Mariano Fernández Enguita presented at a conference on early school leaving. He discussed how universal primary education was once a success but secondary education is facing failures in academic achievement and early leaving. The rise of information and learning societies has led to knowledge becoming more valuable and unequal. Schooling may need to be enhanced to better serve diverse students as learning occurs increasingly outside of schools through new technologies and open resources. Enguita questions whether current schooling models will remain relevant in the future.

1. Disengaged from education:
causes and reasons for academic
failure and school dropout
Mariano Fernández Enguita
Universidad Complutense
http://enguita.info
International Conference on Early School Leaving
PER UNA SCUOLA CHE PROMUOVA DAVVERO
Fondazione per la Scuola
Casa del Teatro Ragazzi e Giovani
Torino, September 28, 2012

2. Where are we now?
• After a big success (in two centuries):
– Universalization of primary education, i.e. reading,
writing, basic calculation…
– …until then an esoteric knowledge, monopolized
by a few priests, scribes, etc.
• An apparent failure (in half a century)
– Universalization of secondary education,
– With wide gaps of academic failure and early
school leaving

13. A GREAT TRANSFORMATION
• The Third Industrial Revolution
– First the means of production (XVIII-XIX)
– Then the organization of labor (XX)
– Now information and knowledge
• The coming of Information and Knowledge and
Learning society
– Information needs knowledge
– Knowledge requires learning
– Learning is the goal of schooling
• But with some unexpected surprises

14. INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE
• As information becomes more abundant,
widespread, accessible, cheap
• Knowledge becomes, by the same token,
more scarce and more valuable
• And so more unequally distributed (in terms
of value) and more socially polarized

15. The Matthew Effect
• A situation in which the rich get richer and the
poor get poorer (Merton)
• The economy in the first decade of the 21st
Century (Reich)
• The development of reading (Stanevich)
• The dynamics of skills (Heckman)
• The growing gap between the logorich and the
logopoor, in and outside the school

16. Who fails and/or leaves?
• We think of vulnerabilities, and we are right,
• But there’s some surprises again
– Class happens to be more about culture than
about wealth or income
– Gender is now a problem for boys more than for
girls
– Ethnicity does not see its effects fade away
through generations, but reinforced

17. What to do?
• There is evident shortcomings, specially in
those countries with higher AF and ESL,
namely
– Poor quality teaching and leadership
– Academically biased syllabus and curricula
– Discontinuities outside the mainstream
– Overuse of grade repetition

18. What to do?
• Then we think in focused action towards more
vulnerable groups, which is OK, but
– Major programs can become misused resources
– Good practices may be jeopardized by exemplary
experiences
– Resource mobilization should not be an state of
emergency
• We have to avoid missing the forest behind
the trees

19. The very logic of schooling
• As we enlarge schooling, we stress individuals:
– We ask for more
– School is Procustean (one size fits all)
– Education is content, so it has to be common
– But school is a container, so it has to be diverse
• If we enlarge schooling, we should also
enhance it. Otherwise…
• But more things happen beyond the school..

20. An economy of attention
• When information becomes overwhelming
(overabundance, infoxication, information
anxiety…)
• What information consumes becomes scarce,
and this is attention
• An economy of attention (Simon, Goldhaber)
• A crisis of broadcast institutions (5P)
• School is no longer the window
• Curriculum is questioned and negotiated

21. Diffuse learning
• Since long: the city, the media
• But now: internet, SNS, NSM…
• It is more learning than education
• Same as invisible, ubiquitous, parallel, L3…
• Diffuse in time (permanent), space
(ubiquitous), purposefulness (unintentional),
tools (byproduct)…
• Diffuse vs. specific. i.e. instead of school
monopoly of teaching and learning

22. Schooling in question
• At the primary level: home(de)schooling, the
fastest growing type of schooling in advanced
countries
– No longer sects only
• At the secondary level: failure, dropping-out,
resistance, rejection, disengagement
– No longer popular classes only
• At the tertiary level: on line, blended, Open
Courses, Open Resources, Digital Badges
– No longer in the margins

23. The future of learning, between…
The classroom
without walls
A deschooled
society

24. THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION
AND COMMENTS!
Disengaged from education:
causes and reasons for academic failure and
school dropout
Mariano Fernández Enguita
Universidad Complutense
http://enguita.info
International Conference on Early School Leaving
PER UNA SCUOLA CHE PROMUOVA DAVVERO
Fondazione per la Scuola
Casa del Teatro Ragazzi e Giovani
Torino, September 28, 2012