Banco Pichincha Colombia logra exitosa venta de bonos de renta fijajblopez33
Banco Pichincha Colombia, filial de Banco Pichincha C.A. de Ecuador que preside Fidel Egas, realizó con gran éxito su primera emisión de bonos ordinarios por un valor de 200 mil millones de pesos colombianos que equivalen a noventa y ocho millones setecientos mil dólares.
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Banco Pichincha Colombia logra exitosa venta de bonos de renta fijajblopez33
Banco Pichincha Colombia, filial de Banco Pichincha C.A. de Ecuador que preside Fidel Egas, realizó con gran éxito su primera emisión de bonos ordinarios por un valor de 200 mil millones de pesos colombianos que equivalen a noventa y ocho millones setecientos mil dólares.
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Theories of humor - public speaking skills - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwinjoy
What exactly is it about a situation that makes it laughable? We all know that some things do make us laugh; but it is very hard to say just what it is that these laughable things have in common.
Theories of humor - public speaking skills - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwinjoy
What exactly is it about a situation that makes it laughable? We all know that some things do make us laugh; but it is very hard to say just what it is that these laughable things have in common.
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In the vast landscape of cinema, stories have been told, retold, and reimagined in countless ways. At the heart of this narrative evolution lies the concept of a "remake". A successful remake allows us to revisit cherished tales through a fresh lens, often reflecting a different era's perspective or harnessing the power of advanced technology. Yet, the question remains, what makes a remake successful? Today, we will delve deeper into this subject, identifying the key ingredients that contribute to the success of a remake.
Scandal! Teasers June 2024 on etv Forum.co.zaIsaac More
Monday, 3 June 2024
Episode 47
A friend is compelled to expose a manipulative scheme to prevent another from making a grave mistake. In a frantic bid to save Jojo, Phakamile agrees to a meeting that unbeknownst to her, will seal her fate.
Tuesday, 4 June 2024
Episode 48
A mother, with her son's best interests at heart, finds him unready to heed her advice. Motshabi finds herself in an unmanageable situation, sinking fast like in quicksand.
Wednesday, 5 June 2024
Episode 49
A woman fabricates a diabolical lie to cover up an indiscretion. Overwhelmed by guilt, she makes a spontaneous confession that could be devastating to another heart.
Thursday, 6 June 2024
Episode 50
Linda unwittingly discloses damning information. Nhlamulo and Vuvu try to guide their friend towards the right decision.
Friday, 7 June 2024
Episode 51
Jojo's life continues to spiral out of control. Dintle weaves a web of lies to conceal that she is not as successful as everyone believes.
Monday, 10 June 2024
Episode 52
A heated confrontation between lovers leads to a devastating admission of guilt. Dintle's desperation takes a new turn, leaving her with dwindling options.
Tuesday, 11 June 2024
Episode 53
Unable to resort to violence, Taps issues a verbal threat, leaving Mdala unsettled. A sister must explain her life choices to regain her brother's trust.
Wednesday, 12 June 2024
Episode 54
Winnie makes a very troubling discovery. Taps follows through on his threat, leaving a woman reeling. Layla, oblivious to the truth, offers an incentive.
Thursday, 13 June 2024
Episode 55
A nosy relative arrives just in time to thwart a man's fatal decision. Dintle manipulates Khanyi to tug at Mo's heartstrings and get what she wants.
Friday, 14 June 2024
Episode 56
Tlhogi is shocked by Mdala's reaction following the revelation of their indiscretion. Jojo is in disbelief when the punishment for his crime is revealed.
Monday, 17 June 2024
Episode 57
A woman reprimands another to stay in her lane, leading to a damning revelation. A man decides to leave his broken life behind.
Tuesday, 18 June 2024
Episode 58
Nhlamulo learns that due to his actions, his worst fears have come true. Caiphus' extravagant promises to suppliers get him into trouble with Ndu.
Wednesday, 19 June 2024
Episode 59
A woman manages to kill two birds with one stone. Business doom looms over Chillax. A sobering incident makes a woman realize how far she's fallen.
Thursday, 20 June 2024
Episode 60
Taps' offer to help Nhlamulo comes with hidden motives. Caiphus' new ideas for Chillax have MaHilda excited. A blast from the past recognizes Dintle, not for her newfound fame.
Friday, 21 June 2024
Episode 61
Taps is hungry for revenge and finds a rope to hang Mdala with. Chillax's new job opportunity elicits mixed reactions from the public. Roommates' initial meeting starts off on the wrong foot.
Monday, 24 June 2024
Episode 62
Taps seizes new information and recruits someone on the inside. Mary's new job
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As a film director, I have always been awestruck by the magic of animation. Animation, a medium once considered solely for the amusement of children, has undergone a significant transformation over the years. Its evolution from a rudimentary form of entertainment to a sophisticated form of storytelling has stirred my creativity and expanded my vision, offering limitless possibilities in the realm of cinematic storytelling.
From the Editor's Desk: 115th Father's day Celebration - When we see Father's day in Hindu context, Nanda Baba is the most vivid figure which comes to the mind. Nanda Baba who was the foster father of Lord Krishna is known to provide love, care and affection to Lord Krishna and Balarama along with his wife Yashoda; Letter’s to the Editor: Mother's Day - Mother is a precious life for their children. Mother is life breath for her children. Mother's lap is the world happiness whose debt can never be paid.
Young Tom Selleck: A Journey Through His Early Years and Rise to Stardomgreendigital
Introduction
When one thinks of Hollywood legends, Tom Selleck is a name that comes to mind. Known for his charming smile, rugged good looks. and the iconic mustache that has become synonymous with his persona. Tom Selleck has had a prolific career spanning decades. But, the journey of young Tom Selleck, from his early years to becoming a household name. is a story filled with determination, talent, and a touch of luck. This article delves into young Tom Selleck's life, background, early struggles. and pivotal moments that led to his rise in Hollywood.
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Early Life and Background
Family Roots and Childhood
Thomas William Selleck was born in Detroit, Michigan, on January 29, 1945. He was the second of four children in a close-knit family. His father, Robert Dean Selleck, was a real estate investor and executive. while his mother, Martha Selleck, was a homemaker. The Selleck family relocated to Sherman Oaks, California. when Tom was a child, setting the stage for his future in the entertainment industry.
Education and Early Interests
Growing up, young Tom Selleck was an active and athletic child. He attended Grant High School in Van Nuys, California. where he excelled in sports, particularly basketball. His tall and athletic build made him a standout player, and he earned a basketball scholarship to the University of Southern California (U.S.C.). While at U.S.C., Selleck studied business administration. but his interests shifted toward acting.
Discovery of Acting Passion
Tom Selleck's journey into acting was serendipitous. During his time at U.S.C., a drama coach encouraged him to try acting. This nudge led him to join the Hills Playhouse, where he began honing his craft. Transitioning from an aspiring athlete to an actor took time. but young Tom Selleck became drawn to the performance world.
Early Career Struggles
Breaking Into the Industry
The path to stardom was a challenging one for young Tom Selleck. Like many aspiring actors, he faced many rejections and struggled to find steady work. A series of minor roles and guest appearances on television shows marked his early career. In 1965, he debuted on the syndicated show "The Dating Game." which gave him some exposure but did not lead to immediate success.
The Commercial Breakthrough
During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Selleck began appearing in television commercials. His rugged good looks and charismatic presence made him a popular brand choice. He starred in advertisements for Pepsi-Cola, Revlon, and Close-Up toothpaste. These commercials provided financial stability and helped him gain visibility in the industry.
Struggling Actor in Hollywood
Despite his success in commercials. breaking into large acting roles remained a challenge for young Tom Selleck. He auditioned and took on small parts in T.V. shows and movies. Some of his early television appearances included roles in popular series like Lancer, The F.B.I., and Bracken's World. But, it would take a
Meet Dinah Mattingly – Larry Bird’s Partner in Life and Loveget joys
Get an intimate look at Dinah Mattingly’s life alongside NBA icon Larry Bird. From their humble beginnings to their life today, discover the love and partnership that have defined their relationship.
Skeem Saam in June 2024 available on ForumIsaac More
Monday, June 3, 2024 - Episode 241: Sergeant Rathebe nabs a top scammer in Turfloop. Meikie is furious at her uncle's reaction to the truth about Ntswaki.
Tuesday, June 4, 2024 - Episode 242: Babeile uncovers the truth behind Rathebe’s latest actions. Leeto's announcement shocks his employees, and Ntswaki’s ordeal haunts her family.
Wednesday, June 5, 2024 - Episode 243: Rathebe blocks Babeile from investigating further. Melita warns Eunice to stay clear of Mr. Kgomo.
Thursday, June 6, 2024 - Episode 244: Tbose surrenders to the police while an intruder meddles in his affairs. Rathebe's secret mission faces a setback.
Friday, June 7, 2024 - Episode 245: Rathebe’s antics reach Kganyago. Tbose dodges a bullet, but a nightmare looms. Mr. Kgomo accuses Melita of witchcraft.
Monday, June 10, 2024 - Episode 246: Ntswaki struggles on her first day back at school. Babeile is stunned by Rathebe’s romance with Bullet Mabuza.
Tuesday, June 11, 2024 - Episode 247: An unexpected turn halts Rathebe’s investigation. The press discovers Mr. Kgomo’s affair with a young employee.
Wednesday, June 12, 2024 - Episode 248: Rathebe chases a criminal, resorting to gunfire. Turf High is rife with tension and transfer threats.
Thursday, June 13, 2024 - Episode 249: Rathebe traps Kganyago. John warns Toby to stop harassing Ntswaki.
Friday, June 14, 2024 - Episode 250: Babeile is cleared to investigate Rathebe. Melita gains Mr. Kgomo’s trust, and Jacobeth devises a financial solution.
Monday, June 17, 2024 - Episode 251: Rathebe feels the pressure as Babeile closes in. Mr. Kgomo and Eunice clash. Jacobeth risks her safety in pursuit of Kganyago.
Tuesday, June 18, 2024 - Episode 252: Bullet Mabuza retaliates against Jacobeth. Pitsi inadvertently reveals his parents’ plans. Nkosi is shocked by Khwezi’s decision on LJ’s future.
Wednesday, June 19, 2024 - Episode 253: Jacobeth is ensnared in deceit. Evelyn is stressed over Toby’s case, and Letetswe reveals shocking academic results.
Thursday, June 20, 2024 - Episode 254: Elizabeth learns Jacobeth is in Mpumalanga. Kganyago's past is exposed, and Lehasa discovers his son is in KZN.
Friday, June 21, 2024 - Episode 255: Elizabeth confirms Jacobeth’s dubious activities in Mpumalanga. Rathebe lies about her relationship with Bullet, and Jacobeth faces theft accusations.
Monday, June 24, 2024 - Episode 256: Rathebe spies on Kganyago. Lehasa plans to retrieve his son from KZN, fearing what awaits.
Tuesday, June 25, 2024 - Episode 257: MaNtuli fears for Kwaito’s safety in Mpumalanga. Mr. Kgomo and Melita reconcile.
Wednesday, June 26, 2024 - Episode 258: Kganyago makes a bold escape. Elizabeth receives a shocking message from Kwaito. Mrs. Khoza defends her husband against scam accusations.
Thursday, June 27, 2024 - Episode 259: Babeile's skillful arrest changes the game. Tbose and Kwaito face a hostage crisis.
Friday, June 28, 2024 - Episode 260: Two women face the reality of being scammed. Turf is rocked by breaking
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philos...Rodney Thomas Jr
#SSAPhilosophy #DjangoUnchained #DjangoFreeman #ExistentialPhilosophy #Freedom #Identity #Justice #Courage #Rebellion #Transformation
Welcome to SSA Philosophy, your ultimate destination for diving deep into the profound philosophies of iconic characters from video games, movies, and TV shows. In this episode, we explore the powerful journey and existential philosophy of Django Freeman from Quentin Tarantino’s masterful film, "Django Unchained," in our video titled, "From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philosophy of Django Freeman!"
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained – The Philosophy of Django Freeman!
Join me as we delve into the existential philosophy of Django Freeman, uncovering the profound lessons and timeless wisdom his character offers. Through his story, we find inspiration in the power of choice, the quest for justice, and the courage to defy oppression. Django Freeman’s philosophy is a testament to the human spirit’s unyielding drive for freedom and justice.
Don’t forget to like, comment, and subscribe to SSA Philosophy for more in-depth explorations of the philosophies behind your favorite characters. Hit the notification bell to stay updated on our latest videos. Let’s discover the principles that shape these icons and the profound lessons they offer.
Django Freeman’s story is one of the most compelling narratives of transformation and empowerment in cinema. A former slave turned relentless bounty hunter, Django’s journey is not just a physical liberation but an existential quest for identity, justice, and retribution. This video delves into the core philosophical elements that define Django’s character and the profound choices he makes throughout his journey.
Link to video: https://youtu.be/GszqrXk38qk
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Tom Selleck Net Worth: A Comprehensive Analysisgreendigital
Over several decades, Tom Selleck, a name synonymous with charisma. From his iconic role as Thomas Magnum in the television series "Magnum, P.I." to his enduring presence in "Blue Bloods," Selleck has captivated audiences with his versatility and charm. As a result, "Tom Selleck net worth" has become a topic of great interest among fans. and financial enthusiasts alike. This article delves deep into Tom Selleck's wealth, exploring his career, assets, endorsements. and business ventures that contribute to his impressive economic standing.
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Early Life and Career Beginnings
The Foundation of Tom Selleck's Wealth
Born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, Tom Selleck grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. His journey towards building a large net worth began with humble origins. , Selleck pursued a business administration degree at the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. But, his interest shifted towards acting. leading him to study at the Hills Playhouse under Milton Katselas.
Minor roles in television and films marked Selleck's early career. He appeared in commercials and took on small parts in T.V. series such as "The Dating Game" and "Lancer." These initial steps, although modest. laid the groundwork for his future success and the growth of Tom Selleck net worth. Breakthrough with "Magnum, P.I."
The Role that Defined Tom Selleck's Career
Tom Selleck's breakthrough came with the role of Thomas Magnum in the CBS television series "Magnum, P.I." (1980-1988). This role made him a household name and boosted his net worth. The series' popularity resulted in Selleck earning large salaries. leading to financial stability and increased recognition in Hollywood.
"Magnum P.I." garnered high ratings and critical acclaim during its run. Selleck's portrayal of the charming and resourceful private investigator resonated with audiences. making him one of the most beloved television actors of the 1980s. The success of "Magnum P.I." played a pivotal role in shaping Tom Selleck net worth, establishing him as a major star.
Film Career and Diversification
Expanding Tom Selleck's Financial Portfolio
While "Magnum, P.I." was a cornerstone of Selleck's career, he did not limit himself to television. He ventured into films, further enhancing Tom Selleck net worth. His filmography includes notable movies such as "Three Men and a Baby" (1987). which became the highest-grossing film of the year, and its sequel, "Three Men and a Little Lady" (1990). These box office successes contributed to his wealth.
Selleck's versatility allowed him to transition between genres. from comedies like "Mr. Baseball" (1992) to westerns such as "Quigley Down Under" (1990). This diversification showcased his acting range. and provided many income streams, reinforcing Tom Selleck net worth.
Television Resurgence with "Blue Bloods"
Sustaining Wealth through Consistent Success
In 2010, Tom Selleck began starring as Frank Reagan i
Panchayat Season 3 - Official Trailer.pdfSuleman Rana
The dearest series "Panchayat" is set to make a victorious return with its third season, and the fervor is discernible. The authority trailer, delivered on May 28, guarantees one more enamoring venture through the country heartland of India.
Jitendra Kumar keeps on sparkling as Abhishek Tripathi, the city-reared engineer who ends up functioning as the secretary of the Panchayat office in the curious town of Phulera. His nuanced depiction of a young fellow exploring the difficulties of country life while endeavoring to adjust to his new environmental factors has earned far and wide recognition.
Neena Gupta and Raghubir Yadav return as Manju Devi and Brij Bhushan Dubey, separately. Their dynamic science and immaculate acting rejuvenate the hardships of town administration. Gupta's depiction of the town Pradhan with an ever-evolving outlook, matched with Yadav's carefully prepared exhibition, adds profundity and credibility to the story.
New Difficulties and Experiences
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A Mix of Humor and Heart
One of the signs of "Panchayat" is its capacity to mix humor with sincere narrating. The trailer features minutes that guarantee to convey giggles, as well as scenes that pull at the heartstrings. This equilibrium has been a critical calculate the show's prosperity, resounding with crowds across different socioeconomics.
Creation Greatness
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Expectation and Delivery
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Vandaele humor in translation proofs
1. Humor in translation
Jeroen Vandaele
University of Oslo
1. Humor
At first glance, humor is easy to define. Humor is what causes amusement, mirth, a
s
pontaneous smile and laughter. And humor, it seems, is a distinctly human pheno enon m
“pour ce que rire est le propre de l’homme” [because to laugh is proper to man], in rançois
F
Rabelais’ phrase. Yet modern research does not confirm this prima facie simplicity. While
humor is intimately related to laughter, it is not true that humor and laughter are equally
proper to man. One short way to elucidate the concept of humor is precisely by analyzing
its relation to laughter.
Note, first, that laughter – unlike humor – does not require a developed human mind
that thinks in symbols. “Developmentally, laughter is one of the first social vocalizations
(after crying) emitted by human infants” (Martin 2007: 2). And there is evidence, pace
Rabelais, that some primates also know forms of laughing (Martin 2007; Deacon 1997).
They emit laughter-like signals which invite for social play. Deacon (1997) adds that laugh-
ter is originally a primitive, contagious animal call associated with social play. If one ani-
mal of a group produces such a call, others will repeat it automatically (by contagion),
inducing a collective response and mood. Thus, laughter must have played “an important
role in the maintenance of group cohesion and identity during a major phase of hominid
evolution,” “promoting shared emotional experience” (Deacon 1997: 419). It is obvious that
humor is also a form of social play. In full-blown humans, Deacon hypothesizes, laughter
has somehow been “captured” by the symbolic mind (and the human brain’s prefrontal
cortex) to produce the phenomenon of humor:
A call [i.e., laughter] that may primarily have been [evolutionarily] selected for its
role as a symptom of “recoding” potentially aggressive actions as friendly social play
seems to have been “captured” by the similar recoding process implicit in [symbol-
dependent] humor […]. In both conditions, insight, surprise, and removal of
uncertainty are critical components. (1997: 421)
In animals (and hominids), laughter relates to surprise, uncertainty and play in a world not
(or barely) articulated by symbols. In humans, laughter relates to symbolically created and
mediated surprises, uncertainties and insights – to humor.
These findings and hypotheses show that humor ties in with many aspects of the
human being. One the one hand, humor has links with primitive parts of the brain
2. 148 Jeroen Vandaele
(Deacon 1997: 419): parts associated with socialization, (shared) emotions and (reduction
of) danger or hostility. On the other hand, humor is not just laughter. It is laughter that
has been captured as a useful response to uncertainty, surprises, and insights constructed
by our symbolic mind (and the enabling prefrontal cortex). Humor is therefore without
doubt a distinctly human thing: our symbolic mind can turn uncertainty, surprise and dan-
ger into what we call humor. Although higher animals know social play, it is obvious that
humans are best at it (Goffman 1974), and humor is a case in point. The many-sidedness
of humor is reflected in the huge variety of existing humor theories (for an oversight, see
Raskin 1985: 1–44; Vandaele 2002a; Martin 2007).
Social theories of humor are often inspired by the philosophies of Thomas Hobbes
and Henri Bergson. These theories usually define humor in terms of “superiority,” “hostil-
ity,” “aggression,” “disparagement,” “derision,” etc., and are therefore often called “superiority
theories.” They insist that humor often ridicules a victim or target – the so-called butt of the
joke – and produces a heightened self-esteem in those who appreciate the humor. Humor
indeed fosters a peculiar sort of socialization: it exploits, confirms or creates inclusion (or
in-groups), exclusion (out-groups), and hierarchies between persons (between compre-
henders and non-comprehenders, between “normal” and “abnormal” persons, etc.). On the
other hand, it has been argued that humor is a mitigated form of aggression (Freud 1905).
Deacon (1997), for instance, also points out that uncertainty and its removal are critical in
humor production and appreciation.
So-called “incongruity theories” have less interest in the social aspects of humor and
tend to focus on its “cognitive” features. However, an exact and single definition of comical
incongruity is a difficult matter. One may perhaps say, in general terms, that incongruity
happens when cognitive rules are not being followed. In Fawlty Towers, for instance, the
staff and management (Manuel, Basil) do not behave in congruous ways and are therefore
comical. The concept of expectation is often included in definitions of incongruity: comical
incongruities flout expectations which are set up through well-known or constructed cog-
nitive rules (see Shultz 1976). As Deacon (1997) indicated, surprise is indeed an important
component of humor.
Incongruity theories often note that there is a special, alternative logic to the incon-
gruity of humor (cf. Deacon’s observation that insight is also a critical aspect of humor).
Besides a setting-up of expectations and a flouting, there is a “solution” to the unexpected
situation or message. This means that, despite its perceived incongruity, the humor is also
congruous (understandable) in a different way. An example taken from Antonopoulou
(2002) may illustrate this. In Trouble is my Business (1939), Raymond Chandler’s first sen-
tence is “Anna Halsey was about two hundred and forty pounds of middle-aged putty-
faced woman”. As Antonopoulou (2002) notes, there resides an obvious incongruity in this
funny “count-mass noun reversal,” that is, in the expression “x pounds of woman.” There is a
cognitive rule which says that x pounds of is not usually combined with a count noun such
as woman. Yet the incongruity obviously has a meaningful solution: readers are invited
3. Humor in translation 149
to conceptualize the woman as a mass. As another example illustrates, the solution to the
incongruity is often cognitively farfetched (yet locally relevant in a given discourse): “Is
the doctor home?” the patient asked in his bronchial whisper. “No,” the doctor’s young and
pretty wife whispered in reply. “Come right in.” (quoted by Raskin 1985: 100). In the con-
text of a doctor’s visit (the set-up), the behavior of the wife is farfetched yet understandable
via a radical reframing of the action situation.
Note, finally, that the examples of comical incongruity also contain elements of “supe-
riority.” Hotel manager Basil of Fawlty Towers does not just flout management rules, he is
also inferior to a certain standard. With his count-mass noun reversal, Chandler’s narra-
tor places himself above his character and invites the reader to join him in this superior
stance. And Raskin’s joke creates social pressure on the cognitive capacities of the hearer:
the hearer has to regain superiority after having been fooled. This goes to show that all
instances of humor always contain many related aspects – social, emotional, and cognitive
ones (Vandaele 2002a).
2. the translation of humor
Humor is known to challenge translators. It is often seen as a paradigm case of “untrans-
latability”: “When it comes to translating humor, the operation proves to be as desperate
as that of translating poetry” (Diot 1989: 84). The relative or absolute untranslatability is
generally related to cultural and linguistic aspects.
To understand cultural untranslatability, we should think of our above-mentioned
characterizations of humor. Humor occurs when a rule has not been followed, when an
expectation is set-up and not confirmed, when the incongruity is resolved in an alternative
way. Humor thereby produces superiority feelings which may be mitigated if participants
agree that the humor is essentially a form of social play rather than outright aggression.
And the humor event is very visible due to physiological correlates: laughter, smiling,
arousal. On the one hand, any translation failure will therefore be very visible: it is obvious
that the translator has failed when no one laughs at translated humor. On the other hand,
the translator of humor has to cope with the fact that the “rules,” “expectations,” “solutions,”
and agreements on “social play” are often group- or culture-specific. Parody, for instance,
is only accessible to those who are at least vaguely acquainted with the parodied discourse.
Imitations of accents are only imitations for those who know the original. More generally,
[c]ommunication breaks down when the levels of prior knowledge held by the
speaker/writer and by the listener/reader are not similar. While this is true of any
communication, the breakdown is particularly obvious in the case of translated humor,
whose perception depends directly on the concurrence of facts and impressions
available to both speaker/writer and listener/reader. (Del Corral 1988: 25)
4. 150 Jeroen Vandaele
The particular problem with humor translation is that humor relies un implicit knowledge.
Moreover, groups may have different agreements on what or whom can be targeted in social
play. In other words, humor depends on implicit cultural schemes (to be breached for incon-
gruous purposes; to be known for the purpose of comical “solution”) and has its rules and
taboos for targeting (telling what or whom may be laughed at). Tymoczko (1987) claims,
therefore, that one has to be part of a “comical paradigm” to even appreciate – let alone
t
ranslate – certain paradigm-specific humor. The cultural problem may be thus become ethi-
cal and political: a translator may be confronted with what s/he finds or assumes is culturally
“inadequate” humor; a regime or institution may censor or forbid certain types of humor.
As for the linguistic untranslatability of humor, scholars point at problems rooted in
linguistic denotation and connotation (e.g., Laurian 1989), so-called “lectal” varieties of
language (dialects, sociolects, idiolects; see e.g., Del Corral 1988), and metalinguistic or
metalingual communication in which the linguistic form matters (“wordplay,” “puns”).
Many of these problems cannot be strictly separated from cultural untranslatability and
they pose translation problems outside humor too. The specific trouble with humor trans-
lation, however, is that humor has a clear penchant for (socio)linguistic particularities
(group-specific terms and “lects”) and for metalinguistic communication. As a form of
play, indeed, metalinguistic communication suits humorous purposes; and (socio)linguis-
tic particularities can also strengthen humor because both phenomena regard, in Deacon’s
phrase, “the maintenance of group cohesion.”
Regarding (socio)linguistic particularities, linguistic “denotation” poses translation
problems when humor builds on a concept or reality which is specific to a certain language.
In the next comically intended communication, for instance, the concepts Oxbridge and
dons – which automaticall appeal to insiders and co-build humor – may make the transla-
tion of the humor more difficult:
There has been some concern recently that female undergraduates will not be treated
fairly by the dons at St Lucius, Oxbridge’s latest college to become “mixed.” In reply
Professor Garfunklestein, Emeritus Professor of Wessex Studies, argued candidly that
there would be no discrimination. He said: “The dons will treat the girls just as they
treat the boys: they will molest them.”
(www.netfunny.com/rhf/jokes/90q2/molest.html)
“Connotation” causes trouble if a concept in the source language has a different “lectal”
value than its usual equivalent in the target language. Eco, e.g., points out the possible
ironical effects of such imperfect equivalences:
Polite French people still address cab drivers as Monsieur, while it would seem exaggerated
to use Sir in a similar circumstance in, say, New York. Sir would have to be kept if in the
original text [Monsieur] is intended to represent a very formal relationship, between two
strangers, or between a subaltern and his superior, while [Sir] seems improper (or even
ironical) in more intimate circumstances. (Eco 2001: 18)
5. Humor in translation 151
Inversely, irony and comedy that stems from register incongruities (someone who does
say “Sir” in a New York cab) is not readily available in French (in the form of someone
who says “Monsieur” in a Paris taxi). On a broader discursive level, a comical source text
may contain (clashes between) registers, dialects, sociolects and idiolects which have no
straightforward equivalent in the target language. Indeed, what could be the French equiv-
alent of the Queen’s English? How should the French dubbing translator of A Fish Called
Wanda tackle the comedy derived from this and other English sociolects?
These problems mean different things for translators and the various translation
research traditions. Firstly, translators and prescriptive researchers tend to ask: “How to
translate well?” “Well,” here, is usually determined by a faithful reading on the target text.
“The question is,” says von Stackelberg (1988: 12), “should the translator be allowed to make
us laugh at his own ideas rather than at those of the author?” “We do not think so,” he
replies to himself. This puts considerable pressure on the translator, and often leads to pes-
simism, that is, to the acceptance of untranslatability. Secondly, Descriptive Translation
Studies* tends to ask: “Is it translated?” and “How is it translated?” The answer to these
questions then informs the researcher about relations between cultures, groups, systems,
translators. When translation is difficult, descriptive studies will be interested in solutions
that tell something about the contact between these cultures, groups and agents. They will
note, for instance, that humor may have various textual and ideological functions which
all deserve to be taken into account. A descriptive comparison between a source and target
text will not see humor as a homogeneous category (“that what caused laughter”) but will
study its specific cognitive, emotional, social and interpersonal aspects (Vandaele 2002b).
Small linguistic changes may e.g., keep “the laughter” but change the specific emotional
or interpersonal dynamics of the humor. Thirdly, there are studies which focus more on
linguistic translatability than on cultural issues (e.g., Antonopoulou 2002).
references
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Deacon, Terrence W. 1997. The Symbolic Species: The Co-Evolution of Language and the Brain.
New York: Norton.
Del Corral, Irene 1988. “Humor: When Do We Lose It?” Translation Review 27: 25–27.
Diot, Roland. 1989. “Humor for Intellectuals: Can It Be Exported and Translated? The Case of Gary
Rudeau’s In Search of Reagan’s Brain.” Meta 34 (l): 84–87.
Eco, Umberto 2001. Experiences in Translation. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Freud, Sigmund. [1905] 1976. Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious, translated by James trachey.
S
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6. 152 Jeroen Vandaele
Martin, Rod A. 2007. The Psychology of Humor: An Integrative Approach. Burlington, MA: Elsevier
Academic Press.
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