The document provides a detailed overview of the Continental Army's encampment at Valley Forge during the winter of 1777-1778. It describes the extreme hardships faced by the soldiers due to lack of food, clothing, and shelter. Over 20,000 soldiers camped in the valley, suffering from hunger, disease, and exposure to the harsh winter weather without proper supplies or equipment. The document also highlights key events that occurred at Valley Forge, including Baron von Steuben beginning his critical training of the troops to improve discipline and fighting skills. It summarizes the strategic military advantages of the location and provides historical context for the pivotal role Valley Forge played in the Revolutionary War.
The story of Valley Forge through the New England Magazine. Plenty of old pictures. This article is over 100 years old. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Visit us for incredible content.
Valley Forge Orderly Book of Generals - American RevolutionChuck Thompson
Valley Forge and the Orderly book of Generals such as George Washington, American Revolution, Liberty Education Series, Gloucester, Virginia Links and News, Website. Visit us for incredible content.
This introduction summarizes how Halliburton/KBR came to play a significant role in supporting the U.S. military through its LOGCAP contract, supplying food, water, transportation and other services to troops. It contrasts Vice President Dick Cheney's 2008 visit to Iraq, where he was able to enjoy hot breakfast at a dining facility supplied by KBR contractors, with his brief 1991 visit as Secretary of Defense when troops had only MREs. The outsourcing of military support services to contractors like KBR was initiated by Cheney in the 1990s and expanded under Rumsfeld, representing a "revolution in military affairs" but also enabling unprecedented levels of waste, fraud and abuse.
This document summarizes the secondary military aim of weakening the opposing armed force and strengthening one's own forces. It discusses how armed forces depend on manpower, accumulated wealth, and the capacity to supply resources. It notes that nations try to impair the enemy's resources and increase their own through actions on land, sea and air, such as overrunning territory, destroying communications, levying contributions, and pressing populations into service. The ultimate goal is to prepare the conditions for victory by weakening the enemy and strengthening one's position through control of resources and support systems.
The document discusses the French capture of Minorca during the Seven Years' War. It describes how the French assembled ships and troops at Toulon to launch a diversionary attack on Minorca that became their main operation. The French landed on Minorca in mid-April 1756 and drove the British garrison into the fort at Port Mahon. The British sent Admiral Byng with ships to relieve Minorca, but his instructions were complicated by other potential contingencies. The French were ultimately able to take control of Minorca from the British.
The document provides advice on how to give an effective inaugural address or speech, drawing from examples of both effective and ineffective inaugural speeches from US presidents throughout history. It recommends keeping the speech concise, inspiring hope in the audience, and drawing from eloquent historical examples while avoiding sounding confused or mangling familiar quotes.
The document summarizes a book titled "In Conflict: Iraq War Veterans Speak Out on Duty, Loss, and the Fight to Stay Alive" by Yvonne Latty. The book contains first-person accounts from over two dozen Iraq War veterans from different military branches about their experiences in the war and how it has impacted their lives. It details their stories of sacrifice during service and their struggles after returning from war. The document provides information on the book's publication details, marketing strategy, and promotion plan.
The story of Valley Forge through the New England Magazine. Plenty of old pictures. This article is over 100 years old. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Visit us for incredible content.
Valley Forge Orderly Book of Generals - American RevolutionChuck Thompson
Valley Forge and the Orderly book of Generals such as George Washington, American Revolution, Liberty Education Series, Gloucester, Virginia Links and News, Website. Visit us for incredible content.
This introduction summarizes how Halliburton/KBR came to play a significant role in supporting the U.S. military through its LOGCAP contract, supplying food, water, transportation and other services to troops. It contrasts Vice President Dick Cheney's 2008 visit to Iraq, where he was able to enjoy hot breakfast at a dining facility supplied by KBR contractors, with his brief 1991 visit as Secretary of Defense when troops had only MREs. The outsourcing of military support services to contractors like KBR was initiated by Cheney in the 1990s and expanded under Rumsfeld, representing a "revolution in military affairs" but also enabling unprecedented levels of waste, fraud and abuse.
This document summarizes the secondary military aim of weakening the opposing armed force and strengthening one's own forces. It discusses how armed forces depend on manpower, accumulated wealth, and the capacity to supply resources. It notes that nations try to impair the enemy's resources and increase their own through actions on land, sea and air, such as overrunning territory, destroying communications, levying contributions, and pressing populations into service. The ultimate goal is to prepare the conditions for victory by weakening the enemy and strengthening one's position through control of resources and support systems.
The document discusses the French capture of Minorca during the Seven Years' War. It describes how the French assembled ships and troops at Toulon to launch a diversionary attack on Minorca that became their main operation. The French landed on Minorca in mid-April 1756 and drove the British garrison into the fort at Port Mahon. The British sent Admiral Byng with ships to relieve Minorca, but his instructions were complicated by other potential contingencies. The French were ultimately able to take control of Minorca from the British.
The document provides advice on how to give an effective inaugural address or speech, drawing from examples of both effective and ineffective inaugural speeches from US presidents throughout history. It recommends keeping the speech concise, inspiring hope in the audience, and drawing from eloquent historical examples while avoiding sounding confused or mangling familiar quotes.
The document summarizes a book titled "In Conflict: Iraq War Veterans Speak Out on Duty, Loss, and the Fight to Stay Alive" by Yvonne Latty. The book contains first-person accounts from over two dozen Iraq War veterans from different military branches about their experiences in the war and how it has impacted their lives. It details their stories of sacrifice during service and their struggles after returning from war. The document provides information on the book's publication details, marketing strategy, and promotion plan.
Anecdotes of The American Revolution. Liberty Education Series. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News, GVLN, website. Visit us for revolutionary insights.
A topic rarely ever covered or seen. Here is some truly historical information that is sure to educate even the most astute historian. Part of our Liberty Education Series on Gloucester, Virginia Links and News Website. Free downloads are available on this book.
This is a brief look at 3 brave Filipinos, separated by hundreds of years but all fought agains foreign powers and reprsented the country in the world arena of brave men. Filipinos had been under Spain for almost 400 years, under America for almost 45 years, under Japan for 3 years, and under its own aristocratic governements for almost 60 years now. We remember these heroes for fighting for Filipino identity and sovereignity over its land and its people. When will we ever achieve the freedom of our spirit that we have longed for? When will we ever think less of ourselves and more of our country? What will be our contribution as a people of the world? May the memories of these 3 brave men light our paths toward a future where Filipinos stand shoulder to shoulder with the best of the world.
The document provides information on various aspects of Canada's experience during World War 1, including the home front, conscription crisis, battles, and end of the war. Key events discussed include internment camps for immigrants, censorship of soldiers' mail, women working in factories and as nurses, battles like Vimy Ridge, Passchendaele, and the liberation of Mons. Propaganda posters urged conservation, buying bonds, and encouraged more men to enlist. The document contains photos illustrating these topics.
The great betrayal-stephen_wise-jacob_de_haas-1930-310pgs-rel-polRareBooksnRecords
This document introduces the book "The Great Betrayal" by Stephen S. Wise and Jacob de Haas, which aims to present the facts surrounding Britain's changing policy on Palestine from the Balfour Declaration in 1917 to the Passfield White Paper in 1930. It traces how Britain moved from its original commitment to facilitating a Jewish national home in Palestine to imposing new restrictions. The introduction sets up the indictment that Britain betrayed its obligations under the mandate it received from the League of Nations to implement the Balfour Declaration.
BAR TENDER SUMS UP SUCCESS IN LIFE AND MILITARY SERVICEAgha A
BAR TENDER SUMS UP SUCCESS IN LIFE AND MILITARY SERVICE
Comments essay of fire and fury by randall hansen (2008) by major a.h amin (retired) (1)
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.19275.41764
This document summarizes Shetland's involvement in World War 1, specifically focusing on the role of the Gordon Highlanders regiment. It describes how over 200 Shetland men marched from Lerwick to serve with the Gordon Highlanders in 1915. By the end of 1916, 22 Shetland men had been killed in the Battle of the Ancre, most serving with the Gordon Highlanders. The document then provides details about Shetland losses during specific engagements on the Somme in 1916, such as 10 men from the 7th Gordon Highlanders perishing in the fighting for Y-Ravine. In total, the Battle of the Ancre had a significant impact on Shetland as a small community that lost
The document summarizes an event at Fort Meade where a Holocaust survivor, David Bayer, spoke about his experiences. Some key details:
- Bayer, age 92, is a survivor of Auschwitz-Birkenau and now volunteers at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.
- He gave a keynote speech at Fort Meade's 14th annual Holocaust Days of Remembrance observance.
- When asked how the Holocaust should be remembered, Bayer held up his fist and said "Don't just make a fist - use it. I've felt guilty all my life that I didn’t use my fist against the Germans."
- The event featured kosher food and musical
Bohemian grove special spy magazine (november-1989)bueno buono good
Henry Kissinger was secretly recorded during a phone call from a bank of pay phones near the Bohemian Grove, where he and other powerful men like Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush attend a secretive two-week retreat each summer. The author gained access by stealth and spent a week observing the rituals and speeches at the exclusive camp, mingling with members like Kissinger, former secretaries of state, press barons, and business leaders. Security was lax and the author was never questioned, despite violating rules against cameras and not signing registers.
The United States entered World War I in 1917 after Germany began unrestricted submarine warfare, threatening American commercial shipping to Allied nations like Britain and France. President Woodrow Wilson argued entry was necessary to establish democracy abroad and make the world safe for democracy. Others saw economic benefits from increased production and supported spreading American values. Some citizens opposed entry, arguing the U.S. should remain neutral as fighting would cost American lives and involve the nation in a prolonged European war.
Black Edelweiss: a memoir of combat and conscience by a soldier of the Waffen-SSOdal Rune
This chapter introduces the narrator, a German prisoner of war held in a camp in France after World War II. He reflects on the announcement of the upcoming Nuremberg trials where members of the SS will be prosecuted for war crimes. As a former member of the Waffen-SS mountain infantry, he struggles to reconcile the accusations of criminality against his comrades who saw themselves as honorable soldiers fighting for their country. He recalls the hostility shown to German prisoners when they were first captured and interrogated by American forces in the aftermath of the war.
Douglass mac arthur_as_i_knew_him-joseph_choate-1986-128pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
This document provides a biography of Joseph Choate, the author of the book. It discusses how Choate was inspired by the writings of Fra Elbert Hubbard in his youth. It also mentions Choate's friendship with Lowell Thomas, who encouraged Choate to write this book about Douglas MacArthur. The biography focuses on the influences in Choate's life that led him to write about great historical figures.
This document provides a summary of the Bohemian Grove, a private campground in Monte Rio, California where wealthy and powerful men gather for a secretive annual retreat. The Grove is owned by the Bohemian Club and is strictly off limits to the public. Each July, around 2,000 members from politics, business, military, and industry convene for two weeks of camping, socializing, and speeches. The secluded setting allows attendees to network and strengthen connections between powerful circles without scrutiny. The document describes some of the camps and influential attendees, suggesting the Grove serves as an important venue for maintaining an elite ruling class in America.
- Jean-Claude Duvalier became president of Haiti at age 19, making him the youngest head of state in the world at that time. However, his presidency ended in tears as he fled during a popular uprising in 1986 after ruling with an iron fist like his father.
- Several other historical figures also became heads of state or monarchs at a very young age, including Kim Jong-un of North Korea and Shah Shapur II of Persia, who was crowned while still in his mother's womb.
- William Pitt became Prime Minister of Britain at age 24, surprisingly staying in power for 17 years despite expectations that he would last less than 5 minutes due to his young age and lack of
This document summarizes gender discrimination experienced by women in the WAVES (Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service in the Navy) and WASPS (Women Airforce Service Pilots) during World War II. It provides historical context on women's roles expanding during the war to support the war effort. While opportunities increased, these women still faced significant discrimination and barriers. Their roles were often designed around replacing men rather than utilizing their own skills. They encountered skepticism and a need to constantly prove themselves from their male counterparts. Despite facing gender inequality, some women were oblivious to it or focused on contributing to the war effort. The document examines experiences of individual women in their own words to illustrate the discrimination they faced. It also outlines
This document provides background on Abraham Galloway and Richard Eden, two slaves who decided to escape from Wilmington, North Carolina in 1857. Galloway was a skilled builder who feared being sold by his owner due to economic pressures. Eden had gained some independence as a barber but faced punishment for secretly marrying a free mixed-race woman. Along with a desire for freedom, these threats and injustices led Galloway and Eden to take the risk of escaping, despite the danger of doing so.
This document provides an introduction and overview for a university course on African American history from 1619 to 1890. It includes a table of contents that outlines the course's chapters and topics to be covered each week. Introductory materials define the meaning and importance of studying Black history, not just for Black people but for all Americans. The course aims to fill gaps left by standard histories that have overlooked or minimized Black contributions and experiences. It seeks to build understanding between racial groups through sharing knowledge of their intertwined but often ignored histories.
Mark weber the civil war concentration camps - journal of historical review...RareBooksnRecords
The document summarizes conditions in Civil War prisoner of war camps in the North and South. It describes how overcrowding, lack of supplies and sanitation led to rampant disease and high death rates in camps on both sides, with some Union camps like Elmira and Confederate camps like Andersonville having mortality rates over 25%. It also discusses how wartime propaganda on both sides portrayed the other as deliberately mistreating and murdering prisoners, even though shortages due to the war effort actually caused most suffering, and notes parallels to propaganda about POW camps in World War II.
BACKGROUND FOR DISCUSSION QUESTION CHAPTER 5.docxwrite12
1) In December 1777, Washington's Continental Army established winter quarters at Valley Forge, located around 25 miles from British-occupied Philadelphia.
2) Conditions at Valley Forge were extremely difficult, with many soldiers lacking proper clothing, shelter, and supplies during the harsh winter. Over 2,500 soldiers died from disease or exposure to the cold.
3) Despite the hardships, the army persevered through training under Baron von Steuben, and emerged from Valley Forge in better condition to continue fighting the British in the following year.
The document summarizes the Battle of Fort Washington which took place on November 16, 1776 in northern Manhattan. It was part of a series of battles for control of New York City between British General Lord Howe and American General George Washington. During the battle, 8,000 British and German troops defeated 2,900 American troops, forcing them to surrender. This was a major defeat for the Americans and led to the British holding New York for the rest of the war.
Anecdotes of The American Revolution. Liberty Education Series. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News, GVLN, website. Visit us for revolutionary insights.
A topic rarely ever covered or seen. Here is some truly historical information that is sure to educate even the most astute historian. Part of our Liberty Education Series on Gloucester, Virginia Links and News Website. Free downloads are available on this book.
This is a brief look at 3 brave Filipinos, separated by hundreds of years but all fought agains foreign powers and reprsented the country in the world arena of brave men. Filipinos had been under Spain for almost 400 years, under America for almost 45 years, under Japan for 3 years, and under its own aristocratic governements for almost 60 years now. We remember these heroes for fighting for Filipino identity and sovereignity over its land and its people. When will we ever achieve the freedom of our spirit that we have longed for? When will we ever think less of ourselves and more of our country? What will be our contribution as a people of the world? May the memories of these 3 brave men light our paths toward a future where Filipinos stand shoulder to shoulder with the best of the world.
The document provides information on various aspects of Canada's experience during World War 1, including the home front, conscription crisis, battles, and end of the war. Key events discussed include internment camps for immigrants, censorship of soldiers' mail, women working in factories and as nurses, battles like Vimy Ridge, Passchendaele, and the liberation of Mons. Propaganda posters urged conservation, buying bonds, and encouraged more men to enlist. The document contains photos illustrating these topics.
The great betrayal-stephen_wise-jacob_de_haas-1930-310pgs-rel-polRareBooksnRecords
This document introduces the book "The Great Betrayal" by Stephen S. Wise and Jacob de Haas, which aims to present the facts surrounding Britain's changing policy on Palestine from the Balfour Declaration in 1917 to the Passfield White Paper in 1930. It traces how Britain moved from its original commitment to facilitating a Jewish national home in Palestine to imposing new restrictions. The introduction sets up the indictment that Britain betrayed its obligations under the mandate it received from the League of Nations to implement the Balfour Declaration.
BAR TENDER SUMS UP SUCCESS IN LIFE AND MILITARY SERVICEAgha A
BAR TENDER SUMS UP SUCCESS IN LIFE AND MILITARY SERVICE
Comments essay of fire and fury by randall hansen (2008) by major a.h amin (retired) (1)
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.19275.41764
This document summarizes Shetland's involvement in World War 1, specifically focusing on the role of the Gordon Highlanders regiment. It describes how over 200 Shetland men marched from Lerwick to serve with the Gordon Highlanders in 1915. By the end of 1916, 22 Shetland men had been killed in the Battle of the Ancre, most serving with the Gordon Highlanders. The document then provides details about Shetland losses during specific engagements on the Somme in 1916, such as 10 men from the 7th Gordon Highlanders perishing in the fighting for Y-Ravine. In total, the Battle of the Ancre had a significant impact on Shetland as a small community that lost
The document summarizes an event at Fort Meade where a Holocaust survivor, David Bayer, spoke about his experiences. Some key details:
- Bayer, age 92, is a survivor of Auschwitz-Birkenau and now volunteers at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.
- He gave a keynote speech at Fort Meade's 14th annual Holocaust Days of Remembrance observance.
- When asked how the Holocaust should be remembered, Bayer held up his fist and said "Don't just make a fist - use it. I've felt guilty all my life that I didn’t use my fist against the Germans."
- The event featured kosher food and musical
Bohemian grove special spy magazine (november-1989)bueno buono good
Henry Kissinger was secretly recorded during a phone call from a bank of pay phones near the Bohemian Grove, where he and other powerful men like Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush attend a secretive two-week retreat each summer. The author gained access by stealth and spent a week observing the rituals and speeches at the exclusive camp, mingling with members like Kissinger, former secretaries of state, press barons, and business leaders. Security was lax and the author was never questioned, despite violating rules against cameras and not signing registers.
The United States entered World War I in 1917 after Germany began unrestricted submarine warfare, threatening American commercial shipping to Allied nations like Britain and France. President Woodrow Wilson argued entry was necessary to establish democracy abroad and make the world safe for democracy. Others saw economic benefits from increased production and supported spreading American values. Some citizens opposed entry, arguing the U.S. should remain neutral as fighting would cost American lives and involve the nation in a prolonged European war.
Black Edelweiss: a memoir of combat and conscience by a soldier of the Waffen-SSOdal Rune
This chapter introduces the narrator, a German prisoner of war held in a camp in France after World War II. He reflects on the announcement of the upcoming Nuremberg trials where members of the SS will be prosecuted for war crimes. As a former member of the Waffen-SS mountain infantry, he struggles to reconcile the accusations of criminality against his comrades who saw themselves as honorable soldiers fighting for their country. He recalls the hostility shown to German prisoners when they were first captured and interrogated by American forces in the aftermath of the war.
Douglass mac arthur_as_i_knew_him-joseph_choate-1986-128pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
This document provides a biography of Joseph Choate, the author of the book. It discusses how Choate was inspired by the writings of Fra Elbert Hubbard in his youth. It also mentions Choate's friendship with Lowell Thomas, who encouraged Choate to write this book about Douglas MacArthur. The biography focuses on the influences in Choate's life that led him to write about great historical figures.
This document provides a summary of the Bohemian Grove, a private campground in Monte Rio, California where wealthy and powerful men gather for a secretive annual retreat. The Grove is owned by the Bohemian Club and is strictly off limits to the public. Each July, around 2,000 members from politics, business, military, and industry convene for two weeks of camping, socializing, and speeches. The secluded setting allows attendees to network and strengthen connections between powerful circles without scrutiny. The document describes some of the camps and influential attendees, suggesting the Grove serves as an important venue for maintaining an elite ruling class in America.
- Jean-Claude Duvalier became president of Haiti at age 19, making him the youngest head of state in the world at that time. However, his presidency ended in tears as he fled during a popular uprising in 1986 after ruling with an iron fist like his father.
- Several other historical figures also became heads of state or monarchs at a very young age, including Kim Jong-un of North Korea and Shah Shapur II of Persia, who was crowned while still in his mother's womb.
- William Pitt became Prime Minister of Britain at age 24, surprisingly staying in power for 17 years despite expectations that he would last less than 5 minutes due to his young age and lack of
This document summarizes gender discrimination experienced by women in the WAVES (Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service in the Navy) and WASPS (Women Airforce Service Pilots) during World War II. It provides historical context on women's roles expanding during the war to support the war effort. While opportunities increased, these women still faced significant discrimination and barriers. Their roles were often designed around replacing men rather than utilizing their own skills. They encountered skepticism and a need to constantly prove themselves from their male counterparts. Despite facing gender inequality, some women were oblivious to it or focused on contributing to the war effort. The document examines experiences of individual women in their own words to illustrate the discrimination they faced. It also outlines
This document provides background on Abraham Galloway and Richard Eden, two slaves who decided to escape from Wilmington, North Carolina in 1857. Galloway was a skilled builder who feared being sold by his owner due to economic pressures. Eden had gained some independence as a barber but faced punishment for secretly marrying a free mixed-race woman. Along with a desire for freedom, these threats and injustices led Galloway and Eden to take the risk of escaping, despite the danger of doing so.
This document provides an introduction and overview for a university course on African American history from 1619 to 1890. It includes a table of contents that outlines the course's chapters and topics to be covered each week. Introductory materials define the meaning and importance of studying Black history, not just for Black people but for all Americans. The course aims to fill gaps left by standard histories that have overlooked or minimized Black contributions and experiences. It seeks to build understanding between racial groups through sharing knowledge of their intertwined but often ignored histories.
Mark weber the civil war concentration camps - journal of historical review...RareBooksnRecords
The document summarizes conditions in Civil War prisoner of war camps in the North and South. It describes how overcrowding, lack of supplies and sanitation led to rampant disease and high death rates in camps on both sides, with some Union camps like Elmira and Confederate camps like Andersonville having mortality rates over 25%. It also discusses how wartime propaganda on both sides portrayed the other as deliberately mistreating and murdering prisoners, even though shortages due to the war effort actually caused most suffering, and notes parallels to propaganda about POW camps in World War II.
BACKGROUND FOR DISCUSSION QUESTION CHAPTER 5.docxwrite12
1) In December 1777, Washington's Continental Army established winter quarters at Valley Forge, located around 25 miles from British-occupied Philadelphia.
2) Conditions at Valley Forge were extremely difficult, with many soldiers lacking proper clothing, shelter, and supplies during the harsh winter. Over 2,500 soldiers died from disease or exposure to the cold.
3) Despite the hardships, the army persevered through training under Baron von Steuben, and emerged from Valley Forge in better condition to continue fighting the British in the following year.
The document summarizes the Battle of Fort Washington which took place on November 16, 1776 in northern Manhattan. It was part of a series of battles for control of New York City between British General Lord Howe and American General George Washington. During the battle, 8,000 British and German troops defeated 2,900 American troops, forcing them to surrender. This was a major defeat for the Americans and led to the British holding New York for the rest of the war.
The document summarizes the Battle of Fort Washington which took place on November 16, 1776 in northern Manhattan. It was part of a series of battles for control of New York City between British General Lord Howe and American General George Washington. During the battle, over 2,900 American troops were pinned down in Fort Washington under heavy fire and were forced to surrender to the larger British and Hessian force of over 8,000 troops. The British victory resulted in heavy American casualties, with most of the surrendered troops becoming prisoners. The loss of Fort Washington allowed the British to use New York City as a base for the rest of the war.
After the disastrous defeat at Fort Necessity, General Braddock was sent by the British to sweep the French out of the Ohio Country. However, Braddock was unprepared for French and Indian guerilla warfare tactics. In July 1755, Braddock's army of over 1,300 men was ambushed by a smaller French and Indian force. The British regulars suffered from panic and confusion, while the Virginia companies fought bravely. Over 600 British were killed or wounded, including Braddock, who died days later. Despite the defeat, Washington distinguished himself with his leadership and bravery during the battle.
This document summarizes the background and skills of American riflemen who were taken prisoner after the battle of Fort Washington in 1776. It describes how they were hardy frontiersmen dressed in homespun hunting clothes and armed with long rifles. It provides examples of their incredible marksmanship, such as one who could shoot bullets through boards held in various positions. The riflemen proved themselves extremely capable soldiers despite being initially mocked by the British. Many were imprisoned and suffered terribly after the fall of Fort Washington.
History of the american revolution In Volume II By David RamsayLhoussaine Elamraoui
This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.
You can get the complete version from this link : http://adf.ly/aKTSt
For more Books : http://downloadbookspdf.blogspot.com/
The document discusses how in 1914, a small group of English, French, and German men lived isolated on an island without regular news from the outside world. They had been unaware for 6 weeks that the countries of these men were now at war with each other. The introduction explains that during times of war, people's mental pictures of the world often do not match reality, as there is a delay between when events happen and when news of them spreads.
Invasion theyre coming: the German account of the D-day landings and the 80 d...Odal Rune
The document provides background on the events leading up to the D-Day invasion from the German perspective. It describes the uneasy wait by German forces as they monitored the weather and received reassuring forecasts that an invasion was unlikely due to rough seas and poor visibility. It also details planning meetings called by German high command to discuss fortifications as they did not believe an invasion was imminent. However, unknown to the Germans, Allied forces were preparing to launch the invasion on June 6th despite the unfavorable weather conditions.
This document provides a summary of key events from 1777 during the Revolutionary War, including General Washington's victory at Princeton in January, the winter encampment at Morristown from January to May, the arrival of the Marquis de Lafayette and Baron von Steuben to aid the Continental Army, several battles including Brandywine and Saratoga where the British were defeated, and the winter at Valley Forge from December 1777 to June 1778 where the Continental Army struggled but was trained by von Steuben.
The Life of George Washington - Free e-BookChuck Thompson
The Life of George Washington. http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com Liberty Education Series. Learn what you are no longer taught in school. Visit us for great content.
The document provides an overview of key events from 1775-1776 during the American Revolutionary War, including:
- Paul Revere and William Dawes' midnight rides on April 18th, 1775 to warn of approaching British troops.
- The battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19th, 1775, which marked the beginning of the war.
- Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys' capture of Fort Ticonderoga in May 1775.
- George Washington being appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in June 1775.
- The battle of Bunker Hill on June 17th, 1775 and the declaration of independence in July 1
This document provides a preface and table of contents for "The Popular History of the Civil War in America" written by Captain George B. Herbert in 1884. The preface explains that the book aims to provide a concise yet informative history of the Civil War for younger readers who did not experience the events firsthand. It seeks to discuss the causes of the war and major military campaigns over the four year period in an unbiased, factual manner. The table of contents outlines the 28 planned chapters that will summarize the political, diplomatic, and military developments between 1861 to 1863.
This document provides a summary of the genocide of California Native Americans that occurred when white settlers arrived in the region. It describes how settlers justified taking Native lands by promoting the concept of "Manifest Destiny," which held that white Americans were destined to expand across North America. It then details some of the initial encounters between Native peoples and European explorers and missionaries in California. However, it argues that the settlers ultimately carried out massive violence and genocide against Native populations in order to steal their lands.
Native American contributions to the Revolutionary War have, for the most part, been overlooked by text books. Here is a piece that connects the dots from an Oneida chief named Shenandoah and a woman named Polly Cooper to George Washington's army and more.
The document summarizes key events of the French and Indian War, including disputes over land between the French and British that sparked the war, early battles like those at Fort Necessity and those led by General Braddock where George Washington distinguished himself, and the eventual British victory with the Treaty of Paris in 1763 that ceded French territory east of the Mississippi to Britain.
The document summarizes the massive migration of Europeans to America between 1865 and 1914. It describes the various push factors that drove Europeans to emigrate such as poverty, famine, wars, and religious oppression. It then details the journey immigrants took across the Atlantic by ship in cramped steerage quarters, and their processing at Ellis Island upon arrival in New York. It discusses how immigrants often settled in ethnic neighborhoods and the contributions some notable immigrants made. It also summarizes Asian immigration to America through Angel Island in California and the discrimination and exclusion they eventually faced through laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.
This document provides background information on the Porter surname and family origins. It discusses the origins of surnames in various cultures and locations. It then focuses on the 11th century in France and the rise of feudalism. It describes how William de Ie Grande, a Norman knight, became a trusted guardian and accompanied the Duke of Normandy. It discusses how William the Conqueror became King of England in 1066 after defeating Harold at the Battle of Hastings. Roger de Ie Grande's surname then changed to Porter as he became the first Grand Porteur, or head porter, to King Henry I of England between 1020-1140. The crest of the Porter family coat of arms is also described.
American Revolution. Here is one of the many stories about Lafayette. This special edition includes pictures we added not found in any other version. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Liberty Education Series. Visit us for more great content.
The Writings of Thomas Paine. TTC Media Digital Publishing. Part of our Liberty Education Series. Want a free copy? Visit our website, Gloucester, Virginia Links and News. Check out our e-books section, look up the title and the free download link is right underneath it.
The document summarizes the history of Minden Lodge No. 63, which originated as the lodge of the 20th Regiment of Foot in Ireland in 1736. During the Seven Years' War and American Revolutionary War, the regiment and its lodge were involved in key battles at Minden and Quebec. While imprisoned during the Revolutionary War, the lodge met with German Freemasons from Brunswick. They initiated candidates and provided relief to those in need, establishing the first recorded inter-jurisdictional Masonic meeting in North America. The lodge continued meeting as the regiment was stationed across Europe and North America until losing its jewels and warrant in India during the 1857 mutiny.
This document contains an oath for members of the Virginia Minute Men (And Women) militia to uphold the U.S. and Virginia Constitutions against all enemies and abide by the militia's rules. It requests that signed copies of the oath and membership be emailed to the militia's email address as either a PDF or picture. It also provides a template for a membership certificate for a member of the Virginia militia.
Constitutional Law Your Ironclad Guarantee of FreedomChuck Thompson
This document discusses various aspects of constitutional law, including:
- The supremacy of the U.S. Constitution over other laws according to Article VI of the Constitution.
- Protections provided by the Bill of Rights, such as freedom of speech and protection from unreasonable searches.
- The principle that unconstitutional statutes are void and unenforceable from the date of enactment based on the 1803 Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court decision.
- Citations from American Jurisprudence discussing the interpretation and application of the Constitution, including the principle that citizens are not bound to obey unconstitutional laws.
This document contains an index to laws and regulations for the government of the United States Army in 1815. It lists articles of war, acts of Congress, and general regulations on topics such as courts martial, desertion, pay, and organization of infantry, artillery, and other units. The index provides page references to the full text of these laws and regulations contained in the printed publication from which this document was drawn.
This document provides a table of contents for a book titled "The American Judiciary" by Simeon E. Baldwin. The table of contents lists 24 chapters divided into two parts. Part I discusses the nature and scope of judicial power in the United States, including the separation of judicial power from other branches of government and the force of precedents. Part II addresses the organization of state and federal courts and relations between different court systems. It also covers topics like trial procedures, appellate courts, and the appointment of judges.
This document is a decision and order from a United States District Court regarding the subversion of common law by rules. It argues that in 1938, the Supreme Court enacted rules merging equity and common law claims into "civil actions", claiming common law rules caused injustice. However, the document asserts this was an act of treason, as rules cannot overturn the natural law embodied in common law. It maintains that judges are bound only by the Constitution and natural law, and that "civil law" enacted by Congress and rules created by courts improperly restrict rights endowed by our Creator. The document concludes that rules are not law and cannot change the fact that courts are bound by common law principles of equity and maxims.
Why climate change science does not matterChuck Thompson
The document argues that climate change science violates evolutionary science in two key ways. First, it fails to consider humanity's ability to adapt to environmental changes or go extinct and be replaced by something greater. Second, it ignores that evolution occurred through rapid progression followed by slower adaptation, so humanity could rapidly adapt to climate impacts. The document also notes that climate scientists and evolutionary scientists have not adequately considered how their disciplines intersect. It concludes that climate change may be part of natural evolutionary processes, so there is no need to worry about its impacts on humanity.
Default brief filed in court on February 19th, 2019. This legal brief calls for the arrest and conviction of Circuit Court Judge Jeffery W Shaw for a multitude of counts of fraud. Copy shows court stamps.
Book digitized by Google. Understanding exactly what the Federal Government of the United States has a right to tax by looking at a history of taxation. This book will open your eyes.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of exercise on memory and thinking abilities in older adults. The study found that regular exercise can help reduce the decline in thinking abilities that often occurs with age. Older adults who exercised regularly performed better on cognitive tests and brain scans showed they had greater activity in important areas for memory and learning compared to less active peers.
Letter of Vice Admiral Lord Viscount Horatio NelsonChuck Thompson
This document discusses the development of a new type of lightweight material called aerographite. Aerographite is an ultra-light carbon nanotube-based foam that is 100 times less dense than balsa wood. It was created by growing a highly porous network of carbon nanotubes on a template substrate then removing the template, leaving behind a nanotube structure that is over 99% air. Aerographite is one of the world's lightest solid materials and has potential applications in aircraft, batteries and insulation due to its unique combination of lightness, strength, and thermal properties.
Homeland Security Building RecommendationsChuck Thompson
http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com This is the building security recommendations for schools from Homeland Security. 317 pages up to date and complete. Is your school safe?
http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com The Battle of Gettysburg. Civil war history for those who would like to learn more about the past of the United States. Free downloads to Slideshare members. Enjoy.
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of a new drug on memory and cognitive function in older adults. The double-blind study involved giving either the new drug or a placebo to 100 volunteers aged 65-80 over a 6 month period. Testing showed those receiving the drug experienced statistically significant improvements in short-term memory retention and processing speed compared to the placebo group.
Les Miserables, five volumes, complete by victor hugoChuck Thompson
This document provides a table of contents for Victor Hugo's novel Les Misérables. It lists the volumes, books, and chapters that make up the work. The novel is divided into 5 volumes, with each volume containing multiple books divided into chapters. Some key details include that Volume I is titled "Fantine" and contains 14 chapters across 2 books. Volume II is titled "Cosette" and includes 19 chapters across 7 books related to the Battle of Waterloo.
http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com The art of making whiskey is a very old book from 1819 and shows an excellent history on the craft of distilling spirits also known back then as living waters. Great information on how whiskey as well as gin used to be made. Free downloads.
This document is the preface to "The Practical Distiller" written by Samuel McHarry in 1809. It details McHarry's journey learning the distilling process from ignorance to developing a systematic approach through years of experimentation. He aims to improve the quality and reputation of domestic spirits by providing instructions to distill whiskey, gin, brandy and other spirits from American-grown products like rye, corn, apples and potatoes that are of equal or better quality than imported versions. McHarry hopes his published work will help distillers produce profitable and wholesome spirits while retaining wealth within the country.
Federal Authorities Urge Vigilance Amid Bird Flu Outbreak | The Lifesciences ...The Lifesciences Magazine
Federal authorities have advised the public to remain vigilant but calm in response to the ongoing bird flu outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu.
projet de traité négocié à Istanbul (anglais).pdfEdouardHusson
Ceci est le projet de traité qui avait été négocié entre Russes et Ukrainiens à Istanbul en mars 2022, avant que les Etats-Unis et la Grande-Bretagne ne détournent Kiev de signer.
16062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Christian persecution in Islamic countries has intensified, with alarming incidents of violence, discrimination, and intolerance. This article highlights recent attacks in Nigeria, Pakistan, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq, exposing the multifaceted challenges faced by Christian communities. Despite the severity of these atrocities, the Western world's response remains muted due to political, economic, and social considerations. The urgent need for international intervention is underscored, emphasizing that without substantial support, the future of Christianity in these regions is at grave risk.
https://ecspe.org/the-rise-of-christian-persecution-in-islamic-countries/
Recent years have seen a disturbing rise in violence, discrimination, and intolerance against Christian communities in various Islamic countries. This multifaceted challenge, deeply rooted in historical, social, and political animosities, demands urgent attention. Despite the escalating persecution, substantial support from the Western world remains lacking.
#WenguiGuo#WashingtonFarm Guo Wengui Wolf son ambition exposed to open a far...rittaajmal71
Since fleeing to the United States in 2014, Guo Wengui has founded a number of projects in the United States, such as GTV Media Group, GTV private equity, farm loan project, G Club Operations Co., LTD., and Himalaya Exchange.
13062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
17062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Shark Tank Jargon | Operational ProfitabilityTheUnitedIndian
Don't let fancy business words confuse you! This blog is your cheat sheet to understanding the Shark Tank Jargon. We'll translate all the confusing terms like "valuation" (how much the company is worth) and "royalty" (a fee for using someone's idea). You'll be swimming with the Sharks like a pro in no time!
18062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
लालू यादव की जीवनी LALU PRASAD YADAV BIOGRAPHYVoterMood
Discover the life and times of Lalu Prasad Yadav with a comprehensive biography in Hindi. Learn about his early days, rise in politics, controversies, and contribution.
ग्रेटर मुंबई के नगर आयुक्त को एक खुले पत्र में याचिका दायर कर 540 से अधिक मुंबईकरों ने सभी अवैध और अस्थिर होर्डिंग्स, साइनबोर्ड और इलेक्ट्रिक साइनेज को तत्काल हटाने और 13 मई, 2024 की शाम को घाटकोपर में अवैध होर्डिंग के गिरने की विनाशकारी घटना के बाद अपराधियों के खिलाफ सख्त कार्रवाई की मांग की है, जिसमें 17 लोगों की जान चली गई और कई निर्दोष लोग गंभीर रूप से घायल हो गए।
केरल उच्च न्यायालय ने 11 जून, 2024 को मंडला पूजा में भाग लेने की अनुमति मांगने वाली 10 वर्षीय लड़की की रिट याचिका को खारिज कर दिया, जिसमें सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की एक बड़ी पीठ के समक्ष इस मुद्दे की लंबित प्रकृति पर जोर दिया गया। यह आदेश न्यायमूर्ति अनिल के. नरेंद्रन और न्यायमूर्ति हरिशंकर वी. मेनन की खंडपीठ द्वारा पारित किया गया
12062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
11. Valley Forge.
By W. H. Richardson.
Illustrated from photographs by the author.
HEN the name of Valley Forge is mentioned, the average
American immediately associates with it the encampment
of the Continental armv during the terrible winter of
1777-78, when the hungry and forlorn champions of a
well-nigh hopeless cause, wasted by wounds, privation
and disease, were able only to " occup'y a cold, bleak hill,
and sleep under frost and snow, without clothes or blankets." The
thousands of pilgrims who now visit that historic shrine, Washington's
headquarters at Vallev Forge, wander through its rooms and halls and think
ot the great commander-in-chief as he wrestled with problems that would
have appalled ordinary men ; of the malign conspiracy he had to confront
and confound ; of the misery and wretchedness among his suffering soldiers
which he had to contemplate, the pitv of which he acknowledges from
his soul, but which he has no power to relieve nor prevent ; and of the
almost superhuman strength and courage which he there displayed in
keeping alive through the long, weary months the feeble spark of a thing
called the American Revolution, eventually fanning it into a flame that has
burned with increasing brilliancy to our own day.
Nestling among the trees near the point at which the Valley Creek
joins the Schuvlkill is the ancient pointed-stone house of miller Isaac Potts,
the structure which all America cherishes to-day as the home of Wash-
ington for the half year that the army was encamped in that country. In
it he faced the crises of the winter and spring with about as much to
brighten and lighten his life as his men had. "Three days successively
we have been destitute of bread, two days we have been entirely without
meat ;
" " our sick naked, our well naked, our unfortunate men in cap-
tivity naked ;
" " the unfortunate soldiers were in want of everything ;
they had neither coats, hats, shirts nor shoes ; their feet and legs froze till
they became black, and it was often necessary to amputate them ;"
—
these are but a few of the horrible pictures which met the view of the
commander-in-chief whichever way he turned. And all this was almost
12. 4 VALLEY FORGE
within sound of the revelry of the warmly housed and well fed British
soldiers in Philadelphia.
Even a casual reading of the history of the Pennsylvania campaign
leading up to Valley Forge in the fall of 1777 cannot fail to impress one
with the supreme optimism of the American leader. Surely it was no
pleasant retrospect to look back over the battlefields of the past four
months ; and yet in the orderly book there is an entry dated December
I 7th, two days before the formal occupation of Valley Forge, in which
the army is reminded that although, in some instances, there were failures,
THE SCHUYLKILL RIVER NEAR VALLEY FORGE
*' yet upon the whole. Heaven hath smiled upon our arms and crowned
them with signal success." Howe landed, it will be recalled, on August
25th, at the head of Chesapeake Bay, with 18,000 men and a determina-
tion to take the rebel capital. The first serious collision of the hostile
armies occurred at Chad's Ford, on September i ith. A bit of careless-
ness in scouting and a piece of blundering reporting changed the fortunes
of the day from what would have been a victory into a retreat. More
than one thousand men were subtracted from the fighting force of the
patriots, and Howe occcupied the American camps on the night of the battle
13. VALLEY FORGE 5
of Brandywine. Yet Washington took occasion to report to the President
of Congress that •' the troops were in good spirits." Nine days later a
division under General Wayne was attacked by General Grey, and what
is popularly, but altogether inappropriately, termed the Paoli massacre,
with its I 50 casualties, was the result.
Then came the battle of Germantown, on October 4th. How
much the bitterness of that defeat must have been emphasized at the time
may be gathered from one of .those pretty letters General Wayne used to
write to his "Dear Pollv." The action, in his judgment, would have
put an end to the war, had not the smoke and confusion prevented the
THE INTRENCHMENTS
following up of a victory actually won at one phase of the operation.
" The commander-in-chief returns his thanks to the general and other
officers and men concerned in the attack," and sees, notwithstanding the
disaster, "that the enemy is not proof against a vigorous attack, and may
be put to flight when boldly pursued." Germantown had cost nearly
1,200 of the 8,000 men engaged ; and the weary, wretched and ragged
soldiers—for troubles with the commissary had now started—sat down
that night on the old camp-ground at Pennypacker's Mills to catch their
breath, while the officers began to plan for another set-to with a victorious
but vulnerable antagonist.
14. 6 VALLEY FORGE
On September 26th the British advance had entered and taken pos-
session of Philadelphia ; and safe within that hospitable city they success-
fully resisted all attempts to lure them out or dislodge them. For nearly
six weeks, from November 2d to December iith, the Americans were
strongly intrenched at Whitemarsh, thirteen miles northwest of the city.
Their gradually weakening line was too thin, however, to give battle to the
British, and too near Philadelphia to feel absolutely safe from attack ; so
THE INTRENCHMENTS
it was decided to move to a more advantageous location, from which the
invaders could at least be watched and kept in check. The story ot the
march to Valley Forge is another chapter in the epic of that frightful
winter. Various participants have contributed their testimony about the
dismal conditions under which the journey was prosecuted. A Pennsyl-
vania lieutenant notes in his diary that they started to cross the Schuylkill
at Swede's Ford, not over 800 feet wide at that point, at six o'clock
15. VALLEY FORGE
in the evening of December
I 2th, and it was three o'clock
the next morning before they
reached camp at Gulf Mill,
two miles further along,
" where we remained without
tents or blankets in the midst
of a severe snowstorm." A
Connecticut warrior portrays
his, misery at the same place
in this suggestive style : "We
are ordered to march over the
river. It snows — I'm sick
—
eat nothing—no whiskey
—
no baggage—Lord—Lord
—
Lord—till sunrise crossing the
river—cold and uncomfort-
able." After the army had
been four days in camp, the
tents came and were pitched
for the first time, " to keep
the men more comfortable."
How appropriate, then, the
day ofthanksgiving and prayer
that Congress had ordered for
the eighteenth !
When the army arrived at
Vallev Forge on the nine-
teenth, the campaign for the
year had practically closed ;
General Howe had taken
Philadelphia—or, as Franklin
put it, Philadelphia had taken
General Howe ; the Ameri-
cans were huddled around
their camp fires twenty-two
miles away, freezing, starv-
ing, wasting from disease
;
but still the characteristic
cheerfulness of Washington
shines forth : he remembers
that a French ship has arrived
16. 8 VALLEY FORGE
at Portsmouth with a large quantity ot munitions of war, and he extends
his congratulations to the army upon the auspicious event.
But the saddest feature of the months of suffering that followed was
the fact that most of it was unnecessary. We are told that, at the very-
time the barefooted Continentals were making bloody tracks in the snow
on the bleak hills of Valley Forge, there were hogsheads of shoes—some-
where else. In answer to General Wayne's fervid appeal for clothing
for his frost-bitten soldiers came the reply—which might be counted
almost humorous but for the ghastly picture of his men clutching shreds
LOOKING EAST FROM FORT HUNTINGTON
of old blankets over their nakedness—that the delay in furnishing it was
" due to the want of buttons."
Fortunately, there is something else than tragedy to be read in the
records of those days. The old orderly books, for example, tell us a
great deal that has a different sort of flavor. Here is an account of a
court martial held to consider the case of a Virginia captain who was
charged with having been *' so far Ellivated with liquor when on the
parade for Exercising as rendered him imCapable in doing his duty with
precission." Luckily the good captain was able to prove an alibi, or
that something else was responsible for his " Ellivation " —for his acquittal
17. VALLEY FORGE 9
is duly noted. Then there was a Pennsylvania lieutenant tried for
"unofficer and ungentlemanlike behavior in taking 2 mares and a barrel
of carpenter's tools on the line, which mares he conveyed away, and sold
the tools at private sale." The chronicler does not give a detailed account
of the testimony; but it is written that the court found that while the
lieutenant was "guilty of the facts alledged" in the charge, yet they did
not amount to " unofficer and ungentlemanlike behavior, and so acquit
him of it." There is something so delightfully vague about the verdict
that we are led to wonder how far an officer and gentleman at Valley
Forge might have gone in the business ot picking up and disposing of stray
mares and barrels of carpenter's tools before crossing the borders ot propriety.
LOOKING SOUTH FROM FORT HUNTINGTON SHOWING MOUNT JOY
It was while the army was at Valley Forge, too, that sweeping
reforms in its organization were inaugurated. Early in the spring, Fred-
erick William Augustus, Baron von, Steuben, arrived there, and started
upon his duties as inspector-general. "The arms at Valley Forge," he
wrote, " were in a horrible condition, covered with rust, half ot them
without bayonets, many from which a single shot could not be fired. 1 he
pouches were quite as bad as the arms. A great many of the men had
tin boxes instead of pouches ; others had cow-horns ; and muskets, car-
bines, fowling-pieces and rifles were to be seen in the same company.
The description of the dress is most easily given. The men were literally
18. lo VALLEY FORGE
naked, some of them in the fullest extent of the word. The officers who
had coats had them of every color and make. I saw officers at a grand
parade at Valley Forge mounting guard in a sort of dressing-gown, made
of an old blanket or a woollen bed-cover. With regard to their military
discipline, I may safely say no such thing existed."
Von Steuben, from all accounts, was a man who would rather fight
and work than eat or sleep ; and so, perhaps, it is not surprising that he
fashioned so wonderful a weapon from the woefully raw and rough
material he had to deal with. Rising at three o'clock in the morning, he
would be on parade at sunrise, take a musket in his own hands, and
1 ,^Vi-. I'l h'.S HI-.ADiU AR I l.R.s
show the picked squad just how the thing was to be done. In a few
weeks of that sort of personal effort he had the whole camp fired with
his own enthusiasm, so that the men with whom he began were able to
execute the most difficult movements with the greatest precision. The
petty jealousies, the sectional feeling of the various contingents were for-
gotten, and all seemed to be animated by a nobler rivalry that boded a
different outlook for the cause. A little later we see that regenerated army
not only sturdy enough to withstand the fiercest onslaughts of British
guards and grenadiers, but capable also to beat them at their own favorite
business of the bayonet charge.
19. VALLEY FORGE ii
The house in which Baron von Steuben lived while at Valley P'orge
is still standing. A mile or so southeast of it is the house that was the
military home of General Wayne, the dashing officer who made much of
the honest work done by the Prussian drill-master. It was the bravery
and discipline of the troops under "Mad Anthonv" at Monmouth
which gave lustre to the American arms and set him in the hearts of his
countrymen as a •modern Leonidas."
In striking contrast with the sombre coloring which the name of
Valley Forge suggests was the brilliant sortie of a party of 2,500 men
under La Fayette, on May i8th, 1778. For the general purpose of
•S ' --'1 ^
2^ S'^^'^^'-jH,
GENERAL MUHLENBERG'S HEADQUARTERS
gathering information about the British, the youthful Frenchman was
directed to proceed toward the hostile lines at Philadelphia. Early on the
morning of that day his command arrived at Barren Hill, on the east side
of the Schuylkill, some eight or nine miles from the city. From that
point the wings were extended to cover other highways, and scouting
parties sent into Philadelphia, one of them giving the revellers at the
Mischianza a terrible scare. Another object of the demonstration was to
develop the strength of the enemy ; and in this it was highly successful,
for an overwhelming force set out from Philadelphia to surround the
American division and carry La Fayette back to the city, where a dinner
party awaited his coming. The details of the operations around Barren
20. VALLEY FORGE
Hill church and its ancient burying-ground, the failure of the carefully
laid plans of the British, the withdrawal of the American command from
an exceedingly perilous position to a safe place on the opposite side of the
HEADOUARTERS OF GENERALS VARNUM AND DeKALB
Schuylkill, combine to make one ot the most spirited chapters in the nar-
rative of Valley Forge.
Of course, it should not be forgotten that the news of the French
alliance reached the armv at Valley Forge ; and from that glad first of
May, when Washington announced it, the local literature seems to have
GENERAL KNOX'S HEADQUARTERS
21. VALLEY FORGE 13
taken on a sprightliness it did not possess before. The orderly book from
that time fairly rings with directions for grand parades, general rejoicings,
manoeuvres before members of the "grand" congress; and divine
services are not forgotten. There are councils of war and speculations as
to the probable course of the evidently uncomfortable enemy. As early
as May 23d it was known that the evacuation of Philadelphia had been
decided upon. Soon the news came that transports in the Delaware were
being loaded with baggage and stores. Then the rumors of the coming
ROOM IN WASHINGTON'S HEADC^UARTERS
(Restored and furnished by Valley Forge Chapter, D. A. R.
^
of D'Estaing's fleet decided for the British that the walking to New York
would probably be safer than the sailjng. On the eighteenth of June the
first divisions of the Continental army left Valley Forge and occupied
Philadelphia, taking possession of the city only a few hours after its former
guests were gone. The next day the mass of the army—no longer the
disorganized conglomeration of colonial troops, but a thoroughly welded,
homogeneous American army—was making all possible haste after the
retiring Sir Henry Clinton, his 17,000 troops and twelve mile supply
train.
22. 14 VALLEY FORGE
From a military point of view the selection of Valley Forge for the
encampment was a most admirable one. Two of its boundaries, the west
and north, were deep streams, whose passages were easily defended, while
the approaches from the east and south were absolutely dominated by the
heights which rose in the angle of these water courses. A brief description
of the topography ot the country will put the reader more closely in touch
with the subject.
Imagine the Vallev Creek flowing due north between precipitous hills
for nearly a mile before it reaches the Schuylkill River. Mount Joy, the
highest summit on the east bank, is fully a mile from the river, and it lifts
its wooded crest 426 feet above the sea level. A little further to the north
is another hill, which is really a sort of spur of Mount }oy, 350 feet
high ; while still further off to the northeast is a third hill, with its summit
something more than 100 feet below that of Mount Joy. On the eastern
descent of these hills the citizens of that long departed community have
left the indelible record of their occupation. Mount Joy and her two
sisters are still the proud wearers of their grass-grown chaplets, lines of
earthworks, 1,600 feet, 300 feet and 1,300 feet long, thrown up near
the crests of the three bv the toilers in the youth of our nation. Below
these works are still to be seen Fort Huntington, protecting the north end of
the lines and dominating the river road, a highway paralleling the Schuylkill
all the way into Philadelphia, and the deeper and better preserved Fort
Washington at the south end of the lines on Mount Joy commanding the
approach from the south and west.
Further down, the hills break gently into an undulating landscape,
upon which most of the brigades were encamped. At the south end of
Mount Joy, beyond Fort Washington, were General Woodford's Virginia
troops. North of Fort Washington, and on the same hill, were General
Maxwell's New Jerseymen and General Knox's artillery. In the cove
or hollow in front of the shoulder of Mount Joy were the Pennsylvania
troops commanded by General Conway—the same Conway who is
remembered in history solely for his connection with the infamous cabal
against Washington. Then, next to the River road, near to the fort
which bears his name, General Jedediah Huntington's Connecticut troops
were encamped.
Still further down the slope, and lying back of the outer line of
intrenchments—now entirely disappeared—beginning at the south and
running in a curved line to the northeast, were the encampments of
General Scott's Virginians, General Wayne's First and Second Pennsyl-
vanians. General Poor's New Yorkers, General Glover's Massachusetts
troops. General Learned's New Hampshire men. General Patterson's
Vermonters, General Weedon's Virginians and General Muhlenberg
24. i6 VALLEY FORGE
with his Pennsvlvanians and Virginians on the extreme left. The loca-
tions of these thirteen brigades can be better comprehended by imagining
a pair of gigantic compasses extended to sixty degrees, with the head to
the south. One leg laid to the north along the three hills would roughly
cover the inner line of four brigades first mentioned ; the other leg extended
to the northeast would cover the outer line of nine brigades last named.
Upon the River road, upon which the points would rest, were General
Varnum's Rhode Islanders and a battery known as Fort Piatt or the Star
redoubt. A well defined knoll in a field about two hundred yards east of
the building in which General Varnum had his headquarters marks the site
of this fortification, which was built to command the approach to Sulli-
van's bridge. This was a temporary structure thrown across the Schuyl-
kill about a quarter of a mile northeast of the fort.
The sites of the huts occupied by some of the officers can also be
readily traced in the thicket about a quarter of a mile east of the star
redoubt. When these structures were erected the earth was banked up
around the logs as an additional protection from the biting cold, and in the
remains to-day the regularity of the plan of this diminutive village is quite
apparent. Just across the river road at this point the ground slopes sharply
to the south. Close to the foot of the declivity ^a large sycamore standing
alone. Near it is the grave of John Waterman, one of the many heroes
from Rhode Island who never went home from the war. A substantial
wire cage now entirely covers the grave—not for the purpose of keeping
John Waterman in, as some irreverent visitor has remarked, but for keeping
vandals out. It is rather difficult to understand how relic hunters who
came before the cage ever managed to leave as much as they did of this
lonely monument. At this point, also, the Daughters of the Revolutir i
have erected a stately granite monument, which was dedicated October
19, 1 90 1, in the presence of a distinguished company, as "the first
memorial to the heroic dead of Valley Forge."
The location of the various brigades, etc., as. just given, is based upon
the investigations of Jared Sparks, who, in illustrating the letters of Wash-
ington in the early part of the last century, had a map prepared under the
auspices of John Armstrong, then secretary of war. An old man named
Davis gave his recollection of the various dispositions of the different
encampments, and his information helped to plot the map. It is a curious
fact that no contemporary map of the whole camp was known to be in
existence until 1897, when that indefatigable antiquarian, Hon. S. W.
Pennypacker, secured from Amsterdam a set of original drafts and plans of
the Revolutionary period, drawn by a French engineer with the army.
Among them was a priceless map of Valley Forge. This map exhibits
slight deviations from the arrangement already quoted, and has less detail ;
25. VALLEY FORGE 17
but apart from its inestimable value as a unique historical document, it tells
what was not known before, that Lord Stirling's brigade of Carolina troops
was encamped on the west bank of Valley Creek, opposite general head-
quarters, at the spot that has hitherto been allotted to the artificers ; and
further it reveals the fact that Washington's headquarters before he occupied
the Potts' house were not, as has been alleged, in a marquee, but in a house
some distance southeast of Vallev Forge.
Valley Forge takes its name from an iron-working plant established
there many years before the militant Americans made it famous. The
musty records of the past tell us that in 175.7 one John Potts purchased
HEADQUARTERS OF GENERALS STEUBEN AND UiiuKi^iL
property which included what was then known as Mount Joy forge. This
stood on the banks of Valley Creek, the fall of that stream as it passed on
down to the Schuylkill through 'the narrow gorge between the high hills
on either hand furnishing an abundance of power. The business ot
Mount Joy forge—or the VaLey forge, as it soon came to be known
locally—was a very flourishing one ; a great many men and teams were
employed in making and marketing its products. Ironmaster John Potts
saw that a flour mill which could furnish feed for the horses and flour for
the drivers would be a profitable adjunct to the older industry on the
26. i8 VALLEY FORGE
creek ; and in' 1758 this was built—and it lasted until 1843, when it was
destroyed by fire ; later it was rebuilt a little further up the stream, almost
opposite the present headquarters building, and after serving as a paper
mill for many vears it was finally dismantled and is now tailing into decay.
About the same year that John Potts built the flour mill the famous
mansion was also erected. In 1768 both the mill and house came into
the possession ot his son Isaac, and the forge went to another son, Joseph.
One of the earliest historical references to this mill appears in a letter from
Richard Peters, secretary of war, to Thomas Wharton, president of the
LORD STIRLING'S HEADC^UARTERS
Executive Council of Pennsylvania. He wrote on August 30, 1777,
about *' a large quantity of flour spoiling for want of baking ; it lies at
Valley Forge." If Isaac Potts had been a modern advertiser, he would
doubtless have claimed that it was the taste of that flour ot his which later
secured for him the exclusive trade of a great galaxy of public men and the
entire American army for six months. That illustrious housekeeper,
Martha Washington must have eaten bread, perhaps prepared by her own
hands, made from this same flour ot Isaac Potts' mill. How could a
27. VALLEY FORGE 19
miller ever let such an opportunity tor getting a tdstimonial about it trom
so preeminent an authority as the General's wife slip by him !
While dealing with Isaac Potts it will be proper to refer to an incident
in which he is involved and which has been repeatedly embalmed in verse
and gaily colored lithographs. Everybody has heard how Washington was
discovered at prayer in the woods above the headquarters, pleading with
the Almighty for guidance through the troublous times which then beset
his country. The discovery is said to have been made by " a good old
Quaker," sometimes referred to as a blacksmith ; but a manuscript in the
hand of his daughter informs us that the " good old Quaker" who viewed
the remarkable spectacle was twenty-seven-year-old Isaac Potts. After
the death of Washington he pronounced a eulogy on his character in
Friends' meeting, that was a masterly production, a member of Congress
declaring that he would not go to hear "Light Horse Harry" Lee's
address in the Lutheran Church in Philadelphia because he had just heard
" a much better one than he will deliver, from an old Quaker."
A few years since the headquarters building was restored to its con-
dition of nearly a century and a quarter ago. '• The General's apartments
is very small," wrote Mrs. Washington from there; "he has had a
log cabin built to dine in, which has made our quarters much more tolerable
than they were at first." The log dining-room has been rebuilt, and the
whole house, with its sacred memories, has been given over to the
perpetuation of " the times which tried men's souls." A subterranean
passageway which once led to the river's edge has been freshly vaulted for
a long distance ; one room of the house is adorned with a chronological
portraiture ot Washington ; others contain many interesting pictures,
pieces of furniture and other relics of the Colonial and Revolutionary eras.
Externally the substantial and comfortable look about the building is very
impressive, its simple yet dignified proportions- appealing at once to the
good taste of everv visitor. The curious porch over the front door, the
exquisite hand-made moulding and other details of its architecture are of a
character seldom seen in any structure of this generation.
It is to the lasting credit of those who have done so much toward
the preservation of this hallowed ground and its landmarks that Americanism
as a principle is splendidly taught and that the spirit of nationality, which
was born at Valley Forge, is vso forcibly impressed upon the mind or
every visitor. Of all historic shrines, none is so valuable an asset in our
commonwealth as these few consecrated acres amidst the hills of south-
eastern Pennsylvania.