This document provides an overview of digital systems. It begins by defining measurements and distinguishing between continuous and discrete measurement systems. It then discusses different numeral systems, focusing on the binary system used in digital circuits. It introduces the concept of layered models to represent different abstraction levels in digital systems from the physical components to numerical representation. Transistors are described as quantifiers, switches and analog-to-digital converters that enable the construction of digital circuits. Other possible digital systems like ternary are also mentioned briefly. Overall questions about digital systems are posed and the reader is thanked.

1. Understanding
Digital Systems
Praveen Dias
BScEng(hons) AMIE(SL) MIEEE

2. What are Digital Systems

3. Measurements
• Measurement of a physical attribute
• Measurement Tools – A Value and the Unit

4. Measuring Weight
• The weight can be any value in a possible continuous range

5. Exciting a Hydrogen Atom

6. Measuring IQ
• IQ MCQ Paper to a group of students
100 - 75 A
75 - 65 B
65 - 55 C
…. ….
Discrete Levels

7. Continuous Systems
MeasuredPhysicalAttribute–ContinuousValues
Scalewiththebox
Discrete Systems
MeasuredPhysicalAttribute–DiscreteValues
Outputofthehydrogen atom
IQResults

8. Numeral Systems
• Base-2 numeral system
• Represents numeric values using two symbols
• Decimal System: Base-10 numeral system - 10 Symbols
• 200 – 2 Symbols
• 1256 – 4 Symbols
• Values and Symbols – Communicating the Value through
Symbols

9. Binary Digital Systems
• Base-2 numeral system is being used here
0101101100111
• A voltage level in a point in the circuit represents the symbol
corresponding to a value.

10. Layered Model
• Ex. Filling a water tank with 2 pipes.
Inflow 1
Inflow 2
System Layer
Numeral Layer
Physical Layer

11. Transistor
• The Quantifier
• The Switch
• The AD Converter

12. Other Digital Systems
• Ternary Digital Systems
• What are the available components

13. Digital Systems
• Measurements
• Continuous and discrete systems
• Numeral Systems
• Layered Architecture
• Transistor / Other possible Devices/Systems

14. Questions

15. Thank You!