The document discusses the differences between emergencies and disasters, and provides guidance on water supply in emergency situations. An emergency is defined as a situation arising from a disaster that stretches local response capacity. A disaster directly threatens lives and causes damage. In emergencies, water supply systems must be set up quickly to prevent illness and death. Options include tankers, treating local sources, or moving people. Participation of affected communities is important but may be challenging given time pressures in emergencies. Technical standards provide guidelines on water quantity, quality and access for survival response versus longer-term or development situations.
The document discusses the concept of vulnerability and proposes the Flood House concept as a way to reduce flood vulnerability in deltas like the Mississippi Delta. It analyzes vulnerability in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina using the four components of vulnerability: threshold capacity, coping capacity, recovery capacity, and adaptive capacity. Threshold capacity was exceeded due to wetland loss and levee failures. Coping capacity was limited by evacuation issues and infrastructure failures. Recovery has been difficult due to pollution, infrastructure damage, and a large diaspora of residents who have not returned. The Flood House concept aims to increase all four capacities by bringing together stakeholders to discuss solutions.
Wastewater 101: Decentralized approach, community process, and optionsdmalchow
The document discusses wastewater treatment options for small communities. It provides an overview of centralized, decentralized, and combination wastewater treatment approaches. Decentralized options discussed include septic systems, mound systems, outdoor toilets, holding tanks, and separation technologies. The document emphasizes exploring all options, conducting thorough assessments, and making decisions through an inclusive community process.
Mahmuda Mutahara "towards preachin what is practiced?"Arjen Zegwaard
This document summarizes a PhD research project on strengthening community resilience to flooding in rural Bangladesh. The project will identify community perceptions of flooding and how water management has impacted livelihoods. It will compare community views to water management practices in Bangladesh and the Dutch delta. An indicator framework will be developed to assess resilience at the community level. The research will develop a multi-actor learning approach to enhance resilience through knowledge sharing with the community. Data collection methods will include interviews, surveys, and participatory activities with communities in flood-prone areas of Bangladesh.
This document provides an introduction to the "Communities and Institutions for Flood Resilience" program, which aims to enhance knowledge and capacity for flood risk management in the Bangladeshi and Dutch deltas through comparative research. The program objectives are to assess flood risk reduction strategies in both deltas, contribute to poverty reduction by strengthening institutional and community flood resilience, and promote mutual learning. Four PhD projects will analyze flood risk and vulnerability reduction strategies in each delta. The program will define and operationalize resilience, facilitate knowledge exchange between the two deltas, and arrive at collective understandings among stakeholders.
Watersheds Forum: Challenges and Points of Influencetlclapp2
This document summarizes challenges facing community watersheds in West Kootenay, BC. There is no single decision-making body, and the regulatory system prioritizes resource development over protection. Stakeholders express frustration over lack of enforcement, difficulty participating in decisions, and renewed resource development pressures. Potential opportunities under new water legislation are noted, but challenges of implementing cooperative watershed governance and strengthening protections for community watersheds remain.
Here is a link to Vermont's Superfund Clean up Sites, the EPA actually deletes sites after a while?
Vermont's EPA Superfund Sites:
https://www.epa.gov/vt/list-superfund-npl-sites-vermont
Superfund Clean up Grants:
https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/srp/programs/index.cfm
Martijn van Staveren "Feeling blue get green"Arjen Zegwaard
This presentation discusses the greening of flood management strategies by considering ecological principles and using the environment as a basis for solutions. It provides a framework that describes this greening trend occurring at international, national, and local levels. The main research question asks what key factors drive this greening of strategies. The presentation seeks feedback on the extent this trend is occurring in Bangladesh and requests examples where the ecosystem is used to develop flood management strategies.
Institute for Social Change 2020 Keynote: Rethinking both "Public" and "Schol...Rahul Mitra
I was honored to be the Keynote speaker at the 2020 Institute of Social Change, an annual week-long focus on public scholarship and social change, organized by the Rackham Graduate School. Although we switched to an online format because of COVID-19, I liked how that allowed us to address different themes and try more than one format. The first hour was much like a normal keynote -- my talk, titled "Rethinking both “Public” and “Scholarship” in “Public Scholarship: (Ongoing) Lessons from the Detroit Water Stories Project" for 40 minutes and then 20 minutes of Q&A. For the second hour (after an hour-long lunch break), I proposed a more conversational format, without any slides, and we talked about a gadzillion topics -- academic and nonacademic career arcs, interdisciplinary research, specific tools and practices for research translation, how to be a good partner to grassroots organizations, the kind of support universities need to provide for effective public scholarship, and so on. I was grateful for the opportunity to reflect on our journey so far, and how we can further evolve to best assist the #WaterWarriors who are on the frontlines of this ongoing crisis. Thank you to all my wonderful colleagues, students, and community guides/partners/participants who I am privileged to work with. Please cite this presentation as follows, if you use the ideas advanced here:
Mitra, R. (2020, May). Rethinking both “public” and “scholarship” in “Public Scholarship”: (Ongoing) Lessons from the Detroit Water Stories Project. Presented to the Institute for Social Change 2020, University of Michigan Rackham Graduate School Program in Public Scholarship at Ann Arbor, MI.
The document discusses the concept of vulnerability and proposes the Flood House concept as a way to reduce flood vulnerability in deltas like the Mississippi Delta. It analyzes vulnerability in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina using the four components of vulnerability: threshold capacity, coping capacity, recovery capacity, and adaptive capacity. Threshold capacity was exceeded due to wetland loss and levee failures. Coping capacity was limited by evacuation issues and infrastructure failures. Recovery has been difficult due to pollution, infrastructure damage, and a large diaspora of residents who have not returned. The Flood House concept aims to increase all four capacities by bringing together stakeholders to discuss solutions.
Wastewater 101: Decentralized approach, community process, and optionsdmalchow
The document discusses wastewater treatment options for small communities. It provides an overview of centralized, decentralized, and combination wastewater treatment approaches. Decentralized options discussed include septic systems, mound systems, outdoor toilets, holding tanks, and separation technologies. The document emphasizes exploring all options, conducting thorough assessments, and making decisions through an inclusive community process.
Mahmuda Mutahara "towards preachin what is practiced?"Arjen Zegwaard
This document summarizes a PhD research project on strengthening community resilience to flooding in rural Bangladesh. The project will identify community perceptions of flooding and how water management has impacted livelihoods. It will compare community views to water management practices in Bangladesh and the Dutch delta. An indicator framework will be developed to assess resilience at the community level. The research will develop a multi-actor learning approach to enhance resilience through knowledge sharing with the community. Data collection methods will include interviews, surveys, and participatory activities with communities in flood-prone areas of Bangladesh.
This document provides an introduction to the "Communities and Institutions for Flood Resilience" program, which aims to enhance knowledge and capacity for flood risk management in the Bangladeshi and Dutch deltas through comparative research. The program objectives are to assess flood risk reduction strategies in both deltas, contribute to poverty reduction by strengthening institutional and community flood resilience, and promote mutual learning. Four PhD projects will analyze flood risk and vulnerability reduction strategies in each delta. The program will define and operationalize resilience, facilitate knowledge exchange between the two deltas, and arrive at collective understandings among stakeholders.
Watersheds Forum: Challenges and Points of Influencetlclapp2
This document summarizes challenges facing community watersheds in West Kootenay, BC. There is no single decision-making body, and the regulatory system prioritizes resource development over protection. Stakeholders express frustration over lack of enforcement, difficulty participating in decisions, and renewed resource development pressures. Potential opportunities under new water legislation are noted, but challenges of implementing cooperative watershed governance and strengthening protections for community watersheds remain.
Here is a link to Vermont's Superfund Clean up Sites, the EPA actually deletes sites after a while?
Vermont's EPA Superfund Sites:
https://www.epa.gov/vt/list-superfund-npl-sites-vermont
Superfund Clean up Grants:
https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/srp/programs/index.cfm
Martijn van Staveren "Feeling blue get green"Arjen Zegwaard
This presentation discusses the greening of flood management strategies by considering ecological principles and using the environment as a basis for solutions. It provides a framework that describes this greening trend occurring at international, national, and local levels. The main research question asks what key factors drive this greening of strategies. The presentation seeks feedback on the extent this trend is occurring in Bangladesh and requests examples where the ecosystem is used to develop flood management strategies.
Institute for Social Change 2020 Keynote: Rethinking both "Public" and "Schol...Rahul Mitra
I was honored to be the Keynote speaker at the 2020 Institute of Social Change, an annual week-long focus on public scholarship and social change, organized by the Rackham Graduate School. Although we switched to an online format because of COVID-19, I liked how that allowed us to address different themes and try more than one format. The first hour was much like a normal keynote -- my talk, titled "Rethinking both “Public” and “Scholarship” in “Public Scholarship: (Ongoing) Lessons from the Detroit Water Stories Project" for 40 minutes and then 20 minutes of Q&A. For the second hour (after an hour-long lunch break), I proposed a more conversational format, without any slides, and we talked about a gadzillion topics -- academic and nonacademic career arcs, interdisciplinary research, specific tools and practices for research translation, how to be a good partner to grassroots organizations, the kind of support universities need to provide for effective public scholarship, and so on. I was grateful for the opportunity to reflect on our journey so far, and how we can further evolve to best assist the #WaterWarriors who are on the frontlines of this ongoing crisis. Thank you to all my wonderful colleagues, students, and community guides/partners/participants who I am privileged to work with. Please cite this presentation as follows, if you use the ideas advanced here:
Mitra, R. (2020, May). Rethinking both “public” and “scholarship” in “Public Scholarship”: (Ongoing) Lessons from the Detroit Water Stories Project. Presented to the Institute for Social Change 2020, University of Michigan Rackham Graduate School Program in Public Scholarship at Ann Arbor, MI.
La Web 2.0 facilita la comunicación y acorta distancias invitando a las relaciones entre personas. No solo informa, sino que invita a conectarse e intercambiar experiencias con otros, construyendo mundos posibles y movilizando a los pueblos.
Un blog es un sitio web periódicamente actualizado que recopila artículos de uno o más autores en orden cronológico inverso. Los blogs suelen incluir enlaces a otros sitios y sistemas de comentarios para conversaciones. En el ámbito personal, un blog permite encontrar amigos y comunicarse con personas lejanas, mientras que para algunos trabajos sirve para mostrar sus actividades.
Maximise the returns on your pension, reduce your charges and take control. Speak with an Independent Financial Advisor who will help you get the best performance and find financial freedom.
Jesús anima a los fieles a “estar siempre despiertos, pidiendo fuerza para escapar de todo lo que está por venir y mantenerse en pie ante el Hijo del hombre”.
India faces 3 major water-related challenges that will require significant intervention. First is limited supply of potable water; second lack of adequate sanitation and third - water pollution and environmental effects.
O Tribunal de Justiça de Santa Catarina decidiu manter a sentença para a Allianz Seguros S.A. por não renovar os contratos dos clientes nas condições inicialmente firmadas.
Este documento analiza las redes sociales más populares como Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, WhatsApp, Instagram y YouTube. Explica brevemente cada una y concluye que Facebook es la red social más utilizada con más de 1,100 millones de usuarios a nivel mundial.
The document discusses various theories and models of the psychology of reading. It describes the bottom-up, top-down, interactive, and metacognitive models of reading. The bottom-up model views reading as a linear process of decoding letters into words. The top-down model emphasizes using context and prior knowledge to understand text. The interactive model sees reading as using both bottom-up and top-down processes simultaneously. The metacognitive model focuses on readers' thinking about their own reading processes. The document also discusses schema theory and several other specific theories and researchers that have contributed to the understanding of reading psychology.
This document discusses the nature and meaning of reading. It defines reading as an active cognitive process of decoding symbols to get and interpret an author's intended meaning. Reading involves using language and world knowledge, and the goal is comprehension rather than decoding individual letters and words. The document also categorizes definitions of reading as either the decoding process or reading for meaning. It outlines components of reading as decoding, comprehension, and retention, and lists academic and other purposes for reading like learning, evaluating information, and reading for pleasure versus in-depth reading. Finally, it provides several reasons why reading is an important skill, such as its role in education, career success, mental development, learning new things, and empowering individuals.
This document provides guidelines for assessing water needs and establishing water supply systems for refugee camps. It discusses:
1) Conducting an immediate assessment of local water sources involving government authorities and technical experts to understand water availability and quality.
2) Developing water supply infrastructure with simple, reliable technology appropriate to the local area. The system should be designed for long-term, cost-effective operation and maintenance by refugees with support from local experts.
3) Minimum water needs for refugee camps are 15 liters per person per day, plus additional amounts for communal and livestock use. Water must be tested to ensure it is safe to drink.
The document discusses disaster preparedness and response strategies for earthquakes in Sikkim, India. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the local terrain and vulnerabilities, effective community communication and alert systems, immediate rescue and evacuation assistance from local NGOs, identifying and supporting vulnerable groups, ensuring immediate needs are met, organizing and communicating data to stakeholders, designing support for trauma, establishing temporary shelters, and facilitating the return to normal life through rebuilding and mitigation efforts. The document provides an overview of many important factors to consider after an earthquake to save lives and support communities.
La Web 2.0 facilita la comunicación y acorta distancias invitando a las relaciones entre personas. No solo informa, sino que invita a conectarse e intercambiar experiencias con otros, construyendo mundos posibles y movilizando a los pueblos.
Un blog es un sitio web periódicamente actualizado que recopila artículos de uno o más autores en orden cronológico inverso. Los blogs suelen incluir enlaces a otros sitios y sistemas de comentarios para conversaciones. En el ámbito personal, un blog permite encontrar amigos y comunicarse con personas lejanas, mientras que para algunos trabajos sirve para mostrar sus actividades.
Maximise the returns on your pension, reduce your charges and take control. Speak with an Independent Financial Advisor who will help you get the best performance and find financial freedom.
Jesús anima a los fieles a “estar siempre despiertos, pidiendo fuerza para escapar de todo lo que está por venir y mantenerse en pie ante el Hijo del hombre”.
India faces 3 major water-related challenges that will require significant intervention. First is limited supply of potable water; second lack of adequate sanitation and third - water pollution and environmental effects.
O Tribunal de Justiça de Santa Catarina decidiu manter a sentença para a Allianz Seguros S.A. por não renovar os contratos dos clientes nas condições inicialmente firmadas.
Este documento analiza las redes sociales más populares como Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, WhatsApp, Instagram y YouTube. Explica brevemente cada una y concluye que Facebook es la red social más utilizada con más de 1,100 millones de usuarios a nivel mundial.
The document discusses various theories and models of the psychology of reading. It describes the bottom-up, top-down, interactive, and metacognitive models of reading. The bottom-up model views reading as a linear process of decoding letters into words. The top-down model emphasizes using context and prior knowledge to understand text. The interactive model sees reading as using both bottom-up and top-down processes simultaneously. The metacognitive model focuses on readers' thinking about their own reading processes. The document also discusses schema theory and several other specific theories and researchers that have contributed to the understanding of reading psychology.
This document discusses the nature and meaning of reading. It defines reading as an active cognitive process of decoding symbols to get and interpret an author's intended meaning. Reading involves using language and world knowledge, and the goal is comprehension rather than decoding individual letters and words. The document also categorizes definitions of reading as either the decoding process or reading for meaning. It outlines components of reading as decoding, comprehension, and retention, and lists academic and other purposes for reading like learning, evaluating information, and reading for pleasure versus in-depth reading. Finally, it provides several reasons why reading is an important skill, such as its role in education, career success, mental development, learning new things, and empowering individuals.
This document provides guidelines for assessing water needs and establishing water supply systems for refugee camps. It discusses:
1) Conducting an immediate assessment of local water sources involving government authorities and technical experts to understand water availability and quality.
2) Developing water supply infrastructure with simple, reliable technology appropriate to the local area. The system should be designed for long-term, cost-effective operation and maintenance by refugees with support from local experts.
3) Minimum water needs for refugee camps are 15 liters per person per day, plus additional amounts for communal and livestock use. Water must be tested to ensure it is safe to drink.
The document discusses disaster preparedness and response strategies for earthquakes in Sikkim, India. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the local terrain and vulnerabilities, effective community communication and alert systems, immediate rescue and evacuation assistance from local NGOs, identifying and supporting vulnerable groups, ensuring immediate needs are met, organizing and communicating data to stakeholders, designing support for trauma, establishing temporary shelters, and facilitating the return to normal life through rebuilding and mitigation efforts. The document provides an overview of many important factors to consider after an earthquake to save lives and support communities.
1. The document discusses case studies of three municipalities in southern Philippines that successfully implemented proactive disaster risk reduction measures.
2. The municipalities established close working relationships between local governments and communities, empowered communities, and prioritized prevention and mitigation activities like early warning systems and emergency response training.
3. Key lessons identified included the importance of political will, inter-departmental cooperation, flexibility, and community participation in planning and implementing disaster risk management interventions.
The document discusses disaster management, defining it as an applied science that seeks to improve prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery measures relating to disasters through systematic analysis. It outlines key concepts in disaster management such as mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery and provides examples of activities that fall under each phase. The document also examines structural and non-structural mitigation measures as well as different approaches to disaster management.
The document provides information on responding to floods for professionals. It discusses preparing for response by activating plans when flood warnings are issued. It outlines the long duration of flood response. The response involves three phases: before, during, and after. Key actions include communicating information, deploying resources according to plans, conducting evacuations if needed, ensuring safety, and implementing recovery plans after flooding recedes. Proper preparation, coordination between agencies, and attention to safety are essential for an effective flood response.
Examining the Various Emergency Flood Services That Are Available (1).pdfEZ Restoration USA
Discover a comprehensive analysis of emergency restoration services amidst flooding crises. Uncover various emergency flood services designed to mitigate and restore affected areas swiftly. This PDF delves into the significance, types, and efficacy of emergency restoration, offering insights into handling flood-related emergencies effectively. Explore the depths of emergency restoration methods and strategies for optimal flood damage recovery.
Examining the Various Emergency Flood Services That Are Available (1).pdfEZ Restoration USA
Discover a comprehensive analysis of emergency restoration services amidst flooding crises. Uncover various emergency flood services designed to mitigate and restore affected areas swiftly. This PDF delves into the significance, types, and efficacy of emergency restoration, offering insights into handling flood-related emergencies effectively. Explore the depths of emergency restoration methods and strategies for optimal flood damage recovery.
This document defines key terms related to disasters such as hazard, emergency, mitigation, and phases of a disaster. It describes disasters as events that exceed a community's ability to cope and require outside assistance. Disasters are classified as either natural disasters, caused by hazards such as floods, earthquakes and storms, or human (technological) disasters caused by industrial and transportation accidents. The phases of a disaster are pre-emergency, impact, acute, post-emergency, repatriation, and rehabilitation, with each involving different response activities depending on the stage of the disaster.
lesson 1.2 The Nature of Disaster and Risk Factor - Perspective of Disaster.pptxBERLYNALGABRE1
The document outlines the objectives, introduction, and activity for a lesson on disasters. The objectives are to describe disasters, identify common disasters in the Philippines, explain local natural and human-made disasters, and value knowing disaster risks. The introduction provides a disaster risk management video and activity involves analyzing news articles about floods, landslides, earthquakes, and fires in Davao City.
lesson 1.2 The Nature of Disaster and Risk Factor - Perspective of Disaster.pdfBerlynAlgabre
The document outlines objectives for a lesson on disasters, including describing what a disaster is, identifying common disasters in the Philippines, explaining local natural and human-made disasters, and valuing the importance of understanding disaster risks. It then provides definitions and classifications for disasters and hazards, the impacts disasters can have, and response mechanisms.
Older Person's (OPs) Needs in Times of EmergenciesMichelle Avelino
ACCESS Health International-Philippines invited Mr. Francis Kupang, Executive Director of the Coalition of Services of the Elderly, to share his presentation on "Older Person's (OPs) Needs in Times of Emergencies."
Mr. Kupang here talks about their experience in caring with and for the elderly during Typhoon Ondoy with the hope of applying the lessons they learned in preparing our communities to care for the elderly in times of disaster.
Everything you need to know about a disaster and their management. The slides start with an introduction of disaster their types, effects, and preventions to the initiatives taken by the government to manage reliefs and readiness.
Social and Political Dynamics of Flood Risk, Recovery and ResponseKateWS
Presentation by Dr Catherine Butler and Dr Kate Walker-Springett entitled ‘Social and Political Dynamics of Flood Risk, Recovery and Response’. Given at the project findings launch event, London, 2016.
Moline 110428 water contamination sit_man_presentation_ttx_toolrlsmmartin
This document outlines the agenda and objectives for a tabletop exercise on responding to a water contamination scenario. The exercise will involve reviewing scenario materials, facilitated discussion of response and coordination, and an action planning session to identify follow-up tasks. The objectives are to define roles in responding to water incidents, build relationships between utilities and stakeholders, identify capabilities and needs, and find areas to improve preparedness.
A Review Paper On Water Resource ManagementSabrina Baloi
This document summarizes key concepts in water resource management. It discusses how water management structures can change water regimes and impact stakeholders. It also notes that while water projects aim to provide economic benefits, some populations have inadequate access to safe water for basic needs. The document then reviews experts' concepts on water management and financing allocations. It identifies areas for further addressing such as governance, accountability, gender, and targeting of aid and sector budgets. Finally, it discusses developing a framework for water management that is measurable, affordable and applicable globally.
The document outlines roles and responsibilities for responding to flooding in two regions of an unnamed country. Over 25,000 people have been displaced due to flooding that damaged property, crops, and infrastructure. It defines the roles of government bodies and organizations in rescuing people, providing food, water and supplies, disseminating information, and coordinating the response efforts. Short and long term solutions are proposed, such as strengthening early warning systems and establishing a command center for coordinated response.
Similar to Water Supply Presentation 15.10.15 (20)
3. What is the difference between an emergency
and a disaster? Give examples.
4. To distinguish between a disaster and an
emergency, we use these common definitions:
A disaster is a natural or manmade event
that causes physical loss or damage, social
and/or economic disruption and threatens
people’s lives either directly or indirectly.
A communityconfronted with a disaster will
need to react in order to save the lives of its
members and prevent suffering as much as
possible.
Difference between Emergency & Disaster
5. However, the disaster may stretch beyond the
capacity of a community and cause an
emergency.
6. An emergency is a situation of hardship and
human suffering arising from a disaster, which
develops if the organizational infrastructures in
place cannot cope with the situation.
In an emergency the affected population will
need external assistance to ease the hardship
and suffering to a bearable level and to
minimize mortality and morbidity levels.
Disaster and emergency response operations
may be very different, depending on
7. a wide range of aspects, such as:
•Scope and duration of the response needed:
ranging from only required immediately after the
event for a small number of specific aspects, to
broad interventions required for several years
after the event;
•Presence of local and national authorities;
•level of operational capacity and effectiveness
of authorities;
•degree of effective response of local authorities
8. and other local actors/leaders;
• high security risks in area (especially in conflict
areas);
• logistical and resource problems for agencies
and authorities involved;
• location of affected populations (i.e. displaced,
partly displaced or not at all);
• availability of water sources and their quality
and quantity.
9. 1. Man made disaster.
- Conflict
- Environmental degradation
2. Natural disasters
- Floods
- Tsunami
- Earthquake
- Drought
- Disease out breaks
Some examples of disasters
10. - Red
- Orange
- Yellow
- Green
or 1, 2, 3, 4
Levels in Emergency
11. From a technical point of view drinking water
systems used in response to an emergency
may not differ much from similar systems used
in development situations.
Water Supply in Emergencies
12. However, in emergencies the factors that affect the
choice of the drinking water systemsusually differ
considerably from the factors influencing such
choices in development situations. This often leads
to the choice of a different drinking water system in
an emergency from that in a non-emergency. In
emergencies the most important decisive factors
for drinking water interventions often are: security
situation regarding accessibility to the area for
national/international organizations and peoples
freedom of movement;
13. • Access to the area in terms of roads and
topography;
• Socio-political, legal and cultural constraints;
• Availability of water sources and their
characteristics;
• Time required to develop the water sources;
• Time required to mobilize the required
resources;
• Characteristics of the affected population
(number of people, displaced or not, extent to
which coping mechanismsare still in place,
etc.).
14. The initial aim of the intervention will be to achieve a
survival supply of drinking water quickly so as to
keep drinking water-related morbidity and mortality
rates among the affected population within
acceptable limits. If this is not possible, the affected
population has to be moved to another, more
favorable location. Once the survival supply has
been achieved, work can start on realizing a longer-
term supply to provide people with more sustainable
(less costly) and better drinking water facilities for
as long as they need assistance.
15. Sometimes survival and/or longer-term supply
systems can form the basis for the
development of more permanent supply
systems. Examples are the repair of existing
water systems or the construction of new
systems suitable for providing drinking water to
the existing local population after the
emergency has passed. Planners need to take
account of this potential in choosing
appropriate emergency interventions in
16. situations where this is applicable. Efforts
made to bridge the “gap” between the
emergency and the “normal” or “development”
situation are often described as rehabilitation.
Repair of existing systems is an important
option, especially in emergencies where the
population has not been displaced.
17. Participation of beneficiaries in planning
emergency supplies should be enhanced
where possible. Beneficiaries are often well
able to identify the most suitable locations for
drinking water points, have local knowledge
about the drinking water situation,
18. hydrological circumstances, and existing water
points. They are usually ready and able to
provide their labour in the
construction/rehabilitation of drinking water
systems, and may be very effective in quickly
spreading important hygiene messages.
Important advice and inputs often come from
key informants, local persons in powerful
positions and local drinking water institutions.
On many occasions these groups may be
largely able to implement the required inputs
19. themselves, needing only some external
assistance with, for instance, the provision of
equipment. On the other hand, effective
participation by beneficiaries and local
institutions may sometimes be difficult and
time consuming in emergency situations.
Facilitating participation requires the kind of
skills that not all aid workers possess.
Consequently, in emergency work, there are
success stories but also failures with regard to
participation.
20. The critical question is whether participation
can be made to work properly in the limited
time frame available. Sometimes this is the
case, sometimes not, and it is often not easy to
predict beforehand what the best solution is.
21. The following points may provide some
guidance for those in charge of an emergency
intervention:
1. It is vital to obtain as much information as
possible about the existing situation and
immediate needs right at the start.
22. That means gathering information quickly from
the expected beneficiaries (women are
particularly important informants with regard to
drinking water needs), and from local
institutions, key resource persons, community
representatives and the people in power.
24. Based on these consultations and other
information (e.g. personal observations), a quick
decision should be made, involving all the parties
insofar as it is possible to do so. If time is very
pressing this stage may have to be finalized within
a day, sometimes even hours.
2.Those in power have to agree to the proposals
before action can start. Assess to what extent
those in power demand to be involved and judge
what decisions you can make yourself and what
decisions you cannot.
25. 3.Depending on the situation, labour contributed by
beneficiaries may be paid or voluntary. In camps,
often labour provided for construction works is
paid, but looking after tap stands is a voluntary
input. Those involved in the operation of the
system are paid. In most cases salaries are lower
than usual, with the argument that beneficiaries
already obtain food and other services free in the
camp. It is important to have salary scales similar
to other NGOs active in the area.
26. Active involvement of existing local drinking water
institutions in the interventions may be very
effective, as such institutions are usually familiar
with the existing systems, have knowledge about
suitable water sources, have key staff, equipment,
and access to a local network of decision makers,
and so on.
However, local institutions may be overwhelmed
by the events and/or be so weak in their
performance that they can also be more of a threat
than an asset in the initial disaster response.
27. A key consideration is whether the institutions are
likely to provide the required inputs within the
available time frame. This is often not the case
because local institutions are in most cases not
set up for rapid interventions. Often it is easier,
quicker and better to hire a number of
beneficiaries for the work and supervise them
directly yourself, than to provide guidance to a
slowly operating local institution.
Participation of beneficiaries in the construction
28. of survival supplies is possible and advisable if
it contributes to increased quality of the
intervention and/or time gain. It may apply to
the siting of the water service points and the
control over their use.
Consultations with women and children help to
adjust the design and location of the facilities
to match their needs.
29. The involvement of representatives from the
community and, if it is a displaced community,
persons with specific knowledge and skills on
water system construction and management,
helps to achieve sustainable water services4
.
30. Managing community participation requires a
high professional level of planners and
implementers (including sometimes
professionals from among the beneficiaries).
Decisions are needed on whether participation
will provide the expected results and how such
participation should be organized within the
given circumstances and time limits.
31. Standard Survival supply in Longer term supply Development supply
response to an after an emergency
emergency
Water availability per 3-5 l per person per day 15 l per person per day 20-50 l per person per
beneficiary 5 (for survival supply) day
Number of water 1 point per 500-750 1 point per 250 - 500 1 point per 200-300
collection points persons persons persons
Distance from water 1 km 500-700 m 100-400 m
collection points
Maximum waiting time 2 hours 20 minutes no guideline
at water collection
points
Turbidity < 20 NTU < 10 NTU < 5 NTU
Residual free chlorine at 0.3 -1.0 mg/l 0.2-0.5 mg/l if water is chlorinated:
water collection point 0.2 mg/l
Conductivity < 3000 µS/cm < 2000 µS/cm < 1400 µS/cm
pH No restriction 6-8 for coagulation Preferably < 8 for
with aluminium effective disinfection
sulphate; < 8 for with chlorine
disinfection
E. coli or Always aim to disinfect Always aim to disinfect 0 thermotolerant
thermotolerant supplies. If this is not supplies. If this is not coliform/100 ml (also in
coliforms possible then use the possible then: < 10 this case: apply solar
best available source thermotolerant coliform disinfection for the
and apply solar (E. coli)/100 ml (and drinking water)
disinfection for the apply solar disinfection
drinking water for the drinking water)
1 Important guidelines for survival supply, longer-term supply and
water projects
32. Water tankers
The provision of drinking water by tankers is a
solution for survival supply when time is very
limited and other systems cannot be realized
within the time limits. Water supply by tankers
is only possible when certain requirements are
fulfilled (see below). Usually these
requirements can be met locally. Otherwise
trucks, repair facilities, etc. have to be brought
in by road or air from elsewhere.
33. Water supply by tankers is almost always
planned and managed by specialised external
agencies because of the complexity of its
management and the high costs. This is not,
therefore, a solution for longer-term water
supply, although examples exist where large
water tanker operations have continued for
many months. Water tankers are also often
used to supplement other water services.
34. Water tanker requirements
Water tankers are normal trucks or trailers with
storage vessels mounted on them (Fig. 24.1).
If hiring or purchasing water tankers or storage
tanks locally, you must know what they have
been used for. Before use, rigorous cleaning
and disinfection (super chlorination) is needed.
Regular cleaning/disinfection during operations
is also a good practice.
35. The water source must have adequate yield
and water of sufficient quality (biological
contamination is usually not a direct problem
because the water will be chlorinated). The
place should allow for pumping into the water
tanker. Permission will need to be obtained
from the owner and water rights from the
authorities.
36. Water pumps are needed at the source and
perhaps at the delivery location; a pump to
empty the tanker quickly can save a lot of time.
Water storage capacity and some tap stands
need to be provided at the delivery location.
37. Fuel and lubricants need organising for the
trucks.
A sufficient supply of chlorine has to be available
for chlorination of the water;
There must be enough truck drivers.
O&M facilities include mechanics and tools,
equipment and spare parts.
Road access has to be available between the
source and the beneficiaries (check road
conditions, bridges, permission to use the road
from local authorities, owners or those in
power in the area).
38. It may be necessary to equip the trucks with
communication equipment, especially where
security can be a problem or where the
situation can change very quickly.
Managing the water tankering operation properly
demands professional skills and experience.
39.
40. Water tanker management
The effective operation of water supply by
tankers requires good planning and
management of staff, logistics and stocks.
There are many pitfalls. Table 24.2 is an
example of a water tanker schedule, illustrating
the basic assumptions that need to be verified
and the way that the required supply capacity
is calculated.
41. Water should be chlorinated at the filling point
if possible. A fixed amount of chlorine (usually
sodium-hypochlorite) should be added to each
tanker, according to the volume of water in the
tanker. The journey will allow the chlorine to
mix well with the water. The contact time
should be at least 30 minutes.
The chlorine dosing may vary depending on
the turbidity and organic content, and therefore
the dosing needs to be determined regularly.
Monitoring of residual chlorine levels is
recommended.
42.
43. Basic assumptions:
Population: 10,000persons
Minimum water requirement: 15lcd
Distance filling station to distribution point: 15km
Speed of water tanker: 20km/h
Time required to fill the tanker at filling point: 20minutes
Working hours per day: 12hours
Water tanker capacity: 10,000 litres
Example of a water tanker supply schedule
Calculation of amount of water to be
tankered:
Daily water requirement: 150,000litres
Allow 20% extra for wastage and for new
arrivals: 30,000litres
Water to be tankered: 180,000l/day
44. Calculation of gross turnaround time:
Time to fill the tanker: 20minutes
Journey from filling station to distribution point: 45minutes
(assuming that all delivery points are at
approximately
the same distances, which is not always the case)
Time for emptying water tanker at distribution
point: 8minutes
Return journey to filling station: 45minutes
Net turn around time: 118minutes
Add 30% for contingencies: 35minutes
Gross turnaround time: 153
minutes, say
2.6hrs
45. Calculation of the number of water
tankers required:
Number of deliveries per tanker per day =
working hours in a day/gross turnaround time =
12/2.6 = 4.6
Amount of water delivered per water tanker per
day = 4.6 x 10,000 = 46,000 litres Numbers of
water tankers required: 180,000/46,000 ≈ 4