˜ Ù˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÎfiÌ· ηٷÓÔËı›. À¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ¿Óˆ ÊÚ¿ÁÌ· ÛÙËÓ ÎÏÈ̿ΈÛË ÙÔ˘ Web; ∞Ó Ó·È, ‰È¤ÂÙ·È ·fi ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ fiÚÈÔ ·˘Ùfi ‹ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙË ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌË Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·; ¶fiÛÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÙÂÏÈο ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ Web, ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ÌÈÎÚfiÎÔÛÌÔ˜ Ì ÙË ÏÔÁÈ΋ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„·Ì ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜; ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ù· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÎÏÈ̿ΈÛË Â›Ó·È ·È¯ÌËÚ¿ Î·È ·fi ÙȘ ‰‡Ô Ï¢ڤ˜. ∞Ó Î·È ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏ¿ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÌÈÎÚ¿ Webs Á‡Úˆ Ì·˜, fiÙ·Ó ÚԤ΢„ ÙÔ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfi Web, ÚÔοÏÂÛ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ¤ÎÏËÍË, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜Ø Û‹ÌÂÚ·, ÔÈ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÌÂÏÂÙÔ‡Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÙÔ Web. ¢Ô̤˜ fiˆ˜ Ù· ÂÓ‰Ô‰›ÎÙ˘· (intranets) ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ôχ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ ·fi ÙÔ Web, Û fiÚÔ˘˜ ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜, Û˘Ó‰ÂÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜, Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ·˜ Î·È ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘. ªÂÚÈΤ˜ ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÎÏËÚÔ- ÓÔÌËı› ·fi ÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ˆ˜ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ, ÂÓÒ ¿ÏϘ fi¯È. ¢ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓË ¤Ú¢ӷ ÛÙÔ ı¤Ì· ÙˆÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Î·È ı· ‹Ù·Ó ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ Ó· ·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÂÙ ÛÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ [91] ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÓ‰Ô‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ [252] ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ˘Ô-ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈ- ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô‡Ó Û ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο ‰›·. 4.2 ∆· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο ÙÔ˘ Web √ Lopez-Ortiz Û ÌÈ· ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË [191] ÌÂÏÂÙ¿ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Ù· ÔÔ›· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÏÁÔÚÈıÌÈÎÒÓ Â˘ÚËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ, Î·È ÙÔ˘ Web ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·. ¢˘ÓËÙÈο, Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋ Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÔÚÈÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÎÙ˘·ÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ- Ì¤ÓˆÓ ÚˆÙÔÎfiÏÏˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÓ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ Web. ∫·È Ù· Ï·›ÛÈ· ·˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È ˙ˆÙÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· (‹ ÌË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·) ÙˆÓ ·ÏÁÔÚ›ıÌˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÈÔ ÂÈÛÙÈ΋ Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú›· ÁÈ’ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙË ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘. Ÿˆ˜ ÙÔÓ›˙ÂÈ Ô Lopez-Ortiz, ‹Ù·Ó ÙfiÛÔ Ú·Á‰·›· Ë ÂÍ¿ψÛË ÙÔ˘ Web ÒÛÙÂ Î·È ÔÈ ÈÔ ÚÔËÁ̤ÓÔÈ ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔÈ ÈÂÚ¿Ú¯ËÛ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Û·Ó Ì ¿ÓÂÛË ÛÙȘ ηıÈÂڈ̤Ó˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ 1995, ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù¿ÊÂÚ·Ó Ó· ·ÓÙÂÂͤÏıÔ˘Ó ÛÙȘ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÚԤ΢„·Ó ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ¤ÙÔ˘˜.
  • 88.
    4. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛËÙÔ˘ Web 92 4.2.1 ∆· ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈο ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· ŒÓ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙË ªÈÎÚÔÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ £ÂˆÚ›·140, Ù· ¢È·ÎÚÈÙ¿ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈο141, ÙË £ÂˆÚ›· √ÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÏÔÁ‹˜142 Î·È ÙË £ÂˆÚ›· ¶·ÈÁÓ›ˆÓ143. ¶·ÚfiÙÈ Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ô Î¿ı ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘ ͯˆÚÈÛÙ¿ Ó· Â›Ó·È ‹ Ó· ÌËÓ Â›Ó·È «ÔÚıÔ- ÏÔÁÈÎfi˜», ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ú·ÙËÚËı› fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ÂÓ Û˘Ófiψ, (‹ ηٿ ̤ÛÔ fiÚÔØ Ô ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓÔ˜ ̤ÛÔ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘) Û˘ÌÂÚÈʤÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙԯ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙË ÌÂÁÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ™Â ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ Web ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ì ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Ô˘ ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıˆ˜ ÛÙË ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚË ÁÓÒÛË ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰ÔÌËı› Ë ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Î·È Ù· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ı· ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÔ˘Ó Û ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÎfi Â›‰Ô. ∆Ô Web ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÙÈÎfi Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ·Ú¿ÁÂÈ ÌÂ Û˘ÛÙË- Ì·ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈ‚ÏËı› ‰È·Ì¤ÛÔ˘ Ù˘ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ ۯ‰›·Û˘, ÙˆÓ ÚˆÙÔÎfiÏψÓ, ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ٷ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ‹ Ù· „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ‹ ÙˆÓ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È ÎÙÈṲ̂ÓÔ, ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Î·È ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ·fi ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ï‹ıÔ˜ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ, ÌÂÏÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, Ì ·Ê¿ÓÙ·ÛÙ· ÔÈΛϘ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ· Â›Ó·È Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÛËÌ·Û›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘. À¿Ú¯ÂÈ fiÚÈÔ Ì¤ÁÈÛÙ˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Ë ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓË Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web; ∫·ıÒ˜ Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÔÈ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ÂÓfi˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Ó· ηٷ·ÙÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈ̘ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘˜; ◊ Ì‹ˆ˜ Ô Êfi‚Ô˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·ÏÒ˜ ÌÈ· ·‚¿ÛÈÌË Î·È ·ÔÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓË ÚÔ¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ·ÌÂÙ¿‚ÏËÙ˜ ¯ˆÚÈΤ˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘˜; ∏ ·¿ÓÙËÛË Û ¤Ó· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ·, ·ÚfiÙÈ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙ· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο, ı· ¤¯ÂÈ ‚·ıÈ¿ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÛÙË ‰È·Î˘- ‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ Web [186]. ∞˜ ÙÔ ı¤ÛÔ˘Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎ¿Ø ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· Ì ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡ÙÔ˘Ì ٷ ÛËÌ›· ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜ Nash144 Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ˘Ô-‚¤ÏÙÈÛÙ· ÁÈ· fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·›ÎÙ˜; ™Â ¤Ó· ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔ Î·È Û˘Ó¯Ҙ ÂÍÂÏÈÛÛfiÌÂÓÔ Web, fiÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó «È‰ÈÔÎً٘», Ò˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ›̷ÛÙ ‚¤‚·ÈÔÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ Ê·›ÓÔÓÙ·È Â‡ÏÔÁ˜ ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ‰ÂÓ ‚Ï¿ÙÔ˘Ó Ù· Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ· ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ˆ˜ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ; ªÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ηٿÛÙ·ÛË, ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ ˆ˜ «ÙÚ·Áˆ‰›· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘»145, Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿Ì Û ÔÏÏ¿ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÔʇÁÔ˘Ó Ù· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜ Î·È ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ‰ÈÔÁÎÒÓÂÙ·È ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈο, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙÔ Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi Ì ÈÛfiÙÈ̘ Î·È ËıÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜. www 140 ∞Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ Ù˘ ˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜ Û ÌÈ· ·ÁÔÚ¿. 141 ∂ÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ¤˜ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ˜ (.¯. ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ·ÎÂÚ·›ˆÓ) Û ·ÓÙȉȷÛÙÔÏ‹ Ì ÙȘ Û˘Ó¯›˜ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ˜ (.¯. ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ). ∆· ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ¿ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ôχ ¢ÎÔÏfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹, ÂÍ’ Ô˘ Î·È Ù· ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈο Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙˆÓ ∏/À. 142 Rational choice. µ·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· ÂÈϤÁÔ˘Ó ÙË ‚¤ÏÙÈÛÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË Ì ‚¿ÛË ÌÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË ÚÔÙ›ÌËÛ˘ Î·È ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÒÓ. 143 Game Theory. ∂ÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÌÂٷ͇ ·ÈÎÙÒÓ Ô˘ ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡Ó Ó· ÌÂÁÈÛÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜. 144 ∏ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· fiÔ˘ οı ·›ÎÙ˘ ÂÈϤÁÂÈ ÙËÓ ¿ÚÈÛÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ Ì ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ·ÈÎÙÒÓ. 145 «∆ragedy of the commons».
  • 89.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ∆Ô «ÎÏÂȉ›» ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙÔ˘ Web ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ «·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘» Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ 93 ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ. ∞Ó ¤Ó· ·Á·ıfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ «·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘», ÙfiÙÂ Ë ·Í›· ÙÔ˘ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È ÁÈ· οı ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿, fiÛÔ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ Î·Ùfi¯ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ·Á·ıÔ‡ ·˘ÙÔ‡. ∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web, ·Ó ÔÈ ˘fiÏÔÈÔÈ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔ›, ÙfiÙ fiÛÔ ÈÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ÙfiÛÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Â›Ó·È Ë ·Í›· ÙÔ˘˜. ∆Ô «·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘» ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È Â›Ù ¤ÌÌÂÛÔ Â›Ù ¿ÌÂÛÔ. ŒÓ· ¿ÌÂÛÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ˘ÏÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È fiÙ·Ó Ë ˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ·Á·ıfi Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ Î·Ùfi¯ˆÓ ÙÔ˘. ∆· ÙËϤʈӷ Î·È Ù· ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈο ÌËӇ̷ٷ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Û ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›·. ¢È·ÈÛıËÙÈο ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓfiÌ·ÛÙ fiÙÈ Ë ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÁÔÚÒÓ ÁÈ’ ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ·Á·ı¿ Â›Ó·È ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë ˙‹ÙËÛË ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÈο ·Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛÙˆÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ (Ô˘ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÙȘ ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÛÔ˘Ì ‹ fi¯È ÛÙ· ÚÒÈÌ· ÛÙ¿‰È·). ∂¿Ó ¤Ó·˜ «ÈηÓfi˜» ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ-ηٷӷψÙÒÓ ÙÔ ·ÁÔÚ¿ÛÂÈ ÂÍ ·Ú¯‹˜ ÙfiÙÂ Ë ·ÁÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ·Á·ıÔ‡ ı· ·ÔÁÂȈı›, Û ¿ÏÏË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, fi¯È. ¶ˆ˜ fï˜ ı· ÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì Û ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ «ÈηÓfi˜»; ∞Ó ÙÔ ı¤Ù·Ì ÈÔ Ù¯ÓÈο, ·˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÁÔÚ¿ Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ «·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘» ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÏÏ·Ï¿ ÛËÌ›· ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜. ∫·ıÒ˜ Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ (̤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘) ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ, Ë ÔÚȷ΋ ÂÈı˘Ì›· ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·Ó·ÏˆÙÒÓ Ó· ÏËÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˘ ˆÊ¤ÏÂÈ·˜ Ô˘ ı· Ï¿‚Ô˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ˘ËÚÂÛ›· Û ÌÈ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ÙÈÌ‹. ∆¤ÙÔÈ· ÔʤÏË ÂÍ·ÚÙÒ- ÓÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙȘ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ ÙÚ›ÙˆÓ ·Ú¿ ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ¿ÌÂÛ· ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÌÂÚÒÓ ÛÙË Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·Á‹ Î·È ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ıÂÙÈΤ˜ Â͈ÙÂÚÈΤ˜ ÔÈÎÔÓƠ̂˜. ¶¤Ú· fï˜ ·fi ¤Ó· ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ Î·ÙÒÊÏÈ, Ë ÂÈı˘Ì›· Ó· ÏËÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ÔÈ Î·Ù·Ó·ÏˆÙ¤˜ Êı›ÓÂÈ, ηıÒ˜ ÔÈ ÙÂÏ¢- Ù·›ÔÈ ÂÈÛÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔÈ ÛÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚË ˆÊ¤ÏÂÈ· ·fi ÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô. ∞˜ ‰Ô‡Ì ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙË Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌ‹ Û ÌÈ· ˘ËÚÂÛ›· VOIP146 Ì ‰ˆÚÂ¿Ó ÙËÏÂʈӋ̷ٷ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌËÙÒÓ. °ÂÓÈο, Ô ÌÈÎÚfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌËÙÒÓ ÌÂÈÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Í›· Ù˘ ˘ËÚÂÛ›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ‰˘ÓËÙÈÎfi ¯Ú‹ÛÙË, ·ÏÏ¿ Â¿Ó ˘Ôı¤ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Ë ÙÈÌ‹ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ Î·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ, ÙfiÙ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ¤ÙÔÈÌÔÈ Ó· ÏËÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÙÈÌ‹, Î·È ÍÂÎÈÓ¿ÂÈ Ô ÂÓ¿ÚÂÙÔ˜ ·ÎÏÔ˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘. ∂ÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂÁÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ÌÂÙ·ÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚ· Â›Ó·È Â›Ù ÛÎÂÙÈÎÔ› ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Í›· Ù˘ ˘ËÚÂÛ›·˜ ‹ ·ÏÒ˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ VOIP. ™Â οÔÈÔ ÛËÌ›Ô, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ı· ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÔ˘Ì ¤Ó· ̤ÁÈÛÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô fiÔ˘ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ¤Ó· ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Ì ÔÏϤ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ‰ÂÓ ı· ÌÔÚ› ϤÔÓ Ó· ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂÈ Ó¤Ô˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ÌÂÈÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÙÈÌ‹. ¶ÔÏϤ˜ online ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ‰ÈÎÙ˘·Î‹ ‰ÔÌ‹, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ù· ‰›ÎÙ˘· ÎÈÓËÙ‹˜ ÙËÏÂ- ʈӛ·˜, ÙÔ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڷÛÙÈÎfi fiÎÂÚ ‹ ÔÈ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ Ù˙fiÁÔ˘. ∞Ó, fiˆ˜ ÛÙÔ ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 4.2, Ë Î·Ì‡ÏË ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜ (Supply) Â›Ó·È Ï‹Úˆ˜ ÂÏ·ÛÙÈ΋ (‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ì ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹) ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÙÚ›· ÛËÌ›· ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ù· ‰‡Ô ÛËÌ›· ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÂΛ Ô˘ Ë Î·Ì‡ÏË ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜ Ù¤ÌÓÂÈ ÙËÓ Î·Ì‡ÏË ˙‹ÙËÛ˘ (Demand)147 Î·È ÙÔ ÙÚ›ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ë Î·Ì‡ÏË ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜ Ù¤ÌÓÂÈ ÙÔÓ ¿ÍÔÓ· y (A = 0). ∂¿Ó ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ (Network Size) ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔ 0, ÙfiÙÂ Ë ˙‹ÙËÛË Â›Ó·È ÌˉÂÓÈ΋ Î·È Î·ıËψ̤ÓË ÛÙË ı¤ÛË ∞. ™ÙÔ C, Ë ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· Â›Ó·È Â›Û˘ ¢ÛÙ·ı‹˜, ÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ www 146 Voice Over Internet Protocol. ∞ÊÔÚ¿ ÌÈ· Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Ô˘ ηıÈÛÙ¿ ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ÙË ‰ÚÔÌÔÏfiÁËÛË ÊˆÓËÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó‰È·Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ. 147 ™Ù· ÌÂÁ¤ıË ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ B Î·È C.
  • 90.
    4. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛËÙÔ˘ Web 94 fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÏ¿Ù˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÙÂıÂÈ̤ÓÔÈ Ó· ÏËÚÒÛÔ˘Ó (Willingness to pay) ÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ·›· ÙÈÌ‹ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÂÎÙ·ı› ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ‰ÈfiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ô‡Ù ¤Ó·˜ ηٷӷψً˜ ¤ÙÔÈÌÔ˜ Ó· ÏËÚÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÙÈÌ‹ ·˘Ù‹. ∞Ó ÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ÂÂÎÙ·ı›, ·˘Ùfi ı· ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘Ì‚Â› ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÙÒÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÙÈÌ‹ (Ë Î·Ì‡ÏË ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÙ·ÙÔÈÛı› ÚÔ˜ Ù· οو). ∂¿Ó οÔÈÔ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘ ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ ÙȘ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ϤÔÓ ‰È·ÙÂıÂÈ̤ÓÔ˜ Ó· ÏËÚÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û· ÙÈÌ‹, ÙfiÙ ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ı· Û˘ÚÚÈÎÓˆı› (Ë Î·Ì‡ÏË ˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÙ·ÙÔÈÛı› ÚÔ˜ Ù· οو). ∂¿Ó, ÙÒÚ·, ˘Ôı¤ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Î·È ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ηÌ‡Ï˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÌÂٷΛÓËÙ˜, ÙfiÙÂ Ë ·Ú·ÌÈÎÚ‹ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ı· ÛËÌ¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ˘Ô¯ÒÚËÛË ÛÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô C. ∆Ô ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÎÏÂȉ› Â›Ó·È ÙÔ µ, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ¤Ó· ·ÛÙ·ı¤˜ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜. ŒÙÛÈ, ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ı· ÌÂȈı› οو ·fi ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô µ, ‰ÂÓ ı· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ô ÈηÓfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÙÂıÂÈ̤ÓÔÈ Ó· ÏËÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÙÈÌ‹ Ù˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıˆ˜ Ë ˙‹ÙËÛË ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ ı· ÌˉÂÓÈÛı›. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ·Ó ηٷʤÚÂÈ Ó· ÍÂÂÚ¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô µ, ÙfiÙ ͷÊÓÈο ÔÏÏÔ› ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ Î·Ù·Ó·ÏˆÙ¤˜ ı· Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÙÂıÂÈ̤ÓÔÈ Ó· ÏËÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ·›· ÙÈÌ‹ ‹ Î·È ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙË ‰Ú·Ì·ÙÈ΋ ·‡ÍËÛË ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛËÌ›Ԣ C. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô µ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ù˘ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌ˘ Ì¿˙·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô [281]. ¶ÚÔı˘Ì›· ¶ÏËڈ̋˜ Z‹ÙËÛË ¶ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿ A B C M¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ¢ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 4.2 ¶ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ∑‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ‰ÈÎÙ˘·Îfi ·Á·ıfi [281] ∞Ó ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ӷ ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 4.2 Û fiÚÔ˘˜ Web, ÙÔ «Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ‰ÈÎÙ‡- Ô˘» ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ú·ÏÏËÏÈÛÙ› Ì ÙÔÓ «·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ ÛÙÔ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ ÙÔ˘ Web» ‹ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο Ì ÙÔÓ «·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤Û̈ӻ. ∏ «ÚÔı˘Ì›· Ó· ÏËÚÒÛÂÈ» ¤Ó·˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘ ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ Ô˘ Ô ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È ¤ÙÔÈÌÔ˜ Ó· ·Ó·Ï¿‚ÂÈ. ∞˘Ùfi ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Ù· Û˘Ó‹ıË ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜ Ë ÂÓÔÈΛ·ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ¢ڢ˙ˆÓÈ΋˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘, οÔÈÔ ÚÔηٷ‚ÔÏÈÎfi ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜, fiˆ˜ Ë ·ÁÔÚ¿ ÂÓfi˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹, οÔÈÔ ÌË ¯ÚË- Ì·ÙÈÎfi ÚÔηٷ‚ÔÏÈÎfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜, Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙȘ ·‡ÍÔ˘Û˜ ηÌ‡Ï˜ ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛ˘ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÂȉÈÎÒÓ ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÒÓ Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ, Î·È Î·ÓÔÓÈÎfi ÌË ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ë ·ÛÊ·Ï‹˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. √ fiÚÔ˜ «¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜» ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ï¿‚ÂÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÌËÓ›˜. √ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ Web (ηٷӷψ٤˜ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÌÂ
  • 91.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎfi, Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, ÎfiÛÙÔ˜), ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÊÔÚ¿ Î·È Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ÙÔ˘ Web 95 (‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡˜ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔ- Û¿ıÂÈ· Ô˘ ηٷӷÏÒÓÔ˘Ó). ∫·È ÛÙȘ ‰‡Ô ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, Ë Û˘Ó¤¯ÈÛË Ù˘ ‡·Ú͢ ÙÔ˘ ıÂÙÈÎÔ‡ «·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘» ÛÙÔ Web ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ ·Ó ı· ηٷʤÚÔ˘Ì ӷ ‰È·ÙË- Ú‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛËÌ›ˆÓ ¤Ú· ·fi ÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·ÛÙ·ıÔ‡˜ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜. ∞ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù· ¤ÌÌÂÛ· «·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘» ‚Ú›ÛÎÔ˘Ó ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÛÙÔ Web. ŒÓ· ¤ÌÌÂÛÔ «·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘» Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿Ì ÛÙË ‚ÈÔÌ˯·Ó›· ÙˆÓ DVDs. ∏ ·ÁÔÚ¿ ÂÓfi˜ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÔ‡ DVD player ‰ÂÓ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘˜ ηÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ˘ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙÔ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ fiÛÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ È‰ÈÔÎÙËÙÒÓ DVD player, Î·È ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ÔÈ ˘fiÏÔÈÔÈ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔ›, ÙfiÛÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Î·È ÏÔ˘ÛÈfiÙÂÚÔ ı· Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ì‚·Ùfi Ì ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· DVD (Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ı· Â›Ó·È Î·È ÊıËÓfiÙÂÚÔ). ∏ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔ- Ô›ËÛË ·ÚfiÌÔÈˆÓ ¤ÌÌÂÛˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ·ÎfiÌ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ ÛÙÔ ·˙Ï Ù˘ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÙÚfiˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÍ¿ψÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ¶fiÛÔ Â‡ÎÔÏÔ, fï˜, Â›Ó·È Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ì ÙÔ Web Û fiÚÔ˘˜ £ÂˆÚ›·˜ ¶·ÈÁÓ›ˆÓ Î·È ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜; À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂÁÁÂÓ›˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ «·ÏÔ‡˜» ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ·Úfi¯Ô˘˜ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ; ∫·È Í·Ó¿, Ò˜ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓfiÌ·ÛÙÂ, ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ, ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ, ÙËÓ ÂÍ¿ψÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ÙȘ ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤ- ÚÂÈ; ∞˘Ùfi ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÛÙË ÌÔÓÙÂÏÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÂͤÏÈ͢ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÈÎÙÒÓ Ì ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛË Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ·˘Ù‹. ¶Ò˜ ÂÓÙÔ›˙Ô˘Ì ٷ ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¿ ÛËÌ›· ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜; ªÂ ÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Î·Ù·Û΢¿˙Ô˘Ì ٷ ÛËÌ›· ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜ ÁÈ· ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ·›ÁÓÈ·; ◊, Ò˜ ۯ‰ȿ˙Ô˘Ì Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ı· ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó «Î·Ï‹» Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿; ¶Ò˜ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈԇ̠ÙËÓ ÂÍÂÏÈÎÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ÛÂ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ¢Ú›·˜ Îϛ̷η˜; ÿÛˆ˜ fï˜ ÙÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊÔ˘ ·ÈÁÓ›Ô˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â‡ÚÂÛË ÙˆÓ ÛËÌ›ˆÓ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·˜ ÛÙÔ ··ÁÔÚ¢ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜, Î·È ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ Ô˘ ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ ÙÔ˘. ∞·ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Û ٤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ‰‡Ô Â›‰·. ¶ÚÒÙ· ·fi fiÏ·, Ë Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·‰È·ÊÔÚ›·˜148 Û fiÚÔ˘˜ ˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÙ› Ì ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ÚÔ‹ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ̤۷ ·fi Ù· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ηÏ҉ȷ. √ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ë ‰ÚÔÌÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÚÔÛÙÚÈ‚¤˜ Î·È Ë £ÂˆÚ›· ¶·ÈÁÓ›ˆÓ ¤¯ÂÈ È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ·Í›· ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·˘Ù‹. ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, Ë Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Web ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ÂÏ·¯ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ·¿Ù˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÏÔÈÒÓ ‰··ÓËÚÒÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ. ¢ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ì˯·ÓÈο ηٷÛ΢·Ṳ̂ÓË Ï‡ÛË ÛÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ù˘ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡Ó˘ (·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÙ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 5.4.4), ·ÏÏ¿ ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‚ÚÂıÔ‡Ó ÙÚfiÔÈ Î·È Ì˯·ÓÈΤ˜ χÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ Web, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙÂ Ë ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Ó· ·ÓÙ·Ì›‚ÂÙ·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ ÂÈ‚ÔÏ‹ ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ‹ ÙËÓ ·fiÙÔÌË Ì›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÒÏÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ¢ÂÚÁÂÙÈÎÔ‡ «·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘». www 148 ™ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·Ùfi Ó· ·ÓÙÏËı› ›ÛË ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ·fi fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌÔ‡˜ ·Á·ıÒÓ ‹ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ.
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    4. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛËÙÔ˘ Web 96 4.2.2 Àԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ŒÓ· ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ (IR). ∏ IR ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È Û ÌÈ· «Ì¿¯Ë ÛÒÌ· Ì ÛÒÌ·» ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˘˜ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÔıË΢ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ ·ÊÂÓfi˜, ηıÒ˜ ·˘ÙÔ› ÔÈ ¯ÒÚÔÈ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ- Á·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔÈ Î·È ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙÂÚÔÈ, Î·È Ù˘ ˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È fiÏÔ Î·È ÈÔ ··ÈÙËÙÈÎÔ› Û fiÚÔ˘˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ·fiÎÚÈÛ˘ Î·È ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË. ŒÓ· ÚÔÊ·Ó¤˜ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ IR ÛÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÙÔ Web ‰ÂÓ ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ ÌÈ· ∞Ú¯‹ ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜149. √ÔÈÔÛ‰‹ÔÙ Ì ¤Ó·Ó ÏÔÁ·ÚÈ·ÛÌfi Û ¤Ó·Ó ISP150 ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÙÔÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰· ÛÙÔ Web Î·È ˆ˜ ÁÓˆÛÙfiÓ ÙÔ Web ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ı¤·ÙÚÔ ÂÍ¿ψÛ˘ ıˆÚÈÒÓ Û˘ÓˆÌÔÛ›·˜, ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ Ì‡ıˆÓ, ·Û‹Ì·ÓÙˆÓ Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Ê·ÓÙ·Û›·˜. ∂›Û˘, ˘ÔʤÚÂÈ ·fi fiÏ· Ù· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ¿Ó·Ú¯Ë˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛÙ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ··Ú¯·ÈˆÌ¤Ó˜ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Î·È Ù· ·ÓÙ›ÁÚ·Ê·. ¶¿Û¯ÂÈ, Û˘Ó ÙÔȘ ¿ÏÏÔȘ, ·fi fiϘ ÙȘ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ Î·È fiϘ ÙȘ ·ÔÚÈÛٛ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÙˆÓ ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈÛÌÒÓ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ∏ Â- ·ÎÚÈ‚‹˜ ηٷÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌË Û ÌÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰· ˘fi ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË, ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· ÛÔ‚·Úfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ·. ∂› ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, Ë ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷ΋ IR ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛı› Û «‹È·» ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· fiÔ˘ Ë Ì¿˙· ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÍÔÚ‡¯ÙËΠ۠ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ §ÔÁÈ΋˜, ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Ù· Ù˘Èο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ¤ÏÏÂȄ˘ ÌÔÙ›‚Ô˘. °È· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ IR Ë Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÂȉfiÛÂˆÓ (benchmarking) ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÒÓ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ Ù›ÓÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Û¯Â‰fiÓ ÔÙ¤ ÂÎÔ‡ÛÈ· ·Ú·Ï·ÓËÙÈ΋. ÕÏϘ ¯Ú‹ÛÈ̘ ÌÈÎÚÔ- ‰Ô̤˜ ·ÚÂÌÊÂÚ›˜ Ì ÙÔ Web, fiˆ˜ Ù· ÂÓ‰Ô‰›ÎÙ˘·, ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È, Â›Û˘, ·fi ÙËÓ Î·Ï‹ ›ÛÙË ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û˘ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜. ∞ÏÏ¿ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È fiÏÔ Î·È ÈÔ Û˘¯Ó¤˜ ÔÈ ÌÔ¯ıËÚ¤˜ ·fiÂÈÚ˜ ˘ÔÓfiÌ¢Û˘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ IR Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ Web Ì ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ. ∏ IR Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Web ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Îϛ̷η Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛ·ıÂÈÒÓ Ó· ‰È·‚ÚˆıÔ‡Ó Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Î·È Ó· Ô‰ËÁËıԇ̠۠ÂÛÊ·Ï̤ӷ Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· [139]. 4.2.3 ∞Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ ∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ IR Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ÂÈÛ‹Á·Á ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ Web ‹Ù·Ó Ë ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë Ù˘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈËı› ¢ÚÂÙÈÎfi˜ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ˘ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘ Î·È ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÙÔ Î¿ÓÔ˘Ó [171, 221], ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÈÌÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÌËÙÚÒÓ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙË Û˘Ó‰ÂÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ÙÔÈÎÒÓ ˘Ô-ÁڿʈÓ. √‡ÙÂ Ô ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Kleinberg (HITS), Ô‡ÙÂ Ô ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Page Î·È ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ (PageRank) ··ÈÙ› ¿ÏÏË Â›ÛÔ‰Ô, ¤Ú·Ó Ù˘ «·ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛÙ˘» ‰ÔÌ‹˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ÚÔ˜ Î·È ·fi ÙȘ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜. ∆Ô Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û ·ÓÔÌÔÈfiÙ˘· Â›Ó·È ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÚfiÓÙÔ˜ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜. ªÂ ÔȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì www 149 Quality ∞ssurance - QA. 150 Internet Service Provider. ¶¿ÚÔ¯Ô˜ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘, .¯. OTEnet.
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    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ·ÓÔÌÔÈfiÙ˘˜ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ fiÙ·Ó Ë ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ·ÏÏ¿˙ÂÈ ‰Ú·Ì·ÙÈο Î·È fiÙ·Ó ¿ÏÏ· 97 Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ fiˆ˜ ÂÈÎÂÊ·Ï›‰Â˜, ˘ÔÛ¤Ïȉ· ‹ ÌÔÚÊfiÙ˘· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËı› [76]; £· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· Ì·˜ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ôηχ„Ô˘- Ì ÙȘ ·ÔıËÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˜ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈ̘ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ ÙÔÔıÂÛ›· ÙÔ˘˜; ∂›Ó·È, ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË, ıÂÌÈÙ‹ Ë ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË Ù˘ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, Ì ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ online ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ̤ÚÔ˜ ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÛÙÔ Web; ∞ÍÈÔÏÔÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ ÛÙÔ Web, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· Ì ٷ ¯Ú‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÔʤÚÂÈ Ë ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË [25] –Ë ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘ Google ÛÙÔ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÈÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÙÔ 2004 ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛ ÙËÓ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›· ¿Óˆ ·fi 30 ‰ÈÛÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ‰ÔÏ¿ÚÈ· Û ̛· ÂÍ·ÛıÂÓË̤ÓË ·ÁÔÚ¿151– Â›Ó·È Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈο ÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜. ªÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·fi‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÒÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÍÂÊ˘ÙÚÒÓÔ˘Ó fiÏË ÙËÓ ÒÚ· Î·È ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Î·È ÙË ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎ›ÏˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÒÓ [76]. √ ÛÎÔfi˜ Ù˘ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Â›Ó·È Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ Ì ÙÔ ·›ÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Ô˘ fiÙ·Ó ÙȘ ÂÈÛÎÂÊı› Ô ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˘ ›Ù ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ›Ù ÙÔ˘ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ÙËÓ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÔÈ ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ IR ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ÌÈ·˜ Ì˯·Ó‹˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ (ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË) Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Û¯ÂÙÈο [280]. ∂›Ó·È ÂÚÈÙÙfi Ó· ԇ̠fiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ „¿¯ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ Ì˯·Ó¤˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È Ô Ì·ÁÈÎfi˜ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ó·Î·ÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, Â›Ó·È Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ·˘Ùfi ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi (ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ, ηٿ ÚÔ- Û¤ÁÁÈÛË) ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Û fiÏÔ ÙÔ Web, Ú¿ÁÌ· Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·Ó ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô. √È Ì˯·Ó¤˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ·ÏÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÛÎÏËÚ¿ ÁÈ· Ó· Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó¯Ҙ ÂÓËÌÂڈ̤Ó˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·, ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÚÎÔ‡˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÈÎÙÒÓ fiÛÔ ÈÔ Û˘¯Ó¿ Á›ÓÂÙ·È, ‰È·ÙËÚÒÓÙ·˜, fï˜, ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ÛÙÔ ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚÔ ‰˘Ó·Ùfi Â›Â‰Ô ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÙÔ Web ÂÍ·ÏÒÓÂÙ·È Î·È ÔÈ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ (Î·È ÔÈ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ ·Ú·Û΋ÓÈÔ) ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È Û˘Ó¯Ҙ [43]. √È Ì˯·Ó¤˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚÈıÔ‡Ó Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ‰È¿ÊÔÚˆÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ fiˆ˜ Ë Î¿Ï˘„‹ ÙÔ˘˜ (Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÁÎÂ- ÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· οı ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ Ì˯·Ó‹), Ë Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÈÛÙÚ¿- ÊËÎ·Ó ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·, Ô ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ Ô˘ ·ÏËÛ ‹ Ë ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ. Ÿˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓÔ, ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ Ì˯·Ó¤˜ ·Ô‰›‰Ô˘Ó ηϿ Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ [76]. 4.2.4 ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ› ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ‰ÔÌ‹˜ ∏ ηٷÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web ¤¯ÂÈ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÛËÌ·Û›·, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙ·ıÂÚÒÓ Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ ÛÙÔ Web ηÈ, Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙË ¯¿Ú·ÍË ÙÔ˘ Ô‰ÈÎÔ‡ ¯¿ÚÙË ÙˆÓ ÂÂÎÙ¿ÛÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘. ªÈ· ·ÍÈÔÛËÌ›ˆÙË È‰ÈfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ η٤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È Ë ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙȘ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ˘ÔÓfiÌ¢Û˘. √‡Ù ÔÈ ¯¿ÎÂÚ˜, Ô‡Ù ٷ ·Ó·fiÊ¢ÎÙ· ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·Ù· ÛÙÔ Ê˘ÛÈÎfi ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ‰È·Ù·Ú¿ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Web. ∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È ·Ó Â›Ó·È ¯·Ï·- www 151 ∏ ·Í›· Ù˘ Google Â›Ó·È ÂÚ›Ô˘ 161 ‰ÈÛÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ‰ÔÏ¿ÚÈ· (‚¿ÛÂÈ Ù˘ ÙÈÌ‹˜ Ù˘ ÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÛÙȘ 11/9/2007).
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    4. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛËÙÔ˘ Web 98 Ṳ̂ÓÔ˜ ¤Ó·˜ ‰ÚÔÌÔÏÔÁËÙ‹˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û·Ú¿ÓÙ·, ‰ÂÓ ÚÔηÏÂ›Ù·È ÙÔ ·Ú·ÌÈÎÚfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ·. √ Barabasi Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘ [253] ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÊÈÏÙÚ·Ú›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ (percolation theory). ∆Ë ÌÂϤÙË, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, Ù˘ ÙÔÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ηٷÓÔÌ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÔ¯ÒÓ ÛÙ· ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·Ù· Û ¤Ó· ȉ·ÓÈÎfi ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÁÈ· ÔÏ˘Ì¤Û· ‰‡Ô ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚˆÓ ‰È·- ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ [119]. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÂȂ‚·ÈÒıËΠfiÙÈ ÁÈ· Ù· ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙ‹ÙÔ˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ‰›ÎÙ˘·, Ì ÂÎı¤ÙË Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ G<3 (Ì ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ Ë Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙËÓ ÂÎıÂÙÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹), Ë Ù˘¯·›· ·Ê·›ÚÂÛË ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ ‰ÂÓ ı· ηٷÙÌ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Û ·Û˘Ó¯‹ ÓËÛÈ¿ [63]. Ÿˆ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ‰ÂÈ Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÒÚ·, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ ÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ Îϛ̷η˜ Ì ÂÎıÂÙÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹ Î·È ÂÎı¤ÙË G ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙÔ 3, Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÙÔ ÙÂÌ·¯›ÛÔ˘ÌÂ. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ô Cohen Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘ [63] ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·fi‰ÂÈÍË Ù˘ ·ÓıÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ˆ˜ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘. ∆· ıˆÚËÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÂÌÂÈÚÈΤ˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛÔÌÔÈÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ë ·ÔÌ¿ÎÚ˘ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ 80% ÙˆÓ ÎfiÌ‚ˆÓ ÂÓfi˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ ·fi ÙËÓ Îϛ̷η, ÙÔ ‰È·ÙËÚ› ˆ˜ Û˘Ì·Á‹ Î·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓË Û˘ÛÙ¿‰· [21]. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Ë ıˆڛ· ÊÈÏÙÚ·Ú›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ηٷϋÁÂÈ ÛÙÔ fiÙÈ Ù· ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· Îϛ̷η˜ ‰›ÎÙ˘· Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ οÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÈÔ Â˘¿ÏˆÙ· Û ÌÈ· ηÙ¢ı˘ÓfiÌÂÓË Î·È Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈṲ̂ÓË Â›ıÂÛË, ·ÚfiÙÈ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ì·Á‹ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Û ¤Ó· Ù˘¯·›Ô ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·. ªË Ù˘¯·›· ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·Ù· Î·È ÂÈı¤- ÛÂȘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÔÊÈο ·Ó Â›Ó·È ÛÙÔ¯Â˘Ì¤Ó· Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ·Ó ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È ÚÔ˜ ÔÏ˘-Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜. ŒÓ· ÛÊ¿ÏÌ· Û ¤Ó· ÌÈÎÚfi ·ÚÈıÌfi ÔÌÊ·ÏÒÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·˘Í‹ÛÂÈ ‰Ú·Ì·ÙÈο ÙË ‰È¿ÌÂÙÚÔ ÙÔ˘ Web (Û fiÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÎÏÈÎ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· Ó· ÌÂÙ·‚ԇ̠·fi ÌÈ· Ù˘¯·›· ÂÈÏÂÁ̤ÓË «ÛÂÏ›‰·» Û ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ¿ÏÏË), Î·È ¤Ó· ÛÊ¿ÏÌ· Û ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ·ÚÈıÌfi ÔÏ˘-Û˘Ó‰Â‰ÂÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚˆÓ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÙÌËÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË [64]. 4.2.5 ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ∫·ıÒ˜ ÙÔ Web ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÂÙ·È ÁÈ· Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ¿‚ÂÈ ¤Ó· ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÔÈ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Web Û˘Ó˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó online Î·È ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜, Ë ÈÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û· ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù‹ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ô ÂÏ¿Ù˘ ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È Û Â·Ê‹ Ì ÙÔÓ ¿ÚÔ¯Ô ˘ËÚÂÛ›·˜. ∏ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓË ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ οÓÂÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË Î·È Û˘Ó·Ú·ÛÙÈ΋ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Ó¤ˆÓ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ, ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÒÓ Î·È ıˆÚÈÒÓ. ∏ ıˆڛ· ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Petri [269, 298], ¤Ú·Ó ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ, ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ê·Ó› ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË ÛÙËÓ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÒÓ Î·Ù·ÓÂÌËÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ¢ÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Web. ™ÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË, Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ıÂÒÚËÛË, ÚÔÛı¤ÙÂÈ ÙË ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÛÙËÓ È‰¤· Ù˘ Ì˯·Ó‹˜ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ (state machine), Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔÙ·ı› ˆ˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÌÔÓÙÂÏÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Web [296]. √È ÕÏÁ‚Ú˜ ¢È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ, fiˆ˜ Ë CSP152 [141] ‹ Ë CCS153 [203]) ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó, Â›Û˘, Ó· Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÍÂȉ›Î¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ˘ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ¶·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ¤Ó· ‰È¿Ó˘ÛÌ· Ì www 152 Communicating Sequential Processes. 153 Calculus of Communicating Systems.
  • 95.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋˜ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ 99 ÂÈÛfi‰ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÍfi‰ˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, fiˆ˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ, ÛÂÈÚ¤˜ ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ, Û˘Ó·ÚÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜, ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Î·È Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ Û˘Á¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡. ªÈ· ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ÂͤÏÈÍË Â›Ó·È Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ -¿ÏÁ‚ڷ˜ (Ë ÔÓÔÌ·Û›· Ù˘ Â›Ó·È ·Ó¿ÏÔÁË Ì ÙË Ï-¿ÏÁ‚ڷ), Ë ÔÔ›· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ ÕÏÁ‚ڷ˜ ¢È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ (ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ¤Ó· ·Ú·ÎÏ¿‰È Ù˘ CCS) Î·È ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ù˘ ÊÔÚËÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ. ∏ -¿ÏÁ‚ڷ Â›Ó·È ÂÎÔ‡ÛÈ· ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘ ‡ÚÔ˘˜ (ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ Î¿ÙÈ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ·fi ηӿÏÈ· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ¤˜, Â·Ó¿ÏË„Ë Î·È Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓË ¯Ú‹ÛË), ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÔÚ› ‡ÎÔÏ· Ó· ÂÂÎÙ·ı› ÁÈ· Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ¿‚ÂÈ Û˘Ó·ÚÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÚÒÙ˘ Ù¿Í˘ Î·È ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ [204, 1]. Ÿˆ˜ ›‰·Ì ÛÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 3.3.1 ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÁψÛÛÒÓ Ô˘ ı· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Web (fiˆ˜ Ë CDL ‹ Ë BPEL), Î·È Èı·Ófiٷٷ, Ù· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿- ÛÙËÎ·Ó Û ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÔ˘Ó Ù¤ÙÔȘ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜. À¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ¤ÓÙÔÓË ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ٷ ‰›ÎÙ˘· Petri Î·È ÙËÓ -¿ÏÁ‚ڷ [24], Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ Î·È ·˘ÙÒÓ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÙȘ ÁÚ·ÌÌÈΤ˜ ÕÏÁ‚Ú˜ ¢È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ [276].
  • 96.
    100 5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ
  • 97.
    101 ∆Ô Web ›ӷȤӷ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÂÓۈ̷و̤ÓÔ ÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Î·È Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÍ·ÚٿٷÈ, ÂÓ ÔÏÏÔ›˜, ·fi ÙÔ ·Ó Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÛˆÛÙ¿ Ë ÂÓۈ̿وÛË ·˘Ù‹, fiˆ˜ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Î·È Ì ÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘. ™Â ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ·, ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi, ÙÔ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎfi Î·È ÙÔ ËıÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ·Ó·Ï‡Ô˘Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ηٷÛ΢‹˜. ∏ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ·˘Ù‹ ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ ‹ ıÂÛÌÒÓ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘, ı¤Ì·Ù· Ù· ÔÔ›· ηχÙÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 6. 5.1 ∂ÚÌËÓ›·, Û˘ÓÂ·ÁˆÁ‹ Î·È ıÂÌÂÏ›ˆÛË Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ ¶Ôχ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÙÔ Web Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÓÙÈÏËÙfi ˆ˜ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÂÈ¤‰ˆÓ, ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ, ÁψÛÛÒÓ ‹ ÚˆÙÔÎfiÏψÓ, Ô˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ Ï·ÙÊfiÚ̘ ¿Óˆ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÙÔÔıÂÙËıÔ‡Ó Ó¤ÔÈ, ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ Î·È ÈÔ ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎÔ› ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÔ›. √È Ï·ÙÊfiÚ̘ ·˘Ù¤˜, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ TCP/IP, ÂȉÈÒÎÔ˘Ó ÛÎfiÈÌ· Ó· Â›Ó·È fiÛÔ ÈÔ Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚ˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È. ∆Ô SW Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÚÔÊ·Ó¤˜ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÌÈ·˜ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Ô¯ÈÎÒÓ ÂÈ¤‰ˆÓ, Ô˘ fï˜ Â›Ó·È ÌË Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÙÈ΋ [32]. √È Ï·ÙÊfiÚ̘ ‰È·‰Ô¯ÈÎÒÓ ÂÈ¤‰ˆÓ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·ÏÔÔÈËÙÈΤ˜. ¢ËÏ·‰‹, Ù· ·ÓÒÙÂÚ· Â›‰· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙ· ηÙÒÙÂÚ· Â›‰·. ¶ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ, fï˜, ¤Ó· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ Û Â›‰·. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, fiÛÔ ÈÔ ÎÔÓÙ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÚ˘Ê‹ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË, ÙfiÛÔ ÈÔ Èı·Ófi Â›Ó·È Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÓfiËÌ·. ªÂ ·˘Ùfi ı¤ÏÔ˘Ì ӷ ԇ̠ˆ˜, ·Ú¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÌÈ· ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ·˘ÛÙËÚ‹ Û‡ÓÙ·ÍË (Î·È Èı·ÓÒ˜ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·), ÁÈ· Ó· Â›Ó·È ÛÔ˘‰·›· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ì ¤Ó·Ó ¤Í˘ÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ Ó· ‰È·Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ÏfiÁÔ. ™ÙÔ ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ SW, ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Â͢ËÚÂÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ¤ÏÂÛË Ù˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Ù˘ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Î·È ‚ÔËıÔ‡Ó ÙË ‰ÈÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ˘ Î·È Ì ÓfiËÌ· ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔÓ ¿ÓıÚˆÔ Î·È ÙË Ì˯·Ó‹ [97]. ∂ÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ÍÂηı·Ú›ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ·˘ÙÔ› ÔÈ Ù‡ÔÈ ·ÔÙ‡ˆÛ˘ Î·È ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛ˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ì·ÁÈÎÔ›. √È ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, ˆ˜ Ù¯ÓËÙ¤˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜, ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙Ô˘Ó ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËÎ·Ó Î·È Ù›ÔÙ· ·Ú·¿ÓˆØ ·ÔÙ˘ÒÓÔ˘Ó ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛÙÔÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ÏfiÁÔ ÙȘ ‰Ô̤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ [113, 289]. ™Â ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘˜ ‰ÔÌË̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚÌ·- ÏÈÛÌÔ‡˜, fiˆ˜ Ù· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· (queries) [39]. ∞fi ÌÈ· ÔÙÈ΋ ÁˆÓ›· Ì¿˜ ı˘Ì›˙ÂÈ ÙË ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈ΋ ȉ¤· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ [168, 169]. ŒÓ· ÙÌ‹Ì· ÏfiÁÔ˘ ‹ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂˆÓ ∞ Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È ¤Ó· ¿ÏÏÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ µ, fiÙ·Ó ÌÈ· ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÛÙÔ ∞ Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÛÙÔ µ, ¯ˆÚ›˜ fï˜ Ó· ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙÔ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊÔ. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË ıˆڛ· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ‰›Ù˘¯Ô Ó‡̷/Ì˘·Ïfi, οı ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ ÛÙËÓ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È Î¿ÔȘ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÁÎÂÊ¿ÏÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÈ· ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÁÎÂÊ¿ÏÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· Î·È ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ ÛÙËÓ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË. ∏ Û˘ÓÂ·ÁˆÁ‹ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁˆÁ‹. ªÈ· ·Ó·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ıÂÒÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰›Ù˘¯Ô˘ Ó‡̷/Ì˘·Ïfi ı· Û‹Ì·ÈÓ fiÙÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ˜ ı·
  • 98.
    5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ 102 ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ Û˘Ó·Á¿ÁÂÈ ÙËÓ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ·fi ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÁÎÂÊ¿ÏÔ˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ fiÙÈ Ë æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ÙȘ ¡Â˘ÚÔÂÈÛً̘. Œ¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯÙ› ·Ó¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÈÒÓ˜ fiÙÈ Ë Û˘ÓÂ·ÁˆÁ‹ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ηÏfi˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜ Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÓÔ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜: ÙÔ ·ÓÂÚ- Ì‹Ó¢ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi ÛÙ· ¯·ÌËÏ¿ Â›‰· ÙÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓÔ Ì ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi ÛÙ· ·ÓÒÙÂÚ· Â›‰· ·Ó·ÁηÛÙÈο Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÓfiËÌ·. ÿÛˆ˜ Ó· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛÎÂÊÙfiÌ·ÛÙ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Web ¤¯ÂÈ ·˘Ù‹ ÙË Û˘ÓÂ·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ Û Â›‰·. ∆· ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÌ·Ù· Ì ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ÓfiËÌ· ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÚ˘Ê‹ Î·È ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈο ·fi Ù· ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÌ·Ù· ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÓfiËÌ·, fiˆ˜ Ë HTML Î·È Ë XML ‹ ÔÙȉ‹ÔÙ ¿ÏÏÔ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ·fi οو. ∞Ó ˘Ôı¤ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Ù· ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚ· Â›‰· ÛÙËÓ ˘Ú·Ì›‰· ÙÔ˘ Web ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙˆÓ ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚˆÓ, ÙfiÙÂ Ë ÂÚÒÙËÛË Ô˘ ·Ó·Î‡ÙÂÈ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ıÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ ÂÈ¤‰ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ·ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÛÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ô˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·˘Ù¿ Ù· Â›‰·. ¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ Âȯ›ÚËÌ· Ù˘ ıÂÌÂÏ›ˆÛ˘ Û˘Ì‚fiψÓ154 (Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ó· ·ÔʇÁÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ÂӉ¯fiÌÂÓÔ Ó· ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Ë ÂÚÌË- Ó›· ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ ÌfiÓÔ Û ¿ÏÏ· ۇ̂ÔÏ·, Î·È ·ÓÙ› ·˘ÙÔ‡ Ó· ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Û ÌÈ· ·¢ı›·˜ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË Ì ÙÔ ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ ÛÙÔȯ›Ô155 [129, 130], (··›ÙËÛË Ë ÔÔ›· Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ Wittgenstein Î·È ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÈηÓÔÔÈËı› [291]) ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ì ӷ ‰Ô‡Ì οÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂȘ ·fi ·ÓÂÚÌ‹ÓÂ˘Ù· ۇ̂ÔÏ· Ó· ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙Ô˘Ó ˙ˆÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ. «TÔ ÓfiËÌ· ˆ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛË» Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Ôχ ÁÓˆÛÙfi Û‡ÓıËÌ· ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ȉ¤· Ù˘ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Wittgenstein ÁÈ· ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ·. ∏ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚË Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ, ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜, ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÙÔ ÓfiËÌ· ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ ˆ˜ ÙÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ù˘. ∆Ô ›‰ÈÔ ÛÎÂÙÈÎfi ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È Î·È ÛÙÔ SW, Ì ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ fiÙÈ ÁÂÓÓ¿Ù·È ¤Ó· ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ·, ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙÔ˘. ™ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ù˘ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, Ë ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ‹ Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·˘ÙfiÌ·Ù· ·fi ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜. °È’ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÍÂοı·ÚÔ ·Ó ÔÈ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ› ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÎÒ‰Èη ‹ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ¯Ú‹ÛÂˆÓ ı· ηٷʤÚÔ˘Ó Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÔÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Ì ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ SW, Ë ÔÔ›· ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ §ÔÁÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ ÁÈ· ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘˜ ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÔ˘˜ URIs ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈ Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÙÔ˘˜ ·˘ÙfiÌ·ÙÔ˘˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ‰›·. ªÈ· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ˆ˜ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙ‹ Ù˘ ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÓÔ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, Ô˘ ı˘Ì›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ıˆ- ڛ˜ Ù˘ Hilary Putnam [233]. ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÙÔ SW ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Û ¤Ó· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Û¯ÂÛÈ·- ÎÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, Ì ÙȘ Ì˯·Ó¤˜ Ó· ÂÈÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜, ‰ÂÓ Ô‰ËÁ› ηْ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÛÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ §ÔÁÈ΋˜, Ù· ÔÔ›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙfiÛÔ ‰˘ÛÎÔχÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Ù˘ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ Ë Û˘˙‹ÙË- ÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ URIs Ô˘ ¤ÁÈÓ ÚˆÙ‡ÙÂÚ· ÛÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 3.1.2 Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÂÈ- ϤÔÓ ÁÓÒÛË ÁÈ· Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ·˘Ù¿. www 154 Symbol grounding. 155 Referent. ™ÙË §ÔÁÈ΋ Â›Ó·È Ô ÚÒÙÔ˜ fiÚÔ˜ Û ÌÈ· ÚfiÙ·ÛË Î·È ·˘Ùfi˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›ÔÓ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó.
  • 99.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web 5.2 ∏ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔ Web 103 5.2.1 ∆È ¿ÏÏÔ ı· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ; Ÿˆ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ‰ÂÈ Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÒÚ·, ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web ·Ó·Î‡ÙÂÈ ÌÈ· ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜, ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈΤ˜ ‹ §ÔÁÈΤ˜ Ú›˙˜. ¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ Ô˘ ÔÈ «Ú·ÎÙÈÎÔ› Ù¯ӛÙ˜» ÌÈ·˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Í·ÊÓÈο Ó· ÂÍÔÈÎÂȈıÔ‡Ó Ì ÙËÓ ºÈÏÔÛÔÊÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋. ∆Ô Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÛÙËÓ ∆¯ÓËÙ‹ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË (∆¡) ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚˆÓfiÙ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÁÂÓÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfiÛÈÌˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜. ∏ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·˘Ù‹ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ ¤Ó·Ó ÈÛ¯˘Úfi, Î·È ÂÎ ÚÒÙ˘ fi„ˆ˜ ‡ÏÔÁÔ, Ô‰ËÁfi ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ÛÙËÓ ∆¡ ηٿ ÙȘ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ 1960 Î·È 1970, Ë ÔÔ›· fï˜ ÂÓ Ù¤ÏÂÈ Î·Ù¤ÚÚ¢Û ·fi ÙȘ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÚԉȷÁÚ·ÊÒÓ Ù˘ §ÔÁÈ΋˜ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔ- ÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ·˘ı·›ÚÂÙ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ. ∏ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ·˘Ù‹ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ Ó¤·˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜ Ì ÙËÓ ˘ÔÙÈÌËÙÈ΋ ÔÓÔÌ·Û›· «∏ ·ÏÈ¿, ηϋ ∆¯ÓËÙ‹ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË» (GOFAI)156. ªÂÚÈÎÔ› ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ GOFAI ·ÚÂÌÔ‰›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· Â›Ï˘Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ- ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ·-Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÁÈ· Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·. ∆Ô Úfi‚ÏËÌ·- Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÛÙËÓ ∆¡ Û˘Ó›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÂÈ Ô ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹˜ ÙËÓ ·ÏÔ‡ÛÙÂÚË ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÂÈ Ù· ¿ÓÙ·. ¢ËÏ·‰‹, ηıÒ˜ Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ô˘ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁԇ̠ÛÙÔÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ Â›Ó·È ‰È¿¯˘ÙÔ˜ Û fiϘ ÙȘ ÂÎÊ¿ÓÛÂȘ Ù˘ ¤ÎÊÚ·Û‹˜ Ì·˜, η̛· ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ‹ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛı› Û fiÚÔ˘˜ ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ ÂÌ‚¤ÏÂÈ·˜ [133, 82]. ∞fi ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë ∆¡ ‰ÂÓ ı· ÌÔÚ¤ÛÂÈ Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË §ÔÁÈ΋ ¤ˆ˜ fiÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› ÌÈ· Û˘Ì·Á‹˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› Ô ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹˜ ÁÈ· Ó· Û¯ËÌ·Ù›ÛÂÈ §ÔÁÈο ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜Ø Û‡Ó- ‰ÂÛË Ë ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ ∆¡ [129, 130]. ªÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ô˘ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ô ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹˜ ‹ ÙÔ ÚÔÌfiÙ. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ÔÈ ÂÈÎÚ›ÛÂȘ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ Â›Ó·È ‹ÛÛÔÓÔ˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙȘ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È §ÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜ ˘ÏÒÓ˜ ÙÔ˘ GOFAI [255]. ¢ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú·Ï›„Ô˘Ì fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ıÂÙÈο ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· ˘¤Ú ÙÔ˘ GOFAI Ù· ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ı¤Ì·Ù· ∆¡. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙÔ Ó· ÁÓˆÚ›˙ˆ Ò˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Î¿ÙÈ («knowing how») Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÁÈ· ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ú¿ÁÌ· («knowing that») Î·È ·˘Ù‹ Ë ‰È·‰ÈηÛÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË, ¤Ú· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘, Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· Û¯¤ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ·ÈÙ›· ‰Ú¿Û˘ Î·È ÙË ‰È·Ù˘ˆÌ¤ÓË ÚfiÙ·ÛË [267]. µ¤‚·È·, ‰ÂÓ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ˘Ô¯ÚˆÙÈο Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜. Œ¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÙ·ı› ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ GOFAI ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ, ÔÈ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓ˜ «¯·˙¤˜» ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡˜. Œ¯ÂÈ ·Ô‰Âȯı›, fï˜, fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ·˘ÙÔ›, ·Ú¿ ÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë «Â˘Ê˘˝·˜» (fiˆ˜ ÔÈ PageRank, IR, NLP) Û˘ÌÂÚÈʤÚÔÓÙ·È Ôχ ÈÔ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο. ∂›Ó·È ÂÔ›ıËÛË ÌÂÚÈÎÒÓ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Web, Î·È ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ SW, ·ÂÈÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· Ï¿ıË Ì ·˘Ù¿ ÙÔ˘ GOFAI. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ www 156 Good Old Fashioned AI.
  • 100.
    5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ 104 Ô˘ ·ÔÛÎÔ› ÛÙË ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È fi,ÙÈ ·˘Ùfi Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È, ¤¯ÂÈ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ Ó· ÈÛÙÂ‡Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ıˆڛ·˜ ÙˆÓ ¿ÓÙˆÓ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ [158]. ∆Ô Â˘Ú¤ˆ˜ ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ ¤ÚÁÔ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÓÔÌ·Û›· CYC, ·ÚfiÙÈ ÛÙfi¯Â˘Â ÛÙË ‰Ë- ÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÈ·˜ ÁÈÁ·ÓÙÈ·›·˜ ‚¿Û˘ ÁÓÒÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˘ Ì˯·Ó‹˜ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂ- Ú·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ô˘ ı· ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ˙·Ó ÙËÓ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›· Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ «ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÏÔÁÈ΋» [183], ‰ÂÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ì¤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ÒÛÂÈ ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈΤ˜ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ. ∆ËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹, Ë Â›ÛËÌË Ù¿ÛË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈÎÒÓ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ [124, 106, 210] Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Î·Ù·ÙÔË̤- ÓË Î·È ÂÚ›ÏÔÎË, ·ÚfiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ηٷÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏÔÛ˘Û¯¤- ÙÈÛË ÂÈÎ·Ï˘ÙfiÌÂÓˆÓ «ÂÏ·ÊÚÈÒÓ» ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ (ˆ˜ οÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ «‚·ÚÈ¿˜» ‹ «‚·ıÈ¿˜» ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜) [228]. ∂Ó Ù¤ÏÂÈ, fï˜, ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙÔ Âȯ›ÚËÌ· fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ηٷÓÂÌË̤Ó˘ Î·È ÔÏ˘Û¯È‰Ô‡˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·Ó·fiÛ·ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·fiÎÙËÛË Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Ô ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌfi˜ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Web Î·È ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙÔ SW ı· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘Ó ›‰È· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ì ÙÔ GOFAI, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍÂÙ·Ûı› ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· Ù˘ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, Ù˘ ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ˘Ô‚ÔÏ‹˜ ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û ۯÂÛȷο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ô˘ ÔÚ·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÙ·È Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ SW. ◊‰Ë ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡ ÛÎÔÔ‡ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË Î·È ÙË Û˘Á¯ÒÓ¢ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ·ÚÈıÌfi Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Î·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙË Û˘ÚÚ·Ê‹ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ì ۯÂÙÈΤ˜ ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ·Ê‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÂÚÌËÓ›˜ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ. √È ÂÚÌËÓ›˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó Î·Ù’ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈο Û˘ÓÂÔ‡˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜. ∆Ô SW ÁÂÓÈ·ÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÛÂ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·Û˘ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË Û˘ÓfiÏˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ¶¤Ú·Ó ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘, fï˜, ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÂÈϤÔÓ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Ù˘ ı¤Û˘ fiÙÈ ÙÔ SW ‰ÂÓ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È Ó· ˘ÔʤÚÂÈ ·fi Ù· ıˆÚËÙÈο Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ GOFAI. ¶ÈÔ ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚÒ˜, ÙÔ SW ‰ÂÓ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÛ‰Ôο ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈ¤‰Ô˘ Ù˘ Â˘Ê˘˝·˜ Ô˘ ÔÚ·Ì·Ù›ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÔÈ ıˆÚËÙÈÎÔ› ÙÔ˘ GOFAI. √È ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ χÛÂȘ ı· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó, Î·È Û ·˘Ù¤˜ ·ÔÛÎÔ› ÙÔ SW. £· ‹Ù·Ó Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· ıÂÙÈÎfi Â¿Ó ¤Ó· Ù¯ÓËÙfi ‰ËÌÈÔ‡ÚÁËÌ· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ·Ú·Á¿ÁÂÈ ÙÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÍ·Á¿ÁÂÈ ¤Ó· ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ÔÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Ô ÚËÙfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ SW. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ÙÔ SW ‰ÂÓ ı· ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÔÙ‡¯ÂÈ ·Ó ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù·Ê¤ÚÂÈ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ Ù¯ÓÔ‡ÚÁËÌ·. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web, Ë ÔÔ›· ı· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘, Ì ÈÔ Â‡ÎÔÏÔ ÙÚfiÔ, ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ·fiÎÚÈÛË ÛÙ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù·. ∆Ô GOFAI ·ÔÛÎÔÔ‡Û ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÂÓfi˜ Â˘Ê˘Ô‡˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙ· Â›‰· Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ Â˘Ê˘˝·˜, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ SW ı· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔÓ Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË Â˘Ê˘˝· (Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, ¤Ó·Ó ¿ÓıÚˆÔ) ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë, ÚfiÛÏË„Ë Î·È ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ [17]. Œ¯ÂÈ ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›· Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Â›Ó·È ÏÈÁfi- ÙÂÚÔ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ fiÙ·Ó ÂȉˆıÔ‡Ó ·fi ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÔÙÈ΋ ÁˆÓ›·. √ Bouquet Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ C-OWL (‹ Context-OWL) ˆ˜ ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Ô˘ ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ·fi Ù· Û˘ÌÊÚ·˙fiÌÂÓ· [41]. ∂›Û˘, ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ¤Ó·˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ‹˜ ıˆÚ› ÙÔ SW ˆ˜ ÙÔ ‰˘ÓËÙÈÎfi ÛˆÙ‹Ú· Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ÛÙ· ŒÌÂÈÚ· ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·. ™Ù· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ·˘Ù¿, Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ÁÓÒÛˆÓ, ÂÍ·Ó·Áο˙Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘
  • 101.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Û ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Î·È ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ Î·ÏÔ‡È. ∆· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Ù·ÈÚÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó 105 ÛÙÔ Î·ÏÔ‡È ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙÒÓÙ·È, ÂÓÒ Ë ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÛÙ·‰È·Î‹ ˘fiıÂÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· ηıÔ‰ËÁÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ÁψÛÛÒÓ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘157. ™ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ·˘Ù‹, ÙÔ SW ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˘ ¢ÂÏÈÍ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó··- Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÓۈ̿وÛË Ù˘ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓ˘ ÏÔÁÈ΋˜. √È Â˘ÚÔÛ¿ÚÌÔÛÙ˜ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ˘ÂÚ-ÁÓˆÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ158, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÂÍÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ Î·È ÔÏÏ·Ϥ˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ ‹ ·ÚfiÌÔÈ·˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÈÔ Â˘¤- ÏÈÎÙ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ Î·È ÙËÓ Â·Ó·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË [110]. 5.2.2 ∂Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎÔ› ÙÚfiÔÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏÔ› ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ› Ù‡ÔÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Ï›ÁÔÈ Â›Ó·È ÂΛÓÔÈ ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÂÈ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ò˜ ÛÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ·Ó·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ ÁÚ·ÌÌÈ΋˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ‰È¿ÊÔÚˆÓ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ. ¶ÔȘ, fï˜, Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ Ô˘ ‰È¢ÎfiÏ˘Ó·Ó ÙÔ Web; ªÈ· ÚÔÊ·Ó‹˜ ˘Ô„‹ÊÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë ÚÔÛÂÙ·ÈÚÈÛÙÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋159, ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ› Û¯ËÌ·Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÈÚÌÒÓ Î·È ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ·Úfi‚ÏÂÙÔÈ Î·È ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎÔ›, ÂÎÙÚԯȿ˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ÙÚ¤ÓÔ Ù˘ ÛΤ„˘ [202]. ŒÓ· ÎÏ·ÛÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÈÚÌÈ΋˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ Ô˘ ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙË ÓÔ˘‚¤Ï· ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔ˘ÛÙ Ì ٛÙÏÔ «∞Ó·˙ËÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ¯·Ì¤ÓÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ»160. ªÈ·˜ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ô ÌÂÛ‹ÏÈη˜ ·ÊËÁËÙ‹˜, ÂÓfiÛˆ ÙÚÒÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÚ›ÊËÌÔ ÎÔ˘ÏÔ˘Ú¿ÎÈ ÙÔ˘ ‚Ô˘ÙËÁ̤ÓÔ Û ÙÛ¿È, ÌÂٷʤÚÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ·È‰Èο ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÛÙËÓ Combray fiÙ·Ó Ô ı›Ԙ Leonie ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛ¤ÊÂÚ ÙÔ ¤‰ÂÛÌ· ·˘Ùfi οı ∫˘Úȷ΋ Úˆ›. ∆· ‰˘ÓËÙÈο fiÚÈ· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÈÚÌÈ΋˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈ·, ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Ôχ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈ˙fiÌÂÓˆÓ ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ È‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Ô ÌÈÎÚfiÎÔÛÌÔ˜ ·˘Ùfi˜. √È ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ù‡Ô˘ Google, ·ÚfiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ·‰È·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙ· ÔχÙÈ̘, Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÌÂÚÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ÙˆÓ ÌÈÎÚÒÓ Î·È ·ÓÙ·¯Ô‡ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÒÓ Û˘Û΢ÒÓ, ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ÓÂÌËÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ [127]. ∂ÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, Ë Û˘ÓÂÈÚÌÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ ·ÚfiÙÈ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ÂÏ΢ÛÙÈ΋ Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÔÓfi‰ÚÔÌÔ˜. ∏ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿ ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙË Û˘ÓÂÈÚÌÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÔÈ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÂȘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·, ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ô˘ ÙÔÔıÂÙ› Î·È ÙȘ ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ ¤ÁÁÚ·ÊÔ. ∆Ô ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô ÛÙË ÛÎËÓ‹ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔ˘ÛÙ Â›Ó·È ˆ˜ Ô ª·ÚÛ¤Ï ‰·ÁÎÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÎÔ˘ÏÔ˘Ú¿ÎÈ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ Í·ÊÓÈο ÚÔÛÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙȘ ÌӋ̘ ÙÔ˘ ÊÔ‡ÚÓ·ÚË. ∏ ÂχıÂÚË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙË Ó· ÙÔÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ ‰Ô̤˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ Û ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Û˜ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜, οÓÔÓÙ·˜ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ fiˆ˜ Ù· ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÍÂÙ·˙fiÌÂÓË ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰·, ÙȘ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Î·È Ù· ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ [54]. •Âοı·Ú·, Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÌÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ÎÈÓËÙ‹ÚȘ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Web, ˆ˜ ËÁ‹ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Î·È ˆ˜ ̤ÛÔ ·Ôı‹Î¢Û˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ∏ Û˘ÓÂÈÚÌÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ¤¯ÂÈ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› www 157 Knowledge Representation Languages (KRL). 158 Hyper-knowledge bases. 159 Associative reasoning. 160 «Remembrance of Things Past».
  • 102.
    5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ 106 ÛÙÔ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎfi ÊÈÏÙÚ¿ÚÈÛÌ·161 ÛÙ· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ162 [177]. ŒÓ·˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˜ Ù‡Ô˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋163. ∞ÔÙÂÏ› ·ÎfiÌ· ÌÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ôχ ·‚¤‚·È˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜, ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Ì ȉȷÈÙ¤Úˆ˜ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ Ù· ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ· fiÓÙ·. ∏ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Ì ÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ·ÚfiÌÔÈˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ‰‡Ô ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıË ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ Ù· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ·˘Ù¿ η٤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÎÔÈÓ¿ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ·Ó ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ∞ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ È‰ÈfiÙËÙ· ƒ ÙfiÙ ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈο Î·È ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ µ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ȉÈfiÙËÙ· [109]. ¶ÚÔÊ·ÓÒ˜, Ë ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Ù˘ ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈ΋˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·ÊÂÓfi˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ‡·Ú- ÍË ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· Ù· ‰‡Ô ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·, Ô˘ ı· ηٷÛÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ‰˘Ó·Ùfi ÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈÒÓ, Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈÎfi Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË. ∏ ÂÚÈÙˆÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋164 Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈ΋˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜. ∏ ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· [199] Î·È Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› Ì˯·Ó¤˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ [266]. ¶ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ÂÌÊ·Ó›ÛıËΠÛÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ¤Ó· Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈ΋˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì fiÚÔ˘˜ [299]. ∂›Û˘, ÔÈ ÂÚÈÙˆÛÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÂÚÌËÓ›˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Ê·ÓÔ‡Ó ¯Ú‹ÛÈ̘ Û ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ fiÔ˘ Ù· ·ÈÙÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈο ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·‰‡Ó·Ì· [214]. ™Â ¤Ó· ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ·fi ÔÏÏ·Ϥ˜ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, ÔÈ ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ·È ¯Ú‹ÛÈ̘, ηıÒ˜ Ë Û˘Ï- ÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔ¯ˆÚ¿ ·fi ÙÔ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÒÓ ÛÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ. ∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, ‚¤‚·È·, Ë ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÔÙÈ΋˜ ÁˆÓ›·˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÚÈϤÍÂÈ Ù· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù·. Œ¯Ô˘Ó ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ÂӉȷ- ʤÚÔ˘Û˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Ù˘ ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈ΋˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ (Ï.¯. CBR) Û ÂÚ›ÏÔΘ ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤Ó˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ [70] ηÈ, ÂÈϤÔÓ, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› ÂÂ- ÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ XML ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË Ù˘ ÂÚÈÙˆÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ [66]. 5.2.3 ™˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ οو ·fi ·Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·165 To Web Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi ̤ÛÔ. ∏ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË Â›Ó·È ÊıËÓ‹, ·ÏÏ¿ ·˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ì ·Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÊ¿ÛÂȘ ·fi ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘. °È· ÙÔ Web Ô ÓfiÌÔ˜ Ù˘ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋˜ §ÔÁÈ΋˜ Î·È ÌÂÚÈÎÒÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, fiˆ˜ Ù˘ ‰È·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋˜ §ÔÁÈ΋˜166, fiÙÈ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ «Î¿ı ÙÈ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ÌÈ· ·ÓٛʷÛË»167 Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÈÛ¯˘Úfi˜. ∏ ÂÈ‚ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·˜, Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Î·È Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ó· ÙÂıÔ‡Ó ÂÎÙfi˜ «ÓfiÌÔ˘» ÔÈ ·Û¿ÊÂȘ ‰ÂÓ ÍÂΛÓËÛ ÔÙ¤, ¯¿ÚË ÛÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ȤÛÂȘ ˘¤Ú Ù˘ ·Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·˜ ÛÙÔ Web ‹ ¯¿ÚË Û ¿ÏÏ· ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ Îϛ̷η˜ ηٷÓÂÌË̤ӷ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·. µÂ‚·›ˆ˜, Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÛÊ·ÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ (Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ www 161 Collaborative filtering. 162 Recommender systems. 163 Analogical reasoning. 164 Case-based reasoning (CBR). 165 Reasoning under inconsistency. 166 Intuitionistic ‹ constructivist logic. ∆Ô Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈ΋˜ §ÔÁÈ΋˜ Ô˘ ‰›ÓÂÈ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ ·ÈÙÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ·Ú¿ ÛÙËÓ Â‡ÚÂÛË ·ÏËı›·˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛˆÓ. 167 ¡fiÌÔ˜ ÁÓˆÛÙfi˜ Î·È ˆ˜ Ë «·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ ¤ÎÚË͢» ‹ ex falso quodlibet ‹ ex falso sequitur quodlibet (EFSQ), ‹ ex contradictione (sequitur) quodlibet (ECQ) ‹ ex falso/contradictione (sequitur) aliquot. ∆Ô ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ÓfiËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÓfiÌÔ˘ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë Û˘Ó¤ÓˆÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÚfiÙ·Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·Óٛʷۋ˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË.
  • 103.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Ï·Óı·Ṳ̂Ó˘ ÂÈÛfi‰Ô˘ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ) Â›Ó·È ˘„ËÏ‹. ∂È‚Ï·‚¤˜ ‹ „¢‰Â›ÁÚ·ÊÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ 107 ı· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¿ÓÙ·. ∞ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ı· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÛÔ‚·Ú¤˜ ‰È·ÊˆÓ›Â˜, ÚÔÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓ˜ ·fi ηϋ ›ÛÙË, Û fiÏ· Ù· ›‰Ë ÙˆÓ ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∂›Ó·È ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰˘- Ó¿ÌÂȘ Ô˘ οÓÔ˘Ó ·Ó·fiÊ¢ÎÙË ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ·ÓÙÈÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Û οı ÈηÓÔ‡ ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜ ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ Web ηÈ, Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‹‰Ë ÎÈÓËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ·ÚÈıÌfi Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ∆¡. ™ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ù· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ۯ‰ȿÛÙËÎ·Ó Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ- ‰ÔΛ· Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘Ó ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈΤ˜ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‹ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ηٿ ÙȘ ÔÔ›- ˜ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÌÈ· ÚfiÙ·ÛË Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÏËı‹˜ Û ¤Ó· ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÂÓfi˜ ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÂÓÒ ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ·Ó·ÏËı‹˜ Û οÔÈÔ ¿ÏÏÔ. ∆¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ Ù‡Ô˘ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈΤ˜ ˘Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· Â›Ó·È ÂÓۈ̷و̤ÓÔ Î·È Ë ÂÈı˘Ì›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔ‚ÔÏ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ (Ë ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ [140] Ì·˜ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·fi ÙËÓ ∆¡). ∆Ô ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÏÂÔÓ¤ÎÙËÌ· Ù˘ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋˜ §ÔÁÈ΋˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÎÏÈ̿ΈÛ˘. °È· ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi, ÌÈ· χÛË ÛÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ı· ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙ·Ó ·˘Ù¤˜ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Â¿Ó ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ¤Ó· Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· ÛÙÔ Web Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ÊfiÚÌÔ˘Ï·˜ Û ¤Ó· ¤ÁÁÚ·ÊÔ, ‰ÂÓ Ì·˜ ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ fiÙÈ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÂÌÈÛÙ¢ıԇ̠ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· Îϛ̷η ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ¤ÁÁÚ·Ê·. ªÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ù‡ˆÓ ı· Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ٷ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈο ·Ú¯Â›· Î·È Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· Ì·˜ ‚ÔË- ıÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÔÊ·Û›ÛÔ˘ÌÂ Â¿Ó ¤Ó·˜ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌfi˜ Û ¤Ó· ·Ú¯Â›Ô ÂÍÔ˘‰ÂÙÂÚÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ¿ÚÓËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ Û οÔÈÔ ¿ÏÏÔ ÛËÌ›Ô. ∂Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ÚÒÙ˘ ٿ͈˜ ¢ηÈÚ›· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·-Û˘ÓÂ‹ (paraconsistent) §ÔÁÈ΋, Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË ·Û˘ÌʈÓÈÒÓ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙÔÓ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô ·Ó·ÁˆÁÈÎfi «Î·‚Á¿». ∏ ·Ú·-Û˘ÓÂ‹˜ §ÔÁÈ΋ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·Û˘ÌʈÓÈÒÓ Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ··ÈÙ› ÙË ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔ- ÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ··ÁˆÁÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË (Ë ·fi‰ÂÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ex falso quodlibet ··ÈÙ› ÙËÓ ¿ıÚÔÈÛË ÂÓfi˜ ¿Û¯ÂÙÔ˘ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜) Ë ÔÔ›· ÚÔÊ˘Ï¿ÛÛÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÍ¿ψÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÚÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ ¤Ú·Ó ÙÔ˘ ·ÌÊÈÏÂÁfiÌÂÓÔ˘ ÛËÌ›Ԣ [15, 262], (ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË ÌÔÚ›Ù ӷ ·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÂÙ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ [231]). ÕÏϘ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÏÏ·Ϥ˜ ÙÈ̤˜ ·ÏËı›·˜ Î·È ÂÚÈϤÎÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ·ÓٛʷÛ˘ (Î·È Ë ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË Ù˘ ·ÓٛʷÛ˘ ÌÔÚ›, Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ó· ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È Û οı ›‰Ô˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ·Ó·Ï˘ıÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· Ù˘ÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó). ∏ §ÔÁÈ΋ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi168 ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Ù˘ ·Ú·-Û˘ÓÂÔ‡˜ §ÔÁÈ΋˜ Ô˘, ·ÊÂÓfi˜ η٤¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· Û‚·ÛÙfi ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ηÈ, ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘, ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÍÂοı·ÚË ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ıˆڛ· ·ԉ›ÍÂˆÓ [95, 271]. ªÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÔÙÈ΋ ÁˆÓ›· Â›Ó·È Ë ÙÚÔÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋169, Ë ÔÔ›· ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÂÎÏ¿‚ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Web ˆ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ˘ÔıÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘˜, ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÙ·È Ë ‡·ÚÍË ·Û·ÊÂÈÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈο ÛÙÔÓ Î·ı¤Ó·. ™›ÁÔ˘Ú·, Ë ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ·Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Ú¿ÎÙÔÚ˜ (agents) [270]. www 168 Annotated logics. 169 Modal logics.
  • 104.
    5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ 108 ™Â fiÚÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web, ÙÔ ı¤Ì· Ù˘ «ÔÚı‹˜» §ÔÁÈ΋˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web ı· ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ÙÔ ÛÎÔfi Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Î.Ô.Î. ™Â οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, Â›Ó·È Ê·ÓÂÚfi fiÙÈ Ë ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Ô˘ÛÈ҉˘ ÁÈ· ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜, Ô˘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ·ԉ›ÍÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ÙÈ Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌÒÓ (ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë Â¿Ó Ë ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ¤¯ÂÈ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÚıfi ‹ fi¯È ÙÚfiÔ [287]). ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ÛÙÔ SW Ë §ÔÁÈ΋ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÈ ·ÎfiÌ· ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ. ¶ÔÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ §ÔÁÈ΋˜ Â›Ó·È Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web ‹ ÙÔ SW; ∆È ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÎÏÈ̿ΈÛ˘ ı· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘ÌÂ; À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ad hoc ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Ì·˜ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÈ˙ÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ §ÔÁÈ΋˜ Î·È Ó· ÂÈÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ó §ÔÁÈΤ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο ·Ï‹˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Û ÌÈ· ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ˙ÒÓË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜; ¶Ò˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ÚfiÙ˘· Î·È Ô Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ηıÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ Â›Ï˘ÛË ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ §ÔÁÈ΋˜; 5.3 ∏ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Web √È ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜, Ì· ¿Óˆ ·fi fiÏ· Ë ¤Ï¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ʤÚÂÈ ÙËÓ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁ›·. π‰¤Â˜ fiˆ˜ ÙÔ SW η٤¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· Â¤ÎÙ·Û˘ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜. ∆Ô Î›ÓËÌ· Ù˘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ô‰Âȯı› ÂÍfi¯ˆ˜ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ. ™Â ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈÎfi Â›‰Ô, ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ô‰Âȯı› Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ô ÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi˜ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·˜. ∞˘Ùfi Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ, ÌÂÚÈÎÒ˜, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë ÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÓÔ̇ıËÎÂ, ·Ó·fiÊ¢ÎÙ·, ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË Î·È Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋ ʇÛË Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ··ÈÙÔ‡Û ηْ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÙËÓ Â͛ۈÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ, ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë Â˘ÚÂ- ÙÈÎÒÓ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ §ÔÁÈ΋˜. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, ÛÙÔ Web, ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚԤϢÛË ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ Ì ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ·ÓÔ›ÁÂÈ ‰È¿Ï·Ù· Ô ‰ÚfiÌÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ Î·È ıÂÛÌÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È ‰È¿‰ÔÛ˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ (ÙÈ ˘Ô- ı¤ÛÂȘ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó, ÔÈ· ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËΠηÈ, Û ÙÂÏÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË, ÔÈÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËΠӷ Â͢ËÚÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ). ∆¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Â›Ó·È ÔÏϤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â˘ÚÂÙÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘. ∆Ô Web ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÌÈ· ÚÒÙ˘ ٿ͈˜ ¢ηÈÚ›· ÁÈ· Ó· ηٷϿ‚Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ‰È·‰ÚÔÌ‹ Ù˘ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘ Î·È ÙË Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Ù˘ [110]. ∞ӷ·ÙÔ˘Ó ‰‡Ô ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ʇÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web. ∆Ô ÚÒÙÔ ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙȘ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ Ï·ÙÊfiÚ̘, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤Ï΢ÛË Ù˘ ̤ÁÈÛÙ˘ ‰˘Ó·Ù‹˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ÛÙÔ Web, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ‹ ıˆڛ˜ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ Û ·˘Ù‹Ó. ŒÓ·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ È‰ÂÒÓ, ·Ú¿ ÙȘ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÌÓËۛηΘ, Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ –ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹ÚˆÓ Î·È fi¯È Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ (ad hominem)– ÂÈı¤ÛÂȘ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÍÂʇÁÔ˘Ó Ôχ ·fi ÙËÓ Î·ÏÒ˜ ÂÓÓÔÔ‡ÌÂÓË ‰È·Ì¿¯Ë [30]. ∫·Ù¿ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, ÙÔ Web ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈο ·ÔÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹. ŒÙÛÈ Â›Ó·È Ê˘ÛÈÎfi Ó· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ÁÈ· ·Û‹Ì·ÓÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÂÈ‚Ï·‚›˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜. ¶Ò˜ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÛÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ «Î·Ï‹» ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·È ÙËÓ «Î·Ï‹» ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁ›· ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Web Î·È Ó· ·ÔÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ì ÙȘ ‰ÂÈÛȉ·ÈÌÔӛ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÚÔÏ‹„ÂȘ; ™ÙË Û˘ÓÙÚÈÙÈ΋ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ·ÏÏË-
  • 105.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÏÂȉÚÔ‡Ó Ì ηϋ ›ÛÙË, ·ÚfiÙÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ·fi„ÂȘ ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÎÊ¿ÓÛÂȘ 109 Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜. ŸÌˆ˜, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÌÈÎÚ‹ Î·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ ·fi‰ÂÈÍË fiÙÈ ÙÔ Web ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÁηı›‰Ú˘ÛË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·fi„ˆÓ, Û Ôψ̤Ó˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ [3], ·fi ÂÚÈıˆÚȷΤ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ [272], ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ·fi ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÎÏÔ˘˜ [245, 285]. ªÂ ÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ÂχıÂÚË ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË ÁÓÒÌ˘ Î·È ÙȘ ¢ηÈڛ˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ÂÛÎÂÌ̤Ó˘ ·˘ÙÔ-ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘; 5.4 ∏ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Web ∆Ô Web Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ηıÚ¤Ù˘ Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ Ù· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ·, ÙȘ ÂÌÌÔÓ¤˜ Î·È Ù· ‰È·Î˘‚‡̷ٷ Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ‡·Ú͢ ÛÙÔÓ 21Ô ·ÈÒÓ·, ̤۷ Û ¤Ó· Ôχ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ (›Ûˆ˜ ÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ Ô˘ ˘‹Ú- Í ÔÙ¤) ·ÍÈÒÓ, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÒÓ Î·È ·ÍÈÒÛˆÓ. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ó·˙ËÙ¿Ì ÛÙË Ì˯·Ó‹ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Ù˘ Google Â›Ó·È Ôχ Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÙË ‚·ÛÈÎfiÙÂÚË ËÁ‹ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ̤ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜. ™ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÓfiÙËÙ·, ı· ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ Web Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜, ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÙ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ÙÔ˘. ∆È ÂÈ˙ËÙÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ Î·È ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ·fi ÙÔ Web Î·È ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë online Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Â‡Ú˘ıÌ·; ∞˘Ù¿ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ‰‡ÛÎÔÏ· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ‰Â‰Ô̤Ó˘ Ù˘ ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ô˘˜ ·ÓÔÌÔÈÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜ Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Web. ªÂÚÈÎÔ› ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ÙÔ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÁÈ· Ó· ¿ÚÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ‰ÒÛÔ˘Ó ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜, ¿ÏÏÔÈ ÁÈ· ‰È·ÛΤ‰·ÛË Î·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ ÂχıÂÚÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘˜, Î·È ¿ÏÏÔÈ ¿ÏÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÎÌÂÙ·ÏÏ¢ÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓÂÌË̤ÓË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ÈÂÍ·Á¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ Ì ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜, Ó· ·ÁÔÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· Ô˘Ï‹ÛÔ˘Ó ·Á·ı¿ Î·È ˘ËÚÂۛ˜, ÂÓÒ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÌÂÚ›‰· ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÔÛÎÔ› ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ·Ó·Ú¯È΋˜ Ô˘ÙÔ›·˜ Ô˘ ·ԉ›¯ÙËΠ··- ÙËÏfi fiÓÂÈÚÔ ÛÙÔÓ offline ÎfiÛÌÔ [186]. 5.4.1 ∫ÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜170 ∆Ô Web Á¤ÓÓËÛ ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ·ÚÈıÌfi ·fi ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜ Î·È Î·ÈÓÔÊ·Ó›˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ì ·ÍÈfiÏÔÁ˜ ȉÈfiÙËÙ˜. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ù· ª·˙Èο ¶·È¯Ó›‰È· ƒfiÏˆÓ Ì ¶ÔÏÏ·ÏÔ‡˜ ™˘Ó- ‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ˘˜ ¶·›ÎÙ˜ (MMORPGs)171, ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ô ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁfi˜ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó Û˘ÓÂ‹ Î·È Û˘Ó¯‹ online ¯ÒÚÔ ˘Ô‰Ô¯‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ·È¯ÓȉÈÔ‡. ∆· MMORPGs ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÁÈÁ¿ÓÙÈˆÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÒÓ Î·È ËıÈÎÒÓ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, ηıÒ˜ Ôχ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ·ÈÎÙÒÓ (ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ë Ù¿ÍË ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È ‰Âο‰Â˜ ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ·) ÍÔ‰Â‡Ô˘Ó ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓ· ˘„ËϤ˜ ÔÛfiÙËÙ˜ online ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ [55]. √È Â˘Î·Èڛ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂΉ‹ÏˆÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÈÎÈÏ›·˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ Û ٤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÂÍ·ÚٿٷÈ, ‚‚·›ˆ˜, Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Îϛ̷η ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ [186] Î·È ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÍÂÏȯı› Û ‰˘ÛıÂÒÚËÙ· ÓÔ‡ÌÂÚ·. ◊‰Ë ·fi ÙÔ 2001 ¤¯ÂÈ ‰È·ÈÛÙˆı› fiÙÈ ÙÔ 84% ÙˆÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈÎ¿ÓˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ (90 ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ) ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ·Ó ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi ÁÈ· Ó· ¤ÚıÔ˘Ó Û Â·Ê‹ Ì οÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·. ∏ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ¤Ú¢ӷ, Ì ÙËÓ ÔÓÔÌ·Û›· «Pew Internet», Â›Ó·È Ôχ ηٷÙÔÈÛÙÈ΋ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfi- www 170 Communities of interest. 171 Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games.
  • 106.
    5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ 110 Ô˘˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ∞ÌÂÚÈοÓÔÈ Ôϛ٘ ÁÈ· Ó· ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È Û Â·Ê‹ Ì ÙȘ ÔÈΛϘ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ [145]. Œ¯Ô˘Ì ‹‰Ë ·Ó·ÊÂÚı› Û ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ·Ó‡ÚÂÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ∫˘‚ÂÚÓÔ-ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ. √È ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó, Â›Û˘, Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙËıÔ‡Ó Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Î·È ÙË ÁÓÒÛË Ô˘ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ¿ÛÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ̤ÏË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ [185]. ∫¿ÔȘ ÚÔÛÂÁÁÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ¤˜ Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ (Ï.¯. Ë Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È Ù· ‰›ÎÙ˘· ̤ۈ email), ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙË ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‡ÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ‹ ÂȉÈÎÒÓ ÂӉȷÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ [12, 216, 151, 297] Î·È Ó· ηٷϋÍÔ˘Ó Û Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ÔʤÏË ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰›ˆÓ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ÂÓ‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË Ù˘ ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯı› ·fi ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚ- Á·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› [10]. ∆· ÁÚ·Ê‹Ì·Ù· Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ÙˆÓ emails ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ËÁÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÚfiÏˆÓ [151], ÂÓÒ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÌÔÙ›‚ˆÓ Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘Ì Èı·Ó‹ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÚÈÙ¤˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ [14]. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÈÛÙÔÏÔÁ›ˆÓ ÛÙȘ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 2004 ÛÙȘ ∏.¶.∞. ÚԤ΢„·Ó ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ ÁÈ· ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ó·Ï˘Ù¤˜. √È ‰‡Ô Ï¢ڤ˜ ·Ó¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ı¤Ì·Ù· ˆ˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο Î·È ‰È·Û˘Ó‰¤ıËηÓ, ΢ڛˆ˜, Ì ȉÂÔÏÔÁÈÎÒ˜ Û˘ÁÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ ·ÚfiÙÈ ÔÈ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎÔ› bloggers ·ÏÏË- ÏÔÛ˘Ó‰¤ıËÎ·Ó Ì ÈÔ ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ÙÚfiÔ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÓÙÈ¿ÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ [3]. ∆Ô Û˘ÁÎÂ- ÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Â‡ÚËÌ· Â›Ó·È ÛÂ Û˘Ìʈӛ· Ì ÙȘ ÚԂϤ„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ· Cass Sunstein [272] Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔÓ online ÎfiÛÌÔ fiÔ˘ Ë ÂÍ·ÙÔ- ̛΢ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ Î·È Â·Ó·Ï·Ì‚·ÓfiÌÂÓË ÊfiÚÌÔ˘Ï·. ¶·Ú¿ Ù·‡Ù·, ÌÈ· ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ¤Ú¢ӷ ÎÔÚ˘Ê·›ˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌfiÓˆÓ ¤‰ÂÈÍ fiÙÈ ·ÚfiÌÔȘ ÚԂϤ„ÂȘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ [103]. ∆Ô Web Î·È ÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô, ÂÓ Á¤ÓÂÈ, ıÂÌÂÏ›ˆÛ·Ó ÛÙÔÓ 21Ô ·ÈÒÓ· ηÈÓÔ‡ÚÁȘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ·ÏÏË- ÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ Î·È ÚÔÛ¤ÊÂÚ·Ó Ó¤· ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú·‰ÔÛȷΤ˜. ¶ÚfiÛÊ·Ù˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛ˘ ·ÔÎ¿Ï˘„·Ó ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ·‡ÍËÛË ÛÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÌÔÚ‡ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Web [184], ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Ì˯·Ó¤˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ [236], webcams172 [237] Î·È ·ÎÔ‡Ó podcasts173 [238]. TÔ Web Î·È ¿ÏϘ Ӥ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ fiˆ˜ Ë Ï·Óı¿ÓÔ˘Û· Î·È ·ÓÙ·¯Ô‡ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ ÈÛ¯‡˜, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ó¤ˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Ó¤ˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ online ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ [55] Î·È Ó¤ˆÓ ÙÚfiˆÓ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔÓ ÂÈÎÔÓÈÎfi, ÙÔ Ê˘ÛÈÎfi, ÙÔ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi Î·È ÙÔ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÈÌÔ ¯ÒÚÔ, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ¯¿ÚÙ˜ Î·È Ù· Û¯¤‰È· [79]. √È ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓ˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÚÂȘ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜: ·˘Í¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ·, ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÛÙȘ offline ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ó· ·Ó·Ù˘¯ıÔ‡Ó ¤Ú· ·fi Ù· «Ê˘ÛÈο» Û‡ÓÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔ- ÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÈÔ «Îˆ‰ÈÎÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ˘˜» ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· ̤ÏË ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ [71]. www 172 ∫¿ÌÂÚ· Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌÂÙ·‰ÒÛÂÈ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ Web. 173 ¶ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ iPod (Û˘Û΢‹ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ Ù˘ Apple) Î·È broadcast. Podcast Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ·Ú¯Â›Ô „ËÊÈ·ÎÒÓ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ Ô˘ ‰È·Ó¤ÌÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Î·È ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Û ÊÔÚËÙ¤˜ Û˘Û΢¤˜ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ ‹ ∏/À.
  • 107.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web °ÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ë ÚÔÒıËÛË Ó¤ˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ Î·È ÛÙ¤Ú¢ «Û˘ÁÎfiÏÏËÛ˘» ÙˆÓ 111 ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ –ηÈ, Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο, ÚԤ΢„·Ó Ӥ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÎÔÈÓÔًوӖ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Ù˘ ÂfiÌÂÓ˘ ÁÂÓÈ¿˜. ∏ ÂÍ¿ψÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢ڇÙÂÚÔ˘ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ÔÛfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔÈ ÛÙÔ Web, ÙË ÌÂÁ·- χÙÂÚË Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ú·Î›ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ Ó· ‰È·ı¤ÛÔ˘Ó Ì ÙË ı¤ÏËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Web. ∂›Ó·È ·‰‡Ó·ÙÔ Ó· ÚԂϤ„Ô˘Ì Â·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÙÈ Â›‰Ô˘˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ‹ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂȘ ı· ·Ó·Ù˘¯ıÔ‡Ó, ·ÏÏ¿ Ì ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜, Ë ‡·ÚÍË fiÛÔ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÈÔ ÔÏÏÒÓ ÂÈÏÔÁÒÓ ı· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂˆÓ [186]. √È ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ı· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ Ӥ˜ Ï·ÙÊfiÚ̘ Ì ηÈÓÔÊ·Ó›˜ Î·È ·Úfi‚ÏÂÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÂÍÂÏ›ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈο Û ̷ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌÔ ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·, ηıÈÛÙÒÓÙ·˜ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË ÙËÓ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÛÙ· ÛËÌ›· ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, Ë ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË ÙˆÓ Ù¿ÛÂ- ˆÓ «·fi ÚÒÙÔ ¯¤ÚÈ» Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜Ø ¿ÏψÛÙ ÔÈ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÂÚÁ·ÛÙËÚ›Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·Ó¿ÚÌÔÛÙË Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ [108]. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈÎÒÓ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ·- ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÚfiÎÏËÛË [277]. ∏ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÌfiÓÔ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ «˙Ô‡ÁÎÏ·», ·ÏÏ¿ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘Ó‰˘¿ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚfiÔ‰Ô ÙˆÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ (ÙfiÛÔ Û ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi fiÛÔ Î·È Û Ù¯ÓÈÎfi Â›‰Ô) ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤Ó˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯ÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ RSS, Ì ÙȘ Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜, Ù· wikis Î·È Ù· blogs, Ù· ÔÔ›· ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚÔ‡Ó Â˘Ú¤ˆ˜ ÛÙÔ Web. ∞ÍÈfiÏÔÁÔ Â›Ó·È Î·È ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÂ·ÊÒÓ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜. 5.4.2 ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷΤ˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ √È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ÙÔ˘ Web ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ·fi ÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ Ô˘ ÙȘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ. ∏ ηٷÓfiËÛË Ù˘ Û¯¤Û˘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ·ÓıÚˆfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó¤- ÂȘ Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ·fi ÙÔÓ ¿ÓıÚˆÔ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈ΋˜, ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ ¢È·ÊˆÙÈÛÌfi. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Â›Ó·È Ù· ¤ÚÁ· ÙˆÓ Marx Î·È Heidegger. TÔ Web Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ·ÓÙ·Ó¿ÎÏ·ÛË Ù˘ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù·Û΢·Ûı› ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ô- ÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ô. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ë ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ Web ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË ¿ÏψÓ, ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚˆÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ŸÏ˜ ÔÈ ‰Ô̤˜ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Â˘Ú›·˜ Îϛ̷η˜ ·Ó·fiÊ¢ÎÙ· ηٷϋÁÔ˘Ó Û ÌÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ Û˘ÌfiÚ¢Û˘ Î·È Ù·‡ÙÈÛ˘ Ì ÙÔ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘˜, Ï.¯. ̤۷ Û ¤Ó·Ó ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi ‹ ÌÈ· Âȯ›ÚËÛË [50]. ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷΤ˜ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›Â˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› ̤۷ Û ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓ˜ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›Â˜ ˆ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ Ô˘ ÈηÓÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ÙȘ ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÂÈ. ∆Ô Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ì ÙȘ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›Â˜ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Ù›ÓÂÈ Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÁÈ· Ù· ÔÔ›· ›¯Â ÂÍ·Ú¯‹˜ ηٷÛ΢·Ûı›. ™˘¯Ó¿ Ë Â·Ó·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Â›Ó·È ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ΋, ·ÏÏ¿ Û ¤Ó·Ó Ôχ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯Ë̤ÓÔ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi Ì ¤Ó· ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÂÂȉ‹ Ë ÁÓÒÛË ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·ÎÙ¿Ù·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ¤Íˆ ·fi ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËΠ[295].
  • 108.
    5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ 112 ∞˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· fiÙÈ Ù· ‰¤Ó‰Ú· Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ηÎfi˜ Ù‡Ô˜ ‰ÔÌ‹˜. √ ‰ÂÓ‰ÚÔÂȉ‹˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ Ù˘ XML ‹Ù·Ó ÌÈ· ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹˜ ÂÓÙÔÏÒÓ ÙÔ˘ UNIX. ∆· ‰¤Ó‰Ú· ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÔÏϤ˜ Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜, fiˆ˜ ÙËÓ ·fi ¿Óˆ ÚÔ˜ Ù· οو ‰ÔÌÈ΋ ۯ‰›·ÛË, ÙËÓ ·fiÎÚ˘„Ë Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È ¤Ó·Ó ‚·ıÌfi ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰˘·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ Ì ¢ÂÏÈÍ›·. ŸÌˆ˜, Û ٤ÙÔȘ ‰Ô̤˜ Ë Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÔÈ ÂÓÙÔϤ˜ Ù‡Ô˘ GOTO ÂÎÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÂÈ‚Ï·‚›˜ ‰ÈfiÙÈ ¯¿ÓÂÙ·È Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ÂÓÒ Ë ·Ó¿- Ï˘ÛË Î·È Ë Â·Ï‹ı¢ÛË ÙˆÓ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ¤Ó· ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· [77]. °È· Ó· ÌÂÙ·‚ԇ̠·fi ÙÔ ¤Ó· ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÛÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ Û ÌÈ· ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷ΋ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›·, Ú¤ÂÈ ÚÒÙ· Ó· ·Ó¤ÏıÔ˘Ì ̤¯ÚÈ Ó· ‚Úԇ̠¤Ó·Ó ÎÔÈÓfi ÎfiÌ‚Ô Û οı ˘Ô‰¤Ó‰ÚÔ Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Ó· η٤ÏıÔ˘Ì ·fi ÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ˘Ô‰¤Ó‰ÚÔ. ∏ ηÈÓÔÙÔÌ›· ·˘Ù‹ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙ· ‰ÔÌË̤ӷ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·, fiÔ˘ Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔ˜-ÎÏÂȉ›. √È Ì˯·ÓÈΤ˜ ÚˆÙÔÙ˘›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙÈı¤ÌÂÓË ·Í›· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ÙÔ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó. ∏ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ URIs ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ Ù·¯Â›· Î·È ·ÂÚÈfi- ÚÈÛÙË ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË Û οı ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜. ∞fi οı ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ Web ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÔ˘Ì ¿ÌÂÛ· ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙ ¿ÏÏÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô (‚¤‚·È·, ÌÔÚ› οÔÈÔ˜ Ó· ÂÈϤÍÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰Ô¯ÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÒÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘). ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, Ë ÂÓÙÔÏ‹ GOTO Â·ÓȉڇÂÙ·È Î·È Ù· ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈο GOTOs ÓÔÌÈ- ÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ÎÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ Ù¤ÙÔÈ·˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·È, ·Ó·Î‡ÙÔ˘Ó Â˘Î·Èڛ˜ ÁÈ· ÂˆÊÂÏ‹ Â·Ó·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ∏ Â·Ó·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË Û ÚԂϤ„È̘ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ, fiˆ˜ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙȘ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈΤ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛı› Î·È ÛÙÔ Web, Ì ٷ GOTOs, fï˜, Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÎfiÌ· ‰˘ÛÎÔÏfiÙÂÚË, fiˆ˜ Úfi‚ÏÂ„Â Ô Dijkstra, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙË Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË Î·È ÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ÙˆÓ URIs. √ÌÔ›ˆ˜, Ë ·ÏfiÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÛÂÏ›‰·˜ Ì ÛÊ¿ÏÌ· 404 fiÙ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ˜ fiÚÔ˜, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·Ó ¿ÏÏÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ÙˆÓ URIs. √ Ê˘ÏÏÔÌÂÙÚËÙ‹˜ ¤¯ÂÈ Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ‹ÛÂÈ Ì ÙÔÓ Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹, ·ÏÏ¿ Ô Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹˜ ›ÙÂ Â›Ó·È ·Ó›Î·ÓÔ˜, ›Ù ·Úfiı˘ÌÔ˜ Ó· ÂÈÛÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ÙË ÛÂÏ›‰·. ∆Ô ÎÏÂȉ›, ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜, Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·ÙÔ˜ 404 Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ·fiÎÚÈÛË Ì ÌÈÎÚ‹ ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ· Û ¤Ó· Úfi‚ÏËÌ·, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ·ÚÂÓԯϛ ÌÂ Î·Ó¤Ó·Ó ÙÚfiÔ ÙË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, Ì ÙÔ ¿ÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÔ˘ÌÈÔ‡ ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ (back), Ô Ê˘ÏÏÔÌÂÙÚËÙ‹˜ ·Ó·ÎÙ¿ Ï‹Úˆ˜ ÙÔ ·Ì¤Ûˆ˜ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜. ∆Ô Web ‰ÂÓ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂ- ÎÚÈ̤ÓË ·ÓÔ¯‹ ÛÙ· ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·Ù·. ™ÙÔ Web ÔÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷΤ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÌfiÓ˜ ‰Ô̤˜ Ì ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÂȉڿÛÂȘ, ηıÒ˜ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Ì ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜. °È· ÌÈ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÌÂÚ›‰· ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ÙÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ˙‹ÙËÌ· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Ë ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË Ù˘ Ù¯ÓÔÁÓˆÛ›·˜. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÙÔ ÎÏÂȉ› ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ˆ˜ Ì¤ÛˆÓ ¤ÎÊÚ·Û˘ Ù˘ ÚÔ‹˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ∏ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷ΋˜ ÚÔ‹˜ Î·È fi¯È Ù˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û ¤Ó·Ó ·ÍÈfiÏÔÁÔ ‰ÚfiÌÔ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Web [208, 98]. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, fiˆ˜ Î·È Û ¿ÏÏ· ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ‰›·, ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Î·È ÚÔ¤˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·Û‡Ì‚·Ù˜, ·ÚfiÙÈ ·¢ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù·. ¶Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Ë Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÚÔÒÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
  • 109.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔÏ˘Óı› ·fi ÙË ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ [225]. ∏ ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈ΋ ˘Ô- 113 ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔÒÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ì·˜ ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·Ù·ÓÂÌËÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÒÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ (Ï.¯. ηٷÛ΢‹ ÌÈ·˜ ˘ËÚÂÛ›·˜ Web) ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ‰ÂÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ˘ÂÚÛ˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛË [282]. ∏ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙÔ Web Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ¯Ú‹ÛÈ̘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜, ÂÓۈ̷و̤Ó˜ ÛÙȘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˜ ÎÔÈӈӛ˜, Î·È ÚÔÊ·Ó¤Ûٷٷ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ∏ ηٷÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ÙÚfiˆÓ Ô˘ Ë ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Î·È ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ Web ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·Ó ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ÛÙfi¯Ô Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∂›Ó·È Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒÛÔ˘Ì ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Û ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ fiÙ·Ó ÙÔ Î·Ù·Ê¤ÚÓÔ˘Ì ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (fiˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ô˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ [52]). 5.4.3 √È ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ªÈ· ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘ ÛÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È Ë ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘. £· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û οÔÈÔ˜ Ó· Ì·ÓÙ¤„ÂÈ ‰È·ÈÛıËÙÈο ‹ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË Ì·ÙÈ¿ ÙË ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰· ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ‹ ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·. §fiÁÔ˘ ¯¿ÚÈÓ, ı· ÂÚ›ÌÂÓ ηÓ›˜ ÔÈ ∞ÌÂÚÈοÓÔÈ ÊÔÚÔÏÔÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ Ó· ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ·È Û˘- ÁÎÚÈÙÈο ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙË ÛÂÏ›‰· Û˘¯ÓÒÓ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÊÔÚ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ∏.¶.∞, ·Ú¿ ÁÈ· ÙË ÛÂÏ›‰· οÔÈÔ˘ ÚÔÎ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ‹ ÙȘ Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈΤ˜ Á˘Ó·›Î˜ ÛÙÔ angryrepublicanmom.com. À¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi ÌÈ·˜ Áο̷˜ ·ÚfiÌÔÈˆÓ ‰È·ÈÛıËÙÈÎÒÓ ·fi„ÂˆÓ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË «Û˘Ì·ÁÔ‡˜» Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ¤Ó·Ó ηÏfi ÙÚfiÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ‰È¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∞˜ ÌËÓ Í¯ӿÌ fiÙÈ Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÛÂÏ›‰·˜ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÁÓÒÚÈÛÌ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ ̤۷ ·fi ÙË ‰È·‰È- ηۛ· ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÛÙÔ Web. ∏ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ· ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙ› Ì ‚¿ÛË ‰‡Ô Ù‡Ô˘˜ ÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ. ∞ÊÂÓfi˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙË Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ· Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· [76]. ∏ Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ· Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ È‰¤· Ù˘ ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛ˘ ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ: fiÛ· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â͢ËÚÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰·; √È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ› ÙÚfiÔÈ ·fiÎÚÈÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ÂÚÒÙËÛË ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·- Û΢‹ ÔÏÏÒÓ Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÏÁÔÚ›ı̈Ó. ŸÌˆ˜, Ë ‚·ÛÈ΋ ȉ¤· ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÌÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰· Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ¤Ó· ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ›Ù fiÙ·Ó ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ Ë ›‰È· ›Ù fiÙ·Ó ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ·Ó·- ÁÓÒÛÙË ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ fiÔ˘ ı· ‚ÚÂÈ ÙË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ Ì ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· [294]. ªÈ· ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Â›Ó·È Ó· ÎÔÈÙ¿ÍÔ˘Ì ÛÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛˆÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ Î·È ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Î·È Ó· ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÔ˘Ì ӷ Û˘Ó·Á¿ÁÔ˘Ì ÙË Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ· ̤۷ ·fi ÙȘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ‰Ô̤˜. ŒÙÛÈ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙÔ ·Ïfi ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ Boole ˘ÔÏÔÁ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Û ¤Ó· ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎfi ·Ú¯Â›Ô Î·È Ì ‚¿ÛË Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· ·˘Ù¿ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ ›Ù ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ Û˘˙¢ÎÙÈο ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈ- ÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·˙‡ÍÂˆÓ ‹ ¿ÚÓËÛË ÛÙȘ Û˘˙‡ÍÂȘ. ∆Ô ÂfiÌÂÓÔ ÏÔÁÈÎfi ‚‹Ì· Â›Ó·È Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ¤Ó·Ó ·Ó·‰ÚÔÌÈÎfi ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ Ì ‰È¿Û·ÚÙË ˘ÚÔ‰fiÙËÛË174 ÁÈ· Ó· www 174 Recursive spreading activation algorithm.
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    5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ 114 ‰È·‰ÒÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ·, ·Ó·˙ËÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Û ÁÂÈÙÓÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ· ·Ú¯Â›· Î·È ÌÂÈÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ¤˜ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ηıÒ˜ ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ Ô˘ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ì ·ÔÌ·- ÎÚ‡ÓÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ ÛÂÏ›‰· [294]. ™ÙÔ ÈÔ ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ·, οı ÛÂÏ›‰· ·Ó·ÏÔÁ› Û ÌÈ· ‚·ıÌÔÏÔÁ›· Ë ÔÔ›· ÚÔ- ·ÙÂÈ ˆ˜ ¿ıÚÔÈÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Ù˘ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‰È·Û˘Ó‰Â̤Ó˜ Û ·˘Ù‹. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, ÙÔ ÈÔ ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÈ Î˘Ú›·- Ú¯Ô˘˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ·ÓÙ› ÁÈ· ÔÌÊ·ÏÔ‡˜, ·ÚfiÙÈ ¤Ó·˜ ‰Â›ÎÙ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ï‹ Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ· (¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ Â‡ÓÔÈ· ÙˆÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯ˆÓ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚˆÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙˆÓ ÔÌÊ·ÏÒÓ) ÌÔÚ› Ó· ηٷÛ΢·Ûı› Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·‰ÚÔÌÈÎÔ‡ ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˘ Ì ‰È¿Û·ÚÙË ˘ÚÔ‰fiÙËÛË [76]. ¶¤Ú· ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ï‹ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤Û̈Ó, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËı› ÈÔ ÔχÏÔÎÔÈ ÙÚfiÔÈ Ì¤ÙÚËÛ˘ ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ ‰È·Ó˘ÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ú¯Â›· Î·È ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÎÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ‰È·Ó‡ÛÌ·Ù· [76]. ŒÙÛÈ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÔÈ TFxIDF Û ¤Ó· ·Ú¯Â›Ô ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ‚·ıÌfi Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ·˜ ‚·ÛÈ˙fiÌÂÓ˜ ÛÙÔ ¿ıÚÔÈÛÌ· ÙˆÓ ÛÙ·ı- ÌÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ fiÚˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ·ÊÔ‡ ηÓÔÓÈÎÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÚÒÙ· Ì ÙÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘ÎÏ›‰ÂÈÔ˘ ‰È·Ó‡ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¯Â›Ô˘. √È ÛÙ·ıÌ›ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÙÔ ‰È·ÁÒÓÈÔ ¿ıÚÔÈÛÌ· ÙˆÓ Û˘¯ÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ (TF)175 Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊˆÓ Û˘¯ÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ (IDF)176. ªÈ· TF ÌÂÙÚ¿ÂÈ ÙË Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ Û ¤Ó· ¤ÁÁÚ·ÊÔ, ÂÓÒ Ë IDF Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Ì¤ÙÚÔ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ‰È·Û˘Ó‰Â‰ÂÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÁÁÚ¿ÊˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ ·˘ÙfiÓ [180]. √È TFxIDF ·ÔÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· Ï¿‚Ô˘Ó ˘fi„Ë ÙÔ˘˜ ÙË ÛÔ˘‰·›· ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ Û˘Û¯Â- Ù›ÛÂȘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ [47]. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ Â¿Ó ÂÚÈÏ¿‚Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ·˘Ù‹ Û ¤Ó· ÏËÚ¤ÛÙÂÚÔ ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ ‰ÂÓ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ηχÙÂÚË ·fi‰ÔÛË ·fi ÙȘ ·Ϥ˜ TFxIDF [294, 76]. ŒÓ·˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˜ ÚÔÊ·Ó‹˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ·˜ Û ¤Ó· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÌÔÚ›Ô˘ ‹ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÂΉÔÙÈÎÒÓ Ô›ÎˆÓ Â›Ó·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÎÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ (downloads) ·Ó¿ Â›Û΄Ë. ∆¤ÙÔȘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Î·È ÎÙ‹Û˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙËıÔ‡Ó Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÂÓfi˜ ¯¿ÚÙË ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ȯÓËÏ·ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰ÚÔÌ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Ë ÁÓÒÛË ÌÂٷʤÚÂÙ·È Î·È ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ. ¶ÂÈÚ¿Ì·Ù· ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ·˘Ù‹ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰Â›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ ·ÍÈÔÛËÌ›ˆÙ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó Ôχ ·ÈÊÓȉȷÛÙÈο Î·È Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· fiˆ˜ Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘ Ì ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ ÚÔÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔ˘ ·fi Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ÛÂÏ›‰· ‹ οÔÈ· ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ·fi Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÙ‹ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰· [9]. ∏ Û˘Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ̤۷ ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ÌÈ· ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰· Â›Ó·È Î·Ù·ÙÔÈÛÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ¿˜ Ù˘. ∂¿Ó ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ·fi ÌÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰· ÚÔ˜ ÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ıˆÚËı› ˆ˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ Ù˘ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË. ∞˘Ù‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ¿Î˘ÚË ˘fiıÂÛË, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·fi ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ Ô˘ ηٷÛ΢¿˙Ô˘Ó ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜. ™ÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÏÏÔ› Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ Â›Ó·È Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ, Û ¤Ó· ‚·ıÌfi, ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙÈÎÔ› ÌfiÓÔ Â¿Ó ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ΋ ËÁ‹ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘ ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô. √ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ·˘ÛÙËÚ¿ ÂÓۈ̷و̤ÓÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂχıÂÚË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Web. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· www 175 Term Frequencies. 176 Inverse Document Frequencies.
  • 111.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛı› Û ·Ú¯Â›· ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÛˆÓ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Web Î·È ‰ÂÓ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó 115 ηӤӷ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÛÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛ˘ ʈÙÔÁÚ·ÊÈÒÓ Ì ÙËÓ ÂˆÓ˘Ì›· PicASHOW [182]. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰‡Ô ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ̤۷ ·fi ÌÈ· Û˘Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ [76]. ∆· ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ Û˘Ó-·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜177 ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‚·ıÈ¿ ÁÓÒÛË Ô˘ Ì·˜ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ÂÍÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔÈ Î·È ÔÈ ÂÈÛÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓÔÈ ÚÔ˜ ÌÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰· Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘Ó·¯ıÔ‡Ó ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜. ∞Ó ‰‡Ô ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ «‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó» ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙÚ›ÙË ÛÂÏ›‰·, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÔÈ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ó· ÌÔÈÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ¤Ó· ÎÔÈÓfi ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô. ∞Ó ÌÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰· «‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ» ÚÔ˜ ‰‡Ô ¿ÏϘ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜, ÙfiÙ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÎÏ›ÂÙ·È Î·ıfiÏÔ˘ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ı¤Ì·. √È ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔÓ «Ù˘¯·›Ô ÂÚ›·ÙÔ»178 ÂÎÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ÙÔ˘ Web ˆ˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ Ì ÎfiÌ‚Ô˘˜ ÙȘ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Î·È Î·Ù¢ı˘ÓÙÈΤ˜ ·Î̤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌÔ˘˜ (ÌÔÚ›Ù ӷ ·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÙ ·ÓˆÙ¤Úˆ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 4.1.2) Î·È Î·Ù·Û΢¿˙Ô˘Ó Èı·ÓÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔÓ «Ù˘¯·›Ô ÂÚ›·ÙÔ». ª¤Û· ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ÙÚfiÔÈ Ì¤ÙÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÛÂÏ›‰·˜, ÌÂÙÚÒÓÙ·˜ ·Ú¯Èο ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Ì ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓË Î·È ÊÈÏÙÚ¿ÚÔÓÙ·˜, ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ì ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi ‹ ÙË ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ. √ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙË Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ· ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙËÓ ÈÂÚ¿Ú¯ËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÌÈ·˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ [76]. ™˘˙ËÙ‹Û·Ì ÚˆÙ‡ÙÂÚ· ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ PageRank [221], ÙÔ ÈÔ ‰ËÌÔÊÈϤ˜ ̤ÙÚÔ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜. µ·Û›- ˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË ‰È·›ÛıËÛË fiÙÈ ÌÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰· Ë ÔÔ›· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ·fi ÔÏϤ˜ ¿ÏϘ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ‰È¤ÂÙ·È ·fi ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÔÈÔÙÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ıÌË. ∏ ηٷÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ PageRank Ô‰ËÁ› ηٷʷÓÒ˜ ÛÙÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· fiÙÈ ·Ó ı¤ÏÔ˘Ì ӷ «ÍÂÁÂÏ¿ÛÔ˘Ì» ‹ Ó· ÂÍ··Ù‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ·Ú¿ Ó· «·Ó‚¿ÛÔ˘Ì» „‡ÙÈΘ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ı· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ÙË ÛÂÏ›‰· Ô˘ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ì ӷ ÚÔˆı‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ. ∞ÏÏ¿, ·Ó ÌÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰· ·Ó·- ʤÚÂÙ·È Û ÔÏϤ˜ ¿ÏϘ ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘„ËÏ‹ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÛÙÔÓ PageRank, ÙfiÙÂ Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘„ËÏ‹ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·. ∂›Û˘, Ë ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘ PageRank ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó· ¿ÏÏÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÁÓÒÚÈÛÌ·, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ì ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË Ì·ÙÈ¿ ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ ¿Û¯ÂÙÔ Ì ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ¤Ó·˜ Ù˘¯·›Ô˜ ÂÚÈËÁËÙ‹˜ Ó· ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÛÂÏ›‰· [47]. ∏ ·Í›· ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿Ù·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Ù˘ Google Û fiÚÔ˘˜ Ì·ÎÚÔ‚ÈfiÙËÙ·˜, ·ÁÔÚ·›·˜ ·Í›·˜ Î·È ÌÂÚȉ›Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÒÓ ·Ó·- ˙‹ÙËÛ˘. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ¿ÏϘ ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ÂÎÌÂÙ·ÏχÔÓÙ·È ÙËÓ È‰¤· ÙÔ˘ «Ù˘¯·›Ô˘ ÂÚ›·ÙÔ˘» [181] Î·È Û ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ȉ¤Â˜ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ›Ûˆ ·fi ÙÔÓ PageRank [235]. ªÈ· ·ÚÂÌÊÂÚ‹˜ ȉ¤· Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˘ HITS ÙÔ˘ Kleinberg, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ (impact factors) Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÌÂÙÚ›· [171]. ∏ ·Ú¯È΋ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚ο ÂÚÈÔ‰Èο ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ Ô˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÈ Î¿ı ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÌÈ·˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘. ÀÔ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂ, ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıˆ˜, ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi www 177 Co-citation-based. 178 Random walk. ∏ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·ÂÈÎfiÓÈÛË Ù˘ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌ˘ ȉ¤·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰Ô¯ÈÎÒÓ ‚ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÚÔ˜ Ù˘¯·›· ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË. ∆˘Èο, ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ‹ Ã Î·È ¯ÚfiÓÔ t ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Xt = Ãt-1 + Ât, fiÔ˘ Ë Ât ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÙÔ˘ Ï¢ÎÔ‡ ıÔÚ‡‚Ô˘.
  • 112.
    5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ 116 ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ˆ˜ Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‚·ıÌÔ‡ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ÙÔ ·Ó·- ʤÚÔ˘Ó Î·È ÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ÌÓËÌÔÓÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÂÍÂÙ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi. ªÂ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛ·Á¿ÁÔ˘Ì ¤Ó·Ó ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ Ì¤ÙÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ, ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·Í›· Û Â›Â‰Ô Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô˘ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ÔÌÊ·ÏÔ‡. ∆· ÌÔÚÊfiÙ˘· Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛıÔ‡Ó Î·È ˆ˜ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ‹ Ù˘ Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ·˜. ¶ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· ·Ú¯Â›Ô Ó· ÚÔÛÂÏ·Ûı› ̤۷ Û ¤Ó· ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ·; ¶ÔÈÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÒÌÂÓÔ˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ Ô˘ ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚› ·fi ÙËÓ ÂfiÌÂÓË ÚÔÛ¤Ï·ÛË ÙÔ˘; ∏ ÁÓÒÛË ÙˆÓ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Û ٤ÙÔȘ ÂÚˆÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ, ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘¯Ó‹ ÚÔÛ¤Ï·ÛË Î·È Û οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ì·˜ ‰›ÓÂÙ·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÂÏ·¯ÈÛÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔÓ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ·fiÎÚÈÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ Î·È Ó· ÙȘ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ì Û ÈÔ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈ̘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜. ∏ ÂÏ·¯ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ·fiÎÚÈÛ˘ (prefetching) Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ Î·È ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ È‰È·›ÙÂÚÔ ÚÔÊ›Ï ÙÔ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ‹ ÛÙ· ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈο ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ¤Ó·Ó Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹. ªÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔ˙fiÌÂÓˆÓ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚˆÓ, fiÔ˘ Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È Ë ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È ·˘ÙfiÌ·Ù· Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· Ù˘ ÚÔÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚ˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ [227]. √È ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó Ù· ÌÔÚÊfiÙ˘· Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÍ·¯ıÔ‡Ó ·fi Ù· ¯ÚÔÓÈο ÙÔ˘ Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹ Ô˘ ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓ› ÙÔÓ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÒÚ· Î·È ÙÔÓ URI ÂÓfi˜ ·ÈÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘, Û˘Ó‰˘·Ṳ̂ӷ Ì ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· Úfi‚Ï„˘ Ù˘ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ·ÚÂÏ- ıÔ‡Û· [76]. 5.4.4 º‹ÌË Î·È ›ÛÙË ∏ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ë ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ· Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ Ô˘ ·ÔÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰· ·fi οı ¯Ú‹ÛÙË. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, Ë ÁÓÒÌË ÂÓfi˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÛÂÏ›‰· Â›Ó·È ÂÍ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÈÔ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ ·fi ÙȘ ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿Û·Ì ÚÈÓ ·fi Ï›ÁÔ. ∆Ô Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ·fi„ÂˆÓ ÔÌ·‰ÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î¿Ùˆ ·fi ÙÔÓ Ù›ÙÏÔ «›ÛÙË» (trust). Œ¯Ô˘Ì ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ ‹‰Ë ÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË ÙˆÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯ˆÓ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚˆÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÔÌÊ·ÏÒÓ Ó· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ∫˘‚ÂÚÓÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘. ∆¤ÙÔÈÔÈ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ Â›Ó·È Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ‚·ıÌfi ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔÈ ‰ÈfiÙÈ, ·ÊÂÓfi˜, ÔÈ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯ÔÈ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ¯·›ÚÔ˘Ó Ù˘ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡Ó˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÔ›ıËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ fiÙÈ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ηÈ, ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘, ÔÈ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓÔÈ ÔÌÊ·ÏÔ› ¯·›ÚÔ˘Ó Ù˘ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ, ‰ÈfiÙÈ «‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó» Û ÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·. Ÿˆ˜ ı· ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÙ·Ó, Ë ›ÛÙË Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ ·Ú¿ÁˆÓ Û οı ÙÔ̤· ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∂ÌÈÛÙ¢fiÌ·ÛÙ ٷ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ‹ Ù· ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚ο Û˘ÁÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· fiÙÈ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÔÚı¿ Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·. ∂ÌÈÛÙ¢fiÌ·ÛÙ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ·˘ÙÔ› Ô˘ ϤÓ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È. ∂ÌÈÛÙ¢fiÌ·ÛÙ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Web οÓÔ˘Ó ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ϤÓ fiÙÈ ı· οÓÔ˘Ó, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó ˙ËÌÈ¿ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜. ∂ÌÈÛÙ¢fiÌ·ÛÙ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÙÔÔıÂۛ˜ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ÂÌÔÚ›Ô˘ οÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂӉ‰ÂÈÁ̤ÓË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙˆÙÈÎÒÓ Î·ÚÙÒÓ, Ì·˜ ·ÔÛÙ¤ÏÏÔ˘Ó Ù· ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· Ô˘ ·Ú·ÁÁ›ϷÌÂ Î·È Ê˘Ï¿ÛÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· Ì·˜ Ì ·ÛÊ·Ï‹
  • 113.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÙÚfiÔ. ∏ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ Web, Ë ÔÔ›· Ì ÚËÙfi ÙÚfiÔ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÓˆÓ˘Ì›· Î·È ÙË 117 ÛˆÛÙ‹ ·ÓÙÈÁÚ·Ê‹, ıˆÚ› ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË Ôχ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ˙‹ÙËÌ·. ∏ ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ online ›ÛÙ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ ı¤Ì· ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÏ·ÏÒÓ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏfiÓÙˆÓ Ì¤Û· ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ online Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·Á¤˜. ªÈ· ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË Ù˘ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ [116] ·ÔÎ¿Ï˘„ fiÙÈ Ôχ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÔÈ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ ·ÔÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ›ÛÙË, ÛÙȘ ·Èٛ˜ Ù˘ ›ÛÙ˘ Î·È Û fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜. ∏ ›ÛÙË ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÔÈÎÈÏÔÙÚfiˆ˜ ˆ˜ Ë «‚¤‚·ÈË ÚÔÛ‰ÔΛ·» ‹ ˆ˜ «Ë ÂÈı˘Ì›· Ó· Â›Û·È ÙÚˆÙfi˜» ‹ «ÌÈ· ÁÂÓÈο ıÂÙÈ΋ ÛÙ¿ÛË». ∏ ›ÛÙË ÛÙ· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È Ë ›ÛÙË Û οı ¿ÙÔÌÔ Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È ·ÊÔÌÔÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó˘·ÚÍ›· ÂÓfi˜ ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡. ¶Ôχ Û˘¯Ó¿, ÔÈ ÂÛÙÈ·- Ṳ̂Ó˜ ÂÌÂÈÚÈΤ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó (fiˆ˜ ÔÚı¿ ÚԂϤÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË) ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ Ì ¿Î·ÌÙÔ ÙÚfiÔ Î·È Û·Ó›ˆ˜ Û˘Ì›ÙÔ˘Ó ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ¤Ó·Ó ÎÔÈÓfi ÔÚÈÛÌfi. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÛÂȘ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ‰‡ÛÎÔϘ, ·Ó fi¯È ·‰‡Ó·Ù˜, Î·È Û ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÔÈ ¿Î·ÌÙÔÈ ·˘ÙÔ› ÔÚÈÛÌÔ› ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË Ì ÙË Ï·˚΋ ‹ ÙËÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· [215]. ∂›Û˘, Ë ›ÛÙË ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ‰˘Ó·- ÌÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ηıÒ˜, ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÙÔ ¤Ú·ÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ÁÈ· Ó· ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌËı› ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ-ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ Ë ›ÛÙË Û ¤Ó·Ó ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ. ¡· ‰È¢ÎÚÈÓÈÛı› fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ Web, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô ›ÛÙ˘ [85]. ∞fi ÙËÓ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ›ÛÙË ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· «Î·Ù·Û΢·Ûı›» Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ Î·È Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ·Ó ‹Ù·Ó ÛˆÛÙfi (Ô˘ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È) Ó· ·Ú·Á¿ÁÔ˘Ì ›ÛÙË Ì ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ. ™ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ·˘Ù‹ Ô ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ۯ‰ȿÛÔ˘Ì ÌÈ· ·ÈÙÈÒ‰Ë Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ›ÛÙË Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·. ¢ÂÓ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È Í·ÊÓÈο, Ì ¤Ó·Ó Ì·ÁÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ, Ó· ÂÌÊ·ÓÈÛÙ› Ë online ›ÛÙË. ∞ÊÔ‡ ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ‰ÂÓ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ·˘ÙfiÌ·Ù· ÎÒ‰ÈΘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, ¤ÙÛÈ Î·È ÔÈ ¿ÏÏÔÈ ‰ÂÓ ˘Ô- ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ·˘ÙfiÌ·Ù· fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÎÒ‰ÈΘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ∫·È ÂÂȉ‹ Ë ›ÛÙË ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ ¤Ó· ȉȈÙÈÎfi ·Á·ıfi, ·ÏÏ¿ ÚˆÙ›ÛÙˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ, ı· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ¿ÓÙ· «Âχ- ıÂÚÔÈ Î·‚·Ï¿Úˉ˜»179 Ô˘ ı· ÂÎÌÂÙ·ÏχÔÓÙ·È ÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÏÔ›ˆÓ [56]. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο Â›‰· ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË ‰È¿‰ÔÛË Ù˘ ›ÛÙ˘ ÛÙÔ Web Î·È ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË. ¶ÚÒÙÔÓ, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ˆ˜ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘, ̤۷ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Î¿ı ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘ ÚÔÛ·ı› Ó· ÂȂ‚·ÈÒÛÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Î·ÓfiÓ˜ Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Û Â›‰ÂÈÍË Ù›ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ∏ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È Ë ˘Ô‰ÔÌ‹ Ô˘ ı· Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ÙËÓ ÂÁÁ‡ËÛË Ù˘ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜Ø ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ [230] ‹ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ȉȈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ [234]. ∞ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒÓÙ·˜ ¤Ó· ‰ÚfiÌÔ Û·Ó ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔ˘ Hobbes180 ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·¯·›ÙÈÛË Ù˘ ·Ó‹ıÈ΢ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Ô‰ËÁԇ̷ÛÙ ÔÈÎÈÏÔÙÚfiˆ˜ Û Ôχ ‰··ÓËÚ¤˜ χÛÂȘ. °È· ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ› Â›Ó·È ÛÙÂÓ¿ Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔÈ Ì ٷ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÂÙ·È Ë ¢È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ Web (Web Governance). www 179 Free riders. ™ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË, ÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ì ˆ˜ «ÂχıÂÚÔ˘˜ η‚·Ï¿Úˉ˜» Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ô˘ ›Ù ÂˆÊÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ¤Ú·Ó ÙÔ˘ «‰›Î·ÈÔ˘» ÌÂÚȉ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ¤Ó· ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ fiÚÔ, ›Ù ‰ÂÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó «‰›Î·È·» ÛÙÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜. 180 ÕÁÁÏÔ˜ ÊÈÏfiÛÔÊÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ 17Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ· Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ fiÙÈ Ë È‰ÈÔÙÂÏ‹˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ʇÛ˘.
  • 114.
    5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ 118 ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î·È ÙÔ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi Â›‰Ô, ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ Ô Î·ı¤Ó·˜ ÂÏ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉÚÒÓÙ˜ Û˘Ó¤Ù·ÈÚÔÈ ‹ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ¤˜ Â›Ó·È Ù›ÌÈÔÈ, ·ÓÙ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎÔ› Î·È ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ηÓfiÓ˜. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ·˘Ù‹ Ù›ÓÔ˘Ì ӷ ÂÍ·ÚÙfiÌ·ÛÙ ·fi ÙȘ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂοÛÙÔÙÂ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. ªÂ οÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Î¿ı ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ·ÔÎÙ¿ ¤Ó· ›‰Ô˜ Ê‹Ì˘ Î·È ˘fiÏ˄˘. ∏ Ê‹ÌË Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÎÔÌ‚ÈÎfi ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂÈ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˘, ·ÔÌÔӈ̤ÓÔ Ì ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ ÙÚfiÔ ·fi ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ [205]. ∏ Ê‹ÌË ‰ÂÓ (Î·È ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·) ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi Ù˘. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ¿Ì‚Ï˘ÓÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓˆÓ. ∏ ·ıÚÔÈÛÙÈ΋ Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË Ù˘ Ê‹Ì˘, Ë ÔÔ›· ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó· ¢ڇ Ê¿ÛÌ· ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂˆÓ ·ÔÛÎÔ› ÛÙË Ï›·ÓÛË ·ÎÚ·›ˆÓ ·fi„ÂˆÓ ‹ ·Û˘Ó‹ıÈÛÙˆÓ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙˆÓ. À¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ¢Ú›· ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ÙÚfiÔ Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ Î·È ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜ οı ʋÌ˘ [239]. ¶ÔȘ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ı· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙË Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔ- ÈÛÙ›·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ÙÔ˘ Web; ¶Ò˜ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ·ıÚÔ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜; ªÂ ÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ı· ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ·ıÚÔ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÚԤ΢„·Ó; ¶Ò˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜; ∫·È fiˆ˜ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Ì ٷ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Web, ÙÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ӷ ¯¿ÛÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È ÙÈ Ó· ÎÂÚ‰›ÛÔ˘Ì ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ¤Ó· ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈο ÛÌÈÏÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ, ·ÎÚÈ‚¤˜ Î·È ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÎÚÈ‚fi ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Î·È ¤Ó· Úfi¯ÂÈÚ· ÊÙÈ·Á̤ÓÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ 90% ÙˆÓ ÛÎÔÒÓ, Â›Ó·È ·ÏÔ˚Îfi ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈ· ‚¿ÛË ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ; √ ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ Ê‹Ì˘ Ù˘ eBay [86], Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÚԂϤÂÈ ÙËÓ ¿ıÚÔÈÛË «ÍÂÚÒÓ» ÌÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ (+1 ·ÔÙÈÌ¿Ù·È Ë ıÂÙÈ΋ „‹ÊÔ˜, -1 Ë ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ „‹ÊÔ˜) ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÏÂÎÙÈÎfi Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·‰È·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙ· ÙÔ ‰ËÌÔÊÈϤÛÙÂÚÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ̤ÙÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ Ê‹Ì˘. √ ‚·ıÌfi˜ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ·ÓÔÈÎÙ‹ ÚfiÎÏËÛË, ηıÒ˜ ÌÂÚÈÎÔ› ·ÁÔÚ·ÛÙ¤˜ ‰ÂÓ ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË, ηıÒ˜ Â›Û˘ ·Ó·Î‡ÙÔ˘Ó ı¤Ì·Ù· ÌÂÚÔÏË„›·˜ (ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ ·Ó Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ·Ó·ÊÂÚı› ÌÈ· ηϋ ‹ ÌÈ· η΋ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·), ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏÔ› ÙÚfiÔÈ Ó· «Ì·ÁÂÈÚ¢Ù›» Î·È Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ·Ú·Ï·ÓËÙÈ΋ Ë ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·ÍÈÔ- ÏfiÁËÛ˘ Î·È Â›Ó·È Ôχ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÂÈÛ¤ÏıÂȘ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ¤¯ÂȘ ÌˉÂÓÈ΋ Ê‹ÌË (bootstrapping reputation) [242]. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Ë ÂÌÔÚÈ΋ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· Ù˘ eBay ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· ·fi‰ÂÈÍË Ù˘ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÂÓÒ ·Ú¿ ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÌÂÚÈÎÒÓ Ôχ- ÎÚÔÙˆÓ ˘Ôı¤ÛˆÓ, ÙÔ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ̤ÁÂıÔ˜ Ù˘ ·¿Ù˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ˘„ËÏfi. Ÿˆ˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ Google, ‚ÚÈÛÎfiÌ·ÛÙ ÌÚÔÛÙ¿ Û ¤Ó· ·Ïfi Î·È Â‡ÎÔÏ· ÎÏÈÌ·ÎÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Ì ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÂÈÙ˘¯›·. ŒÓ· ·ÚÂÌÊÂÚ¤˜ Î·È ÔχÏÔÎÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Â›Ó·È Ë Â‡ÚÂÛË Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ ÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ›ÛÙ˘ Û ·ÙÔÌÈ΋ ‚¿ÛË Î·È Ë Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ·ÏÁÔÚ›ıÌˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔ- Ô›ËÛË Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·ıÚÔ›ÛˆÓ. ∏ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ‚·ıÌÔÏÔ- Á›· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ +1 Î·È ÙÔ -1 Î·È ·ÊÔÚ¿ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡˜. ™ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·˘Ùfi ·Ó·Î‡ÙÔ˘Ó ‰‡Ô Úfi‰ËÏ· ı¤Ì·Ù·. ¶ÚÒÙÔÓ, ·fi ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ Ë ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË ›ÛÙ˘/ÌË ›ÛÙ˘ Â›Ó·È Û·Ó›ˆ˜ Ë ‚¤ÏÙÈÛÙË, Ò˜ ÌÔÚ› οÔÈÔ˜ Ó· ÂÈϤÍÂÈ ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi; ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, Ò˜ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ͯˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ‰‡Ô Èı·ÓÒ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÌË- Ó›˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌˉÂÓfi˜, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ οÏÏÈÛÙ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ó «‰ÂÓ ¤¯ˆ ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ·fi ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÂÎʤڈ ÁÓÒÌË» ‹ «¤¯ˆ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·, ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ì·È Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚÔ˜ ·¤Ó·ÓÙ› ÙÔ˘/Ù˘».
  • 115.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ËÁÒÓ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È 119 ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛˆÓ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÔÈ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂȉڿÛÂȘ ÂÓfi˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Ì ÙÔÓ ıÂÌ·ÙÔʇϷη Ù˘ ›ÛÙ˘, ÔÈ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ì·ÚÙ‡ÚˆÓ, Ù· ÈÛÙÔÔÈËÙÈο Î·È Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ô˘ ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙ÂÈ Ô Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˜ ıÂÌ·ÙÔʇϷη˜ [152]. ∞Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙȘ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ οı ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈÏÂÁ› Ô ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ›ÛÙ˘ ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË Î¿ÔÈÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎÔ‡ (∞Ú¯ÈÌ‹‰ÂÈÔ˘) ÙÚfiÔ˘ ‹ ÛÙÔÓ ·ÓÙ›Ô‰·, ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙˆÓ ·ÙÔ- ÌÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛˆÓ, ·fi„ÂˆÓ Î·È ÂӉȷÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ (Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, Ô ‚·ıÌfi˜ ›ÛÙ˘ Û ¤Ó·Ó ıÂÌ·ÙÔʇϷη ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ·fi ÂÚˆÙÒÌÂÓÔ Û ÂÚˆÙÒÌÂÓÔ). ∏ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ Ù˘ ›ÛÙ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ·Ó·fiÊ¢ÎÙ· ÌÈ· ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È ·‰‡Ó·ÙË ÂÚÁ·Û›· Â¿Ó ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Ù· ηٿÏÏËÏ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÁÈ· Ó· ηٷϋÍÔ˘Ì Û ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· [114]. ∏ ›ÛÙË ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ‰Â˘ÙÂÚ‡ÔÓ ·Á·ıfi, ‰‡ÛÎÔÏ· ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÈÌÔ, Î·È ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÌÂÓÔ ·fi ÙÔÓ ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÛÙfi¯Ô Ô˘ Â͢ËÚÂÙ›ٷÈ. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, fiϘ ÔÈ ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ̤۷ ·fi ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÂÈϤÁÂÙ·È ·˘Ù‹ Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Â›‰ÔÛË, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙË Û¯ÂÙÈο «ÌÔÓÔÏÈıÈ΋» ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ù˘ eBay. ∆Ô‡ÙˆÓ Ï¯ı¤ÓÙˆÓ, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ REGRET [246], Ù· ÔÔ›· ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Ó· ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈṲ̂ÓÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ Î·Ù·¯ÒÚÈÛË Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ¿ıÚÔÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Á›ÓÂ- Ù·È Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Û˘Áί˘Ì¤Ó˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜181. ™Â ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÌÈ· ÔÛÔÙÈ΋ ÌÂÙÚÈ΋ ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ·Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ ¤Ó·˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘ ηٿ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ Ó· ıˆÚ› ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi ·fi ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜. ∏ ÔÛÔÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÌÔÙ›‚ˆÓ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ ÛÙfi¯ÔØ ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈÎfi ‹ ÂÏÏÈ‹. ™Â ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛÂ Û˘Ì·Á‹ Î·È Â˘ÎÔÏÔÓfiËÙ· ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ‰›·, Ë ÈÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÂ›Ù·È Â›Ó·È Ë ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û‹Ì·ÓÛË ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ [111]. ∆Ô ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛÊÔÚfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÂÈϤÔÓ ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ∞Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· ÂÂÓ‰‡Ô˘Ì ÛÂ Ù˘ÈΤ˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜ ‹ Û ¤Ó· Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ù˘ÈÎÒÓ- ËÌÈÙ˘ÈÎÒÓ-¿Ù˘ˆÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛˆÓ; øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÔÈ ·ÏËıÈÓ¤˜ ÈÛÙÔڛ˜ ·fi ·ÏËıÈÓÔ‡˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÂÓËÌÂÚˆÙÈΤ˜, ·ÚfiÙÈ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ˘„ËÏfi ‡ÚÔ˜ ˙ÒÓ˘. ∏ Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú›· ÙˆÓ ¿ÏψÓ, ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÏϤ¯ıËÎÂ, ›Ù ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ıËΠ›Ù ·ıÚÔ›ÛÙËÎÂ, Â›Ó·È Û›ÁÔ˘ÚÔ ˆ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Î·È ÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ›ÛÙ˘. ∏ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ Web ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ô‰Âȯı› ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· ·˘Ùfi, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ì ÙËÓ ›‰È· ¢ÎÔÏ›· Ô˘ ·Ó·Î·Ï‡ÙÔ˘Ì ÌÈ· ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ÛÂÏ›‰· ÛÙÔÓ World Wide Web ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ηٷϋÍÔ˘Ì Û ̷ÚÙ˘Ú›Â˜ ÁÈ· οÔÈÔÓ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ì Û ¤Ó· ¤ÌÈÛÙÔ ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∂ÊfiÛÔÓ ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ηٷÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ¤Ó·Ó ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ ÙÚfiÔ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂˆÊÂÏËıÔ‡Ó ·fi ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÙȘ ·ıÚÔ›ÛÔ˘Ó [243]. ∆Ô ÚÔ··ÈÙÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ÁÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Â›Ó·È Ë ‡·ÚÍË Î¿ÔÈ·˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ οÔ˘ ÛÙÔ Web, Ë ÔÔ›· ı· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ οı ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ı· Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤Ó˜ Ì οÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔ ∞ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ Web (Web of Trust). ∞fi ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ Ë ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ·˘Ù‹ ı· Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌË, ı· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ÛÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ Ê‹Ì˘. ¶·ÚfiÌÔȘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ·Ú¯›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ηÈÚfi Ó· ‰ËÌÈ- www 181 Fuzzy reasoning.
  • 116.
    5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ 120 Ô˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È. ªÈ· ·fi ÙȘ ÈÔ ·ÍÈÔÚfiÛÂÎÙ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë FOAF [45]182, ÌÈ· ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›· Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜ RDF/OWL, Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÂÎÙ·ı› Ì ¤Ó· ÂȉÈÎfi ÏÂÍÈÏfiÁÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ·fi„ÂˆÓ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ʛÏÔ˘˜ [115]. Ÿˆ˜ Û˘¯Ó¿ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È Ë ›ÛÙË ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÂÙ·‚·ÙÈ΋. ¢ËÏ·‰‹ ·Ó Ô ∞ ÂÌÈÛÙ‡ÂÙ·È ÙÔÓ µ Î·È Ô µ ÂÌÈÛÙ‡ÂÙ·È ÙÔÓ °, ‰ÂÓ ¤ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ô ∞ ÂÌÈÛÙ‡ÂÙ·È ÙÔÓ °. ∏ ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛË Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ˘ÔÓÔ̇ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ∞ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˘ Web. ∂Ó ÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, ·Ó Ô ∞ ÂÌÈÛÙ‡ÂÙ·È ÙÔÓ µ, Ô µ ÂÌÈÛÙ‡ÂÙ·È ÙÔÓ ° Î·È Ô µ Û˘ÛÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ° ÛÙÔÓ ∞, ÙfiÙ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÏfiÁÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ∞ Ó· ÂÌÈÛÙ¢ı› ÙÔÓ °. ∏ ·Ï˘Û›‰· ·˘Ù‹ ı· Û¿ÛÂÈ, ÂÓ Ù¤ÏÂÈ, ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· Û ¿ÌÂÛÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È ·fiÙÔÌ·Ø ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ô‰ÔÌËı› ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, Â¿Ó Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ·Ô‰fiÌËÛ˘ ‚·ÛÈÛı› ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ∞ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˘ Web, ÙfiÙÂ Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ Ë ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ‹ Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ›ÛÙ˘ ·fi Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú›Â˜ ·˘ÙÔ„›·˜ ‹ ·ÔıËÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˜ ·fi„ÂȘ [115]. Œ¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯı› fiÙÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·ÏÈÛı› Ë ¿ıÚÔÈÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È Ë ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ SW, Ë ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÂΠʇÛˆ˜ ¢ÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌÒÓ Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›·˜. ∞fi ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ οÔÈÔ˜ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÔÔÈ› ¤Ó· ·Ú¯Â›Ô, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ÔÈÔÈ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÈ Î·È fiÛÔ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔÈ Â›Ó·È, ÙfiÙÂ Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ˘ÔÛÙ› ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛË ÂӉȿÌÂÛˆÓ [115, 243]. ∏ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ηٷÓfiËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÙÚfiˆÓ Ô˘ Ë ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÍ·¯ı› ·fi ‰Ô̤˜ fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Web, ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ Ù˘ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Web. √ Richardson Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰Â›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÚÌËÓ›˜ Ù˘ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˘ Web Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ ÙˆÓ ÌÔÓÔ·ÙÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘˜ (path algebra) Î·È ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Èı·ÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Â›Ó·È Ù·˘ÙfiÛË̘ [243]. ª‹ˆ˜ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ÙÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ·˘Ùfi Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈËı› ÛÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ÈÂÚ¿Ú¯ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙȘ ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ Web; ∂›Û˘, ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ∞ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ Web ·ÏÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ›ÛÙ˘. ∂›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ÂÂÎÙ›ÓÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÛı‹ÎË ÔÏ˘-·Ú·ÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ ·fi„ÂˆÓ Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, fiˆ˜ ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚԤϢÛË; ªÂ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ÙË ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÛÙË ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙˆÓ Webs, Ì‹ˆ˜ ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ›ÛÙ˘ ÛÙÔ SW, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›ÛÔ˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ô ÚfiÏÔ Ì ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔ˘ PageRank Ô˘ ÂÍ¿ÁÂÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ·fi ÙȘ ·ÓÂÚÌ‹Ó¢Ù˜ ‰Ô̤˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ÛÙÔ WWW; 5.4.5 ¶›ÛÙË (II): Ì˯·ÓÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ·fi‰ÂÈÍË À¿Ú¯ÂÈ, ÙÂÏÈο, ¤Ó· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Ô˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ˆ˜ Â›ÏÔÁÔ˜ ÛÙ· ı¤Ì·Ù· ›ÛÙ˘. ∂ÌÈÛÙ¢fiÌ·ÛÙ ÙȘ Ì˯·Ó¤˜ Î·È ÙȘ ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔÈË̤Ó˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ›ÛÙ˘ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙ·Ó ÂÚÁ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙ ‹ ‰È·ÛΉ¿˙Ô˘Ì ÛÙÔ Web; Œ¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯı› fiÙÈ Ô ÛËÌÂÚÈÓfi˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ «·fi‰ÂÈ͢» (‹ ηχÙÂÚ· Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔ- Ô›ËÛ˘) ̤۷ ·fi ‰‡Ô ÔÙÈΤ˜ ÁˆÓ›Â˜. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË, fiˆ˜ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍÂ Ô Wittgenstein, Ë ·fi‰ÂÈÍË Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÂÈÎfiÓ· Ô˘ ··ÈÙ› ÂÈ·ڈÛË, ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ¿ Ì·˜ [292] Î·È ÂÓ Ù¤ÏÂÈ Ì·˜ ›ıÂÈ. ∂ÍËÁ›, ÂȉÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ Î·È ‰È·ÙÚ·ÓÒÓÂÈ www 182 http://www.foaf-project.org.
  • 117.
    Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÙËÓ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·Ù˘ ·ԉ‰ÂÈÁ̤Ó˘ ÚfiÙ·Û˘. 121 √ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ Ù‡Ô˜ ·fi‰ÂÈ͢ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÏÁÔÚÈıÌÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË. ∂›Ó·È, ›Ûˆ˜, ÈÔ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙË ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ıÂÒÚËÛË (·fi‰ÂÈÍË-ÂÈÎfiÓ·), ·ÏÏ¿ ÁÈ· Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ‹ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÛıԇ̠fiÙÈ Ù· ‚‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ıËÎ·Ó Â›Ó·È Î·È Ù· ÂӉ‰ÂÈÁ̤ӷ. ∞·ÈÙÂ›Ù·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ›ÛÙË (·) ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë ·fi‰ÂÈÍË ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÚÔÛ¤Ï·ÛÙË Î·È (‚) ·ÎfiÌ· fiÙ·Ó ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÙËÓ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ‚‹Ì·-‚‹Ì·, Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜ Ë «¯ÂÈÚÔΛÓËÙË» ÂÈÛÎfiËÛË. ¢˘ÛÙ˘¯Ò˜ Ô Wittgenstein ‰ÂÓ ¤˙ËÛ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ÂÈ ÙȘ ÂÚ›ÏÔΘ Ì˯·ÓÈΤ˜ ·ԉ›ÍÂȘ Ó· ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤ÔÓÙ·È Û ÎÔÈÓÔÙÔ›·, ·ÏÏ¿ fiÓÙˆ˜ ·ÊȤڈÛ Ôχ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÂÈ ÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙÔ˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡. ª¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ·Û˘Ó‹ıÈÛÙË, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘, ıÂÒÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·Ù¿ÊÂÚ Ì ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ Ó· ‰È·¯ˆÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·fi‰ÂÈÍË-ÂÈÎfiÓ· Î·È ÙË Ì˯·ÓÈÛÙÈ΋ ·fi‰ÂÈÍË Î·È Ó· ηٷϋÍÂÈ ÛÙÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂȘ Ì·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË ÛÙȘ Ì˯·ÓÈΤ˜ ·ԉ›ÍÂȘ Â›Ó·È ÂıÂÏÔ‡ÛȘ Î·È Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ Ì·˜ ‰ÂÛÌÂ‡Ô˘Ó [292]. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÂÎÙÂÙ·Ì¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÂÚ›ÏÔÎˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÎÒÓ ·ԉ›ÍˆÓ, ·Ó·- ‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ·È Ù· ‰ÈÏ‹ÌÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÚÔ¤‚ÏÂ„Â Ô Wittgenstein. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ Ù˘È΋˜ ·fi‰ÂÈ͢ ÛÙËÓ ÔÚıfiÙËÙ· ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‚Ú¤ıËΠÛÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ Ù˘ ‰È·Ì¿¯Ë˜ ‰‡Ô ‰ËÌÔÊÈÏÒÓ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂÏÂÙÒÓ. √ De Millo Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ Ë ·fi‰ÂÈÍË-ÂÈÎfiÓ· ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ‡¯ÚËÛÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÔÈ Ì˯·Ó¤˜ Â›Ó·È ·Ó›Î·Ó˜ Ó· ÂÈÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ·˘Ù‹ [73]. √ Fetzer ·ÓÙ¤ÙÂÈÓ fiÙÈ ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· Û˘Ó¯‹˜ Û‡Á¯˘ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡Ô Ù‡Ô˘˜ Ù˘ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ·fi‰ÂÈ͢. √ ¤Ó·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Ù‡ˆÓ, fiÔ˘ οı هÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Â›Ù ·Í›ˆÌ· ›Ù ·Ú¿ÁÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ù‡Ô˘˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË Î·ÓfiÓ˜ ·ÏËı›·˜, Î·È Ô ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ηٷÛ΢¿˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÌÈ· Ì˯·Ó‹ [100]. √‡Ùˆ˜ ‹ ¿Ïψ˜, ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ÌÂϤÙ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ¤ÓÙÔÓ˜ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ‰¤¯ıË- Î·Ó ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ Ì˯·ÓÈ΋˜ ·fi‰ÂÈ͢ ‹Ù·Ó ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ‹ÛÈÌË. ™‹ÌÂÚ·, ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ Ï¢ڤ˜ Ù˘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ (ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·, Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ˘Á›·˜ Î·È ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜, ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ˆÊ¤ÏÂÈ·˜) ÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ˘fi ÙËÓ ·ÈÁ›‰· ·˘ÙfiÌ·ÙˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Web, Â›Û˘, ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ¤˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ (fiˆ˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ SW) ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó fiÏÔ Î·È ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÔÛfiÙËÙ· ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ›ÛÙ˘ Û ¤Ó· Ì˯·ÓÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ·. ∏ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· Ù˘ ›ÛÙ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ·Úfi‚ÏÂÙË Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÛÛˆÚÂ˘Ì¤Ó˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ [85] Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ·ÔʇÁÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ›ÛÙË ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓˆÓ Î·È Ì˯·ÓÈο ·Ú·ÁfiÌÂÓˆÓ ·fi„ÂˆÓ Î·È ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ [192]. ∏ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ›ÛÙË Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎfi «ÂÁÒ» Î·È ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË Ô˘ ηٷÛ΢¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi Î·È ÙÔ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÚÔÛ‰È- ÔÚÈÛı›. ∏ ‰È¿‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ Web ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈο ·fi ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜. 5.4.6 ∏ıÈΤ˜ Î·È Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈΤ˜ Ï¢ڤ˜ Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ∆· ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ËıÈ΋˜ ʇÛ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ·Ó·Áη›Ô ̤ÚÔ˜ ÛÙÔÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÔÁÔ ÙˆÓ ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∂›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÂÍ¿ψۋ ÙÔ˘.
  • 118.
    5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ 122 ∏ ·ÏfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛ˘ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ URIs Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È ÙÔ «ÎÏÂȉ›» ÁÈ· ÙË Ìfi¯Ï¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ ¯ÒÚÔ˘. ∫¿ı ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·Ó·ÙÚÔ‹˜ Î·È ˘ÔÓfiÌ¢Û˘ Ù˘ Û¯¤Û˘ ·˘Ù‹˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ô‰Âȯı› fiÙÈ ˘ÔÓÔ̇ÂÈ ÙÔ Web Î·È ÙÔ SW. ªÂÙ·‚ÔϤ˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·ıÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ‰ÔÌ‹ ı· Êı›ÚÔ˘Ó ÙË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔÓ ÂοÛÙÔÙ URI Î·È Û fi,ÙÈ ‚ϤÔ˘Ì ÛÙËÓ ÔıfiÓË Ì·˜. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, fiÛÔ ÈÔ ÂÚ›ÏÔÎË Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ë Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹, ÙfiÛÔ ÈÔ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ô ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÚfiÌÔÈˆÓ ·Ó·ÙÚÔÒÓ. ∆Ô Web ‰È¤ÂÙ·È ÂÎÔ˘Û›ˆ˜ ·fi ÌÈ· ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓË ‰ÔÌ‹. ∏ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ÓÔÌ›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó˘·ÚÍ›· ·Ú¯ÒÓ ÂÈ‚ÔÏ‹˜ Ù˘ ÔÚı‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ∂›Ó·È ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÏϤ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Â›Ó·È ˙ˆÙÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â‡Ú˘ıÌË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Web (ÓfiËÌ·, Û˘Ìʈӛ· ·Ú¯ÒÓ, ·ÊÔÛ›ˆÛË), ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ Â˘ÓfiËÙË ˘ÂÚ¿ÛÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ÔʤÏÔ˘˜ [261]. ∞Ó, fï˜, ˘Ôı¤ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈ‚Ï·‚‹˜ Û˘- ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ‚·Ú‡ÓÂÙ·È Ì ÎfiÛÙÔ˜, ›Ù ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο fiÙÈ ·ÔʤÚÂÈ ˆÊ¤ÏÂÈ·183 ‹ ˙ËÌÈ¿184, ÙfiÙÂ Ë ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·ÔÎfiÌÈÛË ·ÙÔÌÈ΋˜ ˆÊ¤ÏÂÈ·˜ ·‰˘Ó·Ù› Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Ï‹Úˆ˜ Ò˜ ÌÈ· ÙfiÛÔ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¯ÒÚ· ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË [144]. ∂ÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, ¤Ú· ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È Û›ÁÔ˘ÚÔ fiÙÈ ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ Web ·ÚÂÈÛÊÚ¤Ô˘Ó ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚ· ÌË ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· [254]. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈʤÚÔÓÙ·È ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈο. À¿Ú¯ÂÈ, ‚‚·›ˆ˜, ÌÈ· ÏËıÒÚ· ·fi ΛÌÂÓ· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. ∆Ô Î›ÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ Ó· ı¤ÛÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ Âȯ›ÚËÌ· ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ‰›Ô. ∞˘Ùfi Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÛËÌ·Û›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Ô ÙÚfiÔ˜ Ô˘ Ë Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹, Ë Û‡Ó- ‰ÂÛË, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ URIs Î·È Û ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÔıfiÓË, ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ Û˘Ìʈӛ˜ ·Ú¯ÒÓ ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, Ë ÔÔ›· ¤ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ÛËÌÂ›Ô Â›Ó·È ·ÏÙÚÔ˘ÈÛÙÈ΋. £· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ ÌÈÏ¿Ì ÁÈ· ΢ÚÒÛÂȘ Ô˘ ı· ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÔÚı‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ (·Ó·ÙÚ¤ÍÂÙ ÛÙÔ ∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 6), ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ı¤Ì· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Ë Â͇ÚÂÛË ÙÚfiˆÓ ËıÈ΋˜ ÚˆÙÔÔÚ›·˜ ‹ Ë ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔηÏ› ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ë ÂÈı˘Ì›· ËıÈ΋˜ ‰È·ÁˆÁ‹˜. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ÚÔÂÍ¿Ú¯Ô˘Û˜ Ì˯·ÓÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÈı˘Ì›· ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈʤÚÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎfi Ó‡- Ì·. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û ·ÓÂÊ¿ÚÌÔÛÙÔ˘˜ ÎÒ‰ÈΘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ, fï˜, ηٿ ÌÈ· ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ËıÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ Web. ∞Ô- ‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ˆ˜ Ë ËıÈÎÔÏÔÁ›· Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ۯ‰›·ÛË Î·È Î·Ù·Û΢‹. ∞˜ ‰Ô‡Ì Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚ¤ÛÙÂÚ· ÙË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ¤Ó·Ó URI Î·È ÙÔ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô «‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ». ∞Ù˘¯Ò˜, fiˆ˜ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÏÔÈ fiÛÔÈ Û˘ÓÙËÚÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ, Ì ÙÔ ¤Ú·ÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È Ë ›ÂÛË ˘ÔÓfiÌ¢Û˘ Ù˘ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜. ŒÓ· ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ›ÂÛ˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÂÍ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚÔ˘ Ì˯·ÓÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙÈÍÔfiÙËÙ˜, ÂÓÒ ¤Ó· ¿ÏÏÔ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ ‹ ·ÏÒ˜ Û ӈıÚfiÙËÙ·. ∞ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ Web ı· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Û ηχÙÂÚ· Â¿Ó ÔÈ URIs ‰ÂÓ ¿ÏÏ·˙·Ó, ·Ó ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ¤‰ÂÈ¯Ó·Ó ÁÈ· ¿ÓÙ· ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎfi ·Ú¯Â›Ô (ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ÂÚÈÔ‰Èο Ó· ·Ó·ÓÂÒÓÂÙ·È). ¶Ú·ÎÙÈο, Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÒÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ÌÂÈÒÓÂÙ·È Ì ڷÁ‰·›Ô ÙÚfiÔ. ŒÓ· ›ڷ̷ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ·Ú·¿Óˆ, ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÚÔÛÂÏ¿ÛıËÎ·Ó 150 ÂηÙÔÌ̇ÚÈ· www 183 Commission. ∂˘Î·Èڛ˜ ÔʤÏÔ˘˜ ·fi ·¿ÙË. 184 Omission. ∞ÔÙ˘¯›· ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘.
  • 119.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ ÁÈ· 11 ‚‰ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, ¤‰ÂÈÍ fiÙÈ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ 9˘ ‚‰ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ¯¿ıËÎÂ Ë 123 ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Û ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ÙÔ˘ 10% ÙˆÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ (ÂÚ›Ô˘ ÙÔ 4% ›¯Â ÂÍ·- Ê·ÓÈÛı› ‹‰Ë ·fi ÙËÓ 1Ë Â‚‰ÔÌ¿‰·). ∆Ô 3% Â¤ÛÙÚ„ ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·Ù· Ù‡Ô˘ 4ÃÃ, Ù· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·Ù· 404 Î·È Û¯Â‰fiÓ fiÏ· Ù· ˘fiÏÔÈ· ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·Ù· 403185. ¶ÂÚ›Ô˘ ¤Ó· ¿ÏÏÔ 3% ÙˆÓ ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ ÂÌÔ‰›ÛÙËΠ·fi ÙÔ ·Ú¯Â›Ô robots.txt ÙÔ˘ Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹ ÙÔ˘ Web, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ Î·È ·ÔÎÚÔ‡ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Web crawlers. 2 - 3% ÙˆÓ ÛÊ·ÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÔÊ›ÏÔÓÙ·Ó Û ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘, fiˆ˜ ·ÔÙ˘¯›Â˜ ‡ÚÂÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ DNS, ¿ÚÓËÛË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ ‹ ‰È·ÎÔ¤˜ TCP, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ 2% ‹Ù·Ó ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·Ù· 3ÃÃ, ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ Ë ÛÂÏ›‰· ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÙ·ÎÈÓËı›. √È ÙÔÔıÂۛ˜ Ì ηٿÏËÍË .net Î·È .com ·ԉ›¯ÙËÎ·Ó ÔÈ ÈÔ Â˘¿ÏˆÙ˜ [99]. ∏ ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÛÙ·ıÂÚÒÓ URIs ‰‡ÛÎÔÏ· ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, fiÙ·Ó ¤Ó·˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ·Ó·‰ÈÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÂÙ·È ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˜ ÂÈÚ·ÛÌfi˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ó¤Ô˘ Î·È ÈÔ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ URIs Ô˘ ı· ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙË Ó¤· ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÙÈ΋ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›·. ∞Ú¯Èο, ÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ì ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û· ÚfiÎÏËÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÂÏÈο ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ·ÂÚ›ÛÎÂÙË Ú¿ÍË. √È ÎÂÓÔ› Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ Ô˘ «ÎÚÂÌ¿Ó» ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Â›Ó·È Ôχ ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÙÈÎÔ› Î·È ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË ˘ÔÓÔÌÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ Î·È ÛÙȘ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÔÈ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ ·˘ÙÔ› ÂÎÚÔÛˆÔ‡Ó. ŒÓ·˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfi˜, ¢·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛÙÔ˜ Î·È Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ online ›ÛÙ˘ [116]. ªÂ ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ, fï˜, ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ fiϘ ÔÈ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ URIs ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ϤÔÓ «·ÏȤ˜», ÌË ÂÓËÌÂڈ̤Ó˜ ÂÁÁڷʤ˜ ÛÙȘ Ï›ÛÙ˜ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ (·Á·Ë̤ӷ) ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ, ·¯ÚËÛÙ‡ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ¯ÂÈÚfiÁڷʘ ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ Î·È ÔÔÈÔÛ‰‹ÔÙ ۇӉÂÛÌÔ˜ ·Ó·Î·Ï‡- ÊıËΠÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚËı› ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·Ó·Ó¤ˆÛË ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ [27]. Œˆ˜ ¤Ó· ÛËÌÂ›Ô Â›Ó·È ı¤Ì· ÛÙ˘Ï. √ Berners-Lee [27] ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔʇÁÔ˘Ì ÛÙËÓ ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›· ηٷÏfiÁˆÓ Î·È Ê·Î¤ÏˆÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ, ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ‰›·, ηٿÛÙ·ÛË, ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ Î.Ï. ŸÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ·ÎÔ‡ÁÔÓÙ·È Â‡ÏÔÁ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›· ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ Î·È Ê·Î¤ÏˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÙË ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ Îϛ̷η ÙÔ˘ Web fiÏ· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÔ˘Ó, ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ȤÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙÔ˘ URI. ™Â οı ¿ÏÏË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· ÙÔ˘ ʷΤÏÔ˘ ηı›ÛÙ·Ù·È ·ÔÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÙÈÎfi (¯ÂÈÚfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi Ù· ¿Ó¢ ÓÔ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÔÓfiÌ·Ù·). ∞˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÙˆÓ URIs ¯ÚÂÈ- ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË ÛΤ„Ë ·fi ·˘Ù‹ Ô˘ Ê·ÓÙ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙÂ. √ ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙ‹˜ οı ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÂÈÛٷ̤ӈ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û˘ ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Î·È Ó· ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂÈ Ì ٤ÙÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÌÂÙ·‰›‰ÂÈ ÙÔ ÂȉȈÎfiÌÂÓÔ Ì‹Ó˘Ì· Î·È ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ, ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ ÌÂÛÔÚfiıÂÛÌÔ. ∏ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ·˘Ù‹ ¤¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ·Ó ı¤ÏÔ˘Ì ӷ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ÙÔ Web ÛˆÛÙ¿ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ, ·Ó fi¯È fiÏÔÈ ÔÈ ‰È·- ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙ¤˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚˆÓ, Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·Ú¯ÒÓ. ∞˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙˆÓ ÙÚfiˆÓ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ Ë ËıÈ΋ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Web. ™Â ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË Ì ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ ÔχÏÔÎÔ˘ ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜, fiˆ˜ Ë Ì˯·Ó‹ ÂÓfi˜ ·ÂÚÔÏ¿ÓÔ˘ ‹ ÏÔ›Ô˘, οı Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙfi˜ «ÂÚÁ¿Ù˘» ÙÔ˘ Web ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Âίˆ- Ú‹ÛÂÈ Ì ۇ̂·ÛË ÙÔ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· Ù˘ Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ. ™ÙÔ Web fiÏÔÈ Â›Ì·ÛÙ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ¤˜. ∞ÏÏ¿ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂȘ Î·È Î·ı‹ÎÔÓÙ· ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ÂÈÛ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È Î¿ıÂ Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˘, ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈ΋˜ ʇÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ÕÏψÛÙÂ Ë ÂÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘ Ù˘ ‡·Ú͢ ÙˆÓ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙ·ıÂÚÒÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ www 185 Forbidden. ∞·ÁfiÚ¢ÛË ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘.
  • 120.
    5. ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ÚÔÂÎÙ¿ÛÂȘ 124 Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ ÛÙÔ Web. ŒÓ· ¿ÏÏÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Û ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi Â›‰Ô, Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÂÓËÌÂڈ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘. ™Â ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Â›‰Ô, Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È Ó· ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ, fiÙ·Ó ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ÂÊÈÎÙfi, Ó· ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ‡ÓÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈ‚Ï·‚‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ (ÂÈ˙‹ÌÈ· ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· οı ¯Ú‹ÛÙË, fiÛÔ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web ˆ˜ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ), fiˆ˜ ÙÔ phishing ‹ Ë ÂÍ·¿ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ PageRank Î·È ÙˆÓ ÏÔÈÒÓ ·ÏÁÔÚ›ıÌˆÓ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙȘ Ì˯·Ó¤˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘. ¢ÂÓ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È Ó· ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ÌÈ· ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ χÛË Û ٤ÙÔȘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜. ∏ ·ÔÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Û· Û˘ÌÂ- ÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ı· Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ¿ÓÙ· Û ¤Ó· ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘ Web Î·È ·˘ÙÔ› Ô˘ ÙËÓ ˘ÈÔ- ıÂÙÔ‡Ó ı· Ì·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ ÂÈÚ·ÛÌfi Ó· ÙËÓ ÂÍ·Û΋ÛÔ˘Ó Û ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜. ŸÌˆ˜, ÔÈ Î·ÓfiÓ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È ÔÈ ¿ÏϘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÂ Û˘Ìʈӛ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÙÈ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ online ηı‹ÎÔÓ Î·È ÙÈ ·Ó¿ÚÌÔÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. ∆Ô ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, ÁÈ·Ù› ÙÔ spam Â›Ó·È ÂÍfi¯ˆ˜ ÂÎÓ¢ÚÈÛÙÈÎfi, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ junk email Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÌÈ· Û¯ÂÙÈο ÌÈÎÚ‹ ÂÓfi¯ÏËÛË; ∞ÎÔÏÔ‡ıˆ˜, ı· ÌÔÚ¤ÛÔ˘Ì ӷ ÚÔÛ- ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÈ Â›‰Ô˘˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È, ÔȘ ·Ôı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ë ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÙȘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ. ∏ ÛÙÂÓ‹ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ô˘ ·Ú·ÙËÚԇ̠·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ Î·È ÙËÓ ËıÈÎÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔÓ online ÎfiÛÌÔ Â›Ó·È ·Û˘Ó‹ıÈÛÙË, ·Ó fi¯È ÌÔÓ·‰È΋. ∏ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· ·ÍÈÔÛËÌ›ˆÙË ÏÂ˘Ú¿ Ù˘ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„‹˜ Ì·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web. ™ÙÔ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô Î·È È‰È·ÈÙ¤Úˆ˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘ Ô˘ Îڷٿ٠ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· Û·˜ ı· ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚ¤ÛÙÂÚ· ÌÂÚÈο ·fi Ù· ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ Ù¤ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ ·˘Ùfi.
  • 122.
    126 6. ∞ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·, ÚfiÙ˘· Î·È ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÛÙÔ Web
  • 123.
    127 ™ÙÂÚÂÔÙ˘Èο, Ë ÁÓÒÛËÂ›Ó·È ‰‡Ó·ÌË. ∆Ô Web, Ì ÙË ‰Ú·Ì·ÙÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·ÙfiÈÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ÔΛÌÂÓˆÓ ‰ÔÌÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ ÛÙË ÁÓÒÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ ÙȘ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯‹ÛÂȘ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ Ì ÙÂÏ›ˆ˜ ·Úfi‚ÏÂÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜. √È ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈΤ˜ ·Ï‹ıÂȘ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËı› ·fi ÙËÓ ¤Ï¢ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web [217] ·ÏÏ¿, Û›ÁÔ˘Ú·, ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ. ∏ ‰‡Ó·ÌË ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÙ·ÙÔÈÛÙ› ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘ ÂÁ›ÚÂÈ ÙÔ ·›ÙËÌ· ÁÈ· ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ Web. ¶Ò˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙ› Î·È Ó· ‰È·Î˘‚ÂÚÓËı› ÙÔ Web, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙË ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ Î·È Î·ÚÔÊfiÚ· ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹ ÙÔ˘; Œ¯Ô˘Ì ‹‰Ë Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ, ÛÙËÓ ∂ÓfiÙËÙ· 5.4.6, fiÙÈ Ë Ú‡ıÌÈÛË ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ·¿ÓÙËÛË Û οı Úfi‚ÏËÌ·. ∆Ô ÁÂÓÈÎfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ù˘ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓË ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ‰˘ÛÎÔχÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Ôχ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÙˆÓ ‹ Û¯ÂÙÈο ·‰È¿ÊÔÚˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ, Ù· ÚfiÙ˘· ·˘Ù¿ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È È‰È·ÈÙ¤Úˆ˜ ·Ï¿. ∏ ·ÏfiÙËÙ·, fï˜, ‰ÂÓ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ Î·ıfiÏÔ˘ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ¯¿Ú·Í˘ Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Î·È ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙÔ˘ Web. ÀÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Û‡ÓıÂÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÌÔ‰›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÍ¿ψÛË ÙÔ˘ Web, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ‰ÈÛÙ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ó· ‰È·ı¤ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ÌÔÈÚ·ÛıÔ‡Ó Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ÙȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Ô˘ η٤¯Ô˘Ó [287]. ∏ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· Î·È Ë È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ›ӷÈ, Â›Û˘, ı¤Ì·Ù· Ì›˙ÔÓÔ˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜. ¢È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ› ¿ÚÔ¯ÔÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ (‹ Ú·ÎÙÈο η̛· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋) ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Û ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·Û˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘. ∆Ô Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ fiÙ·Ó Ë ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÛÙ· «¯ÔÓÙÚÔÎÔÌ̤ӷ» Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ, ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ ‹ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚˆÓ Î·È fi¯È ÛÙÔ ÂÎÏÂÙ˘Ṳ̂ÓÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ù˘ ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Â›Ó·È ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ·ÏËıÈÓfi ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ÈηÓfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ˘fi‚·ıÚˆÓ, ÚˆÙÔÎfiÏÏˆÓ Î·È ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Â˘Ú¤ˆ˜. ŒÓ·˜ ÚfiÛıÂÙÔ˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ˘Ô‰Ô̤˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ηıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ ÙËÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·, ÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ·ÚÂÓÔ¯ÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ÌÂ Û˘Ó¯‹ ·ÈÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· ÂÈϤÔÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Î·È ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈÔ- ‰ÔÙ‹ÛÂȘ. ∏ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ Web ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÁÓÔËı› ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘. •ÂÎÈÓ¿Ì ÙË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ‹ Ì·˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ fi„ÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ì ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ηıÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ Î·È ¯¿Ú·Í˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. 6.1 ¶ÚfiÙ˘· Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ °ÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ë ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ Â›Ó·È Î¿ÙÈ ıÂÙÈÎfi, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÍÔÈÎÔÓfiÌËÛË ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜ Û ¤Ó·Ó ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎfi ÎÏ¿‰Ô ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÒÓ Îϛ̷η˜ [281]. øÛÙfiÛÔ ÂÁ΢ÌÔÓÔ‡Ó Î·È ·Á›‰Â˜ [36]. ™Â ¤Ó· ‚ÈÔÌ˯·ÓÈÎfi ÎÏ¿‰Ô Â›Ó·È Èı·ÓfiÓ Ì›· ‹ ‰‡Ô ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ó· ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡Ó ÛÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ, ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ¤˜ Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÙȘ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ. √È Î˘Ú›·Ú¯ÔÈ Ù˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Ù· ÚfiÙ˘· ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÌÔӛ̈˜ ¤Ó· ‹ ‰‡Ô ‚‹Ì·Ù· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜
  • 124.
    6. ∞ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·, ÚfiÙ˘·Î·È ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÛÙÔ Web 128 ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘˜ ·›ÎÙ˜. √È fiÏÂÌÔÈ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ Ô‰ËÁÔ‡Ó ÛÙË Û·Ù¿ÏË fiÚˆÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ Î·È ·Ó¿- Ù˘Í˘ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ Î·È ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ. ¶ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ Û¯ÂÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Ì¿¯Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ù˘ ÂfiÌÂÓ˘ ÁÂÓÈ¿˜ ÙˆÓ DVD. ¢È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÛÈÌ· ÚfiÙ˘·, Ì ‚¿ÛË Ù· ÔÔ›· Ô Î·ı¤Ó·˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÂÈϤÍÂÈ ‹ Ó· ÌËÓ ÂÈϤÍÂÈ ¤Ó· ÚfiÙ˘Ô, Â›Ó·È Ôχ Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Û ηχÙÂÚÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Û ¤Ó·Ó ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎfi ÎÏ¿‰Ô. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, Ë ‡·ÚÍË ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ, Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚˆÓ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙȘ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Ì ÌÔÓ·‰È΋ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ· ÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ۯ‰›·ÛË Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Web, Ù· ÚfiÙ˘· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ıÂÌÂÏȈ‰ÒÓ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈÎÒÓ È‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙËÓ ·ÔÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹, ÙËÓ Â˘ÂÏÈÍ›· Î·È ÙËÓ Â˘¯ÚËÛÙ›· Û ¤Ó·Ó ÎfiÛÌÔ fiÔ˘ ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Ï¢ڤ˜ Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÎfiÌ· ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔÔÈËı›. ¶·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο, Ë ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÚÈÔÚÈ- Ṳ̂ÓÔ Â‡ÚÔ˜ Î·È Â›Ó·È ÂÓۈ̷و̤ÓË Û ‡ÏËÙ· ·fi fiÏÔ˘˜ Ï·›ÛÈ·. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ‰È·- ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ʈÙÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi ÙÚfiÔ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ¯¤ÚÈ Ì ¯¤ÚÈ ÂÓfi˜ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ˘. ∂›Ó·È Û¯ÂÙÈο ‡ÎÔÏÔ Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ÔÚ›· ÂÓfi˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘. ∏ ηÎÔÌÂÙ·¯Â›ÚÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Â›Û˘ ‡ÎÔÏÔ Ó· ‰È·ÈÛÙˆı›. ∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ‚Úԇ̠ÙÔÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi «¤ÓÔ¯Ô» Ù˘ η΋˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ù˘ ʈÙÔ- ÁÚ·Ê›·˜ Ì·˜, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÔ˘Ì ÔÈÔ˜ ÙË ‰¿ÓÂÈÛ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓ ¿‰ÂÈ¿ Ì·˜. √È „ËÊȷΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ. ∏ ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË ÌÈ·˜ „ËÊȷ΋˜ ʈÙÔ- ÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙË Ì·˙È΋ ·ÓÙÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Î·È ‰È·ÓÔÌ‹ Ù˘ Ì ¯Ú‹ÛË ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ. ∆· ÚfiÙ˘· Î·È ÔÈ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ۯ‰ȿÛÙËÎ·Ó ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÔÚı‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ·Ó·Áη›Â˜. ∆Ș ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÔÈ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›- ˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈÔ˜ Î·È Î¿Ùˆ ·fi ÔȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ‹ Ó· ÙÚÔÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÂοÛÙÔÙ fiÚÔ. ∏ ÛˆÛÙ‹ ¿ÛÎËÛË Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔ˙fiÌÂÓ˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÂÈ ÙȘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· οı fiÚÔ ÛÙÔ Web. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÈÙÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Ù˘ ÔÚı‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ηıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÂÓÒÓ, Î·È ·ÔÎÏÂ›Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÚÌÔÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿. ∆Ô ÂÚÈıÒÚÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ˘Ô‰ÔÌÒÓ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÚԂϤÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ·ÚfiÌÔÈˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ·ÓÒÙÂÚ· Â›‰· ÙÔ˘ SW, fiˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 3.2. (ÛÂÏ›‰· 54) √È Î·ÓfiÓ˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÈÌÔÈ Î·È Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÎÏÈÌ·ÎÔ‡ÌÂÓË ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Î·È ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ [287]. ∂Í·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Web, Ë ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ¢·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÈÛıËÙ¿ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈË̤ÓË ·fi ÙȘ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ¸- Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ó Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi Î·È ‰··ÓËÚ‹ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË (.¯. Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ƒ∫π186) Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, Â›Ó·È «‚·Ú›˜» Î·È ·Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔÈ ÁÈ· ÁÂÓÈ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË ÛÙÔ Web. ∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ë Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓË ÚfiÛ‚·- ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ Έ‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÙÈ΋. √ Weitzner Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿Ù˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ‰›ÏËÌÌ· ÂÓfi˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Ô˘ ÂÈı˘Ì› ÚÔÛˆÚÈÓ‹ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Û ¤Ó· ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ˘fi ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi. ŸÙ·Ó ·Ó·‚·ıÌ›˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË ·˘ÙÔ‡, www 186 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), ÀÔ‰ÔÌ‹ ¢ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ∫ÏÂȉÈÔ‡. æËÊȷο ÈÛÙÔÔÈËÙÈο Ô˘ ÂΉ›‰ÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· Ê˘ÛÈο ÚfiÛˆ·, ÁÈ· ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ·ÛÊ·Ï›˜ ‰ÈÎÙ˘·ÎÔ‡˜ ÙfiÔ˘˜.
  • 125.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ·ÔÎÙ¿ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Û ÂÈϤÔÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi, ÂÓÒ Ë Ì›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈ¤‰Ô˘ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ 129 ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ‰È¢ڇÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ‚·ÛÈÌfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ [287]. ∆Ô Web ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ ·ÛÊ·Ï›·˜, ·Ú¿ Û˘ÓÙ·Á¤˜ Î·È Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ··ÁfiÚ¢Û˘. ™ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË ·˘Ù‹, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÂÈ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔṲ̂ӷ Ï·›ÛÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜. ∏ Ponder Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÂÎÊÚ·ÛÙÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ηٷÓÂÌË̤ӷ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙÔ˜ fiÙÈ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙË Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÌËÓ ÂÈÙ‡¯ÂÈ Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Ù˘ Û ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈο ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· [68]. ∏ KAoS Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ·Ú·ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙËÓ OWL [275], ÂÓÒ Ë Rei ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ú¿ÎÙÔÚ˜ Ó· ·ÎÔ- ÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË OWL ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ [161]. ∏ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ηٷϋÁÂÈ Û ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ Î·È ÙË ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Û ηٷÓÂÌË̤ӷ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ì Ú¿ÎÙÔÚ˜ ‹ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Web. ∏ ‰Ú¿ÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ Policy Aware Web ÚÔ¯ˆÚ¿ÂÈ ¤Ú· ·fi ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ú¿ÎÙÔÚ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜. Œ¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ Ë ·Ú¯‹ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÙˆÓ ˘Ô‰ÔÌÒÓ Ô˘ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔ Î·È ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi Web, ·ÏÏ¿ ·Ô̤ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÏÏ¿ Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÎfiÌ· ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È·ÛÊ·ÏÈÛı› fiÙÈ Ë ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ· Î·È Ë ˘¢ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ· ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ ÙÚfiÔ. 6.2 ∑ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜ ∞fi ÙËÓ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ ÙÔ Web ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó·Ó ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi ¯ÒÚÔ, Ù· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÛÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹ Ù˘ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘. ∆· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ ÚÔÛÙ·ÙÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ȉ¤·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÂÓ¿ Ï·›ÛÈ·, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ·fi ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘˜, (Ï.¯. ÌÈ·˜ ÓÔ˘‚¤Ï·˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Ì ÌÈ· ÚÔÛٷ٢fiÌÂÓË ·fi ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÓÔ˘‚¤Ï·) Î·È ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Ù˘ ͯˆÚÈÛÙ‹˜ Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿˜ ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·, ÂÓfi˜ ÌÔ˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ‹ ÔÔÈÔ˘‰‹ÔÙ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡. ∏ ÛÙÂÓfiÙËÙ· ·˘Ù‹ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ÔÏϤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÓfiÌÔ˘ ÁÈ· Ù· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· ÙÔ˘ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÔ‡ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙÔ ∞ÓÒÙ·ÙÔ ¢ÈηÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÙˆÓ ∏.¶.∞. ÂÓ¤ÎÚÈÓ ÙËÓ ¤ÊÂÛË Ô˘ η٤ıÂÛÂ Ë ÂÙ·ÈÚ›· ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ Borland ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ Ù˘ Lotus ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Î‡ÚˆÛË Ù˘ ηٷ‰ÈηÛÙÈ΋˜ ·fiÊ·Û˘ Ô˘ ›¯Â ÂÙ‡¯ÂÈ Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ «‰·ÓÂÈÛÌÔ‡» ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ù˘ ‰ÈÂ·Ê‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ Lotus 1-2-3. ™‹ÌÂÚ·, ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË Î·È ÙȘ ∏.¶.∞. ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤Ó· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊ˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ (reverse engineering) Î·È ·ÓÙÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË Û˘Ì- ‚·ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ [247]. √È ‚¿ÛÂȘ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ «Û˘ÏÏÔÁ¤˜» ‹ »Û˘Óı¤ÛÂȘ» Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ï¿‚ÂÈ ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ Ì ٷ ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ÓÈο ¤ÚÁ· (ÚÔÛٷهÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· 50 ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘˜, Î·È ÛÙÔ ∏ӈ̤ÓÔ µ·Û›ÏÂÈÔ ÁÈ· 70 ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ ı¿Ó·ÙÔ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡), ·ÏÏ¿ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ Ô‰ËÁ›· Ù˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚΋˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ Ô˘ ÂΉfiıËΠÛÙ· Ù¤ÏË Ù˘ ‰ÂηÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1990, ÌÈ· ‚¿ÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÚÔÛٷهÂÙ·È ÁÈ· 15 ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹ Ù˘. ∏ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Î·È Ë ‰È¢ı¤ÙËÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ÂÌÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹, ÙËÓ ÂȂ‚·›ˆÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û‹ Ù˘. ª¤¯ÚÈ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ Î·È ¿Ú· ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÂ
  • 126.
    6. ∞ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·, ÚfiÙ˘·Î·È ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÛÙÔ Web 130 ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË ÙËÓ ÔÛfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Web «‚¿ıÔ˘˜» Ô˘ ÂÚȤ¯ÂÙ·È Û ‚¿ÛÂȘ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ SW Ó· Û˘Ó‰˘¿ÛÔ˘Ó Î·Ù·ÓÂÌË̤ÓË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ·fi Û¯ÂÛȷΤ˜ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, Â›Ó·È Ôχ Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ·Ó·Î‡„ÂÈ ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿ıÂÛË ÁÈ· Ù· ‰ÈηÈ- ÒÌ·Ù· ÛÙȘ ‚¿ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ [132]. °ÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÌÈ· Ó¤· Â˘Úˆ·˚΋ √‰ËÁ›·187 Ì ı¤Ì· ÙËÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÛÙÔ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ ÙÔ̤·. ŒÓ·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÈÙ¿¯˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ Û ÌÈ· ·ÍÈÔÛËÌ›ˆÙË ÔÛfiÙËÙ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, Ù· ÔÔ›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘Ïϯı› ·fi ÙȘ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÌÈ·˜ ÛÂÈÚ¿˜ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ. ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ·˘Ùfi ¤¯ÂÈ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ∏ӈ̤ÓÔ˘ µ·ÛÈÏ›Ԣ Ó· ȉڇÛÂÈ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ÙÔ °Ú·ÊÂ›Ô ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÛÙÔ ¢ËÌfiÛÈÔ ∆Ô̤·188, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚÒ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ SW ˆ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈÔ˘ ̤ÛÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ ÙÔ˘. ∆· ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó, Û‹ÌÂÚ·, ÙÔ Â›ÎÂÓÙÚÔ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˘ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿ıÂÛ˘ ÛÙÔ ÓÔÌÈÎfi ‰›Ô Ù˘ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜. ∫¿ÔÈÔÈ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë „ËÊȷ΋ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È Ë Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Web, ÌÂٷ͇ ¿ÏψÓ, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÈÚ·Ù›· Û ¿ÌÂÛË Ú¿ÍË, ηıÒ˜ Ë ·ÓÙÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Î·È Ë ‰È·ÓÔÌ‹ ¤¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ Â˘ÎÔÏfiÙÂÚÔ Ú¿ÁÌ· ÛÙÔ ÎfiÛÌÔ. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÂÈÎÚÔÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ Î·È ÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚfiÏË„Ë ‹ ÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÌË ÂÍÔ˘ÛÈÔ‰ÔÙË̤Ó˘ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜. ªÈ· ¿ÏÏË ÌÂÚ›‰· ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÒÓ ÛËÌÂÈÒÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ‰‡Ó·ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ·˘Ù‹Ó ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÙËÓ ÂˆÊÂÏ‹ Â·Ó·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Î·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÂ- ¯Ô̤ÓÔ˘, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ Web, Â›Ó·È ·‚Ï·‚›˜ Î·È ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ¤˜, Ì ÚÒÙË Î·È Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÙËÓ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· [131]. ∆Ô ˙‹ÙËÌ·, Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο, ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Â¿Ó Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÔÚÚ¤ÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÎÌˉ¤ÓÈÛË Ù˘ ·Í›·˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡, ·Ôı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÈ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· ‹ ‚Ï¿ÙÂÈ ÙÔ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓ [93]. √ Lawrence Lessig ¤¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›ÍÂÈ ÙËÓ È‰¤· ÙˆÓ «ÂÏ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·‰ÂÈÒÓ ¯Ú‹Û˘»189, Ë ÔÔ›· ÚÔۂϤÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ ÂÓfi˜ ¢¤ÏÈÎÙÔ˘ ‡ÚÔ˘˜ ÚÔÊ˘Ï¿ÍÂˆÓ ÁÈ· Ù· ¤ÚÁ·, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÂÌÔ‰›˙ÂÙ·È Ë Â˘Ú›· ¯Ú‹ÛË. ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÁÈ· οı ¤ÚÁÔ, Ù· ÔÔ›· Ì ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ÂίˆÚÔ‡Ó ÌÂÚÈÎÒ˜ ‹ ÔÏÈÎÒ˜ Ù· ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈο ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÚÔ- ‚ϤÂÈ Ô ÓfiÌÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡˜ [187]. Œ¯Ô˘Ó ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯı› ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙȘ ¢ÚÂÛÈÙ¯ӛ˜ Î·È ÚԂϤÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ‰Èη›ˆÌ· Ù˘ ÌÔÓÔÒÏËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÊ¢ڤÙË ÌÈ·˜ Ó¤·˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌ˘ Î·È Î·ÈÓÔÊ·ÓÔ‡˜ ·Ù¤ÓÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ›ÎÔÛÈ ¯ÚfiÓÈ·. ŸÌˆ˜, Ù· ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ, ÙˆÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ıÂÒÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜. ∏ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ Â˘ÚÂÛÈÙ¯ÓÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÌÔÚÈÎÒÓ Ì˘ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ó·ÛÎÔÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ [93]. 6.3 ¶·Ú·‚·ÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ™ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ¯ÒÚ· Ë ·Ú¿‚·ÛË Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ‹ Ù˘. ∞˜ ÌË ÁÂÏÈfiÌ·ÛÙ fï˜Ø Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ›̷ÛÙ ¿ÓÙ· ¤ÙÔÈÌÔÈ ÁÈ· «Ì¿¯Â˜ ÛÒÌ· Ì ÛÒÌ·». °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙÔ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓÔ www 187 2003/98/EC, http://www.ecgis.org/document.cfm?id=486&db=document. 188 Office of Public Sector Information - www.opsi.gov.uk. 189 Creative commons - http://creativecommons.org.
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    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web «spamdexing» ‹ ·ÏÏÈÒ˜ Ë ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Û ¤Ó· ·Ú¯Â›Ô Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô 131 ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ó· ÂÌÊ·ÓÈÛı› „ËÏ¿ ÛÙ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÒÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ Û¯ÂÙÈÎfi ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ, Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÏ΢ÛÙÈÎfi fiÙ·Ó ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ηχÙÂÚ˘ «ÔÚ·ÙfiÙËÙ·˜» ÙÔ˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰·˜ Î·È Â¿Ó ÔÈ ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÛÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ ·Ú¿ ÛÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ÛÂÏ›‰·˜ [76]. ∆Ô ÈÔ ÚÔÊ·Ó¤˜ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Û ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙË «Ì¿¯Ë ÛÒÌ· Ì ÛÒÌ·» Â›Ó·È Ô ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˜ PageRank Ù˘ Google [221] Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔÓ ÈÔ ‰ËÌÔÊÈÏ‹ ÙÚfiÔ Ì¤ÙÚËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰›Ù˘¯Ô˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜-Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ·˜. ∂›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Ë ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ Ù˘ Google ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web, ÒÛÙÂ Ô PageRank Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› Û ¤Ó· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ fiÔ˘ ¤Ó·˜ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ÚÔÛ·ı› Û˘Ó¯Ҙ Ó· ÙÔÓ «ÂÍ··Ù‹ÛÂÈ». ªÂϤÙ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔÓ PageRank Î·È ·ÚÂÌÊÂÚ›˜ ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˘˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘ÔÏÔÁ›ÛÂÈ ÙȘ È- ı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜ ‡·Ú͢ «ÂχıÂÚˆÓ Î·‚·Ï¿ÚˉˆÓ» ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÂÍ¿ψÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ spam [37], [178]. Œ¯Ô˘Ó ‰ÂÈ ÙÔ Êˆ˜ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÛÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÔÏϤ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÂÍ·¿ÙËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ PageRank ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Â›‰ÔÍÔ˘˜ spammers. ∏ Monika Henzinger, ÚÒËÓ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÙÚÈ· ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ Ù˘ Google, ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ spammers Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›· [137]. ŸÛÔ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ fiÊÂÏÔ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÛÂÏ›‰·˜ „ËÏ¿ ÛÙË Ï›ÛÙ· ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘, Ë ·‰˘ÛÒËÙË Ì¿¯Ë ı· Û˘Ó¯›˙ÂÙ·È. ∂›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· Ê·ÓÙ·Ûı› ηÓ›˜ fiÙÈ ÙÔ «spamdexing» ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·ÎËÚ˘¯Ù› ¤ÎÓÔÌË Ú¿ÍË, ¿ÏψÛÙ ÔÈ ÈÔ ÔÏÏÔ› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ «‰Ú¿ÛÙ˜» ·ÏÒ˜ ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍˆÓ-ÎÏÂȉÈÒÓ Ô˘ ¤Î·Ó·Ó ÙÔ Web ¤Ó· ÙfiÛÔ ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ô. 6.4 π‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ŒÓ· ¿ÏÏÔ ı¤Ì· Ô˘ ·ÓËÛ˘¯Â› ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ spam, Â›Ó·È ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ ȉȈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ∆Ô Web ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÌÈ· ¿Ó¢ ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û ÔÛfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È ÚÔηÏ› ÙË Û·Û̈‰È΋ ΛÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ Ô˘ ›Ù ·ÓËÛ˘¯Ô‡Ó Ôχ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÒÏÂÈ· Ù˘ ȉȈ- ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈο ıˆÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ·ÚfiÌÔÈˆÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ¯ÚÔÓÔ‚fiÚ· Î·È ‚·ÚÂÙ‹ [85], [234]. ™˘¯Ó¿, Ë ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Û ÛÎÔ- Ô‡˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˜ ·Ú¯Èο Û˘ÏϤ¯ıËÎÂ. ∂ÓÒ fiÏÔ Î·È Û˘¯ÓfiÙÂÚ· Ë ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ˆ˜ ‰Â˘ÙÂÚ‡ÔÓ ˙‹ÙËÌ·. ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ·˘Ùfi ‹Úı ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ· fiÙ·Ó ·Ó·Î·Ï‡ÊıËΠfiÙÈ ‰È¤ÚÚÂ˘Û·Ó ·fi ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÂÈ- ¯ÂÈÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ù· ÚÔÛˆÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ 50.000.000 ·ÙfïÓ. ∏ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ∏.¶.∞. ÛÙËÓ Î·ıȤڈÛË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Ù˘ ȉȈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô‰ËÁ› ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙË ÌË ÂÍȯӛ·ÛË ·ÚfiÌÔÈˆÓ Û˘Ì‚¿ÓÙˆÓ. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, ¤Ó·˜ ÚˆÙÔÔÚÈ·Îfi˜ ÓfiÌÔ˜ Ô˘ „ËÊ›ÛıËΠÛÙËÓ ¶ÔÏÈÙ›· Ù˘ ∫·ÏÈÊfiÚÓÈ·˜, ·Ó·Áο˙ÂÈ ÙȘ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ó· ÂÓËÌÂÚÒÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ı‡Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ‰È·ÚÚÔ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ·ÔηχÊıËΠÙÔ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ ÛοӉ·ÏÔ. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ΛÌÂÓÔ˘, ÔÈ ÓfiÌÔÈ ˘ÂÚ¿ÛÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ȉȈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÎÂÚ‰›˙Ô˘Ó ¤‰·ÊÔ˜ Û fiÏ· Ù· Â›‰· Ù˘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ΢‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘, ÂÓÒ Ë Microsoft ·Ó·›ÚÂÛ ÚÔÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚË ı¤ÛË Ù˘, ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ „‹ÊÈÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÔÌÔÛÔӉȷÎÔ‡ ÓÔÌÔıÂÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË Ù˘ ȉȈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ [265]. øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÌÈ· ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ¤Ú¢ӷ η٤‰ÂÈÍ fiÙÈ ÙÔ 59% ÙˆÓ ÂȉÈÎÒÓ ÏË-
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    6. ∞ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·, ÚfiÙ˘·Î·È ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÛÙÔ Web 132 ÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ·¿ÓÙËÛ·Ó Û ۯÂÙÈÎfi ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ, ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ·˘ÍËı› Ë online ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË ÛÙÔ ÎÔÓÙÈÓfi ̤ÏÏÔÓ [103]. ∆Ô W3C ÚÔˆı› ÙÔ Àfi‚·ıÚÔ ¶ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ π‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ (P3P)190 ·ÔÛÎÔÒÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÒÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË. √ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ÂÈ- Ù˘Á¯¿ÓÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÙËÓ Â˘ÎÔÏfiÙÂÚË ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË [67]. ∆Ô P3P Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÚfiÙ˘Ô ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ÔÙÈ΋˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ·fi ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Û˘Ì- ÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ÛÙË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ·˘Ù‹. ∂›Ó·È Û›ÁÔ˘ÚÔ ˆ˜ Ë Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ȉȈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› (Î·È Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ›) ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ·Ù˙¤ÓÙ·˜. ∂ÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ, Ë Â˘·ÈÛıËÛ›· ÛÙȘ ·ÙÔÌÈΤ˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙȘ ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ¤Í˘ÓˆÓ ‰ÈÂ·ÊÒÓ Î·È Â‡¯ÚËÛÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ Î·È ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ¿ÂÈÚˆÓ ‹ Û¯ÂÙÈο ·‰È¿ÊÔÚˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ [286]. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ÙÔ ƒ3ƒ Î·È ÔÈ ·ÚÂÌÊÂÚ›˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÂÈ‚ÔÏ‹˜ fiÙ·Ó ·Ú·‚È¿˙ÔÓÙ·È. ∂Ó‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ȉȈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, fiˆ˜ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓfiÌ·ÛÙ ·fi ÙÔ ¢È·ÊˆÙÈÛÌfi Î·È ÌÂÙ¿, Ó· ÌËÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·Ê˘Ï·¯ı› Û ÌÈ· ÂÔ¯‹ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÙÔ Web ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙfiÛ˜ ÔÏϤ˜ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·Á¤˜, ÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ÙfiÛÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÔÛfiÙËÙ· ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÛÙ·¯˘ÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔ˘ ÌÂÁ¤ıÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, ÂÓ ·ÁÓÔ›· ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘. ™ÙÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ Ô˘ Ô „ËÊÈ·Îfi˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ΢‚ÂÚÓÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ ÂÈ‚Ï·‚‹˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Û˘ÁηٷϤÁÔÓÙ·È Ù· ÂÍ‹˜: (1) Ë ‰˘ÓËÙÈ΋ Ì·ÎÚÔ‚ÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ·ÔıËÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, (2) Ë Â˘ÎÔÏ›· ·ÓÙÈÁÚ·Ê‹˜ Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜, (3) Ë ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· Î·È Ë ÔÚıfiÙËÙ· ·ÓÙÈ- ÁÚ·Ê‹˜ Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜, (4) ÔÈ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ› Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ› ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘, (5) Ë ÈÛ¯‡˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘Á¯ˆÓÂ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, (6) ÔÈ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ηٷÛÙÔÏ‹˜ Î·È ·ÚÂÌfi‰ÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, (7) Ë Ú¢ÛÙfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ë ·ÓˆÓ˘Ì›· Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ Web, (8) Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈ΋˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘, (9) Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ¯ÒÚˆÓ ÛˆÛÙ‹˜ ÎÔÈÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÙÚfiˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ÛÊ·ÏÌ¿ÙˆÓ, (10) Ë ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ‡ÚÂÛ˘ «ÙÚ˘ÒÓ» ÛÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, (11) Ë ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÛÙËÓ Â‡ÚÂÛË ÙˆÓ «‰Ú·ÛÙÒÓ» ÙÔ˘˜, (12) Ë Î¿Ï˘„Ë fiÏ˘ Ù˘ Áο̷˜ Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ Ì·˜ ·fi ÙÔ Web, (12) Ë ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›· ÙÔ˘ ̤ÛÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜ Ù˘ „ËÊȷ΋˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, (13) ÔÈ Û˘Ì·Á›˜ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈΤ˜ ηٷÛ΢¤˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ·ÔıË·ÂÙ·È Ë ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Î·È (14) Ë ·Ú¿ÍÂÓË ¤ÏÍË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ Web Î·È ÙȘ «˘fiÁÂȘ» Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜. ∞‰È·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙ·, ˘¿Ú- ¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏÏÔ› ·ÎfiÌ· ÏfiÁÔÈ. ∞ÚΛ ·ÏÒ˜ Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú·‚¿ÏÔ˘Ì Ì ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó Û ¤Ó· ¿ÏÏÔ Ì¤ÛÔ ·Ôı‹Î¢Û˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ¯·ÚÙ›, ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÓÙÈÏËÊıԇ̠fiÛÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ Ù˘ ·ÂÈÏ‹˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÙÔ Web ÁÈ· ÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ™ÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Â¿Ó Ë ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ·ÔıË΢fiÙ·Ó, ‹Ù·Ó ۯ‰fiÓ ·‰‡Ó·ÙÔ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙËı› Î·È Ó· ·Ó·- ÎÙËı› (·Ó·ÏÔÁÈÛı›Ù ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ηٷÏÔÁÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ê·Î¤ÏˆÓ Ì ¤ÁÁÚ·Ê·, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘ÌÏËÚˆı› ‰È·¯ÚÔÓÈο Ì ¯ÈÏÈ¿‰Â˜ ÂÈϤÔÓ Ó¤· ÛÙÔȯ›·). ™ÙËÓ „ËÊȷ΋ ˙ˆ‹ Ì·˜, ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ùfi, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ô David Brin ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÔηϤÛÂÈ «Ú·ÎÙÈÎfi ÛÎÔÙ·‰ÈÛÌfi»191 [46], ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ ·fi ÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ. ∞ÏÏ¿, ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ÿÛˆ˜ Ó· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈ- ÎÂÓÙÚˆıԇ̠ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ηٿ¯ÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È ›Ûˆ˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÎÈÓËıԇ̠www 190 Platform for Privacy Preferences. 191 Practical obscurity.
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    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ Ô˘ ı· ÚÔ¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ˘¢ı˘ÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ 133 ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È ÙË ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÙÚfiÔ˘ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ë ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·. ∂›Ó·È ·Ó·Áη›Ô Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ì Ò˜ ÔÈ Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÂȘ Î·È ÔÈ Ï·ÙÊfiÚ̘ Ô˘ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û˘ÓËıÈṲ̂ÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ‹ ÛÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈ΋ ˙ˆ‹. ÕÏψÛÙÂ, Û‹ÌÂÚ· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏϤ˜ Ï·ÙÊfiÚ̘ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË Ù˘ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ Ù˘ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi Ù›ÓÂÈ Ó· ÙȘ ·ÁÓÔ›. Ÿˆ˜ ÂÈÛËÌ¿Ó·Ì ÚˆÙ‡ÙÂÚ·, ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ·ÎfiÌ· ‚ÚÂÈ ÙËÓ È‰·ÓÈ΋ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÓfi¯ÏËÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ Ì ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ·fi ÙË Ì›· ÏÂ˘Ú¿, Î·È ÙËÓ ·‰ÂÈÔ‰fiÙËÛË ‰È·Î›ÓËÛ˘ ÂÈΛӉ˘Ó˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜, ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË. ¶·ÚÂÌÊÂÚ‹ Ì ÙÔ ı¤Ì· Ù˘ ȉȈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È Ù· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÈÛÙÔ- Ô›ËÛ˘ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ∞fi ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ fiÏÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·˘ÙÔÌ·ÙÔÔÈË̤ӷ Û˘ÛÙ‹- Ì·Ù· ÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ˘Ô„‹ÊÈÔ˘ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Ó· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ԉ›ÍÂÈ ÙËÓ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ (ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ó· ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Û οÔÈÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜), ÌÂÁ·ÏÒÓÂÈ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ¶Ôχ Û˘¯Ó¿ Ë Ú¢ÛÙfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Ù·˘Ùfi- ÙËÙ·˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ÈÔ ÂÏ΢ÛÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ (fiˆ˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ϤÁÂÙ·È «fi,ÙÈ ‰ËÏÒÛÂȘ, ›۷Ȼ [186, 215]), ·ÏÏ¿ Ù· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂȂ‚·›ˆÛ˘ Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙË- Ù·˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ó· Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛıÔ‡Ó Ì ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, ÂÍ·È- Ù›·˜ Ù˘ ·Ô˘Û›·˜ ‚ÈÔÌÂÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÙ‡ˆÓ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ˘Ôı¤ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ Ë «Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·» Î·È Ë «ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜» Â›Ó·È Ï›ÁÔ Ôχ Û˘ÓÒÓ˘Ì˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ¤Ó· ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ù·˘ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ‹ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi οÙÈ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Î·ÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ (Ï.¯. ÌÈ· ¤Í˘ÓË Î¿ÚÙ·, ¤Ó· ÎÏÂȉ› fiÚÙ·˜, ¤Ó·Ó ÔÈÎÈ·Îfi ÏÔÁ·ÚÈ·ÛÌfi), ·fi οÙÈ Ô˘ ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ (Ï.¯. ÙÔÓ Îˆ‰ÈÎfi ÂÈÛfi‰Ô˘, ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ƒπ¡, ÙËÓ ·¿ÓÙËÛË Û ÌÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÂÚÒÙËÛË) ‹ ̤ۈ οÔÈÔ˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜. ¶ÔÏÏ¿ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛˆÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ηÈ, Û˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÂÍÈÛÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ¯Ú‹ÛÙË Ì ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô ÈÛÙÔÔ›Ë- Û˘ Ù˘ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ÀÔı¤ÙÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ·Ú¯È΋ ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËÎÂ Â›Ó·È ·ÎÚÈ‚‹˜ Î·È Û˘Ó¯›˙Ô˘Ó Ó· ÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË ·˘Ù‹ [230]. ŸÔÈ· Î·È Ó· Â›Ó·È Ù· ÌÂÈ- ÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ˘fiıÂÛ˘ ·˘Ù‹˜, –Î·È Û fiÚÔ˘˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÏÏ¿– ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÈ, ÙÔ˘- Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ, ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÙ‡Ô˘ Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È fi¯È ÂÓfi˜ ·fiÏ˘ÙÔ˘, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ‹Ù·Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ··ÈÙËÙÈÎfi. ∏ ÚÔÊ·Ó‹˜ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÛÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ Ù·˘ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ¤ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ fiÛÔ ÈÔ Â‡¯ÚËÛÙÔÈ Â›Ó·È, Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ÈÔ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓ‹ ‚¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Web, ÙfiÛÔ ÈÔ Â‡ÎÔÏË Â›Ó·È Ë ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. √È ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔ› Έ‰ÈÎÔ› ÂÈÛfi‰Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÔÈΛÔÈ Î·È Â‡ÎÔÏÔÈ ÛÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ ¢¿ÏˆÙÔÈ Û ·Ϥ˜ ÂÈı¤ÛÂȘ. ™ÙÔÓ ·ÓÙ›Ô‰· ·˘ÙÔ‡, Ù· ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏ· Ù·˘ÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ˘Ô‰Ô̤˜ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Ô˘ ÎÏÂȉÈÔ‡ (ƒ∫π) Â›Ó·È ÎÚ˘ÙÔÁÚ·ÊË̤ӷ Ì ·ÛÊ·Ï‹ ÙÚfiÔ (Î·È Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙÈ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο «ÊıËÓ¿» Î·È Û¯ÂÙÈο ·Ï¿), ·ÏÏ¿, ÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜, ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË ÂȉÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙÈ΋˜ ˘Ô‰ÔÌ‹˜ [230].
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    6. ∞ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·, ÚfiÙ˘·Î·È ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÛÙÔ Web 134 6.5 √ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ıÂÒÚËÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ∆Ô Web ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌfiÓÔ ¤Ó·Ó ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ. ∂›Ó·È Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi ‰›Ô ‰Ú¿Û˘ ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë ÁÓÒÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ ·Í›· [209]. ¶·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿, fiˆ˜ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ÙÔ Ó¤Ô ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ì·˜ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙÔ «Î¿„ÈÌÔ» ÙˆÓ ÂÁ¯ÂÈÚȉ›ˆÓ Ù˘ √ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ÁÂÓÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ Ù˘ ‚ÈÔÌ˯·Ó›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ –Ì ۯÂÙÈο ˘„ËÏfi ¿ÁÈÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ (ÛÙËÓ Â‡ÚÂÛË ‹ ÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜) Î·È ·ÌÂÏËÙ¤Ô ÔÚÈ·Îfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ (Â›Ó·È ÙÂÙÚÈÌ̤ÓË Ë ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÂÓfi˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ ·ÓÙÈ- ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘)– Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· fiÙÈ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó Ê˘ÛÈο ÌÔÓÔÒÏÈ·. ∞˘Ùfi Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ‰ÈfiÙÈ ·fi ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ ÙÔ ¿ÁÈÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·ÏËÊı› ·fi Ì›· Âȯ›ÚËÛË, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ı¤ÛÂÈ ÂÎÙfi˜ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ ÙȘ Ӥ˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ̤ۈ ÂÓfi˜ fiÏÂÌÔ˘ ÙÈÌÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÚÂÌfi‰ÈÛ˘ ÛÙËÓ ·fiÎÙËÛË Ù˘ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜. ∞·ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÁÈ· Ó· Â·ÏËı‡ÛÔ˘Ì ̤¯ÚÈ ÔÈÔ˘ ‚·ıÌÔ‡ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙÔ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚı¤Ó ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi Û¯‹Ì·. °È· ·Ú¿- ‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ÔÈ online ÂÙ·ÈÚ›˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛı› ÙfiÛÔ ÛÎÏËÚ¿ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÎÙËÛË ÌÂÚȉ›Ô˘ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ ÒÛÙ ӷ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ online ÙÈ̤˜ Û ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ¯·ÌËÏfi Â›‰Ô. ™Â ·˘Ù¿ Ù· Ï·›ÛÈ· Â·ÏËı‡ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi Û¯‹Ì·, ÂÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ ÙÔ ‰›ÏËÌÌ· Ù˘ Ú‡ıÌÈÛ˘ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÓÔˆÏ›ˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ÛÔ‚·Úfi ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ÚÔ˜ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË [281]. ∏ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÛÔ‚·Úfi ˙‹ÙËÌ·, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÛÙ· ÛËÌ›· Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È «ÌÔÙÈÏÈ·Ú›ÛÌ·Ù·» ·Ó·Î‡ÙÔ˘Ó ÌÔÓÔˆÏȷΤ˜ ¢ηÈڛ˜. ∏ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ıˆÚËı› ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÌÔÙÈÏÈ¿ÚÈÛÌ· ÛÙÔ Web [25]. √È Î˘ÚÈfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈÛ¤ÏıÂÈ Û ηıÂÛÙÒ˜ ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓ˘ ÂÈÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ (fiˆ˜ Î·È ¿ÏϘ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›˜ ÛÙÔ ÙÔ̤· ÙˆÓ ÏË- ÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜) ‰ÈfiÙÈ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ‰ÈÂıÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú·- ı¤ÛˆÓ, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· Ì ÙË ‰È·‚fiËÙË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ù˘ ∫›Ó·˜ [16]. 6.6 ºÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˜ ËÁÂÌÔÓÈÛÌfi˜; ŒÓ· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ı¤Ì· Ô˘ ·Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· ı¤ÛÔ˘Ì ÌÂ Û˘ÓÔÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Web Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˜ Ô˘ ۯ‰ȿÛÙËΠÁÈ· Ó· ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙË ÚÔ‹ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Â˘Î·Èڛ˜ Û˘Ó-ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜. ∞Í›˙ÂÈ Ó· ı¤ÛÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ÂÍ‹˜ ÂÚÒÙËÌ·: «ÁÈ·Ù› Ë ÈÔ ÂχıÂÚË ÚÔ‹ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Â›Ó·È Î¿ÙÈ Î·Ïfi;». √È ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È ¿ÌÂÛ˜ Î·È ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·‚›·ÛÙ·. ∂›Ó·È ηÏfi Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÂÎÊÚ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙ ÂχıÂÚ· ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂȉÈÒÎÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ˘ÏÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÒÓ, ·˘ÙfiÓÔÌˆÓ Î·È ·˘ıÂ- ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ Ì·˜. ∏ ·ÚfiÛÎÔÙË ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙȘ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Ù· ÏÔÈ¿ ΤÓÙÚ· ÈÛ¯‡Ô˜ Ù›ÓÂÈ Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û ηχÙÂÚË ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙÔ ‰ÚfiÌÔ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔ- ÎÚ·Ù›·˜. ∫·È Ù· ‰‡Ô ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ· ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙȘ Ú›˙˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û ÌÈ· ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚË Î·È ·ÙÔÌÈÛÙÈ΋ ¿Ô„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Î·È ÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ Locke, Mill Î·È Rawls. ∂›Ó·È, fï˜, ÙÔ Web ¤Ó· ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ Î·Ù·Û··ÛÌ·; ™›ÁÔ˘Ú· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ˜ ·fi„ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web Î·È ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÔÏϤ˜ ËÁ¤˜ (Â›Ó·È ÛˆÛÙfi Ó· ԇ̠fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ËÁ¤˜ ÚÔÙÈÌÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Web ˆ˜ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘, ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ‰È¿¯˘Û˘). ¶ÔÏϤ˜ ÌË ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˜ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ôϛ٘ ÙÔ˘˜, Ì ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË, Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙÂȯÒÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ Ô˘Û›· ¤Ó· ÁÈÁ·ÓÙÈ·›Ô ÂÓ‰Ô‰›ÎÙ˘Ô Ì¤Û· ÛÙ· Û‡ÓÔÚ· ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÚ·ÙÂÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÌË ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˜ ‰ËÌÔÎڷٛ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó
  • 131.
    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ì ÙÔ Web. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË Ù˘ ™ÈÁηÔ‡Ú˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÂÈ 135 ÌÈ· ÂÏ·ÊÚÔ‡ Ù‡Ô˘ Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô, ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÚfiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ÌÏÔοÚÂÈ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ 100 ÔÚÓÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÔ‡˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜, ··ÈÙ› ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ıÚËÛ΢- ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ Ó· ‰ËÏÒÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È Ó· ·‰ÂÈÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ∞Ú¯‹ ƒ·‰ÈÔÙËÏÂÔÙÈ΋˜ ªÂÙ¿‰ÔÛ˘ Ù˘ ™ÈÁηÔ‡Ú˘ ÚÈÓ ‚ÁÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ «·¤Ú·», Î·È ··ÁÔÚ‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÎÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÔ Web ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÚÔÂÎÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÂÎÛÙÚ·Ù›·˜ [197]. ∫·È Ó· ÛÎÂÊı› ηÓ›˜ fiÙÈ fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó Û ÌÈ· ¯ÒÚ· Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÈÛ¯˘Úfi fiÚ·Ì· ÁÓˆÛÈÔÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿- Ù˘Í˘ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ì›· ·fi ÙȘ ÈÔ ÂÓıÔ˘ÛÈÒ‰ÂȘ ΢‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂȘ ·Ó¿ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ Î·È ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÒÓ [273]. ™ÙË ÛÊ·›Ú· Ù˘ ÌË Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈ΋˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜, ÙÔ Web ¤¯ÂÈ Â›Û˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛı› ˆ˜ ÊÔÚ¤·˜ Ù˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜, ÔÈ ·fi„ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web ˘fiÎÂÈÓÙ·È Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÛÙË ıÂÒÚËÛË Ù˘ Ù¿Û˘ ·˘Ù‹˜. ∂›Ó·È ÔÏÏÔ› ·˘ÙÔ› Ô˘ ‚ϤÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ˆ˜ ·Ó·Ú¯ÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÛÔ, ÂÓÒ ÙÔ Web, Ì ÙȘ «Á˘·ÏÈÛÙÂÚ¤˜» ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÙË Ì·˙È΋ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹, Ù· ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù·ÛÙÚ¤„ÂÈ fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ Â͈ڷ˚ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ online ÎfiÛÌÔ. °È· ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÏÂÙËÙ¤˜, Ô online ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ··›ÛÈÔ˜ fiˆ˜ Î·È Ô offline [241]. ∆Ô Ì¿ÚÎÂÙÈÓÁÎ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÓÙÈηٷÛÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·. ™Â ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ÓÂÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ› fiˆ˜ Ô «∫˘‚ÂÚÓÔËÁÂÌÔÓÈÛÌfi˜»192 Î·È Ë «∫˘‚ÂÚÓÔÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË»193 [226]. °È· Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ÙÔ Web ¤Ó·Ó ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ¢ËÌÂÚ›· Ú¤- ÂÈ ÔÈ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ› ÙÔ˘ Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ÌÂÚÈΤ˜ ‰‡ÛÎÔϘ Î·È ÂÚ›ÏÔΘ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜. ∂›Ó·È ˙ˆÙÈ΋˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ Ó· ÌË ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ·› ÙÔ Web Û ÌÈ· ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ΋ ÌÔÓÔ-ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·, ÂÓÒ ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÊ¢¯ı› Ë ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊË Ï‡ÛË, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ô Î·Ù·ÎÂÚÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ Û ‰È¿- ÊÔÚ· «·ÈÚÂÙÈο» ÌÈÎÚÔ-Webs Ì ÌÈÎÚ‹ ‹ ·Ó‡·ÚÎÙË Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ÈÛÔÚ- ÚÔ›· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ Û‚·ÛÌfi ÁÈ· ÙË ÁÓÒÌË ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ηٿÏÏËÏ˘ ˘ÂÚ¿ÛÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÁÓÒÌ˘ Ì·˜, ˘‹ÚÍ ¿ÓÙ· ¤Ó·˜ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Û οı ¤ÎÊ·ÓÛË Ù˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˘ ‡·Ú͢. ª¤¯ÚÈ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹˜, ÙÔ Web Ì·˜ ÂÎÏ‹ÛÛÂÈ Ì ÙËÓ Î·ÚÔÊfiÚ· Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚËı› [30]. ÿÛˆ˜, Ë Î·Ù·ÌÂÚÈṲ̂ÓË ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ Web, Â¿Ó ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› ÛˆÛÙ¿, Ó· Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ χÛ˘ ÛÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ [29]. ¶Ú¤ÂÈ, Â›- Û˘, Ó· ηٷϿ‚Ô˘Ì Ì ÔÈÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ÙÔ Web ÛÙȘ ·Ó·Ù˘Û- ÛfiÌÂÓ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜, ·ÓÙ› Ó· ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚˆÓfiÌ·ÛÙ ÛÙȘ ¢˘ÙÈΤ˜ ‰ËÌÔÎڷٛ˜, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ÂÍ·- ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ı· Â͢ËÚÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ fiÛÔ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ [83]. ªÂ ‰Â‰Ô̤Ó˜ fiϘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›Â˜, ›Ûˆ˜ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤ÎÏËÍË ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ∏.¶.∞., ·Ú¿ ÙË ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Web ÁÈ· ÙfiÛ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, ÌfiÏȘ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ¿Ú¯ÈÛ ӷ ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È ȤÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÚÔÂÍ¿Ú¯ÔÓÙ· ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ ÛÙË ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ Web. ∏ √Ì¿‰· ∂ÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ∏ÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ∂ıÓÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ¢È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘194 ÛÙËÓ ÂÙ‹ÛÈ· ¤ÎıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¤ÙÔ˜ 2005 ÚÔ¤‚Ë Û ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi Û˘ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡- ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÈÎÙÒÓ ÛÙË ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ [288]. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ÂͤÏÈÍË ›Ûˆ˜ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ Ù˘ ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚ˘ ʇÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∏ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ·ÚfiÌÔÈ·˜ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÛÙÔ Web ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔ‚ÏÂÊı› [274]. www 192 Cyberhegemony. 193 Cyberdependency. 194 United Nations Working Group on Internet Governance.
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    ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web 136 7. ™˘˙‹ÙËÛË Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·
  • 133.
    137 ™ÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ùfi·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËΠÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ Ì ‰ÈÙÙfi ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·È ÙË Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ۯ‰›·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web. ÀÔÛÙËڛͷÌ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÔÚÁ·ÓˆıÔ‡Ó Û ¤Ó· ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Î·È ¤Ó· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ› ÌÈ· ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi ‰›Ô. ™ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ·˘Ù‹ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ Ù˘ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ ۯ‰›·Û˘ Î·È Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È Ó· ηٷÚÙ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ Ì·˜ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈΤ˜ Ì ‚¿ÛË Ù· ηٿÏÏËÏ· Â›‰· ·Ê·›ÚÂÛ˘. ∏ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web ı· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú·ı¤ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÂÈ. ∂ÊfiÛÔÓ ÙÔ Web ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Û ¤Ó· ÔχÏÔÎÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÌÒÓ, Â›Ó·È ·Ó·fiÊ¢ÎÙÔ˜ Ô Û˘ÁÎÂÚ·ÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ Û‡ÓıÂÛ˘, Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛ˘. Œ¯Ô˘Ì ÂȯÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂÈ Â› Ì·ÎÚfiÓ fiÙÈ Ë ÌÂÙ·ÙfiÈÛË ·fi ¤Ó· ÎÂÈÌÂÓÔ-ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi Web Û ¤Ó· Web ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯Ô‡Ó Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ··ÈÙ›, ˆ˜ Â› ÙÔ Ï›ÛÙÔÓ, ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙÔ˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Î·È ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë ‰È·Ê·- Ó‹˜ Î·È Â˘ÎÚÈÓ‹˜ Û˘Ó-ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓÒÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ··ÈÙ› ÍÂοı·ÚË ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹. ŒÁÈÓÂ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË Î·È ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›ÔÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Ó· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÔ˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ¢ڤˆ˜ ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚ËÙ‹ ÛÙÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô ·˘Ùfi. ∂›Ù ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ›Ù Ϸ˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜, ·Ó ı¤ÏÔ˘Ì ӷ Û˘ÓÙÔÓ›ÛÔ˘Ì ٷ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÛÙÔ Web, ÙfiÙ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ·Ó¿ÁÎË ·fi ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¿ ÏÂÍÈÏfiÁÈ· Ì ÌÂÙ·‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓË ÎÏÈ̿ΈÛË. ™ÙÔ Web ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·Ó·Î‡ÙÔ˘Ó Ù· ÁÓˆÛÙ¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ. ¶fiÙ ‰‡Ô ¤ÓÓÔȘ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ›‰È˜; ¶Ò˜ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÔ˘Ì ¢¤ÏÈÎÙ· Û¯‹Ì·Ù· ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›·˜; ªÂ ÔÈÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ı· Ï¿‚Ô˘Ì ˘fi„Ë Ì·˜ ÙË Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·ÙfiÈÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÌËÓÂÈÒÓ Ì·˜ ÛÙÔ ÓfiËÌ· ÙˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ; √È Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ Ù¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È Ó· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙÔ˘ ÙË Ê‡ÛË. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔ¤ÏıÂÈ ·fi ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Web, ·fi Ù· Ó¤· ˘ԉ›ÁÌ·Ù· ‰È·- ÌÔ›Ú·Û˘ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘, fiˆ˜ Ù· ƒ2ƒ, ·fi ÙË ˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ÂÍ·ÙÔÌÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓË ¯Ú‹ÛË, ·fi ÙËÓ Â˘Ú›· ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË Ù˘ ·˘ÙfiÌ·Ù˘ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ‹ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ÊÔÚËÙÔ‡ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘. ∫¿ı ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ·˘Ù¿ ‰›· ı· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ «ÓfiÌÈÌÔ Ù¤ÎÓÔ» Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ∞Ó·ÛÎÔ‹Û·ÌÂ, Â›Û˘, ÙȘ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ï‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Û· Î·È ÙË ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈ΋ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web. ™ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·˘Ùfi ·Ó·Î‡ÙÂÈ Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÙˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ, Ù˘ º˘ÛÈ΋˜, Ù˘ µÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ √ÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ Ó· Û˘ÌÌ·¯‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ì ÙÔ˘˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÔÓ˜ Ù˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È¢ÎÔÏ˘Óı› Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔ˘ ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ¢ÂÓ Â›·Ì ÔÏÏ¿ Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ò˜ Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Î·È Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ Web ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ‚·ı‡- ÙÂÚ˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÁÈ· ¿ÏϘ ÂÈÛً̘. ∞ÏÏ¿, Â›Ó·È Û¯Â‰fiÓ Û›ÁÔ˘ÚÔ fiÙÈ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ÂΛ ηÙ¢ı˘- ÓfiÌ·ÛÙÂ. ∏ ÛÔ‚·Ú‹ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÔÙ¤ ÌÔÓfi‰ÚÔÌÔ˜. ∞ÊÈÂÚÒÛ·Ì ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÁÈ· Ó· ÌÔÚÊÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web ·fi ËıÈ΋˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ¿Ԅ˘. ¶ÈÛÙ‡ԢÌ fiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ·Ôχو˜ ·Ó·Áη›Ô.
  • 134.
    7. ™˘˙‹ÙËÛË Î·ÈÛ˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· 138 ∆Ô Web, ›Ûˆ˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi οı ¿ÏÏÔ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ Î·Ù·Û··ÛÌ·, ÎÔ˘‚·Ï¿ÂÈ Â¿Óˆ ÙÔ˘ ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÚÔ˜ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË, fiˆ˜ Ë È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ë ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·, Ë ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Î·È Ë ÔÈÎÈÏÔÌÔÚÊ›·, Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Î·È Ë ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›·. √È ‰Ô̤˜ Ô˘ ۯ‰ȿ˙Ô˘ÌÂ, ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘ÌÂ Î·È ÂÚ¢ÓÔ‡ÌÂ Î·È Ù· ÔÚ›ÛÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ı· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û ÔÏϤ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÈÛ¯˘Ú¤˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ·ÚÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ. ∂›Ì·ÛÙ ÂÂÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ ˆ˜ Ë ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈË̤ÓË, ÂÓËÌÂڈ̤ÓË Î·È fiÔ˘ ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÚÔÓÔËÙÈ΋. ∆ÂÏÈο, ÈÛÙ‡ԢÌ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÛÙ›ڷ Ù· ÂȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÚ› ˘¿Ú͈˜ ÌfiÓÔ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ [34]. ∞·ÈÙԇ̠·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Ó· ·Ó·Ï‡ÂÈ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ó· Û˘Óı¤ÙÂÈ. ∂›Û˘, ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ ·›ÛıËÛË fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË Ù¤¯ÓË ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·È ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÛÙËÓ Ù¤¯ÓË, ·Ú¿ ·fi ·˘Ù‹ Ô˘ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ·ÓÙÈÏËÙ‹. ªÂ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Ì·˜ ¯·Ú¿ ·Ú·‰Â- ¯fiÌ·ÛÙ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web Â›Ó·È Ì›· ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË. ∫·È ÈÛÙ‡ԢÌÂ, Â›Û˘, fiÙÈ Î·Ù¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÚÈο ·fi Ù· ÈÔ ÚÔÎÏËÙÈο Î·È ÈÔ Û˘Ó·Ú·ÛÙÈο ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙÔÓ 21o ·ÈÒÓ·.
  • 136.
    140 ∂˘¯·ÚÈÛٛ˜
  • 137.
    141 √È Â˘¯·ÚÈÛٛ˜ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘ÓÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘Ó‰ڛԢ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web, Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÛÙËÓ British Computer Society ÛÙÔ §ÔÓ‰›ÓÔ ÛÙȘ 12 Î·È 13 ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ 2005 ÁÈ· ‰‡Ô Ë̤Ú˜ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛ˘, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Ì¿˜ ‚Ô‹ıËÛ·Ó Ó· Û¯ËÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹- ÛÔ˘Ì ÙȘ ȉ¤Â˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ̤ÚË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. ¶¤Ú· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚfiÓÙÔ˜ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, Ë Ï›ÛÙ· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Hal Abelson, Mark Ackerman, David de Roure, William Dutton, Joan Feigenbaum, Dieter Fensel, Carole Goble, Craig Knoblock, Ora Lassila, Robin Milner, Guus Schreiber, Henry Thompson, Yorick Wilks and Jonathan Zittrain. Ÿˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ê˘ÛÈÎfi, ÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜ ‰ÂÓ Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó Î·Ì›· ¢ı‡ÓË ÁÈ· ÙȘ ȉ¤Â˜ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ùfi, ·ÏÏ¿ ÚÔÛ·ı‹Û·Ì ӷ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ¿‚Ô˘Ì fiÛ˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ η٤ÛÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ, ÛÙ· ‚·ÛÈο ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ ÙÔ˘ Web. £ÂṲ́˜ ¢¯·ÚÈÛٛ˜, Â›Û˘, ÛÙÔ˘˜ James Finlay, Susan Davies Î·È Timothy Miles-Board. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ÌÂÚÈÎÔ› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ÂȉÔÙ‹ıËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙÔ UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council’s Advanced Knowledge Technologies (Έ‰ÈÎfi˜ GR/N15764/01), ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ UK Economic and Social Research Council project ‘Justice On-Line: Distributing Cyberspace Fairly’ (Έ‰ÈÎfi˜ RES- 000-22-0563). ∂˘¯·ÚÈÛÙÔ‡ÌÂ, Â›Û˘, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ US National Science Foundation ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ Policy Aware Web and Transparent Accountable Data- mining Initiative.
  • 138.
    142 ∂ÎÙÂٷ̤Ó˜ ÂÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂȘ fiÚˆÓ Î·È ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ
  • 139.
    143 [1]Uniform Resource Identifier - URI195 ∂ÓÈ·›Ô˜ ∞Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙ‹˜ ¶fiÚˆÓ. ∞ÏÊ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈÎfi Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÂÓfi˜ fiÚÔ˘ (.¯. ÂÓfi˜ ·Ú¯Â›Ô˘) ·fi ÔÔÈÔ‰‹ÔÙ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘ Web, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔÓ Ù‡Ô Î·È ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘. ™ÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ Tim Berners-Lee Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ Web ÂÚÈ›¯Â Û¯ÂÙÈο Ï›Á˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Î·È Ù˘ °ÏÒÛÛ·˜ ™‹Ì·ÓÛ˘ (HyperText Markup Language - HTML). ¶·Ú’ fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ›Ûˆ˜ ÈÔ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎÔ› ·fi Ù· HTTP ‹ ÙËÓ HTML Â›Ó·È ÔÈ URIs, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·Ϥ˜ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı›Â˜ ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Û fiÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ (Û ¤ÁÁÚ·Ê·, fiÚÔ˘˜, ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ Î·È ¤ÌÌÂÛ· Û ÔÙȉ‹ÔÙÂ). √È URIs Â›Ó·È Ë «ÎfiÏÏ·» Ô˘ ÂÓÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ Web. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ, Ô URI ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈÎfi Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ› fiÚÔÈ ÙÔ˘ Web Ì ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ Û ¤Ó·Ó ÎÔÈÓfi ¯ÒÚÔ ÔÓÔÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∆Ô ÚfiÙ˘Ô ·˘Ùfi ۯ‰ȿÛÙËΠÁÈ· Ó· ÏËÚÔ› ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÍ‹˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜: ñ ∂ÂÎÙ·ÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·: Ó· ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Â¤ÎÙ·Û˘ Ì Ӥ· Û¯‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ. ñ ¶ÏËÚfiÙËÙ·: Ó· ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Έ‰ÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÔÔÈÔ˘‰‹ÔÙ ۯ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·fi‰ÔÛ˘ ÔÓÔÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ñ ∂ÎÙ˘ˆÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·: Ó· ·Ú¤¯ÂÙ·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Ì ¤Ó· ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹ÚˆÓ. ¶Ú·ÎÙÈο ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰‡Ô Ù‡ÔÈ URI: ñ √ ∂ÓÈ·›Ô˜ ∂ÓÙÔÈÛÙ‹˜ ¶fiÚˆÓ (Uniform Resource Locator, URL), Ô˘ ηıÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ‰È‡- ı˘ÓÛË ‹ ÙËÓ ÙÔÔıÂÛ›· ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·ÎÙËı› ¤Ó·˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi˜ fiÚÔ˜. √È URL ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÎÔÈÓfi ÙÚfiÔ Û‡ÓÙ·Í˘ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÙÔÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi fiÚÔ Î·È ÙÔ Úˆ- ÙfiÎÔÏÏÔ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË. ñ √ ∂ÓÈ·›Ô˜ ¶ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÙ‹˜ ¶fiÚˆÓ (Uniform Resource Names, URN), Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÈÌ· ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔÈ ÛÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô. √ URN Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ URL fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ÏËÚÔÊÔ- ÚÈ·ÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ, ηıÒ˜ ¤Ó·˜ URN ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È Û ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ·fi ¤Ó·Ó URL. ™ÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË Û‹ÌÂÚ·, ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈÎÚ·Ù‹ÛÂÈ Ë ¤ÓÈ·È· ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙÔ˘ UR∞. www 195 ¶ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ÛËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ηıËÁËÙ‹ ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚÈÔ˘ ™¿Ì„ˆÓ http://www.ted.unipi.gr/Uploads/Files/Material/Courses/16_1097744236.pdf.
  • 140.
    ∂ÎÙÂٷ̤Ó˜ ÂÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂȘ fiÚˆÓÎ·È ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ 144 [2] Domain Name System - DNS ™‡ÛÙËÌ· √ÓÔÌ¿ÙˆÓ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ. ∆Ô Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÙ·È Ë ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔ- ıÂÛ›· Î·È Ë ÚÔÛ¤Ï·ÛË ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ ÛÙÔ Internet. ∆Ô Domain Name System (DNS) ·›˙ÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ÛÔ˘‰·›Ô ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ ÏÂÈ- ÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘, ηıÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¤ÚıÔ˘Ó Û Â·Ê‹ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ fiˆ˜ Ë ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á‹ e-mail ‹ Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÛÂÏ›‰ˆÓ Web. ŸÙ·Ó οÔÈÔ˜ ÛÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ı¤ÏÂÈ Ó· ¤ÚıÂÈ Û Â·Ê‹ Ì ÌÈ· ÙÔÔıÂÛ›· –ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ó· ÂÈÛÎÂÊı› ¤Ó· Web site– ÏËÎÙÚÔÏÔÁ› ÌÈ· ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· www.webscience.gr. ∆Ô Internet Protocol (IP) ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ÙȘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Î·È ÙÔ DNS ÁÈ· Ó· ÌÂٷʤÚÂÈ Ù· ÌËӇ̷ٷ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Ù·¯˘‰ÚÔÌ›Ԣ Î·È ¿ÏϘ ÏËÚÔÊÔ- ڛ˜ ·fi ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹ Û ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ‹. ∆Ô DNS ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙË ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË Û ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙÈÏËÙÔ› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔÈ ÛÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô. °È· Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ·˘Ùfi fiÛÔÓ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÚÁ·Óˆı› Û ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ (domains). √È ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Ì ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛ˘ .¯. .com. √È Û˘ÓËı¤ÛÙÂÚ˜ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ÛÙȘ ∏¶∞ Â›Ó·È Ë .com ÁÈ· ÂÌÔÚÈ΋ ¯Ú‹ÛË, Ë .edu ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË, Ë .gov ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË, Ë .mil ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÙÚ·Ùfi Î·È Ë .org ÁÈ· ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜. ∆Ô ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÙ·ı› ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· Û¯¤‰È· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛı‹ÎË Ó¤ˆÓ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ, fiˆ˜ .web ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web. ™ÙȘ ˘fiÏÔÈ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ÏËÓ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡- ÓÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ ‰‡Ô ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ë .gr ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·. √È ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ Â›Ó·È ‰ÔÌË̤Ó˜ Ì ¤Ó·Ó ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ, Ô‡Ùˆ˜ ÒÛÙ οو ·fi ÙȘ ÛËÌ·- ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜ Ó· ÙÔÔıÂÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÂ‡Ô˘Û·˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜. ∏ ·ÓÒÙ·ÙË ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Â›Ó·È Ë .gov Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙȘ ·ÌÂÚÈηÓÈΤ˜ ΢‚ÂÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜. ™ÙÔ ·Ì¤- Ûˆ˜ ηÙÒÙÂÚÔ Â›Â‰Ô ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ Ì ηٿÏËÍË .nasa Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ȉÈÔÎÙË- Û›· Ù˘ NASA. ∫¿Ùˆ ·fi ·˘Ù‹ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Ë Î·Ù¿ÏËÍË .msfc (Marshall Space Fight Center), Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó· ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÏÒÓ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ Ù˘ NASA. ∆Ô Û‡ÛÙËÌ· DNS ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙȘ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ·Ó ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ÌÈ· ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÛÙËÓ IP ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË Ó· ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ó· ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ Ë ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Î·È Ó· ηٷϋÁÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ÛˆÛÙfi ÚÔÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù· e-mails. √ÚÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙ¤˜, ÔÓfiÌ·ÙÈ Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ¤˜ ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›·˜ (name servers), Â›Ó·È ˘‡ı˘ÓÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË Ù¤ÙÔÈˆÓ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ Î·È ÙË ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂٷ͇ IP ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂˆÓ Î·È ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ. √È name servers Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Â›Û˘ Ì ÙÔ DNS ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ e-mail ı· ·Ú·ÏËÊı› ·fi ÙÔ ÚfiÛˆÔ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ. ∂›Û˘ ‰È·ÛÊ·Ï›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ fiÙ·Ó ÏËÎÙÚÔÏÔÁ›Ù ¤Ó· URL (Uniform Resource Locator) ÛÙÔ Web ı· Ô‰ËÁËı›Ù ÛÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, Â›Ó·È ˘‡ı˘ÓÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙË ÛˆÛÙ‹ ‰ÈÔ¯¤Ù¢- ÛË fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ Î·È Ù˘ ΛÓËÛ˘ ÛÙÔ ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô. ∆Ô ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ηٷ-
  • 141.
    ∂ÎÙÂٷ̤Ó˜ ÂÂÍËÁ‹ÛÂȘ fiÚˆÓÎ·È ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ Ï¿‚ÂÈ ·ÏÊ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈΤ˜ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ fiˆ˜ ÙÔ info@webscience.gr ÎÈ ¤ÙÛÈ ÔÈ name servers ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ÛˆÛÙ‹ ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈ΋ IP ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË fiˆ˜ .¯. 136.25.182.27. √È name servers ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÔ˘Ó ›Ó·Î˜ ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈ- ÛÙÔȯ‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·ÏÊ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂˆÓ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ Û ·ÚÈıÌËÙÈΤ˜ IP ‰È¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ.
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    ∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓGR 160 I √ÓfiÌ·Ù· ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ, 57, 58, 59, 70 ȉȈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, 35, 37, 75, 127, 132, 138 ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›·˜, 40, 56, 57, 58, 59, 70, 137, 144 ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›Â˜, 111 √ÓÙÔÏÔÁ›· ÙˆÓ ¶¿ÓÙˆÓ, 66 ÈÛÙÔÏfiÁÈ·, 33, 65 ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 72, 78, 79, 80, 101, πÛÙÔÌÂÙÚ›·, 88 104, 105, 106, 113, 137 ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜, 44, 53, 71, 90, 96, 105, 115, 123, 135 ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË, 66 ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ, 44, 84, 85, 93, 116 ÔÚÈ·Îfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜, 65, 134 ÈÛ¯˘Ú¿ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈ΋ ‰¤ÛÌË, 86 ¶ K ·›ÁÓÈÔ ÌˉÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ·ıÚÔ›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜, 65 “οı ÙÈ ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ÌÈ· ·ÓٛʷÛË”, 106 -¿ÏÁ‚ڷ, 99 ηÌ‡Ï˜ ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛ˘, 94 ·ÓÙ·¯Ô‡ ·ÚÔ‡Û˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, 34 ηÌ‡ÏË ˙‹ÙËÛ˘, 93, 94 ¶·Ú·‚·ÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, 130 ηÌ‡ÏË ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜, 93, 94 ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË, 75, 84, 111, 116, 132, 144 ηٷÓÂÌË̤ӷ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù·, 74, 106, 129 ·Ú·-Û˘ÓÂ‹˜ §ÔÁÈ΋, 107 ηٷÓÔÌ‹ Poisson, 89 ÂÏ·ÙÔÎÂÓÙÚÈΤ˜, 77 ÎÂÈÌÂÓÔ-ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi Web, 137 ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋, 60 ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·, 88 ÂÚÈÙˆÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋, 106 ∫ÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜, 109 ¶Èı·ÓÔÙÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋, 60 ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·, 33 ›ÛÙË, 69, 96, 107, 109, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 127 ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi, 62, 65 ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, 133 ΢ڛ·Ú¯ÔÈ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜, 84, 85, 116 ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·, 51, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 62, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 76, 77, 83, 95, 97, 108, 109, 111, 113, 114, 116, 120, 127, 130, § 131, 132, 133, 134 Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 79, 80, 111, 137 ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ› fiÚÔÈ, 40, 143 Ï-¿ÏÁ‚ڷ, 99 ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋, 34, 35 Ï·Óı¿ÓÔ˘Û˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈΤ˜ Ì˯·Ó¤˜, 75 ÏÔ‹ÁËÛË, 42, 52, 61, 74, 78, 83, 84, 87, 88 §ÔÁÈ΋, 36, 50, 59, 60, 69, 102, 103, 107, 108 ÏÔ‡ÛÈÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ, 60 §ÔÁÈ΋ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi, 107 ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·, 37 ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi, 41, 62, 65, 73, 78, 109, 121 ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ¢·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘, 128 ÔÏ˘Ì¤Û·, 34, 39, 72, 79, 98 M ÔÏ˘ÛËÌ›·, 63 Ì·ÎÚÔÛÎÔÈ΋ ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›·, 36 fiÚÔÈ, 39, 41, 76, 80, 114, 143 ̤ÁÂıÔ˜ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘, 94 Ú¿ÎÙÔÚ˜, 129 ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜, 36 “ÚÔı˘Ì›· Ó· ÏËÚÒÛÂÈ”, 94 ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ, 40, 53, 66, 67, 69, 76, 79, 80, 105, 108, 120, ÚÔÛ‚·ÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·, 129 130 ÚÔÛÂÙ·ÈÚÈÛÙÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋, 105 ÌÂÙ·-Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋, 78 ÚÔÛˆÔÔÈË̤Ó˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜, 72 ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜, 72, 87, 88, 97, 113, 115, 116, 119, 131 ÚfiÙ˘·, 35, 43, 49, 53, 60, 66, 68, 75, 76, 79, 90, 108, 127, ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜, 113 128 ÌË ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜, 94 ÚˆÙfiÎÔÏÏ·, 39, 51, 58, 133 ÌË-·Ó·ÎÙ‹ÛÈÌÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜, 65 ÌˉÂÓÈ΋ Ê‹ÌË, 118 ™ Ì˯·Ó‹ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘, 109 Û‹Ì·ÓÛË, 40, 80, 119 Ì˯·ÓÈο ·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÈÌË, 59 ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·, 49, 50, 61, 66, 78, 101, 107 Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·, 56 ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Web, 31, 36, 49, 50 Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·, 35 ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ÎÂÓfi, 78 Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË, 77 ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈÎfi ϤÁÌ·, 76 ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ, 83, 121, 137 ™ËÌÂȈÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË, 63 ªÈÎÚÔÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ £ÂˆÚ›·, 92 ™Ù·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋, 81, 89 ªÔÚÊfiÎÏ·ÛÌ·, 86 ™Ù·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ªË¯·ÓÈ΋, 89 Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘, 42 N Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛË, 85, 118 ¡Â˘ÚÔÂÈÛً̘, 102 Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈÛÌfi˜, 83 O Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÂȉfiÛˆÓ, 96 Û˘˙¢ÎÙÈο ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù·, 114 ÔÈÎÔÓƠ̂˜ Îϛ̷η˜, 127 Û˘˙‡ÍÂȘ, 114 √Ì¿‰· ∂ÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ∏ÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ∂ıÓÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ¢È·Î˘‚¤Ú- ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ ÁÈ· Ù· ™˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ¢È·ÛÙËÌÈÎÒÓ ÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘, 135 ¢Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, 68 √Ì¿‰·˜ ∆¯ÓÈ΋˜ ∞Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ W3C, 43 Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯ÈΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, 111 ÔÌÊ·ÏÔ›, 85, 89, 116 Û˘Ì·Á›·, 87 ŸÓÔÌ· ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜, 58
  • 157.
    ∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓGR 161 Û˘Ó-·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜, 115 Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ·, 97, 107, 113, 114, 115 Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ, 34, 42, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 115, 123 Û˘Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹, 45, 114, 115 Û˘Ó‰˘·Ṳ̂Ó˜ ÂÈı¤ÛÂȘ, 89 Û˘ÓÂÈÚÌÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋, 105 Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, 83, 86, 88, 89, 90, 98, 114, 130, 135 Û˘ÓÂ·ÁˆÁ‹, 101, 102 Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎfi ÊÈÏÙÚ¿ÚÈÛÌ·, 106 Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË, 70, 129 Û˘ÓˆÓ˘Ì›·, 63 Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ‰ÚÔÌÔÏfiÁËÛ˘, 58 Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ, 77, 106 ÛÊ¿ÏÌ· 404, 35, 112 Û¯ÂÛȷο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ, 104 ∆ Ù·ÍÈÓƠ̂˜, 60, 78, 80 ∆¯ÓËÙ‹ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË, 51, 103 “ÙÔ ÓfiËÌ· ˆ˜ ¯Ú‹ÛË”, 81, 102 ÙÚ·Áˆ‰›· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ¯Ú‹Û˘, 92 ÙÚÔÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋, 107 Ù˘¯·ÈfiÙËÙ·, 44 À ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ, 72, 83, 105 ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Web, 31, 49, 73, 98, 99, 117, 129, 137 ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ, 49, 69, 70, 80 Àfi‚·ıÚÔ ¶ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ π‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, 132 ˘Ô-ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˜, 87 ˘fi‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜, 116 ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË, 35, 36, 45, 49, 69, 85, 93, 95, 98, 99, 108, 113, 120 ˘Ô‰Ô̤˜ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Ô˘ ÎÏÂȉÈÔ‡, 133 ÀÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋, 69 ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο ϤÁÌ·Ù·, 36, 74, 76 º Ê‹ÌË, 118 ºÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˜ ËÁÂÌÔÓÈÛÌfi˜, 134 ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÔ›, 36, 34, 49, 60, 61, 62, 94, 98, 101 Ê˘ÏÏÔÌÂÙÚËÙ‹˜, 83, 112 º˘ÛÈ΋, 33, 79, 137 Ê˘ÛÈÎfi ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô, 90, 98 à ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ‰È·Ó‡ÛÌ·Ù·, 85 ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË, 37, 39, 44, 52, 64, 73, 79, 85, 90, 104, 110, 120 ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·, 60, 61, 95 ÃÚÔÓÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋, 60 ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi, 68, 72, 91, 116 ¯ÚÔÓÔÛ‹Ì·ÓÛË, 67, 68 æ „ËÊȷΤ˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜, 128 æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·, 102
  • 158.
  • 159.
    163 ∞ DNS, 35, 41, 58, 76, 123, 144 Document Understanding Conference, 80 ad hominem, 108 Domain, 35, 144 agents, 39, 107 Domain Name System, 35, 144 Analogical reasoning, 106 Dublin Core, 67 Annotated logics, 107 DVD, 95, 128 Annotated text, 49 Artificial Intelligence, 51 E Associative reasoning, 105 eBay, 118, 119 authorities, 84 e-commerce, 33 µ ECQ, 106 EFSQ, 106 Bayes, 60, 61 e-government, 33 BBC, 63 e-science, 33 benchmarking, 96 eScience, 33 blog, 33, 111 ex contradiction, 106 Bookmarking, 40 ex falso quodlibet, 106, 107 Borland, 129 ex falso sequitur quodlibet, 106 bowtie, 86 ex falso/contradictione (sequitur) aliquot, 106 BPEL, 74, 99 EXIF, 79 BPEL4WS, 73, 74 Expert systems, 51 British Computer Society, 141 eXtensible Markup Language, 51 British National Corpus, 80 Business Process Execution Language for Web Services, F 73 Flickr, 63, 67, 79 bytes, 42 Flink, 65 FOAF, 65, 120 C folksonomies, 62 Case-based reasoning, 106 Formal systems, 59 Causal logic, 60 Formats, 39 CBR, 106 Fractal, 86 CCS, 98 Free rider, 117 CDL, 74, 99 Friend-of-a-Friend, 65 centrality, 87 FTP, 40 CERN, 76 Fuzzy logic, 69 client, 41 Co-citation-based, 115 G Cognitive systems, 46 Game Theory, 92 Collaborative filtering, 106 GOFAI, 103, 104 Commission, 122 Good Old Fashioned AI, 103 Communities of interest, 109 Google, 50, 72, 78, 89, 97, 105, 109, 115, 118, 131 compactness, 87 GOTO, 112 Conceptualization, 61 Governance, 117, 135 Connectivity, 86 Grids, 36 constructivist logic, 106 H Consultative Committee on Space Data Systems, 68 hardware, 35 Context-OWL, 104 Heuristic, 45 C-OWL, 104 HTML, 41, 45, 51, 52, 102, 143 creative commons, 130, 69 HTTP, 40, 57, 59, 143 CS AKTive Space, 52 hubs, 85 CSP, 98 Hyper-knowledge bases, 105 Cybercommunities, 85 hyperspace, 87 CYC, 66, 104 HyperText Markup Language, 52, 143 D I DAML+OIL, 60 IANA, 40 Data retrieval, 51 IDF, 114 del.icio.us, 63 Information retrieval, 51 Description Logic, 60 Interface, 55 Digital Archives (Cedars), 68 Internet, 44, 83, 93, 96, 110, 135, 144 Direct sampling, 44 Internet Explorer, 83
  • 160.
    ∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ ·ÁÁÏÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓENG Internet Protocol, 44, 93, 144 phishing, 49, 124 intranets, 91 PicASHOW, 115 Intuitionistic, 106 PIN, 133 Inverse Document Frequencies, 114 PKI, 128, 133 IP, 44, 101, 144 Platform for Privacy Preferences, 132 IR, 51, 96, 97, 103 podcasts, 110 ISP, 96 Policy Aware Web, 129, 141 Ponder, 129 J Practical obscurity, 132 JPEGS, 79 Probabilistic logic, 60 junk email, 124 process algebras, 99 K Process algebras, 73 Public Key Infrastructure, 128 KAoS, 129 Knowledge base, 51 Q Knowledge Representation Languages, 105 QA, 96 KRL, 105 Quality ∞ssurance, 96 L queries, 101 Query language, 54 Levenshtein, 71 log, 68 R logic, 60, 69, 106 Random walk, 115 London A-Z, 41 Randomness, 44 Lotus, 129 Rational choice, 92 M RDF, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 60, 67, 76, 79, 120 RDF Schema, 53 mailto, 40, 41, 56 RDF-S, 53, 56, 59 Marginal cost, 65 reasoning methods, 36 Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games, 109 Reasoning under inconsistency, 106 Meaning is use, 81, 102 Recommender systems, 77, 106 Metareasoning, 78 Recursive spreading activation algorithm, 114 Microsoft, 131 Referent, 102 MMORPGs, 109 REGRET, 119 Modular, 42 Rei, 129 Moving Picture Experts Group, 79 Relational data, 52 MPEG-1, 79 Remembrance of Things Past, 105 MPEG-2, 79 Resource Description Framework, 51 MPEG-4, 79 Resources, 39 MPEG-7, 79 reverse engineering, 129 Multimedia, 67 RIF, 54 N RSS, 111 name servers, 144 Rule Interchange Format, 54 Napster, 75 S Natural language processing, 36 Scale-free networks, 89 Network effect, 56 SCC, 86, 87 NLP, 36, 79, 80, 81, 103 science of the Web, 39 noise, 45 Semantic Web, 36, 49 O server, 41 Off-line, 40 SETI@home, 75 Omission, 122 Skype, 75 online, 45, 58, 60, 62, 70, 75, 77, 83, 84, 93, 97, 98, 109, 110, Slashdot, 84 117, 123, 124, 132, 134, 135 spam, 61, 124, 131 Open Archival Information System (OAIS), 68 spamdexing, 131 SPARQL, 54 P state machine, 98 P2P, 31, 46, 49, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77 Subjective logic, 69 P3P, 132 Sunk cost, 65 PageRank, 72, 86, 90, 96, 103, 115, 120, 124, 131 SW, 36, 37, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, Peer-to-Peer, 46 66, 70, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 101, 102, 103, 104, 108, 120, 121, 122, percolation theory, 98 128, 130
  • 161.
    ∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ ·ÁÁÏÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓENG 165 T TCP/IP, 101 Technical Architecture Group, 43 TEI, 67 Temporal logic, 60 terabytes, 42 Term Frequencies, 114 Text Encoding Initiative, 67 TF, 114 TFxIDF, 114 Thesauri, 80 ∆ragedy of the commons, 92 trust, 116 TUCs, 87 U ubicomp, 34 Ubiquitous computing, 34 Uniform Resource Citations, 57 Uniform Resource Identifiers, 39 UNIX, 112 URI, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42, 43, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 70, 116, 122, 123, 143 URL, 57, 143, 144 URN, 57, 143 V Voice Over Internet Protocol, 93 VOIP, 93 W W3C, 35, 43, 84, 132 Web crawlers, 45, 123 Web of Trust, 120 Web robot, 45 Web Science, 34, 39, 141 Web services, 73 Web Services Choreography Description Language, 74 Web spider, 45 Web robot, 45 Weblog, 33 Webmetrics, 88 wiki, 62 Wikipedia, 62 Willingness to pay, 94 WordNet, 80 World Wide Web, 33, 35, 119 World Wide Web Consortium, 35 wrapper, 78 WS-CDL, 74 WS-Net, 73 WWW, 33, 58, 120 X XLink, 55 XML, 51, 54, 55, 68, 73, 74, 102, 106, 112 Z Zero-sum game, 65
  • 162.
    166 ∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ ∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ ‰È·ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ
  • 163.
    167 ∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ B F P Barabasi, 59, 60, 68 Page, 55, 66 Fetzer, 91 Battelle, 59 Putnam, 72 Bayes, 30 Berners-Lee, 29, 46, 93, 113 H R Heidegger, 81 Boole, 83 Rawls, 104 Henzinger, 101 Bouquet, 74 Richardson, 90 Hobbes, 88 Brin, 55, 102 K S C Kleinberg, 55, 66, 86 Schroeder, 58 Cass Sunstein, 80 Kumar, 55 Cohen, 68 W L Weitzner, 98 D Lessig, 100 Wittgenstein, 72, 91 De Millo, 91 Locke, 104 Dijkstra, 82 Lopez-Ortiz, 61 Dill, 56 M Marx, 81 Mill, 28, 104 www ∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ ‰È·ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 3.1 ∆· Â›‰· ÙÔ˘ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Web, 53 ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 3.2 ∏ ˘Ú·Ì›‰· ÙÔ˘ ™ËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Web, 54 ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 3.3 °Ú¿ÊËÌ· RDF Ì ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ‡ˆÛË ÙˆÓ URIs, 55 ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 4.1 ∆Ô Û¯‹Ì· «ÊÈfiÁÎÔ˘» Î·È Ë ÌÔÚÊÔÎÏ·ÛÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ Web, 86 ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 4.2 ¶ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ∑‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ‰ÈÎÙ˘·Îfi ·Á·ıfi, 94
  • 164.
  • 165.
    169 - Web «‚¿ıÔ˘˜»- deep Web - ·ÈÙÈ҉˘ §ÔÁÈ΋ - causal logic - ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ ÌÔÓÔ·ÙÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘˜ - path algebra - ¿ÏÁ‚Ú˜ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ - process algebras - ¿ÌÂÛË ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏË„›· - direct sampling - ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÈÎfi - identifier - ·Ó·ÁˆÁ‹ - reduction - ·Ó·‰ÚÔÌÈÎfi˜ ·ÏÁfiÚÈıÌÔ˜ Ì ‰È¿Û·ÚÙË ˘ÚÔ‰fiÙËÛË - Recursive spreading activation algorithm - ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ - data retrieval - ·Ó¿ÎÙËÛË ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ - information retrieval - ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ - analogical reasoning - ∞Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË – representation - ·Ó·ÛÊ·Ï‹˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË - unsafe interaction - ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌÂÓÔ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô - referent - ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ¢ÙÈ΋ ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏË„›· - representative sampling - ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔʘ Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ˜ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ - IDF - ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÚÔÊË ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ - reverse engineering - ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· - trustworthiness - ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ Web - Web of Trust - ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ÓÔÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·ÎÔ› Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ› - decentralised information system - ·ÔÛÙÔÏ›˜ ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÙÈÎÒÓ ÌËÓ˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ - spammers - ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ - network effect - ·Ú¯¤˜ ÚÔÙ˘ÔÔ›ËÛ˘ - standards bodies - ·Ú¯‹ ‰È·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ - QA authority - ·Û·Ê‹˜ §ÔÁÈ΋ - fuzzy logic - ·ÛÙ·ı‹˜ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· - unstable equilibrium - ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· - security - ·ÛÊ·Ï‹˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË - safe interaction - ‚¿ÛÂȘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ - knowledge base - ‚¿ÛË ˘ÂÚ-ÁÓˆÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ - hyper-knowledge base - µÈ‚ÏÈÔÌÂÙÚ›· - bibliometrics ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÂÚˆÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ - query language ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Web - OWL ÁÏÒÛÛ˜ ·Ó··Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ - Knowledge Representation Languages ÁÓˆÛȷο Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿Ù· °Ú·ÊÂ›Ô ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· ÛÙÔ ¢ËÌfiÛÈÔ ∆Ô̤· ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˜ ÁÂÈÙÓ›·Û˘ ‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÏË„›· - sampling ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ - indexes ‰È·‚·ıÌÈṲ̂ÓË ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË - password-controlled access ¢È·‰›ÎÙ˘Ô - Internet ‰È·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋ - intuitionistic ‹ constructivist logic ‰È·ÎÚÈÙ¿ ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈο - discrete mathematics ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË - governance ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ΋ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· - interoperable semantics ‰È·ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· - interoperability ‰È·ÌÔ›Ú·ÛË - sharing ‰ÈÂ·Ê¤˜ - interfaces ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜ - Copyrights ‰›ÎÙ˘· Petri - Petri nets ‰›ÎÙ˘· ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙ‹ÙÔ˘ Îϛ̷η˜ - scale-free networks ‰ÈˆÓ˘ÌÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹ - binomial distribution ‰˘Ó·ÌÈΤ˜ ÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ÙÔÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÂÎıÂÙÈ΋ ηٷÓÔÌ‹ - power law distribution ÂÎÙfi˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ˘ - off-line ÂÏ·ÛÙÈο ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ΋˜ ȉÈÔÎÙËÛ›·˜ - creative commons ÂÏ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ ¿‰ÂȘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ - creative commons ÂÏ·¯ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ·fiÎÚÈÛ˘ - prefetching ÂχıÂÚÔÈ Î·‚·Ï¿Úˉ˜ - free riders ¤ÌÂÈÚ· Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· - expert systems ÂÓ‰Ô‰›ÎÙ˘· - intranets
  • 166.
    ∞fi‰ÔÛË ·ÁÁÏÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ 170 ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏfiÁËÛË - ‹ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÔ›ËÛË - Conceptualization ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ - inference ÂÍ·ÙƠ̂΢ÛË - personalization Â͢ËÚÂÙËÙ‹˜ - server ¤Íˆ-‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË - out distance Â·Ó·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ - NLP ÂÈÏÂÎÙÈ΋ Û˘Ó‰ÂÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ Web - Web Science ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÏÔÁ›· - epistemology ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· - queries ¤Ûˆ-‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË - in distance ÂÙÈΤٷ - tag ¢ÚÂÙÈ΋ - heuristic ¢ÛÙ·ı‹˜ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· - stable equilibrium ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ‰È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË - e-government ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË - e-science ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎfi ÂÌfiÚÈÔ - e-commerce ıÂÌ·ÙÈο ÂÓÔÔÈË̤Ó˜ ‰¤Û̘ - thematically-unified clusters (TUCs) ıÂÌÂÏ›ˆÛË Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ - symbol grounding ıÂÙÈΤ˜ Â͈ÙÂÚÈΤ˜ ÔÈÎÔÓƠ̂˜ - positive externalities £ÂˆÚ›· °Ú¿ÊˆÓ - Graph Theory £ÂˆÚ›· √ÚıÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÏÔÁ‹˜ - rational choice £ÂˆÚ›· ¶·ÈÁÓ›ˆÓ - game theory ıˆڛ· ÊÈÏÙÚ·Ú›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ - percolation theory ıËÛ·˘ÚÔ› ÁÓÒÛÂˆÓ - Thesauri ȉȈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· - privacy ÈÛÙÔÏfiÁÈ· - blogs πÛÙÔÌÂÙÚ›· - Webmetrics ÈÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰Â˜ - webpages ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ - websites ÈÛ¯˘Ú¿ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈ΋ ‰¤ÛÌË - strongly connected cluster (SCC) ηÌ‡Ï˜ ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛ˘ - learning curves ηÌ‡ÏË ˙‹ÙËÛ˘ - demand ηÌ‡ÏË ÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿˜ - supply ηٷÓÂÌË̤ӷ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· - distributed systems ηٷÓÔÌ‹ Poisson - Poisson distribution ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfiÙËÙ· - centrality. ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÂȉÈÎÔ‡ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ - communities of interest ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi - social software ÎÚ›ÛÈÌË Ì¿˙· - critical mass ∫˘‚ÂÚÓÔÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛË - Cyberdependency ∫˘‚ÂÚÓÔËÁÂÌÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ - Cyberhegemony ΢‚ÂÚÓÔ-ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ˜ - cybercommunities ∫˘‚ÂÚÓÔ¯ÒÚÔ˜ - cyberspace ΢ڛ·Ú¯ÔÈ ÈÛÙÔ¯ÒÚÔÈ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ - authorities Ï·˚ÎÔÓƠ̂˜ - folksonomies ϤÍË-ÎÏÂȉ› - keyword §ÔÁÈ΋ - logic ‹ logics §ÔÁÈ΋ Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi - Annotated logics Ì·˙Èο Ô¯ÏËÚ¿ ÌËӇ̷ٷ - spam ª·˙Èο ¶·È¯Ó›‰È· ƒfiÏˆÓ Ì ¶ÔÏÏ·ÏÔ‡˜ ™˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓÔ˘˜ ¶·›ÎÙ˜ - MMORPGs ̤ÁÂıÔ˜ ‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ - network size ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋˜ - reasoning methods ÌÂÙ·‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ - metadata ÌÂÙ·-Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ - metareasoning ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ‰È·˙‡ÍÂˆÓ - transformations of disjunctions ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ - metrics ÌÂÙÚÈΤ˜ ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ - Significance metrics ÌË ·Ó·ÎÙ‹ÛÈÌÔ ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ - sunk cost ÌË ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ - non-financial cost
  • 167.
    ∞fi‰ÔÛË ·ÁÁÏÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ 171 ÌˉÂÓÈ΋ Ê‹ÌË - bootstrapping reputation Ì‹ÙÚ· Û˘Ó‰¤ÛÌˆÓ - link matrix Ì˯·Ó‹ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ - search engine Ì˯·Ó‹ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ - state machine Ì˯·ÓÈ΋ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· - machine readability ªÈÎÚÔÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ΋ £ÂˆÚ›· - microeconomics ÌÔÚÊÔÎÏ¿ÛÌ·Ù· - fractals ¡Â˘ÚÔÂÈÛً̘ - neurosciences ÔÈÎÔÓƠ̂˜ Îϛ̷η˜ - economies of scale √Ì¿‰· ∂ÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ∏. ∂. ÁÈ· ÙË ¢È·Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¢È·‰ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ - UN Working Group on Internet Governance ÔÌÊ·ÏÔ› - hubs √ÓfiÌ·Ù· ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ - domain names ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔıÂÛ›· fiÚˆÓ - naming resources ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ - ontologies ÔÚÈ·Îfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ - marginal cost ·›ÁÓÈÔ ÌˉÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ·ıÚÔ›ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ - zero-sum game ·ÓÙ·¯Ô‡ ·ÚÔ‡Û˜ ‹ Ï·Óı¿ÓÔ˘Û˜ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ - pervasive computing ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ - impact factors ·Ú·-Û˘ÓÂ‹ §ÔÁÈ΋ - paraconsistent logic ¤Ú·ÛÌ· - crawl ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋ - description logic ÂÚÈÙˆÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ - case-based reasoning Èı·ÓÔÙÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋ - Probabilistic logic ›ÛÙË - trust ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ - authentication ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›· - information ÏÔ‹ÁËÛË - surfing ‹ browsing ÏÔ‡ÛÈÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ - rich content ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ¢·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ - Policy awareness ÔÏ˘Ì¤Û· - multimedia ÔÏ˘ÛËÌ›· - polysemy fiÚÔÈ - resources Ú·ÎÙÈÎfi˜ ÛÎÔÙ·‰ÈÛÌfi˜ - practical obscurity Ú¿ÎÙÔÚ˜ - agents ÚÔı˘Ì›· Ó· ÏËÚÒÛÂÈ - willingness to pay ÚÔÛÂÙ·ÈÚÈÛÙÈ΋ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ - associative reasoning ÚÔ‹ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ - workflow ÛÂÛËÌ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ - annotated text ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ÎÂÓfi - semantic gap ÛËÌÂȈÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË - semiotics Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛË ‹ ‰ÂÛÌÔÔ›ËÛË - clustering Û˘Áί˘Ì¤ÓË Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ - fuzzy reasoning Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÂȉfiÛÂˆÓ - benchmarking Û˘˙¢ÎÙÈο ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· - conjunctive queries Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÙÈ΋ οو ·fi ·Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· - reasoning under inconsistency Û˘Ì·Á›· - compactness Û˘Ó-·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ - co-citation Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ· - relevance Û‡Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÈ - links Û˘Ó‰ÂÛÌÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ - linl structure Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈ΋ Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛË - clustering Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· - connectivity Û˘ÓÂ·ÁˆÁ‹ - supervenience Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÈÎfi ÊÈÏÙÚ¿ÚÈÛÌ· - collaborative filtering Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÎÏÂȉÈÔ‡ - Public Key Infrastructure (ƒ∫π) Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ - recommender systems Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ˜ fiÚˆÓ - Term Frequencies Û¯ÂÛȷο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ - relational data ∆¯ÓËÙ‹ ¡ÔËÌÔÛ‡ÓË - artificial intelligence ÙÚÔÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋ - modal logics Ù˘Èο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· - formal systems
  • 168.
    ∞fi‰ÔÛË ·ÁÁÏÈÎÒÓ fiÚˆÓ 172 Ù˘È΋ ¿ÏÁ‚ڷ - formal algebra Ù˘¯·›Ô˜ ÂÚ›·ÙÔ˜ - random walk Ù˘¯·ÈfiÙËÙ· - randomness ˘ÂÚΛÌÂÓÔ - hypertext ˘ÂÚÛ˘Ó‰¤ÛÂȘ - hyperlinks ˘ÂÚ-¯ÒÚÔ˜ - hyperspace ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Web - Web services ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ - corpus Àfi‚·ıÚÔ ¶ÚÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂˆÓ π‰ÈˆÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ - Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P) ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË - modeling ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋ - Subjective logic ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÈο ϤÁÌ·Ù· - Grids Ê‹ÌË - reputation ÊÈÏÂχıÂÚÔ˜ ËÁÂÌÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ - liberal hegemony ÊÈfiÁÎÔ˜ - bowtie ÊÔÚÌ·ÏÈÛÌÔ› - formalisms Ê˘ÏÏÔÌÂÙÚËÙ¤˜ - browsers ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ‰È·Ó‡ÛÌ·Ù· ¯·ÚÙÔÁÚ¿ÊËÛË - mapping ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· - utility ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ §ÔÁÈ΋ - TL ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi - log ¯ÚÔÓÔÛ‹Ì·ÓÛË - time stamping