U.S.2.Immigration And Urbanization (1865 1914)DebbyP
Between 1880 and 1920, large numbers of southern and eastern European immigrants arrived in the United States, settling primarily in cities. They fled conflicts and economic hardships in their home countries and were drawn by the prospect of employment and land ownership in America. Upon arrival, immigrants faced difficult living and working conditions as they assimilated into urban society and culture. Cities saw rising populations, new forms of transportation and architecture, and changes to public health and consumerism as a result of immigration and industrialization during this period.
As business grew in America in the late 19th century, entrepreneurs sought to maximize profits through monopolizing industries and paying low wages and providing few benefits to employees. This led to disagreements between owners and workers. The completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 provided more opportunities for business but also improved transportation and communication. Many new technologies were invented during this time as well. To cut costs and increase profits, businesses consolidated through mergers and trusts to gain control over entire industries. This concentration of economic power concerned workers, leading to the growth of labor unions like the Knights of Labor in the late 1800s as workers sought better pay and conditions.
The South struggled after the Civil War with discrimination against African Americans and little industry or cities. The Reconstruction Amendments aimed to protect rights, but Jim Crow laws later enforced racial segregation. Native Americans were forced onto reservations by the government to take their land, often facing violence and disease, while settlers expanded West seeking land and opportunity through policies like the Homestead Act. The transcontinental railroad and other infrastructure changes connected areas but also displaced tribes and cultures.
The document provides an overview of the political, economic, and social conditions in the United States during the Gilded Age from the 1870s to the 1890s. It describes the rampant political corruption, the economic dominance of large businesses, rising inequality, and the emergence of the Populist movement in response to farmer debt and declining prices of agricultural goods.
During the Gilded Age from 1877 to 1900, industrialization corrupted politics and harmed farmers, leading to the formation of the Populist Party. Civil rights made little progress as Jim Crow laws segregated blacks and whites. Chinese and Mexican immigrants also faced segregation and lacked rights. Women sought more political and social rights by forming unions and movements but met little success. Corrupt politics involved industries bribing politicians while hardworking conditions for many remained poor. Economic issues like the tariff divided politicians and led independent parties to form around monetary policy debates. Farmers struggled with low crop prices and high transportation costs, driving many into debt and fueling the Populist movement.
The document summarizes how the economy, society, and culture of the American South and West changed after the Civil War. Racism persisted against African Americans and new Jim Crow laws were established to enforce racial segregation. Native American tribes were forced onto reservations and their children were sent to boarding schools. Chinese immigrants helped build the transcontinental railroad but then faced discrimination. The Homestead Act encouraged western expansion and the era of the cowboy drove cattle from Texas to markets in the North and West. Railroads, mining, and ranching transformed the economies while racism, immigration, and conflicts with Native Americans shaped western society and culture.
As business grew in America in the late 19th century, entrepreneurs sought to maximize profits through monopolizing industries and paying low wages and providing few benefits to employees. This led to disagreements between workers and owners. The completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 provided more opportunities for business but also improved transportation and communication. Many new technologies were invented during this time as well. Businesses increasingly adopted corporate structures and consolidation practices like mergers and monopolies to cut costs and increase profits. This exploitation of workers led to the growth of labor unions seeking better conditions.
Immigration and urbanization dramatically changed American society from 1877-1914. Large numbers of immigrants arrived from Europe, attracted by opportunities in America's growing cities. They provided cheap labor that fueled industrialization. However, immigrants often lived in overcrowded and unsanitary tenement housing in urban areas. The growth of cities concentrated populations and led to changes in lifestyles, including use of public transportation, work schedules, and interaction with strangers. Urbanization concentrated populations and industry in cities and transformed America into a more urban nation.
U.S.2.Immigration And Urbanization (1865 1914)DebbyP
Between 1880 and 1920, large numbers of southern and eastern European immigrants arrived in the United States, settling primarily in cities. They fled conflicts and economic hardships in their home countries and were drawn by the prospect of employment and land ownership in America. Upon arrival, immigrants faced difficult living and working conditions as they assimilated into urban society and culture. Cities saw rising populations, new forms of transportation and architecture, and changes to public health and consumerism as a result of immigration and industrialization during this period.
As business grew in America in the late 19th century, entrepreneurs sought to maximize profits through monopolizing industries and paying low wages and providing few benefits to employees. This led to disagreements between owners and workers. The completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 provided more opportunities for business but also improved transportation and communication. Many new technologies were invented during this time as well. To cut costs and increase profits, businesses consolidated through mergers and trusts to gain control over entire industries. This concentration of economic power concerned workers, leading to the growth of labor unions like the Knights of Labor in the late 1800s as workers sought better pay and conditions.
The South struggled after the Civil War with discrimination against African Americans and little industry or cities. The Reconstruction Amendments aimed to protect rights, but Jim Crow laws later enforced racial segregation. Native Americans were forced onto reservations by the government to take their land, often facing violence and disease, while settlers expanded West seeking land and opportunity through policies like the Homestead Act. The transcontinental railroad and other infrastructure changes connected areas but also displaced tribes and cultures.
The document provides an overview of the political, economic, and social conditions in the United States during the Gilded Age from the 1870s to the 1890s. It describes the rampant political corruption, the economic dominance of large businesses, rising inequality, and the emergence of the Populist movement in response to farmer debt and declining prices of agricultural goods.
During the Gilded Age from 1877 to 1900, industrialization corrupted politics and harmed farmers, leading to the formation of the Populist Party. Civil rights made little progress as Jim Crow laws segregated blacks and whites. Chinese and Mexican immigrants also faced segregation and lacked rights. Women sought more political and social rights by forming unions and movements but met little success. Corrupt politics involved industries bribing politicians while hardworking conditions for many remained poor. Economic issues like the tariff divided politicians and led independent parties to form around monetary policy debates. Farmers struggled with low crop prices and high transportation costs, driving many into debt and fueling the Populist movement.
The document summarizes how the economy, society, and culture of the American South and West changed after the Civil War. Racism persisted against African Americans and new Jim Crow laws were established to enforce racial segregation. Native American tribes were forced onto reservations and their children were sent to boarding schools. Chinese immigrants helped build the transcontinental railroad but then faced discrimination. The Homestead Act encouraged western expansion and the era of the cowboy drove cattle from Texas to markets in the North and West. Railroads, mining, and ranching transformed the economies while racism, immigration, and conflicts with Native Americans shaped western society and culture.
As business grew in America in the late 19th century, entrepreneurs sought to maximize profits through monopolizing industries and paying low wages and providing few benefits to employees. This led to disagreements between workers and owners. The completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 provided more opportunities for business but also improved transportation and communication. Many new technologies were invented during this time as well. Businesses increasingly adopted corporate structures and consolidation practices like mergers and monopolies to cut costs and increase profits. This exploitation of workers led to the growth of labor unions seeking better conditions.
Immigration and urbanization dramatically changed American society from 1877-1914. Large numbers of immigrants arrived from Europe, attracted by opportunities in America's growing cities. They provided cheap labor that fueled industrialization. However, immigrants often lived in overcrowded and unsanitary tenement housing in urban areas. The growth of cities concentrated populations and led to changes in lifestyles, including use of public transportation, work schedules, and interaction with strangers. Urbanization concentrated populations and industry in cities and transformed America into a more urban nation.
The document discusses the costs and benefits of solar energy technologies including photovoltaic (PV) solar panels and solar thermal systems. It provides typical installation cost ranges for commercial solar electric ($25,000-$350,000) and solar thermal ($15,000-$250,000) systems. Federal tax credits can provide 30% of the installation costs. The payback period for solar hot water is typically 6-8 years through avoided utility costs.
The document discusses the Tenth Amendment to the US Constitution. It summarizes that the Tenth Amendment limits the power of the federal government and protects the powers of the states by reserving powers not given to the federal government to the states or individuals. It was an important amendment because it created a balance between federal and state power and applies today by restricting what the federal government can do and preserving state authority.
The Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution gives citizens the right to bear arms in order to maintain well-regulated militias for state security. It was included in the Bill of Rights in response to anti-federalists who opposed standing armies and wanted people to be able to defend themselves. However, there is ongoing debate around gun control and whether individuals' right to bear arms infringes on safety. The Eighth Amendment prohibits excessive bail and fines and cruel and unusual punishment. It was included to protect prisoners' rights and create equality in treatment. However, what constitutes "excessive" or "cruel" is still debated today in Supreme Court cases around issues like the death penalty.
The Fourth Amendment protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures by the government and ensures that any warrants are judicially sanctioned and based on probable cause. It was added to the Constitution to restrict the government's power and protect people's privacy and property rights. Today, it continues to guarantee these privacy rights for all Americans.
The Sixth Amendment guarantees criminal defendants the right to a fair, public and speedy trial by an impartial jury, as well as other fair trial rights like confronting witnesses, getting witnesses to testify for the defense, and legal counsel. It was added to ensure people received fair trials and to prevent unfair prosecutions. These rights still apply today and ensure all people receive justice through a fair trial process.
The document discusses the Second Amendment of the Bill of Rights. It guarantees the right of individuals to keep and bear arms and prevents this right from being infringed by the government. There is some debate around whether this only applies to citizens as part of a militia, like the National Guard, or if it refers more broadly to individual gun ownership. The amendment was also meant to limit the power of the federal government and protect states' rights to have militias for their own security.
The Fifth Amendment protects citizens from government overreach in several ways: it ensures people cannot be prosecuted for a major crime without evidence presented to a grand jury, prevents people from being tried twice for the same crime, and protects individuals from being forced to testify against themselves or have their property taken without compensation. It codifies principles like due process and the presumption of innocence to ensure legal proceedings are fair. The amendment was included in the Constitution to safeguard individual rights and reign in government power over citizens.
The Sixth Amendment establishes several rights of criminal defendants, including the right to a speedy public trial by an impartial jury in the district in which the crime was committed, to be informed of criminal accusations, to confront witnesses, to obtain witnesses and evidence in their favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for their defense.
This document discusses key provisions and protections provided by the First Amendment of the US Constitution, including freedom of speech, press, religion, and the right to peacefully assemble. It provides examples of Supreme Court cases that have upheld these protections, such as allowing protest in public areas and keeping the identities of confidential sources secret from journalists. The overall purpose is to outline the historical context and importance of civil liberties enshrined in the First Amendment.
The Seventh Amendment preserves the right to trial by jury in federal civil cases over $20 and prevents reexamination of facts by a jury except by common law rules. The Eighth Amendment prohibits excessive bail or fines and cruel and unusual punishment. Both amendments were included to ensure fairness in the legal system and prevent the government from imposing undue harshness on individuals.
The document discusses how India has become a global technology center through offshoring and outsourcing work such as call centers and software development. It notes that the Y2K scare led companies to outsource technology jobs to India to take advantage of lower costs and that India was able to send exports over computer networks rather than slow transportation methods. The summary briefly outlines some of the topics covered regarding differences between India and China's economic positions and benefit from globalization.
The document discusses mortgages, foreclosures, and the financial crisis. It explains that homeowners default on mortgages, leading to foreclosure where the bank seizes the property. Mortgage loans are bundled into mortgage-backed securities whose values became unknown, impairing the ability of banks to lend. The US Treasury bailout plan allocates $700 billion to purchase bad mortgage assets from banks to increase their lending capacity. The government has expanded its role and partial ownership of banks as a temporary measure. The global economic effects are also discussed.
The Middle Colonies consisted of Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York. They had excellent soil and a temperate climate suitable for farming various crops. The region attracted diverse immigrant groups due to its religious tolerance and economic opportunities in agriculture, lumber, and trade. William Penn founded Pennsylvania based on principles of democracy, religious freedom, and equality.
The Middle Colonies consisted of Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York. They had excellent soil and a temperate climate suitable for farming various crops. The colonies attracted diverse immigrant groups due to their religious tolerance and economic opportunities in farming, lumber, and trade. William Penn founded Pennsylvania based on principles of democracy, religious freedom, and equality.
- The southern colonies were founded by England between 1607-1732 and were originally proprietary colonies controlled indirectly by the king of England. They later became crown colonies directly controlled by England.
- The economies of the southern colonies depended heavily on tobacco, rice and indigo plantations which utilized slave labor. Slavery was very common and the society was based on social class.
- Major cities included Jamestown, Williamsburg, Annapolis, Baltimore, Charleston and Savannah which served as important ports for exporting crops.
The document provides an overview of the geography, history, economy, society, and politics of the Caribbean islands. It notes that the islands have a tropical climate suitable for growing sugar cane. Originally inhabited by indigenous peoples like the Tainos and Caribs, the islands were later colonized by European powers who introduced slavery and used African slaves to produce sugar cane. Major economies were based around exporting sugar cane. Society was divided between European colonists, African slaves, and remaining indigenous groups. Different islands were ruled by different European powers and religions varied between islands.
- The document discusses the founding and early history of the New England colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut in the 17th century. It describes the colonies' reliance on fishing, timber, and fur trading due to the poor soil quality. It also discusses the Puritan religion and the founding of Rhode Island by Roger Williams.
The document discusses the costs and benefits of solar energy technologies including photovoltaic (PV) solar panels and solar thermal systems. It provides typical installation cost ranges for commercial solar electric ($25,000-$350,000) and solar thermal ($15,000-$250,000) systems. Federal tax credits can provide 30% of the installation costs. The payback period for solar hot water is typically 6-8 years through avoided utility costs.
The document discusses the Tenth Amendment to the US Constitution. It summarizes that the Tenth Amendment limits the power of the federal government and protects the powers of the states by reserving powers not given to the federal government to the states or individuals. It was an important amendment because it created a balance between federal and state power and applies today by restricting what the federal government can do and preserving state authority.
The Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution gives citizens the right to bear arms in order to maintain well-regulated militias for state security. It was included in the Bill of Rights in response to anti-federalists who opposed standing armies and wanted people to be able to defend themselves. However, there is ongoing debate around gun control and whether individuals' right to bear arms infringes on safety. The Eighth Amendment prohibits excessive bail and fines and cruel and unusual punishment. It was included to protect prisoners' rights and create equality in treatment. However, what constitutes "excessive" or "cruel" is still debated today in Supreme Court cases around issues like the death penalty.
The Fourth Amendment protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures by the government and ensures that any warrants are judicially sanctioned and based on probable cause. It was added to the Constitution to restrict the government's power and protect people's privacy and property rights. Today, it continues to guarantee these privacy rights for all Americans.
The Sixth Amendment guarantees criminal defendants the right to a fair, public and speedy trial by an impartial jury, as well as other fair trial rights like confronting witnesses, getting witnesses to testify for the defense, and legal counsel. It was added to ensure people received fair trials and to prevent unfair prosecutions. These rights still apply today and ensure all people receive justice through a fair trial process.
The document discusses the Second Amendment of the Bill of Rights. It guarantees the right of individuals to keep and bear arms and prevents this right from being infringed by the government. There is some debate around whether this only applies to citizens as part of a militia, like the National Guard, or if it refers more broadly to individual gun ownership. The amendment was also meant to limit the power of the federal government and protect states' rights to have militias for their own security.
The Fifth Amendment protects citizens from government overreach in several ways: it ensures people cannot be prosecuted for a major crime without evidence presented to a grand jury, prevents people from being tried twice for the same crime, and protects individuals from being forced to testify against themselves or have their property taken without compensation. It codifies principles like due process and the presumption of innocence to ensure legal proceedings are fair. The amendment was included in the Constitution to safeguard individual rights and reign in government power over citizens.
The Sixth Amendment establishes several rights of criminal defendants, including the right to a speedy public trial by an impartial jury in the district in which the crime was committed, to be informed of criminal accusations, to confront witnesses, to obtain witnesses and evidence in their favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for their defense.
This document discusses key provisions and protections provided by the First Amendment of the US Constitution, including freedom of speech, press, religion, and the right to peacefully assemble. It provides examples of Supreme Court cases that have upheld these protections, such as allowing protest in public areas and keeping the identities of confidential sources secret from journalists. The overall purpose is to outline the historical context and importance of civil liberties enshrined in the First Amendment.
The Seventh Amendment preserves the right to trial by jury in federal civil cases over $20 and prevents reexamination of facts by a jury except by common law rules. The Eighth Amendment prohibits excessive bail or fines and cruel and unusual punishment. Both amendments were included to ensure fairness in the legal system and prevent the government from imposing undue harshness on individuals.
The document discusses how India has become a global technology center through offshoring and outsourcing work such as call centers and software development. It notes that the Y2K scare led companies to outsource technology jobs to India to take advantage of lower costs and that India was able to send exports over computer networks rather than slow transportation methods. The summary briefly outlines some of the topics covered regarding differences between India and China's economic positions and benefit from globalization.
The document discusses mortgages, foreclosures, and the financial crisis. It explains that homeowners default on mortgages, leading to foreclosure where the bank seizes the property. Mortgage loans are bundled into mortgage-backed securities whose values became unknown, impairing the ability of banks to lend. The US Treasury bailout plan allocates $700 billion to purchase bad mortgage assets from banks to increase their lending capacity. The government has expanded its role and partial ownership of banks as a temporary measure. The global economic effects are also discussed.
The Middle Colonies consisted of Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York. They had excellent soil and a temperate climate suitable for farming various crops. The region attracted diverse immigrant groups due to its religious tolerance and economic opportunities in agriculture, lumber, and trade. William Penn founded Pennsylvania based on principles of democracy, religious freedom, and equality.
The Middle Colonies consisted of Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York. They had excellent soil and a temperate climate suitable for farming various crops. The colonies attracted diverse immigrant groups due to their religious tolerance and economic opportunities in farming, lumber, and trade. William Penn founded Pennsylvania based on principles of democracy, religious freedom, and equality.
- The southern colonies were founded by England between 1607-1732 and were originally proprietary colonies controlled indirectly by the king of England. They later became crown colonies directly controlled by England.
- The economies of the southern colonies depended heavily on tobacco, rice and indigo plantations which utilized slave labor. Slavery was very common and the society was based on social class.
- Major cities included Jamestown, Williamsburg, Annapolis, Baltimore, Charleston and Savannah which served as important ports for exporting crops.
The document provides an overview of the geography, history, economy, society, and politics of the Caribbean islands. It notes that the islands have a tropical climate suitable for growing sugar cane. Originally inhabited by indigenous peoples like the Tainos and Caribs, the islands were later colonized by European powers who introduced slavery and used African slaves to produce sugar cane. Major economies were based around exporting sugar cane. Society was divided between European colonists, African slaves, and remaining indigenous groups. Different islands were ruled by different European powers and religions varied between islands.
- The document discusses the founding and early history of the New England colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut in the 17th century. It describes the colonies' reliance on fishing, timber, and fur trading due to the poor soil quality. It also discusses the Puritan religion and the founding of Rhode Island by Roger Williams.
LinkedIn Strategic Guidelines for June 2024Bruce Bennett
LinkedIn is a powerful tool for networking, researching, and marketing yourself to clients and employers. This session teaches strategic practices for building your LinkedIn internet presence and marketing yourself. The use of # and @ symbols is covered as well as going mobile with the LinkedIn app.
Parabolic antenna alignment system with Real-Time Angle Position FeedbackStevenPatrick17
Introduction
Parabolic antennas are a crucial component in many communication systems, including satellite communications, radio telescopes, and television broadcasting. Ensuring these antennas are properly aligned is vital for optimal performance and signal strength. A parabolic antenna alignment system, equipped with real-time angle position feedback and fault tracking, is designed to address this need. This document delves into the components, design, and implementation of such a system, highlighting its significance and applications.
Importance of Parabolic Antenna Alignment
The alignment of a parabolic antenna directly affects its performance. Even minor misalignments can lead to significant signal loss, which can degrade the quality of the received signal or cause communication failures. Proper alignment ensures that the antenna's focal point is accurately directed toward the signal source, maximizing the antenna's gain and efficiency. This precision is especially crucial in applications like satellite communications, where the antenna must track geostationary satellites with high accuracy.
Components of a Parabolic Antenna Alignment System
A parabolic antenna alignment system typically includes the following components:
Parabolic Dish: The primary reflector that collects and focuses incoming signals.
Feedhorn and Low Noise Block (LNB): Positioned at the dish's focal point to receive signals.
Stepper or Servo Motors: Adjust the azimuth (horizontal) and elevation (vertical) angles of the antenna.
Microcontroller (e.g., Arduino, Raspberry Pi): Processes sensor data and controls the motors.
Potentiometers: Provide feedback on the antenna's current angle positions.
Fault Detection Sensors: Monitor for potential faults such as cable discontinuities or LNB failures.
Control Software: Runs on the microcontroller, handling real-time processing and decision-making.
Real-Time Angle Position Feedback
Real-time feedback on the antenna's angle position is essential for maintaining precise alignment. This feedback is typically provided by potentiometers or rotary encoders, which continuously monitor the azimuth and elevation angles. The microcontroller reads this data and adjusts the motors accordingly to keep the antenna aligned with the signal source.
Fault Tracking in Antenna Alignment Systems
Fault tracking is vital for the reliability and performance of the antenna system. Common faults include cable discontinuities, LNB malfunctions, and motor failures. Sensors integrated into the system can detect these faults and either notify the user or initiate corrective actions automatically.
Design and Implementation
1. Parabolic Dish and Feedhorn
The parabolic dish is designed to reflect incoming signals to a focal point where the feedhorn and LNB are located. The dish's size and shape depend on the specific application and frequency range.
2. Motors and Position Control
Stepper motors or servo motors are used to control the azimuth and elevation of
2. The Effect of Business and Industry on American Culture and Society
3. Business of America Big Business Tycoons of the 19 th Century Andrew Carnegie Henry Ford John D. Rockefeller Cornelius Vanderbilt J.P. Morgan Industry Corporation -Complex economy -No longer all small family businesses -New inventions and technology make this possible Eliminate competition and expand production - Monopolies - Horizontal and Vertical Integration - Trusts - Group ownership - One huge company - Wanted to control all production of their product