reproductive health

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Reproductive Health
Highlighting STI/HIV&AIDS

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What is RH (Reproductive
Health)?
The state of complete well being and
not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity, in all matters relating to the
reproductive system and to its
functions and processes.
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Why is RH Important?
 It affects everybody, young and
old. It is not only for couples
 It covers individual rights
 It affects development
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INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
(0-9 Years)
Sex preference, malnutrition, abuse,
STI/HIV/AIDS
ADOLESCENCE
(10-19 Years)
Development problems,
sexual abuse, early
pregnancy, unsafe
abortion, STI/HIV/AIDS
MID-REPRODUCTIVE PERIOD
(20-44 Years)
Repeated/unplanned pregnancies,
abortion, unsafe health practices, gender
violence, sexuality, STI/HIV/AIDS
LATE & POST-
REPRODUCTIVE
PERIOD
(45 & up)
Late pregnancy, abuse,
menopause/andropause,
sexuality, STI/HIV/AIDS
LIFETIME
Repeated/unplanned pregnancies
Poverty
Education
Environment & Culture
Law and policy
Violence
Decision-making power
Information and services
The Life Cycle Approach to RH
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Key Messages for STI/HIV:
> Signs and Symptoms of STIs
> Modes of Transmission
> Modes of Prevention
> Promoting Health Seeking-Behavior
> Referrals
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Forms of STIs

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Gonococcal Urethritis

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WHAT IS STI?
STI – Sexually Transmitted Infection
These are infections that are
transmissible through sex and close
personal contact. It also covers the
acute disease process that results
from transmission, the possible
complications, and permanent
consequences.

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Gonococcal Urethritis

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Glans penis inflammation due to Gonorrhea
urethritis

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Epididymitis

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CHLAMYDIA

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GONOCOCCAL
CERVICITIS
- yellowish, mucoid
cervical discharge
- hyperemic, edema
cervical opening

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CHLAMYDIA
CERVICITIS
-cervical erosions
due to Chlamydia
trachomatis

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Cervical Discharge Cervical Ectopy

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TRICHOMONAS
VAGINITIS
-whitish vaginal
discharge
-homogenous
-moderate in
amount
-fishy odor
VAGINAL INFECTIONS

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TRICHOMONAS
VAGINITIS
-“strawberry-like”
appearance of the
cervix due to
T. vaginalis infection

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BACTERIAL
VAGINOSIS
- white mucoid
discharge
- fish-like odor

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> STIs can be contracted through unprotected intimate
contact with an infected partner.
> Most common STI include gonorrhea, syphilis, clamydia,
warts and HIV&AIDS.
> Organisms that cause these diseases generally enter the
body through the mucous membranes, vagina, urethra,
anus and mouth.
What are STIs (Sexually
Transmitted Infections)?
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WHAT CAUSES STI?
CAUSIVE AGENT SEXUALLY
TRANSMITTED DISEASE
Bacteria -Gonorrhea (Tulo)
-Syphilis
-Chlamydia Infection
Protozoa -Trichomoniasis
Viral Infection -Herpes
-Genital Warts
-Hepatitis B
-HIV Infection
Fungal -Candidiasis

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STI Symptoms in Men
> Painful urination
> Sores or blisters on the penis
> Discharge or blood from the penis
> Swollen or painful lymph glands
> Scrotal swelling/enlargement
> Itchy genitals
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> Foul-smelling or otherwise unusual
discharge
> Burning sensation during urination
> Pain during intercourse
> Pain in the lower abdomen
> Painful or itchy genitals
> Genital sores or blisters
> Swollen and painful lymph gland in the
groin
STI Symptoms in Women
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24. Candidiasis

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Chancroid

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Chlamydia

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SYPHILIS

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Syphilis

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GONORRHEA

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LICE

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Pubic Lice

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Gonorrhea

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Herpes

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Herpes

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WARTS

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CERVICITIS

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1995 Global Rates of STI (%)
GERBASE et al STI 1998
SYPHILIS GONORRHEA CHLAMYDIA TRICHOMONAS
M F M F M f M F
N Amer 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.4 0.8 2.7 0.5 5.5
W.Euro 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.2 0.8 2.7 0.5 5.5
Australia 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.4 0.8 2.7 0.5 5.5
L.Amer 0.6 0.7 0.6 1.1 2.5 4.0 0.8 8.1
M East 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.4 1.2 1.7 0.3 3.3
C. Asia 0.08 0.08 0.3 0.5 1.7 3.7 0.7 7.4

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HIV/AIDS Deaths - Mindanao,
% Distribution Per Region
1991- June 2006
C Mindinao
9%
Caraga Region
9%
Dvo Region
37%
N Mindanao
9%
Zambo Pen.
27%
ARMM
9%

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Genital Warts

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Philippine STI Rates among Sex Workers
STI Monson
1991
Manalastas
1994
Agdamag
1996
Aplasca – de
los Reyes
1999
Manila Manila Cebu Manila Baguio, Cebu
and Davao
Femal
es
n=
936
Males
n=
421
Female
s
n=
311
Female
s
n= 297
Females and
Males n= 287
Females
n= 943
% % % % % %
Gonorrhea 14.5 3.1 10.6 22.2 7.3 *2.1
Chlamydia 13.0 2.9 17.3 22.7 15.5 -
Trichomoniasi
s
3.8 - 6.7 30.9 2.0 14.6
Candidiasis 5.2 - 4.8 - 3.0 -
Bacterial
Vaginosis
0.2 - 11.6 - 1.5 -
Syphilis 2.2 1.4 2.8 6.7 3.0 1.3
Genital
Herpes
0.9 - 0 0 - -
Genital Warts 2.1 2.6 0 0 - -

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STI RATES AMONG THE “GENERAL POPULATION” in Manila
STI Urban
Poor Men
n = 200
Urban
Poor
Women
n = 400
Pregnant
women
(Fabella)
n = 410
Non-pregnant
women
(Fabella)
n = 190
Gonorrhea - 1.8 0.4 1.6
Chlamydia 9 17.8 32.7 8.9
Trichomoniasis - 1.3 9.4 3.1
Candidiasis - 2.5 34.7 40.0
Bacterial
Vaginosis
- 32.5 50.2 27.6
Syphilis - 2.0 0.8 4.2
Source: RHPI 1999

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What is HIV?
H -Human
I -Immunodeficiency
V -Virus

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What is AIDS?
Acquired ( the disease is passed from one
person to another, not hereditary or inborn)
Immune (the body’s defense system which
normally protects from diseases)
Deficiency (the defense system of the body is
not working)
Syndrome (a group of symptoms which when
they occur together, would mean a person
has a particular disease or condition)

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What is AIDS (Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome)?
 AIDS is the
symptomatic stage
of HIV infection
where signs and
symptoms appear
 It is the terminal
stage of HIV
infection
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MODES OF TRANSMISSION
>Unprotected penetrative
sexual intercourse
>Transfusion of infected blood
or organ transplant
>Sharing of infected needles
and other injecting/skin
piercing instruments
>Perinatal (mother to child
transmission during
pregnancy, delivery and
breast feeding)

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What is HIV (Human Immuno-Deficiency
Virus)?
 HIV attacks and
destroys the immune
system
 Once inside the body,
HIV multiplies
 It lowers body
resistance making the
HIV positive person
vulnerable to
infections
 HIV is a lifelong
infection
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HIV is Transmitted through:
> Infected blood and blood
products
> Using infected needles
> Unprotected sexual
intercourse with an HIV
positive person
> Acquired by a baby from
an infected mother (during
pregnancy, during delivery
or while breastfeeding)
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HIV Incubation Period (2-15
years)
AIDS (death within 2 years)
Difference between
HIV and AIDS
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> Abstinence - no sexual intercourse
> Be Faithful - be in a mutually monogamous
relationship with ONE uninfected partner
> Careful Sex Practices - use of condoms
and
exploring other safer sex options
> Don’t Use Drugs or Alcohol – which could
lead to wrong judgment, decisions and
choices
> Education – know the facts of STI,
HIV&AIDS
and how to manage it
ABC of STI/HIV Prevention:
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MYTHS ABOUT HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS is NOT transmitted through:
 Social or casual contact (e.g.
handshake, hug or kiss)
 Airborne (e.g. sneezing or
coughing)
 Other body fluids (e.g. tears,
saliva, sweat, urine)
 Mosquito bites
 Swimming pools
 Sharing utensils

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Key Messages for ASRH:
> Consequences of early sex (health,
social, economic)
> Promoting sexual abstinence
> Ways of Prevention
> Promoting Health Seeking-Behavior
> Referrals
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Key Messages for ASRH:
> HIV/AIDS/STI [transmission,
symptoms & prevention);
> Responsible parenthood
> Fertility management
> Sexual health & rights
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Some Youth Issues:
> Unplanned pregnancies
> Early marriages/live-in
> Youth delinquency, substance abuse,
and stow away
> Increasing out-of-school youth
(OSY) & school drop-outs
> Teenage suicides
> Exposure to pornographic materials 4
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Reasons Why Teenagers Engage
in Sex:
> Some boys think
they need to have
sex to be “cool”
or “macho”
> Teens feel
“Everybody’s
doing it” so it’s
okay to do it
> Some girls are
unable to say
“no” to their
boyfriends for
fear of rejection
> To show
independency by
rebelling against
parents, teachers and
other authority
figures
> To satisfy curiosity
> For pleasure or fun
> Proof of one’s “true”
love
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Consequences of Early Sex:
Health-
Related
> Pregnancy
> Abortion
> Sexually
Transmitted
Infections
(STIs)
> HIV & AIDS
Social Consequences
> Strong social pressures, which
may lead to forced, premature
marriage or illegal abortion
> Isolation from other healthy
relationships
> Reduced prospects for future
marriage
> Less stable or broken marriage
> Ostracism from family and
society
> Occasional suicides
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Consequences of Early Sex:
Economic & Other
Consequences
>Disruption of schooling
>Limited career and
economic opportunities
>Not being able to grow
fully as an adolescent
>Possibility of sexual
harassment, coercion,
rape, battery and other
abuses
>Poor parenting skills
Effects on the
Baby/Child
> Risk of being still
born, premature
birth, or death soon
after birth
> Susceptibility to
infections or illnesses
> Social stigma, child
abuse, neglect or
abandonment
> Dropping out of
school and possibility
of becoming teenage
parents themselves
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Ways of Preventing Teenage Sex:
Choose abstinence
> Abstinence or no sex offers 100% effective way
to avoid pregnancy, sexually transmitted
infections (STI) including HIV.
Choose effective refusal skills
> Use the word “NO!” There is no better substitute.
> Use strong non-verbal messages. Body language
should also say “NO!”
> Repeat the message as much as needed.
> Suggest alternative activities.
> Use relationship-building statements when
appropriate. Reject the activity, not the person.
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Ways of Preventing Teenage Sex:
Avoid drugs and alcohol
> Alcohol and drugs affect emotions, judgments
and self control. People are more likely to take
risks or do things they normally would not do,
e.g. involving themselves to sexual intercourse
resulting to pregnancy.
> Stay out of risky zone, that is, not getting into a
close, intimate situation with your partner.
Talk things over with your partner
> Talk about the possible results of sexual
intercourse.
> Talk about the emotional intimacy even in the
absence of sexual intercourse.
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Teenage love? Teenage sex?
Teenage pregnancy?
Teenage marriage?
Or your FUTURE?
It’s your choice, it’s your life.
Make the right decision.
True love waits!
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