Typhud fever

1. Topic #
2
Typhus
Fever

2. Objectives of Typhus
Fever
• By the end of the presentation,
learners will be able to :
1. Define Typhus Fever and its
types
2. Discuss it’s history and
epidemiology
3. Discuss the causative agent and
mode of transmission
4. Understand the Pathophysiology
5. Enlist the sign/symptoms and
complications
6. Discuss the diagnosis, treatment
and prevention
7. Possible diagnosis and the

3. Typhus Fever
A group of infectious
diseases caused by
bacteria transmitted
through arthropod
vectors.
Historical
significance:
Associated with

4. Epidemiology
•30 cases of typhus have been
documented in the United States
since 1975.
•Most outbreaks of typhus however,
occur in Africa; mainly Burundi,
Ethiopia and Rwanda.
•In Ethiopia, the number of cases
reported annually has ranged between
7,000 and 17,000.

5. Cont…
• In the 1970s, major
epidemics in Burundi
and Rwanda were
documented by serology
and isolation.
• In 1975, 9,000 cases
were reported in
Burundi. In 1996,
reported cases were
3,500.
• In 1997, 20,000 cases
were reported from
January to March due

6. Epidemic
typhus
• Also called louse-borne
typhus, is a form of
typhus so named because
it often causes epidemics
following wars and
natural disaster where
civil life is disrupted
• Spread to people through
contact with infected
body lice.
• It is a rare disease
• Continue to occurs in
areas where extreme
overcrowding is common.

7. Mode Of
Transmission
Causative agent:
.Bacteria
called Rickettsia
Prowazekii
Incubation period:
. 2-3 days
Reservoir:
. Human
Contagious period:
. 20-21 days
Transmission:
. Human
body lice
Fatality rate:
. 40% if

8. Brill-Zinsser Disease
Recurrent form of
epidemic typhus.
Signs and symptoms are
similar to epidemic
typhus but are;
Less severe
Shorter duration
Rarely fatal
Does not cause skin
rash

9. Sign and symptoms
Begin within 2 weeks
after contact with
infected body lice:
1. Fever and chills
2. Headache
3. Rapid breathing
4. Body and muscle
aches
5. Rash, Cough, Nausea,
Vomiting
6. Confusion

10. Scrub Typhus
Scrub typhus, also
known as bush typhus
is spread to people
through bites of
infected chiggers
(larval mites).
The most common
symptoms of scrub
typhus include
fever, headache,
body aches, and
sometimes rash.

11. Mode Of Transmission
• Causative Agent:
.
Orientia
Tsutsuhamushi
• Incubation
period:
. 6-20
days(Average 10
days)
• Reservoir:
.
Agarics
.
Chiggers(Larva)
• Contagious
Period:

14. Diagnosis
And
Treatment
Diagnosis
•Clinical
features
•Blood test;
to look for
epidemic
typhus and
other disease
•Biopsy of
rash with
fluorescent
antibody
staining to
detect
organisms
Treatmemt
Addressing
Typhus:
Antibiotics
(such as
doxycycline or
chloramphenicol
) are
effective.
Early treatment
is crucial to
prevent
complications.
Supportive care

15. Murine
Typhus

16. Definition
•Also called Flea-borne
•It is caused by a bacteria called
Rickettsia Typhi
•It is spread to people through
contact with infected fleas
•Fleas become infected when they bite
infected animals, such as rats, cats,
or oppossmus

17. Mode of
Transmission
Causative agent:
.
Rickettsia Typhi
Incubation
period:
.
6-14 days
Reservoir:
. cats, wild
opossums, rats,
mice, and other
rodents

19. Signs and Symptoms
Begin within 2 weeks after
contact
1. Fever and chills
2. Body aches and muscle pain
3. Loss of appetite
4. Nausea and Vomiting
5. Stomach pain
6. Cough
7. Rash(typically occurs around
day 5 of illness)
Severe illness is
infrequent and most people recover

20. Diagnosis
and
Treatment
Diagnosi
s:
•Biopsy
•Clinical
features
•Physical
examinatio
n
•Blood
test
•PCR
Treatmen
t:
•Antibioti
c
•Doxycycli
ne

21. Possible Nursing Diagnosis
1.Risk for infection
2.Imbalance nutrition: :Less than
body requirement
3.Impaired skin integrity
4.Hyperthermia
5.Activity intolerance

22. Nursing
Intervention
s
1. Monitor vital signs
regularly, also monitor
for signs of fever
dehydration, and shock.
2. Administer physician’s
prescribed antibiotics.
3. Maintain hydration and
nutrition.
4. Promote rest and comfort
to conserve energy and
promote recovery.
5. Manage and maintain skin
integrity.
6. Monitor for complications
like organ dysfunction,
hemorrhage, or
neurological symptoms and

23. Prevention
•There are no vaccines available.
•Avoid overcrowded areas.
•Bath regularly and change into
new clothes
•Wash louse-infested clothing at
least once a week
•Do not share clothing, bed,
bedding, towels used by a person
who has body lice
•Treat bedding, uniforms, and
other clothing with 0.5%
permethrin. It kill lice and may
provide long-lasting protection

24. Cont...
•When travelling to areas where
scrub typhus is common, avoid
areas with lots of vegetation and
brush where chiggers may be
found.
•Avoid contact with fleas
•Keep fleas off of your pets
•Keep rodents and animals away
from your home and workplace

25. References
• Anderson JO, Anderson SG(March 2000).
“A century of typhus, lice and
Rickettsia”. Res. Microbial. 151(2)
• Raoult D & et al; Infectious Disease
Clinics 18(1), 127-140, 2004
• Pearson I & et al; Parasites & vectors
12 (1), 1-36, 2019
• Johannes F Doppler & Paul N Newton;
PLoS neglected tropical diseases 14
(9),e0008641, 2020
• Um J & et al; International Journal of
Infectious Diseases 106, 23-28, 2021