The document discusses different types of filters, including low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters. It defines each filter based on which frequencies it passes or stops. It also discusses specifications for low-pass and band-pass filters, including passband edge, stopband edge, passband ripple, and attenuation. First-order filters are summarized, including their transfer functions. Finally, it discusses all-pass filters and equalizers.
INTRODUCTION
A chopper is a static device which is used to obtain a variable dc voltage from a
constant dc voltage source. A chopper is also known as dc-to-dc converter. The thyristor converter offers greater efficiency, faster response, lower maintenance, smaller size and smooth control. Choppers are widely used in trolley cars, battery operated vehicles, traction motor control, control of large number of dc motors, etc….. They are also used in regenerative braking of dc motors to return energy back to supply and also as dc voltage regulators.
Choppers are of two types
• Step-down choppers
• Step-up choppers.
In step-down choppers, the output voltage will be less than the input voltage
whereas in step-up choppers output voltage will be more than the input voltage.
Classification of Choppers:
(a) Depending upon the direction of the output current and voltage, the converters can be classified into five classes namely Class A [One-quadrant Operation] Class B [One-quadrant Operation] Class C [Two-quadrant Operation] Class D [Two-quadrant Operation] Class E [Four-quadrant Operation]
(b) Based on the output voltage of the output, the choppers are classified as
(i) Step-Down Chopper In this case the average output voltage is less than the input voltage. It is also known as step down converter
(ii) Step-Up Chopper Here the average output voltage is more than the input voltage. It is also known as step up converter
(iii) Step-Up/Down Chopper This type of converter produces an output voltage that is either lower or higher than the input voltage
(c) Depending upon the power loss occurred during turn ON/OFF of the switching device, the choppers are classified into two categories namely
(i) Hard switched Converter Here the power loss is high during the switching (ON to OFF and OFF to ON) as a result of the non zero voltage and current on the power switches.
(ii) Soft switched or resonant converters In this type of choppers, the power loss is low at the time of switching as a result of zero voltage and/or zero current on the switches.
2
PRINCIPLE OF STEP-DOWN CHOPPER
Figure 2.1 shows a step-down chopper with resistive load. The thyristor in the
circuit acts as a switch. When thyristor is ON, supply voltage appears across the load and
when thyristor is OFF, the voltage across the load will be zero. The output voltage and
current waveforms are as shown in figure 2.2.
Principle of regenerative braking and chopper configurationAbhishek Choksi
A Regenerative Brake, is an energy recovery mechanism which slows a vehicle or object down by converting its kinetic energy into another form, which can be either used immediately or stored until needed.
Regenerative braking takes place whenever the speed of the motor exceeds the synchronous speed.
This braking method is called regenerative baking because here the motor works as generator and supply itself is given power from the load, i.e. motors.
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING 5-LEVEL FLYING CAPACITOR MULTILEVEL CONVERTER...ijiert bestjournal
This paper present the use of five level flying cap acitor multilevel converters based dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) on power distributio n system to decrease the power- quality disturbances in distribution system,such a s voltage imbalances,harmonic voltages,and voltage sags. This DVR based five mul tilevel topology is suitable for medium-voltage applications and operated by the con trol scheme based on the so called repetitive control. The organization of this paper has been divided into three parts;the first one eliminates the modulation high-frequency harmonics using filter increase the transient response. The second one deal with the lo ad voltage;and the third is flying capacitors charged with balanced voltages . The MATLAB Simulation results are presented to illustrate and understand the performa nces of DVR in supporting load voltage.
INTRODUCTION
A chopper is a static device which is used to obtain a variable dc voltage from a
constant dc voltage source. A chopper is also known as dc-to-dc converter. The thyristor converter offers greater efficiency, faster response, lower maintenance, smaller size and smooth control. Choppers are widely used in trolley cars, battery operated vehicles, traction motor control, control of large number of dc motors, etc….. They are also used in regenerative braking of dc motors to return energy back to supply and also as dc voltage regulators.
Choppers are of two types
• Step-down choppers
• Step-up choppers.
In step-down choppers, the output voltage will be less than the input voltage
whereas in step-up choppers output voltage will be more than the input voltage.
Classification of Choppers:
(a) Depending upon the direction of the output current and voltage, the converters can be classified into five classes namely Class A [One-quadrant Operation] Class B [One-quadrant Operation] Class C [Two-quadrant Operation] Class D [Two-quadrant Operation] Class E [Four-quadrant Operation]
(b) Based on the output voltage of the output, the choppers are classified as
(i) Step-Down Chopper In this case the average output voltage is less than the input voltage. It is also known as step down converter
(ii) Step-Up Chopper Here the average output voltage is more than the input voltage. It is also known as step up converter
(iii) Step-Up/Down Chopper This type of converter produces an output voltage that is either lower or higher than the input voltage
(c) Depending upon the power loss occurred during turn ON/OFF of the switching device, the choppers are classified into two categories namely
(i) Hard switched Converter Here the power loss is high during the switching (ON to OFF and OFF to ON) as a result of the non zero voltage and current on the power switches.
(ii) Soft switched or resonant converters In this type of choppers, the power loss is low at the time of switching as a result of zero voltage and/or zero current on the switches.
2
PRINCIPLE OF STEP-DOWN CHOPPER
Figure 2.1 shows a step-down chopper with resistive load. The thyristor in the
circuit acts as a switch. When thyristor is ON, supply voltage appears across the load and
when thyristor is OFF, the voltage across the load will be zero. The output voltage and
current waveforms are as shown in figure 2.2.
Principle of regenerative braking and chopper configurationAbhishek Choksi
A Regenerative Brake, is an energy recovery mechanism which slows a vehicle or object down by converting its kinetic energy into another form, which can be either used immediately or stored until needed.
Regenerative braking takes place whenever the speed of the motor exceeds the synchronous speed.
This braking method is called regenerative baking because here the motor works as generator and supply itself is given power from the load, i.e. motors.
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING 5-LEVEL FLYING CAPACITOR MULTILEVEL CONVERTER...ijiert bestjournal
This paper present the use of five level flying cap acitor multilevel converters based dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) on power distributio n system to decrease the power- quality disturbances in distribution system,such a s voltage imbalances,harmonic voltages,and voltage sags. This DVR based five mul tilevel topology is suitable for medium-voltage applications and operated by the con trol scheme based on the so called repetitive control. The organization of this paper has been divided into three parts;the first one eliminates the modulation high-frequency harmonics using filter increase the transient response. The second one deal with the lo ad voltage;and the third is flying capacitors charged with balanced voltages . The MATLAB Simulation results are presented to illustrate and understand the performa nces of DVR in supporting load voltage.
Coralbridge HR consultancy LLP is an emerging company in recruitment segment in the market, located in Bangalore, focusing PAN India to fulfill the growing corporate sector requirements in an effective way. The company's vision is to deliver quality and efficient manpower across the globe for all verticals.
Σας ετοιμάσαμε μια εξαιρετική πρόταση με θέμα εσωρουχα και σουτιεν
Σε αυτό το άρθρο θα σας δείξουμε μία νέα έρευνα που αφορά τις γυναίκες και τα εσώρουχα.
Είμαστε σίγουροι οτι έχουμε το τέλειο για εσάς ώστε οι μεταβολές μεταβολές στη ροή εργασιών απευθύνεται σε ανθρώπους που μπορούν να εκτιμήσουν τις νέες συνιστώσες και συντεταγμένες.
Η έρευνα που διεξάγει στην Βρετανία αφορά για το χρώμα των γυναικείων εσώρουχων.
Βρείτε ολόκληρο το άρθρο με θέμα 'Απόψεις γυναικών για τα εσώρουχα
Η έρευνα αυτή υλοποιήθηκε στο διαδίκτυο.
Επιπλέον σημειώνουμε οτι αν θέλετε να μάθετε με λεπτομέρειες σχετικά με εσώρουχα πατήστε εδώ: http://www.mariveta.com/gynaikeia-eswrouxa
Curso Experto en desarrollo de aplicaciones para móvilesiLabora
El curso está destinado a personas con conocimientos en programación orientada a objetos, lenguaje con C o C++, es recomendable tener algún conocimiento de C#, es necesario tener el operativo Windows y una versión de Visual Studio .Net instalada.
Personas con conocimientos en programación orientada a objetos, lenguajes como C o similar, fluidez en el entorno de Mac. También es necesario un Mac con Xcode instalado.
Active filters are type of filters which use the operational amplifier ics for their operation and in this slides any one can get more information in little bit of time. so i recommended if any one want to study filters then must read it.
Coralbridge HR consultancy LLP is an emerging company in recruitment segment in the market, located in Bangalore, focusing PAN India to fulfill the growing corporate sector requirements in an effective way. The company's vision is to deliver quality and efficient manpower across the globe for all verticals.
Σας ετοιμάσαμε μια εξαιρετική πρόταση με θέμα εσωρουχα και σουτιεν
Σε αυτό το άρθρο θα σας δείξουμε μία νέα έρευνα που αφορά τις γυναίκες και τα εσώρουχα.
Είμαστε σίγουροι οτι έχουμε το τέλειο για εσάς ώστε οι μεταβολές μεταβολές στη ροή εργασιών απευθύνεται σε ανθρώπους που μπορούν να εκτιμήσουν τις νέες συνιστώσες και συντεταγμένες.
Η έρευνα που διεξάγει στην Βρετανία αφορά για το χρώμα των γυναικείων εσώρουχων.
Βρείτε ολόκληρο το άρθρο με θέμα 'Απόψεις γυναικών για τα εσώρουχα
Η έρευνα αυτή υλοποιήθηκε στο διαδίκτυο.
Επιπλέον σημειώνουμε οτι αν θέλετε να μάθετε με λεπτομέρειες σχετικά με εσώρουχα πατήστε εδώ: http://www.mariveta.com/gynaikeia-eswrouxa
Curso Experto en desarrollo de aplicaciones para móvilesiLabora
El curso está destinado a personas con conocimientos en programación orientada a objetos, lenguaje con C o C++, es recomendable tener algún conocimiento de C#, es necesario tener el operativo Windows y una versión de Visual Studio .Net instalada.
Personas con conocimientos en programación orientada a objetos, lenguajes como C o similar, fluidez en el entorno de Mac. También es necesario un Mac con Xcode instalado.
Active filters are type of filters which use the operational amplifier ics for their operation and in this slides any one can get more information in little bit of time. so i recommended if any one want to study filters then must read it.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
3. 23/12/2016 Imran Ullah Khan JAP/IU 3
LOW-PASS FILTER
A network which passes all the
frequencies upto ωH and stop or
attenuated all other frequencies is
called low-pass filter.
4. 23/12/2016 Imran Ullah Khan JAP/IU 4
HIGH-PASS FILTER
A network which passes all the
frequencies from ωL and stop or
attenuated all other frequencies before
ωL is called high-pass filter.
5. 23/12/2016 Imran Ullah Khan JAP/IU 5
BAND-PASS FILTER
A network which passes all the
frequencies between ωH and ωL and stop
or attenuated all other frequencies is
called band-pass filter.
6. 23/12/2016 Imran Ullah Khan JAP/IU 6
BAND-REJECT FILTER
A network which stop all the
frequencies between ωH and ωL and
passes all other frequencies is called
band-stop filter.
7. Filter Transmission, Types and Specification
Transfer Function
T s( )
Vo s( )
Vi s( )
The Filter Transmisson found by evaluating T(s) for physical frequencies
s j ω⋅ T jω( ) T jω( ) e
jφ ω( )
⋅
Gain Function
G ω( ) 20 log T jω( )( )⋅ dB
Attenuation Function
A ω( ) 20− log T jω( )( )⋅ dB
23/12/2016 Imran Ullah Khan JAP/IU 7
10. 23/12/2016 Imran Ullah Khan JAP/IU 10
transfer function zeros or transmission zeros
T s( )
aM s z1−( )⋅ s z2−( )⋅ s z3−( )⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ s zM−( )⋅
s p1−( ) s p2−( )⋅ s p3−( )⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ s pN−( )⋅
transfer function poles or the natural poles
Pole Zero Plot of LPF
11. Transmission specifications for a bandpass filter. The magnitude response of a filter that just meets
specifications is also shown. Note that this particular filter has a monotonically decreasing
transmission in the passband on both sides of the peak frequency.
Band Pass Filter
23/12/2016 Imran Ullah Khan JAP/IU 11
12. Pole-zero pattern for the bandpass filter whose transmission is shown. This filter is of the sixth order (N = 6.)
BPF Transfer Function
23/12/2016 Imran Ullah Khan JAP/IU 12
13. Summary of General First-Order Filter
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