Westward expansion fisher
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The document discusses John L. O'Sullivan's 1839 article "The Great Nation of Futurity" which introduced the concept of "Manifest Destiny". It asks the reader to annotate the excerpt, noting language that shows how O'Sullivan views the United States, what language he uses, why he wrote the piece, and its purpose. It also asks how the piece connects to John Gast's painting on the right about westward expansion between 1803-1851 through events like the Louisiana Purchase, Oregon Trail, and establishment of reservations.
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*
Chapter Focus Questions What was manifest destiny?
What were the major differences between the Oregon, Texas, and California frontiers?
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Click image to launch video
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Q: What were the views of both southerners and northerners on the expansion of slavery into the new territories?
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Ch 13THE IMPENDING CRISIS· LOOKING WESTWARD· EXPANSION AND W
Ch 13
THE IMPENDING CRISIS
· LOOKING WESTWARD
· EXPANSION AND WAR
· THE SECTIONAL DEBATE
· THE CRISES OF THE 1850s
LOOKING AHEAD
1. How did the annexation of western territories intensify the conflict over slavery and lead to deeper divisions between the North and the South?
2. What compromises attempted to resolve the conflicts over the expansion of slavery into new territories? To what degree were these compromises successful? Why did they eventually fail to resolve the differences between the North and the South?
3. What were the major arguments for and against slavery and its expansion into new territories?
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But midcentury brought a rash of explosive issues that politicians struggled—and ultimately failed—to resolve peacefully. In the North the abolitionist movement picked up steam and inspired legions of supporters, the most aggressive of whom sought to fight slavery with the sword as well as the pen. The South birthed a generation of militant pro-slavery spokesmen who brooked no compromise over a state’s right to embrace slavery and the society based on it. From the West emerged raging controversies over the political fate of the territories and whether they would enter the Union as either slave or free states. Partisans recruited sympathizers from across the nation and even took up arms to win their point.LOOKING WESTWARD
More than a million square miles of new territory came under the control of the United States during the 1840s. By the end of the decade, the nation possessed all the territory of the present-day United States except Alaska, Hawaii, and a few relatively small areas acquired later through border adjustments. Many factors accounted for this great new wave of expansion, but one of the most important was an ideology known as Manifest Destiny.
Manifest Destiny
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By the 1840s, publicized by the rise of inexpensive newspapers dubbed “penny press,” the idea of Manifest Destiny had spread throughout the nation. Some advocates of Manifest Destiny envisioned a vast new “empire of liberty” that would include Canada, Mexico, Caribbean and Pacific islands, and ultimately (for the most ardent believers) much of the rest of the world. Countering such bombast were politicians such as Henry Clay and others, who warned that territorial expansion would reopen the painful controversy over slavery. Their voices, however, could not compete with the enthusiasm over expansion in the 18 ...
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2
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Battle of San Jacinto
April 21, 1836
1845
O’Sullivan
Popularizes Term
Manifest Destiny
Clays Compromise 1850
California Enters Union as a Free State
Territories to Have No Restrictions on Slavery
Enforce Fugitive Slave Law
No Slaves in D.C.
Recall from the last presen ...
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Chapter Focus Questions What was manifest destiny?
What were the major differences between the Oregon, Texas, and California frontiers?
What were the most important consequences of the Mexican-American War?
Click image to launch video
Q: You’ve introduced a comparative dimension to the discussion of the California Gold Rush of the late 1840s and early 1850s. What important parallels do you see between that event and the simultaneous discovery of gold in Australia?
A: Of course it was a coincidence that gold was discovered in both places at the same time; it was not some global phenomenon. But in fact, these two gold rushes in the 1840s and the 1950s did play out in interestingly similar ways. The discovery of gold in California and part of southern Australia, first of all, led to an immense influx of population into both places of people seeking to get rich through gold. From all over the world, from Europe, from Latin America, from Asia, people streamed into these countries and in both places you developed this extraordinarily diverse population. San Francisco was probably the most racially and ethnically diverse city in the world in 1850, because everyone in the world had poured in there, and similarly Melbourne, Australia, had an incredibly diverse population for the same reason. On the other hand, in both places you got immediate racial tensions, and in the 1850s, efforts to push Asians, particularly the Chinese, out of the gold fields. California became very well-known for its anti-Chinese, anti-Asian policies, banning what they called foreign miners and things like that. Similarly in Australia you had efforts to push Chinese miners out of the gold fields. So I think the experience of Australia can reflect something back on our understanding of what happened in the United States to show how similar tensions and developments take place in this very hothouse atmosphere of everybody seeking to enrich themselves through gold.
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Click image to launch video
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My Westward expansion
This is how the east met the west with it's blood sweat and tears of the people seeking wealth and a better way of life.
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During the Era of Good Feelings from 1817-1825, Americans had reason to feel optimistic. The period was defined by territorial expansion through treaties like the Adams-Onis Treaty and the Monroe Doctrine. Additionally, the national economy grew through internal improvements championed by Henry Clay. However, sectional tensions arose over tariffs and the expansion of slavery that would later plunge the nation into civil war.
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Ch 13THE IMPENDING CRISIS· LOOKING WESTWARD· EXPANSION AND W
Ch 13
THE IMPENDING CRISIS
· LOOKING WESTWARD
· EXPANSION AND WAR
· THE SECTIONAL DEBATE
· THE CRISES OF THE 1850s
LOOKING AHEAD
1. How did the annexation of western territories intensify the conflict over slavery and lead to deeper divisions between the North and the South?
2. What compromises attempted to resolve the conflicts over the expansion of slavery into new territories? To what degree were these compromises successful? Why did they eventually fail to resolve the differences between the North and the South?
3. What were the major arguments for and against slavery and its expansion into new territories?
UNTIL THE 1840s, POLITICAL TENSIONS between the North and the South remained relatively contained and, other than African American writers and clerics, few predicted that sectional tensions could ever lead the country into a civil war.
But midcentury brought a rash of explosive issues that politicians struggled—and ultimately failed—to resolve peacefully. In the North the abolitionist movement picked up steam and inspired legions of supporters, the most aggressive of whom sought to fight slavery with the sword as well as the pen. The South birthed a generation of militant pro-slavery spokesmen who brooked no compromise over a state’s right to embrace slavery and the society based on it. From the West emerged raging controversies over the political fate of the territories and whether they would enter the Union as either slave or free states. Partisans recruited sympathizers from across the nation and even took up arms to win their point.LOOKING WESTWARD
More than a million square miles of new territory came under the control of the United States during the 1840s. By the end of the decade, the nation possessed all the territory of the present-day United States except Alaska, Hawaii, and a few relatively small areas acquired later through border adjustments. Many factors accounted for this great new wave of expansion, but one of the most important was an ideology known as Manifest Destiny.
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny reflected both the growing pride that characterized American nationalism in the mid-nineteenth century and the idealistic vision of social perfection that fueled so much of the reform energy of the time. It rested on the idea that America was destined—by God and by history—to expand its boundaries over a vast area.
By the 1840s, publicized by the rise of inexpensive newspapers dubbed “penny press,” the idea of Manifest Destiny had spread throughout the nation. Some advocates of Manifest Destiny envisioned a vast new “empire of liberty” that would include Canada, Mexico, Caribbean and Pacific islands, and ultimately (for the most ardent believers) much of the rest of the world. Countering such bombast were politicians such as Henry Clay and others, who warned that territorial expansion would reopen the painful controversy over slavery. Their voices, however, could not compete with the enthusiasm over expansion in the 18 ...
Manifest destiny
This document provides information on key trends and events in America between 1810-1860, including the rise of new intellectual and religious movements, social reforms, and the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution. It discusses the concept of "Manifest Destiny" and expansionist attitudes during this period. Specific events covered include the Oregon Dispute, the Mexican-American War, the California Gold Rush, and the growth of the nation's territory through acquisition and settlement. Political developments such as the emergence of the second party system and the Free Soil Party are also summarized.
Webquest ingles
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable generating lyrics without the original artist's consent.
A new nation
The document summarizes key events in the westward expansion of the United States in the early to mid-19th century. It discusses the rapid population growth in the new nation between 1780-1830, the rise of Manifest Destiny and belief in American exceptionalism. It also describes the Oregon Treaty of 1818, settlement of the Oregon Territory by Mountain Men, and the thousands of pioneers who made the overland journey along the Oregon Trail between 1840-1860. The document outlines the Mexican Cession following the Mexican-American War and Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, as well as the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 which completed US control of the western territories.
Manitfest destiny
The document discusses key events in the westward expansion of the United States in the early to mid-1800s, including the Louisiana Purchase, annexation of Florida, Monroe Doctrine, Missouri Compromise, Indian removal policies like the Trail of Tears, war with Mexico resulting in acquisition of territory, and tensions over states' rights and the balance of free and slave states that contributed to the impending Civil War.
Manifest Destiny
The document discusses the concept of Manifest Destiny and America's westward expansion between 1810-1860. Key events included the increase of nationalism, further western settlement, the Oregon dispute resolved in 1846, the Mexican War adding new territories to the US from 1846-1848, and the California Gold Rush beginning in 1849 which drew thousands of prospectors west. Overall this period saw the partial realization of Manifest Destiny and American control extending across the North American continent, though it also exacerbated tensions around the issue of slavery in the new territories.
American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971
American Indians and the American West, 1809-1971 is part of ProQuest History Vault’s category of collections on American Politics and Society.
This module consists of a variety of collections from the U.S. National Archives, a series of collections from the Chicago History Museum, as well as selected first-hand accounts on Indian Wars and westward migration.
One of the highlights of this module is the focus on American Indians in the first half of the 20th century, a period that has not been studied in as much detail as the calamitous 19th century.
The two major collections from the 20th Century are the Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and records from the Major Council Meetings of American Indian Tribes. In addition, there are a number of excellent collections on American Indians in the 19th century, with a focus on the interaction among white settlers, the U.S. Federal government and Indian tribes, particularly in the aftermath of the American Civil War.
Other records highlight the tensions caused by westward expansion of the post-Civil War years. A series of records on Indian Removal to the West rounds out this collection, consisting of letters and reports by Indian agents, government employees, individual Indians and other citizens about the removal process.
Lincoln, War, and the Slaughter of the American Working Class.docx
Lincoln, War, and the Slaughter of the American Working Class
The American Civil War 1861-1865
The American Civil War is still, without doubt, the most traumatic experience in American History. Far more so than the American Revolution, the World Wars, and 9/11.
New estimates put the number of soldier deaths at 750,000 or above. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/03/science/civil-war-toll-up-by-20-percent-in-new-estimate.html
This does not include the many civilian deaths through disease, starvation, heartbreak, etc.
About 22 million lived in the North and 9 million in the South at the time of the war. There was about a 3.5 to 2.5 ratio of deaths North to South, but this means that the South lost a greater percentage of its population.
About 36,000 African American soldiers were killed.
In the following slides, we’ll recount the seminal events leading up to the war.
2
We can go back to the very foundations of the United States when the Fugitive Slave Clause (Article 4, Section 2, Clause 3) and the 3/5th Clause (Article 1, Section 2. Par. 3) of the Constitution effectively legalized slavery without explicitly mentioning slavery.
Also, Amendment 10 “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” leaves the issue of slavery and other legal, commercial, and social matters up to the states.
Arguments and ill feelings regarding these issues began almost immediately, and tensions almost led to violence in 1820 when the Missouri Compromise staved off revolt and kept the balance between slave state and free state representation.
Texas independence from Mexico followed by its attempt to join the U.S. created tensions before and after the delayed admission in December of 1845, during the Polk Administration.
Polk’s (murderous?) manipulation of international politics led to massive gains in U.S. territory. He gave Mexico little chance to a avoid war that resulted in the loss of the that nations northern half, and he negotiated for the acquisition and consolidation of the Northwest, completing the U.S. march to the Pacific.
This created all kinds of problems for the slavery balance. The Wilmot Proviso, which might have solved the problem, though admittedly in the non-extentionist favor, was rejected. When California asked to join the Union as a free state, it engendered yet another crisis. Half of the state was below the Missouri Compromise line. There was a call in Congress to split California into one free and one slave state.
Then Clay (again) proposed a compromise that delayed secession, but may have ensured it at the same time.
Battle of San Jacinto
April 21, 1836
1845
O’Sullivan
Popularizes Term
Manifest Destiny
Clays Compromise 1850
California Enters Union as a Free State
Territories to Have No Restrictions on Slavery
Enforce Fugitive Slave Law
No Slaves in D.C.
Recall from the last presen ...
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Westward expansion fisher
- 1. READ AND ANNOTATE THE EXCERPT FROM JOHN L. O’SULLIVAN’S 1839 PIECE, “THE GREAT NATION OF FUTURITY” IN WHICH HE WRITES ABOUT “MANIFEST DESTINY” ▪ As you read, underline/circle language that communicates how O’Sullivan views the United States ▪ What language does he use? ▪ Why is he writing this piece? ▪ What do think its purpose was? ▪ How does the piece connect to John Gast’s painting on the right?
- 4. 1804: Lewis and Clark
- 6. 1830 Indian Removal Act - causes “Trail of Tears”
- 7. 1836: Texas Independence - “Lone Star Republic” 1845: US annexes Texas
- 9. 1848-1855: California Gold Rush
- 10. 1847: Mormon establishment at Great Salt Lake 1846-1849: Use of Oregon Trail
- 11. 1851: Indian Appropriations Act creates reservations
- 12. Now what? Where will slavery be legal in all this new territory? What will this new land do to the character of America?
Editor's Notes
- § US gained the Louisiana Territory, more than 800,000 square miles of land § US gained control of MS river § Native Americans did not recognize US “rights” to landàongoing conflict and more than 50 wars
- § sent by Jefferson to explore western part of continent § looking for water route across continent (which they didn’t find), to establish relationships with Native Americans (for access to the fur trade) § observed firsthand the impact of European settlement on Native American culture § expedition shifted the idea of “the West” westwardàcitizens began to settle further inland and view lands west of Mississippi as ripe for expansion
- § Missouri petitioned Congress to enter as slave state (at a time when Congress was balanced with 11 slave, 11 non-slave states) § MI able to enter as slave state b/c ME entered as free, maintaining the balance But draws the line of free and slave westward - will stay with new turf???
- § spearheaded by Andrew Jackson as a means to remove all Indian tribes then living east of the Mississippi River § goal of removal was furthered when govt dispossessed the native Americans of their land § “trail of tears” marked migration of Indians; removal was complete by 1844
- § resulting following a defeat at the Alamo § Anglo settlers were discontent with Mexican rule - also slaveowners but in Mexico where slavery outlawed § Mexican govt regarded annexation as declaration of war; never ratified TX independence
- § war was over the annexation of TX as a US state in 1845 § tremendously divisive: some saw as bid to add another slave state, some supported even more aggressive expansion into Mexico, some didn’t want to incorporate non-white citizens, some afraid of empire building § US victory in 1848: gained 1.2 million square miles of territory (what would eventually become CA, NV, UT, some of CO, WY, most of AZ and NM) § Land transfer reduced Mexico nearly by half, created lasting sense of resentment towards US
- § discovery of gold and subsequent “rush” to mine and otherwise capitalize on the discovery brought 300,000 + people to California § established San Francisco as thriving city led to the incorporation of California as a state (in the Compromise of 1850)
- § Oregon Trail and its many offshoots used by about 400,000 settlers, farmers, miners, ranchers, and business owners and their families. § 1869 – decline b/c transcontinental railroad completed
- § 10 years after Indian Removal, the govt began moving towards a policy of fencing native Americans within specified reservations to open up the West to expansion/white settlement § Indian Appropriations Act of 1851 was designed to consolidate western tribes on agricultural reservations