Vocabulary unit 1 sadlier oxford
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Adjectival clause
This document discusses adjectival clauses. It begins by defining an adjectival clause as a dependent clause that is used as an adjective within a sentence. It notes that adjectival clauses describe nouns and answer questions like "which one" or "what kind". The document then discusses the different types of relative pronouns that can introduce adjectival clauses and provides examples. It distinguishes between restrictive/essential adjectival clauses, which provide necessary information, and nonrestrictive/nonessential clauses, which provide extra information. The document concludes with exercises asking the reader to identify adjectival clauses in sentences and complete sentences with appropriate adjectival clauses.
Reporting verbs
The document discusses reporting verbs and their usage. It explains that reporting verbs can be followed by a to-infinitive, that-clause, or gerund. The teacher offered to explain reporting verbs, explained that they were easy, and the students thanked him for explaining it. Reporting verbs are used to report what someone has said or communicated.
Direct & indirect objects
This document defines and provides examples of direct objects and indirect objects in sentences. A direct object receives the action of a transitive verb and answers who or what is being acted upon. An indirect object precedes the direct object and identifies to whom or for whom the direct object is being given or done. Examples are provided to identify the subject, verb, direct object, and indirect object in sentences.
Onomatopoeia
An onomatopoeia is a word that imitates or suggests the source of the sound that it makes. The document provides examples of onomatopoeic words like splash, boom, honk, moo, neigh, clap, waah, quack, shhh, ruuff, and meow that mimic the sounds made by things like water, thunder, cars, cows, horses, babies, ducks, kids, dogs, and cats. It includes a poem and exercises to help identify onomatopoeic words.
Active And Passive Voice
The document discusses the active and passive voice in verbs. The active voice is the normal form where the subject performs the action on the object. In the passive voice, the object receives the action from the subject. Some examples of sentences in the active and passive voice are provided. The passive voice is used when we want to emphasize the object or when the subject is unknown.
Noun and adjective
This document defines and provides examples of different types of nouns, including proper nouns, common nouns, concrete nouns, abstract nouns, countable nouns, non-countable nouns, and collective nouns. It also defines adjectives, including possessive adjectives, demonstrative adjectives, and indefinite adjectives, and provides examples of each. The overall purpose is to explain the definitions and identify examples of different parts of speech related to nouns and adjectives.
Sentence - Basic Sentence Structure
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This document discusses comparative and superlative adverbs. It defines an adverb as a word that modifies verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, and sentences. Comparative adverbs compare two actions, people, places or things and are formed by adding "-er" to one-syllable words or "less" or "more" to multi-syllable words. Superlative adverbs compare more than two things and identify the best, with "-est" added to one-syllable words or "most" or "least" added to multi-syllable words. Examples of commonly used comparative and superlative adverbs are provided along with explanatory sentences.
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Adjectival clause
This document discusses adjectival clauses. It begins by defining an adjectival clause as a dependent clause that is used as an adjective within a sentence. It notes that adjectival clauses describe nouns and answer questions like "which one" or "what kind". The document then discusses the different types of relative pronouns that can introduce adjectival clauses and provides examples. It distinguishes between restrictive/essential adjectival clauses, which provide necessary information, and nonrestrictive/nonessential clauses, which provide extra information. The document concludes with exercises asking the reader to identify adjectival clauses in sentences and complete sentences with appropriate adjectival clauses.
Reporting verbs
The document discusses reporting verbs and their usage. It explains that reporting verbs can be followed by a to-infinitive, that-clause, or gerund. The teacher offered to explain reporting verbs, explained that they were easy, and the students thanked him for explaining it. Reporting verbs are used to report what someone has said or communicated.
Direct & indirect objects
This document defines and provides examples of direct objects and indirect objects in sentences. A direct object receives the action of a transitive verb and answers who or what is being acted upon. An indirect object precedes the direct object and identifies to whom or for whom the direct object is being given or done. Examples are provided to identify the subject, verb, direct object, and indirect object in sentences.
Onomatopoeia
An onomatopoeia is a word that imitates or suggests the source of the sound that it makes. The document provides examples of onomatopoeic words like splash, boom, honk, moo, neigh, clap, waah, quack, shhh, ruuff, and meow that mimic the sounds made by things like water, thunder, cars, cows, horses, babies, ducks, kids, dogs, and cats. It includes a poem and exercises to help identify onomatopoeic words.
Active And Passive Voice
The document discusses the active and passive voice in verbs. The active voice is the normal form where the subject performs the action on the object. In the passive voice, the object receives the action from the subject. Some examples of sentences in the active and passive voice are provided. The passive voice is used when we want to emphasize the object or when the subject is unknown.
Noun and adjective
This document defines and provides examples of different types of nouns, including proper nouns, common nouns, concrete nouns, abstract nouns, countable nouns, non-countable nouns, and collective nouns. It also defines adjectives, including possessive adjectives, demonstrative adjectives, and indefinite adjectives, and provides examples of each. The overall purpose is to explain the definitions and identify examples of different parts of speech related to nouns and adjectives.
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Comparative & Superlative Adverbs
This document discusses comparative and superlative adverbs. It defines an adverb as a word that modifies verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, and sentences. Comparative adverbs compare two actions, people, places or things and are formed by adding "-er" to one-syllable words or "less" or "more" to multi-syllable words. Superlative adverbs compare more than two things and identify the best, with "-est" added to one-syllable words or "most" or "least" added to multi-syllable words. Examples of commonly used comparative and superlative adverbs are provided along with explanatory sentences.
The infinitive
The document discusses the infinitive in English grammar. It defines the infinitive as the base form of a verb and notes there are to-infinitives and bare infinitives. It then examines the different functions of the infinitive in a sentence, such as subject, object, and adverbial uses. Finally, it explores the various forms of the infinitive including active/passive voices and perfect/continuous aspects.
Prepositions in relative clauses
The document discusses the use of prepositions in relative clauses. It notes that while it is grammatically correct to place prepositions before relative pronouns like "which" and "whom", it is more common to place the preposition at the end of the clause. Some exceptions are noted, such as when the relative clause contains a phrasal verb ending in a preposition. The proper use of prepositions like "to" and "for" with relative pronouns functioning as indirect objects is also covered.
Adverb clauses
Adverb clauses are groups of words that contain a subject and verb that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. There are several types of adverb clauses including clauses of concession, time, reason, contrast, result, purpose, place, and manner. Each type is introduced by different subordinating conjunctions like although, when, because, whereas, so that, where, and as. Adverb clauses provide details like when, how, why to the independent clause in the sentence.
Conditionals
The document discusses the different types of conditionals in English:
The zero conditional describes things that are always true and uses the present simple tense in both clauses. The first conditional expresses possible or probable future events and uses will/can + infinitive in the main clause. The second conditional talks about unlikely or imaginary situations in the present or future and uses would/could + infinitive. The third conditional refers to impossible past events and uses would/could have + past participle.
Infinitives
The document provides an in-depth overview of infinitives in English grammar. It defines infinitives as verbals that act as other parts of speech. Infinitives can function as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. As nouns, they can be subjects, direct objects, or predicate nominatives. As adjectives, they modify nouns and pronouns. As adverbs, they modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. The document also discusses verbs that are followed by infinitives and adjectives followed by infinitives. It provides examples and explanations of different infinitive uses and forms.
Abstract Noun Powerpoint Game
The document discusses two types of nouns: concrete nouns and abstract nouns. Concrete nouns refer to people, places, or things that can be detected by the senses, while abstract nouns refer to more abstract concepts that cannot be detected by physical senses, such as emotions or ideas. The document then provides examples of concrete and abstract nouns and instructs the reader to stand up or sit down depending on whether the noun shown is concrete or abstract.
Comparing adverbs
This document discusses adverbs and their degrees of comparison. It defines an adverb as a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb. It explains that adverbs have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, and superlative. The positive degree makes no comparison, comparative compares two things, and superlative compares more than two things. Most one-syllable adverbs form the comparative and superlative by adding -er and -est, while most multiple-syllable adverbs use more/less or most/least. Some adverbs have irregular forms.
Figurative Language - Litotes
Litotes is a figure of speech that understates a point by negating its opposite. It makes an affirmative point by saying something is "not" something else, such as saying "he's no fool" to mean he is smart, or "that was no pleasant journey" to emphasize it was a horrible trip. Common examples of litotes include phrases like "it was not unlike my dream" to mean it was just like the dream, or "not a bad day's work" to emphasize it was a good day's work.
Transition words - English
The document discusses various types of transition words that are used to connect ideas and show relationships within sentences and paragraphs. It provides examples of exception words like "aside from" and "excluding" that introduce ideas countering an earlier point. It also gives exemplifying words such as "chiefly", "especially", and "for instance" that are used to provide specific examples. Finally, it discusses generalizing words like "ordinarily", "usually", and "as a rule" that express opinions about larger groups based on a subset.
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Relative pronouns
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Make-let-and-be-allowed-to.pptx
This document discusses using "make", "let", "allow", and "be allowed" to talk about force, permission, and prohibition in English. It provides examples of how to use "make/let + object + infinitive" to express obligation, "let/allow + object + to/infinitive" to give permission, and "be allowed + infinitive" or "not let + object + infinitive" to indicate what is or isn't allowed. Key uses include "My boss makes me work hard" to show obligation, "Our teacher allows us to ask questions" for permission, and "Children aren’t allowed to eat too many sweets" as a statement of prohibition.
Personification
The document defines personification as giving human qualities to objects and animals. It explains that personification helps readers better visualize what an author is describing. The document provides examples of sentences using personification, such as describing a tree weeping under stormy weather or blades of grass struggling in sand. It concludes by asking readers to use personification to describe inanimate objects, like a dentist's chair or angry clouds.
Articles
Definite and indefinite articles (a, an, the) are used at the beginning of noun phrases to indicate whether the information is new or known. The indefinite articles 'a' and 'an' introduce new information, while the definite article 'the' is used when the information is already known or implied. The choice of article depends on whether the following noun is singular or plural, countable or uncountable. The definite article is also used with specific types of nouns like transportation, entertainment, instruments, geographical features, and institutions.
Comparative/superlative of adverbs
This document discusses the comparative and superlative forms of adverbs. It explains that the comparative form compares two things and uses "-er" and the superlative compares three or more things and uses "-est". For regular adverbs ending in "-ly", the comparative uses "more" and the superlative uses "most". It provides examples of adverbs and their comparative and superlative forms. It also notes that some adverbs are irregular and lists those with their forms.
Active and passive voice - perfect tenses
The document discusses various tenses in English grammar including present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses. It provides examples of sentences in active and passive voice for each tense. For example, in the present perfect tense the active voice sentence is "I have written a story" and the passive voice version is "A story by me has been written."
Subject complements
The document discusses subject complements, which are nouns, pronouns, or adjectives that complete the meaning of a linking verb. There are two types of subject complements: predicate adjectives, which are adjectives that describe the subject of a linking verb, and predicate nominatives, which are nouns or pronouns that identify or explain the subject. Examples are provided to illustrate each type of subject complement.
active voice and passive
The document discusses active and passive voice in sentences. Active voice indicates that the subject of the verb performs the action, while passive voice indicates the subject receives the action. There are generally three rules for converting between active and passive voice: 1) make the object of the active sentence the subject of the passive sentence, 2) use an appropriate auxiliary verb, and 3) make the main verb of the active sentence the past participle in the passive sentence. While active voice is usually preferred for being more direct, passive voice can be used when the performer of the action is unknown or less important than the recipient of the action.
Participle Adjectives
Past Participle and Present Progressive Participle adjectives.
There is a speaking activity, as well as a fill in the blanks activity.
There is also a list of examples for both forms of adjectives.
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The document discusses the infinitive in English grammar. It defines the infinitive as the base form of a verb and notes there are to-infinitives and bare infinitives. It then examines the different functions of the infinitive in a sentence, such as subject, object, and adverbial uses. Finally, it explores the various forms of the infinitive including active/passive voices and perfect/continuous aspects.
Prepositions in relative clauses
The document discusses the use of prepositions in relative clauses. It notes that while it is grammatically correct to place prepositions before relative pronouns like "which" and "whom", it is more common to place the preposition at the end of the clause. Some exceptions are noted, such as when the relative clause contains a phrasal verb ending in a preposition. The proper use of prepositions like "to" and "for" with relative pronouns functioning as indirect objects is also covered.
Adverb clauses
Adverb clauses are groups of words that contain a subject and verb that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. There are several types of adverb clauses including clauses of concession, time, reason, contrast, result, purpose, place, and manner. Each type is introduced by different subordinating conjunctions like although, when, because, whereas, so that, where, and as. Adverb clauses provide details like when, how, why to the independent clause in the sentence.
Conditionals
The document discusses the different types of conditionals in English:
The zero conditional describes things that are always true and uses the present simple tense in both clauses. The first conditional expresses possible or probable future events and uses will/can + infinitive in the main clause. The second conditional talks about unlikely or imaginary situations in the present or future and uses would/could + infinitive. The third conditional refers to impossible past events and uses would/could have + past participle.
Infinitives
The document provides an in-depth overview of infinitives in English grammar. It defines infinitives as verbals that act as other parts of speech. Infinitives can function as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. As nouns, they can be subjects, direct objects, or predicate nominatives. As adjectives, they modify nouns and pronouns. As adverbs, they modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. The document also discusses verbs that are followed by infinitives and adjectives followed by infinitives. It provides examples and explanations of different infinitive uses and forms.
Abstract Noun Powerpoint Game
The document discusses two types of nouns: concrete nouns and abstract nouns. Concrete nouns refer to people, places, or things that can be detected by the senses, while abstract nouns refer to more abstract concepts that cannot be detected by physical senses, such as emotions or ideas. The document then provides examples of concrete and abstract nouns and instructs the reader to stand up or sit down depending on whether the noun shown is concrete or abstract.
Comparing adverbs
This document discusses adverbs and their degrees of comparison. It defines an adverb as a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb. It explains that adverbs have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, and superlative. The positive degree makes no comparison, comparative compares two things, and superlative compares more than two things. Most one-syllable adverbs form the comparative and superlative by adding -er and -est, while most multiple-syllable adverbs use more/less or most/least. Some adverbs have irregular forms.
Figurative Language - Litotes
Litotes is a figure of speech that understates a point by negating its opposite. It makes an affirmative point by saying something is "not" something else, such as saying "he's no fool" to mean he is smart, or "that was no pleasant journey" to emphasize it was a horrible trip. Common examples of litotes include phrases like "it was not unlike my dream" to mean it was just like the dream, or "not a bad day's work" to emphasize it was a good day's work.
Transition words - English
The document discusses various types of transition words that are used to connect ideas and show relationships within sentences and paragraphs. It provides examples of exception words like "aside from" and "excluding" that introduce ideas countering an earlier point. It also gives exemplifying words such as "chiefly", "especially", and "for instance" that are used to provide specific examples. Finally, it discusses generalizing words like "ordinarily", "usually", and "as a rule" that express opinions about larger groups based on a subset.
Future perfect tense
These slides will help you to understand the future perfect tense more easily and effectively . Learn better with us Future perfect tense.
What are prepositions? | Kinds of Prepostions
The presentation gives you a basic idea of what prepositions are and what are their types in a very simple way.
Relative pronouns
The document discusses relative clauses and how they are used to provide additional information about a person, place, or thing without starting a new sentence. It explains that relative clauses combine two sentences using a relative pronoun such as who, which, that, or whose. Examples are provided to illustrate how to form relative clauses using these relative pronouns, including replacing the repeated word with the pronoun in the second part of the sentence. Common relative pronouns are defined along with their uses. An exercise is included for the reader to practice completing sentences with the appropriate relative pronoun.
Make-let-and-be-allowed-to.pptx
This document discusses using "make", "let", "allow", and "be allowed" to talk about force, permission, and prohibition in English. It provides examples of how to use "make/let + object + infinitive" to express obligation, "let/allow + object + to/infinitive" to give permission, and "be allowed + infinitive" or "not let + object + infinitive" to indicate what is or isn't allowed. Key uses include "My boss makes me work hard" to show obligation, "Our teacher allows us to ask questions" for permission, and "Children aren’t allowed to eat too many sweets" as a statement of prohibition.
Personification
The document defines personification as giving human qualities to objects and animals. It explains that personification helps readers better visualize what an author is describing. The document provides examples of sentences using personification, such as describing a tree weeping under stormy weather or blades of grass struggling in sand. It concludes by asking readers to use personification to describe inanimate objects, like a dentist's chair or angry clouds.
Articles
Definite and indefinite articles (a, an, the) are used at the beginning of noun phrases to indicate whether the information is new or known. The indefinite articles 'a' and 'an' introduce new information, while the definite article 'the' is used when the information is already known or implied. The choice of article depends on whether the following noun is singular or plural, countable or uncountable. The definite article is also used with specific types of nouns like transportation, entertainment, instruments, geographical features, and institutions.
Comparative/superlative of adverbs
This document discusses the comparative and superlative forms of adverbs. It explains that the comparative form compares two things and uses "-er" and the superlative compares three or more things and uses "-est". For regular adverbs ending in "-ly", the comparative uses "more" and the superlative uses "most". It provides examples of adverbs and their comparative and superlative forms. It also notes that some adverbs are irregular and lists those with their forms.
Active and passive voice - perfect tenses
The document discusses various tenses in English grammar including present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses. It provides examples of sentences in active and passive voice for each tense. For example, in the present perfect tense the active voice sentence is "I have written a story" and the passive voice version is "A story by me has been written."
Subject complements
The document discusses subject complements, which are nouns, pronouns, or adjectives that complete the meaning of a linking verb. There are two types of subject complements: predicate adjectives, which are adjectives that describe the subject of a linking verb, and predicate nominatives, which are nouns or pronouns that identify or explain the subject. Examples are provided to illustrate each type of subject complement.
active voice and passive
The document discusses active and passive voice in sentences. Active voice indicates that the subject of the verb performs the action, while passive voice indicates the subject receives the action. There are generally three rules for converting between active and passive voice: 1) make the object of the active sentence the subject of the passive sentence, 2) use an appropriate auxiliary verb, and 3) make the main verb of the active sentence the past participle in the passive sentence. While active voice is usually preferred for being more direct, passive voice can be used when the performer of the action is unknown or less important than the recipient of the action.
Participle Adjectives
Past Participle and Present Progressive Participle adjectives.
There is a speaking activity, as well as a fill in the blanks activity.
There is also a list of examples for both forms of adjectives.
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