This document provides an introduction to fluid power systems. It discusses the basic components and layout of fluid power systems including prime movers, pumps, control valves, actuators and piping. It describes the major components such as filters, tanks, gauges and accumulators. It also covers the advantages and drawbacks of fluid power systems. Finally, it discusses applications of fluid power systems in machine tools, material handling, hydraulic presses and mobile machinery.

1. UNIT.1
Chapter.1
Introduction to Fluid Power
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2. Fluid Power Basics
1. Prime mover
2. Pump
3. Control Volume
4. Actuator
5. Fluid Energy
6. Mechanical Energy
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3. Layout of Fluid Power System
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4. Components of FPS
• Major components
1. Prime mover
2. Pump or compressor
3. Control valves
4. Actuators
5. Piping system
6. Fluid
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5. Components of FPS
• Supporting Components
1. Filters
2. Strainer
3. Storage tank
4. Heat Exchanger
5. Pressure Guages
6. Sensors
7. Protective Devices
8. Control Devices
9. Accumulators
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6. Advantages
1. Easy of Conveyance
2. Large actuating force could be achieved
3. Absence of Linkages
4. Division of Energy much Easier
5. Self cushioning Effect
6. Self Lubricating
7. Smooth and jerky free operation
8. Multiplication of force
9. Reversibility
10.Compact and simple
11.Accuracy
12.Long linear motion
13.Heat transfer Characteristics
14.Monitoring is easy
15.Less noisy
•
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7. Drawbacks of FPS
1. Leakage
2. Frictional Losses
3. Oil is fire Hazards
4. Variation of viscosity
5. Bursting of pipe lines
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8. Comparison in HPS and PPS
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9. Application of FPS
1.Machine tool and Production
2.Material Handling
3.Hydraulics Press
4.Mobile and stationary Machines
5.Clamping Devices
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10. Hydraulic Transmission
1.Static or Hydrostatic Transmission
2.Dynamic or Hydrodynamic Transmission
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11. Hydrostatic Transmission
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12. Hydrodynamic Transmission
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13. Pascal's Law
• In a body of equally dense fluid at rest the
pressure is the same for all points in the fluid
so long as those points are at same depth
below the fluid surface
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14. Pascal`s Law
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15. Hydraulic Press
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16. Types of Fluid Power System
1.Hydraulic System
2.Pneumatic System
3.Open Circuit
4.Closed Circuit
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17. Open and Closed Circuit
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18. UNIT 1
Chapter 2
Fluids for Hydraulic System
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19. Introduction
• Four Basic Functions
1. Transmitting power
2. Moving Parts
3. Sealing gaps
4. Cooling and dissipation heat
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20. Classification
1.Petroleum based
2.Water based
3.Synthetic based
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21. Essential Qualities of Fluid
1. Prevent Rust
2. Prevent formation of sludge
3. Depress foaming tendency
4. Stability
5. Uniform properties
6. Prevent corrosion
7. Avoid damaging of seals
8. Avoid mixing with water
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22. Petroleum Based Fluid
1. Aircraft
2. Construction plants
3. Shock Absorber
4. Brakes
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23. Advantages
• Protection against rust
• Better sealing property
• Better heat dissipating property
• Easy to keep clean system
• Low density and light weight
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24. Disadvantages
1. High Cost
2. Low flash points and fire points
3. Highly inflammable
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25. Synthetic based fluid
1. Laboratory prepared fluids
2. Not contain any water or volatile materials
3. Chemical stability very good and high
pressure and temperature working
• Eg. Phosphate Easters
• Halogenated hydrocarbons
• Silicon synthetic fluid
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26. UNIT 1
Chapter 2
Fluids for Hydraulic System
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27. Advantages
• Less inflammable
• Can operate at high temperature
• Suitable for high pressure system
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28. Disadvantages
1. Attack and spoil paints
2. Performance is poor at low temperature
3. VI is very low
4. Sp.gravity is high
5. Develop acidity during operation
6. Cost is very high
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29. Water Based Fluid
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
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30. High Water Based Fluid (HWBF)
• As per ANSI it is HWCF (American National
Standard Institute)
• Proportion of additives:
1. Water-90-95%
2. Additives-5-10%
a) First Generation-Soluble oil cutting fluids
b) Second Generation-High water content oil
c) Third Generation-Micro emulsion
d) Fourth Generation-Thickened micro emulsion
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31. Advantages
1. High flash point
2. Good cooling characteristics
3. Biodegradable hence eco friendly
4. Cleanliness
5. Viscosity constant
6. Low cost
7. Ease to storage
8. Easy transportation
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32. Disadvantages
• High density –contamination-difficult to filter
• Very high corrosion
• Foaming tendency
• High evaporation rate
• High rate of leakage
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33. Types of HWCF
• Water glycol mixture
• Water glycol
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34. Fire Resistant Fluids
• HF-A : >80%Water
• HF-B: 40:60
• HF-C : Water Glycols-40:60 pH at 9
• HF-D: Synthetic Fluid
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35. Properties of Hydraulic Fluid
1. Viscosity
2. Viscosity Index (VI)
3. Lubricating Property (Lubricity)
4. Chemical Stability
5. Freedom from acidity
6. Flash Point
7. Fire Point
8. Toxicity
9. Density
10. Compressibility
11. Good Heat Dissipation
12. Foaming Tendency
13. Low Volatility
14. Low coefficient of expansion
15. Cleanliness
16. Rust Prevention Capability
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36. Selection of Fluids
1. Speed and Accuracy
2. Surrounding conditions
3. Economic Consideration
4. Pressure Levels
5. Operating temp Level
6. Lubricity
7. Safety of operators
8. Expected service life
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37. Additives and Inhibitors
1. Anti foaming
2. Corrosion inhibitors
3. Anti wear resistant chemicals
4. Biocide
5. Emulsifier
6. Lubrication agent
7. Deionisation agent
8. Oxidation agents
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38. Effect of Temp.and Pressure on
Hydraulic Fluid
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39. VI and Temp Vs Viscosity
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40. UNIT 1
Chapter 3
Seal and Sealing Materials
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41. Functions of Seal
• To avoid leakages
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42. Basic Requirements of Seals
1. Effective Sealing
2. Durable
3. Compatible With any Fluids
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43. Causes of Leakages
1. Irregularities in surface
2. Increase in clearance
3. Loosing of joints
4. Excessive operating pressure
5. Fluid contamination
6. Damaged or worn out seal
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44. Classification of Seals
1. Static seals
2. Dynamic Seal
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45. Static Seal
• When no relative motion between two moving
parts
• Also called gaskets
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46. Dynamic Seal
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47. Classification Based on methods of Sealing
1. Positive
2. Non-Positive
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48. Based on working conditions
1. Pressure
2. Environmental conditions
3. Fluid Medium
4. Dynamic and static condition
5. Temperature of system
6. Functional reliability and expected life
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49. Based on shapes
1. T seals
2. V
3. U cups
4. U-Packing
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50. Properties
1. Hardness
2. Volume change-Swelling and Shrinkage
3. Compression Set
4. Tensile Strength
5. Permanent Set
6. Adhesion
7. Aniline Point
8. Squeeze
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51. Sealing Material
1. Cork
2. Leather
3. Metal
4. Rubber
5. Asbestos
6. Elastomeric seal material
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52. UNIT 1
Chapter 4
Types of Pipes and Hoses
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53. Functions of Pipes and Hoses
1. To transport energy through closed conduits
2. Provide flexibility and strength to high
pressure system
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54. Classification of Fluid Power Lines
Fluid Power
Lines
Pipe(Rigid)
Tubes(Semi
Rigid)
Hoses
(Flexible)
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55. Properties of Fluid Power Conduits
1. Mechanical Strength
2. Supporting Strength
3. Terminal Points
4. Damping Capability
5. Smoothness of Surface
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56. Pipe Materials
1. Steel
2. Copper
3. Brass
4. Aluminium
5. Stainless steel
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57. Selection of Pipe Dimensions
Three important Dimensions
1. Outer Diameter (OD)
2. Inner Diameter (ID)
3. Wall Thickness
• Selection of ID
1. Flow rate of fluid
2. Permissible friction losses
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58. Schedule of Pipes
• ANSI Specifies it
• It varies from 10 to 160
• Wall thickness is expressed as SCHEDULED
NUMBER
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59. Tubes and Tubing
• More flexible as compared to pipes
• Manufacture by precision drawing
• Tubing Size :
• Designated by OD.Eg 5/8 Inch tube
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60. Hoses
• Made up by flexible materials
• Permit relative motion between components
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61. Constructions of Hoses
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62. Hose Materials
• Inner Tube
1. Synthetic Rubber
2. Plastics
3. Nylon
4. Braided Nylon
5. Teflon
6. Homogeneous Synthetic Rubber
7. Neoprene
8. Butyl
9. Natural Rubber
• Hose Reinforcement Materials
1.Steel Wires
2.Nylon
3.Rayon
4.Synthetic Yarn
• Outer Protective Cover Materials
1.Neoprene
2.Cotton Yarn
3.Nylon
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63. Tube Joints and Fittings
• 370 flare fitting/450 flare fitting
• Ferrule compression fitting
• Straight threaded connector
• O ring compression fittings
• Sleeve compression fitting
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64. Flare Fittings
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65. Ferrule Fittings
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66. Straight Threaded Connectors
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67. Sleeve Compression fitting
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68. Quick Action Coupling
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69. O Rings Compression Fittings
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70. Pressure Drop in Hoses/Pipes
• Hydraulic energy loss due to friction and
leakages
1.Losses due to friction increase with increase in
viscosity
2.Losses due to leakages decrease with increase
in viscosity
• Head Loss,
• Hp= λ*(v/d*g*l/d)
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71. UNIT 1
Chapter 5
Fluid Conditioning
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72. Introduction
• For smooth, Efficient and trouble free function
• The method of maintaining the quality of fluid
is called fluid conditioning
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73. Sources of Contamination
1. Manufacturing Related
2. System Generated
3. Maintenance Generated
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74. Types of Contamination
• Particulate Contamination
1.Organic Contamination
2.Metallic Solid Contamination
3.Inorganic Solid Contamination
• Fluid Contamination
1.Water Contamination
2.Solvent Contamination
3.Foreign Liquid Contamination
4.Air Contamination
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75. Causes of Contamination
1. Particles originally contained in the system
2. Particles introduced from outside source
3. Particles created within system
 Mechanical particles
 Chemical particles
4. Particles introduced by foreign liquids
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76. Contamination Control
• Fluid maintained within permissible limit of
particulate matter
• Cleaning of all parts ,drying
• Hydraulic Fluid Sampling
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77. Filters
• The devices which is used for trapping the
insoluble contaminants by some porous
medium
• Micron Rating- It indicates smallest size of
particles that filter can retained
• Strainer-Without depth ,Less efficiency as
compared to filters
• Fluid Cleaning Mechanism:
• Sedimentation and Settling tanks
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78. Filter Materials
1.Metal Elements (Sintered Particles)
2.Edge Type
3.Mesh and Cloth Type
4.Non Metals Elements
• Felted
• Woven Cloth
• Wound Yarn
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79. Location of Filters
1. Return Line Filter
2. Suction line filter
3. Pressure filter
4. Combination of suction and pressure filter
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80. Return Line Filter
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81. Suction Line Filter
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82. Pressure Filter
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83. Combination of Suction and
Pressure Line Filter
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84. Filter Housing
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85. Multipass Test Rig
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86. Testing of Filter Contamination
Level and Standardisation
1. Necessity for filter rating
2. Filter Performance
3. Multi-pass test Rig
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87. Beta Rating of Filters
• Degree of Separation
• βx=ni/no
• A system requires 10 micron level filtration
• ni=15000
• no=200
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88. Types of Filter
1. Surface Filter
2. Depth Filter
3. Full Flow Filter
4. Bypass Filter
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89. Full Flow Filter
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90. Bypass Filter
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91. End of Unit I
Thank You
PROF.Gorade Nishigandh B.
9970721118
nishigandh1992@gmail.com
Jaihind College of Engineering ,Kuran
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