1.  _Introduced by students :
_ Ahmed Alaa
_ Hussein Lotfy
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3.  How the gas founded in the shale?
 Because of the compact, impermeable nature of the
source rock, the gas is trapped in the tiny pore spaces
between the grains in three different ways .
 1- into the natural fractures
 2- absorbed to mineral surfaces within pore space
 3-in the isolated pore space
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4.  Production techniques :
 1)horizontal drilling.
 2)hydraulic fracturing.
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6.  Conventional reservoir.
 Unconventional reservoir.
 1- Gas Shale.
 A-gas in shale rock.
 B-production techniques.
 I-B- Horizontal drilling.
 II-B-Hydraulic fracturing.
 C- Gas Shale distribution
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7.  What is “tight light oil” or “tight shale oil”?
 Tight light oils found in sedimentary rock formations that are characterized
by very low permeability.
 The flow of oil the well bore is limited by the largely impermeable fine-
grained oil-hosting rock .
 most tight oil is produced from low-permeability shale. siltstones,
sandstones, limestone,….etc .
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8.  How is tight light oil produced?
 _there are 2 main methods :
 1) – Horizontal drilling
and completion
 • 5000- to 10,000-ft
laterals in the Bakken
formation .
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9.  2) Hydraulic Fracturing :
 Vertical fracturing
 Fracking with a mixture of fluids
 A mixture of water, chemicals
(typically polymers) .
 Fracking water requirements range
from 1 to 5 million gallons
of freshwater per well.
 the frack water returns to the surface
through casing .
 By this method we increase the
permeability of the formation .
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10.  North American shale plays :
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11.  Example for North America 's tight light oil
production :
 _the Bakken Formation:
 The Bakken Formation is a rock unit occurring deep in the
Williston Basin.
 Discovered in 1950 and production began in 2000 .
 Oil produced from Bakken Formation in :
_ North Dakota
_Montana
_Manitoba
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12.  1)what is Tight Light Oil ?
 2)technique use in production .
 3) the Bakken Formation .
 4)Example for production .
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13.  1) What are Gas Hydrates?
 2) Where are they Found?
 3)Why are gas
hydrates important?
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14.  What are Gas Hydrates?
 Gas hydrate is a solid ice-like form of water that contains gas
molecules in its molecular cavities1.
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15.  Where are they Found?
 They are found abundantly worldwide beneath continental
margins at water depths between a few hundred and a few
thousand feet.
 They are present in permafrost sediments
 In the marine environment the gas hydrate stability zone is
determined by:
 ( water depth, seafloor temperature, pore pressure, thermal
gradient and the gas and fluid composition ).
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17.  Stability of Methane..
 . Methane gas hydrate is stable at the seafloor at water depths
beneath about 500 m.
 At this depth, thin methane gas layers
are often present causing strong
reflections in seismic records.
 The reflections approximately follow
a line of constant temperature.
 The reflections surface called
( Bottom simulating reflections –BSRs-).
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19.  Why are gas hydrates important?
 . Methane from gas hydrate is a future source of natural gas.
 Gas hydrates are also important for seafloor stability studies.
 _Climet change:
 It is important to distinguish between the climate change aspects
of methane released naturally from gas hydrates and those of
methane produced from gas hydrates for energy use.
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20.  Gas hydrates
 1) What are Gas Hydrates?
 2) Where are they Found?
 3)stability of methane .
 a-BSRs
-What are gas hydrates important?
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21.  What are fractured basement reservoirs?
 Fractured basement reservoirs are found in metamorphic and
igneous rock.
 where faulting has led to the creation of a fracture network,
underlying a sedimentary basin.
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22.  How does oil get into the basement?
 layers of rock that build up
over many millions of
years.
 Somewhere above the
basement , oil producing
source rock was formed
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 Over millions of years
movement of tectonic
forces .
 disruption in the layers of
rock.
 the basement has been forced
up by as much as a kilometer.
 the movement and heavy
faulting has created
an extensive fracture .

24.  At the top of the structure
a trap is formed with a thick
seal of muds and clays
above.
 Gradually the hydrocarbons
moves and trapped at
the top of the basement
reservoir structure by the
thick layer of shale and clay .
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25.  oil can be found outside
of structural closure .
 Oil moves downward
by the highly permeable
fracture network .
 But the Basement Rock
isn’t permeable .
 So the oil doesn’t escape .
 This is called 'jellyfish' model.
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26.  1)West Africa :
 In West Africa, about 600,000 barrels of oil was produced in the
early 1970’s from a small oil pool in the Central Block
 in Angola and Congo and Gabon , ….etc .
 2) Viet Nam :
 Most of Viet Nam’s oil production is from fractured granite
basement.
 in the Cuu Long basin with six major oil fields .
 In 2002 oil reserves ranging from 100 to 400 million barrels .
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27.  1) what is Basement fracture ?
 2)How does the oil get into the basement ?
 3)Examples .
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