US Inequalities - EqualityOfOpportunity - geographyGRAPE
This paper studies intergenerational income mobility in the United States using tax records for 40 million children. It finds substantial variation in mobility within the U.S., with some areas offering much greater chances of upward mobility than others. Areas with higher mobility tend to have less inequality in access to college and lower rates of teenage births. Mobility is also lower in areas with larger African American populations. The results point to factors affecting children when growing up, like school and family characteristics, as potential explanations for differences in intergenerational mobility across locations.
Technological change and labor market inequalityGRAPE
Our analysis explores the relation between technological change and three labor market outcomes under the light of the Routine Biased Technological Change hypothesis. The results suggest that routine occupations present a more compressed wage structure that non-routine occupations; yet, the effects that we find on career patterns, were statistically significant, but not relevant in economic terms. We finally suggest how models could be modified to accommodate these differences
This document summarizes a working paper that analyzes trends in intergenerational income mobility in the United States using tax records. The authors find that rank-based measures of mobility, such as the correlation between parent and child income percentiles and transition probabilities between income quintiles, have remained extremely stable for children born between 1971-1993. However, income inequality increased over this period, meaning the consequences of a child's birth circumstances are greater now than in the past. While relative mobility has not changed, absolute mobility may have increased as it is easier to surpass an absolute income threshold due to rising inequality.
This document analyzes income inequality in relation to education level using data from the 2003 and 2013 Current Population Surveys. It finds:
1) The largest education group in both surveys was those with a high school degree or less, followed by some college, college graduate, and advanced degree.
2) Calculated Gini coefficients showed some education groups and gender combinations became more equal over time, while others increased in inequality.
3) Regression analysis rejected the hypothesis of no difference in earnings between similarly educated males and females, indicating income inequality.
Ibmathstudiesinternalassessmentfinaldraft 101208070253-phpapp02Travis Hayes
This document is a math studies internal assessment that investigates the relationship between SAT scores and family income of test takers around the world. The student analyzed data on SAT scores and family incomes from the College Board in 2007. A scatter plot, least squares regression line, and correlation coefficient calculation showed a strong positive correlation between higher SAT scores and higher family incomes. A chi-squared test rejected the null hypothesis that SAT scores and family income are independent. However, limitations in the data are noted, such as incomplete income reporting and wide income brackets in the raw data.
Ib math studies internal assessment final draftBilly Egg
The document analyzes the relationship between SAT scores and family income of test takers worldwide based on data from the College Board in 2007. The author conducts a mathematical investigation including generating scatter plots, calculating the least squares regression line and correlation coefficient, and performing a chi-squared test. The results show a strong positive linear correlation between SAT scores and family income, indicating family income has a significant impact on SAT scores. However, the study has limitations as it only includes those who reported income and may not capture all SAT test takers.
Greg J. Duncan is Distinguished Professor in the School of Edu.docxshericehewat
This document summarizes how rising income inequality in the United States has contributed to widening gaps in educational achievement and attainment between children from low- and high-income families. It describes how gaps in family incomes led to greater differences in resources available to families that support children's development, including expenditures on enrichment activities and parental interactions. These early differences contribute to the growing test score and educational attainment gaps seen between children from different income backgrounds.
Professor Jonathan Bradshaw. Child Well-being. CHIMAT Annual Conference: Informed Decisions and Intelligent Investment: The Future of Child and Maternal Health Services, Royal York Hotel, York, 18 March 2010.
US Inequalities - EqualityOfOpportunity - geographyGRAPE
This paper studies intergenerational income mobility in the United States using tax records for 40 million children. It finds substantial variation in mobility within the U.S., with some areas offering much greater chances of upward mobility than others. Areas with higher mobility tend to have less inequality in access to college and lower rates of teenage births. Mobility is also lower in areas with larger African American populations. The results point to factors affecting children when growing up, like school and family characteristics, as potential explanations for differences in intergenerational mobility across locations.
Technological change and labor market inequalityGRAPE
Our analysis explores the relation between technological change and three labor market outcomes under the light of the Routine Biased Technological Change hypothesis. The results suggest that routine occupations present a more compressed wage structure that non-routine occupations; yet, the effects that we find on career patterns, were statistically significant, but not relevant in economic terms. We finally suggest how models could be modified to accommodate these differences
This document summarizes a working paper that analyzes trends in intergenerational income mobility in the United States using tax records. The authors find that rank-based measures of mobility, such as the correlation between parent and child income percentiles and transition probabilities between income quintiles, have remained extremely stable for children born between 1971-1993. However, income inequality increased over this period, meaning the consequences of a child's birth circumstances are greater now than in the past. While relative mobility has not changed, absolute mobility may have increased as it is easier to surpass an absolute income threshold due to rising inequality.
This document analyzes income inequality in relation to education level using data from the 2003 and 2013 Current Population Surveys. It finds:
1) The largest education group in both surveys was those with a high school degree or less, followed by some college, college graduate, and advanced degree.
2) Calculated Gini coefficients showed some education groups and gender combinations became more equal over time, while others increased in inequality.
3) Regression analysis rejected the hypothesis of no difference in earnings between similarly educated males and females, indicating income inequality.
Ibmathstudiesinternalassessmentfinaldraft 101208070253-phpapp02Travis Hayes
This document is a math studies internal assessment that investigates the relationship between SAT scores and family income of test takers around the world. The student analyzed data on SAT scores and family incomes from the College Board in 2007. A scatter plot, least squares regression line, and correlation coefficient calculation showed a strong positive correlation between higher SAT scores and higher family incomes. A chi-squared test rejected the null hypothesis that SAT scores and family income are independent. However, limitations in the data are noted, such as incomplete income reporting and wide income brackets in the raw data.
Ib math studies internal assessment final draftBilly Egg
The document analyzes the relationship between SAT scores and family income of test takers worldwide based on data from the College Board in 2007. The author conducts a mathematical investigation including generating scatter plots, calculating the least squares regression line and correlation coefficient, and performing a chi-squared test. The results show a strong positive linear correlation between SAT scores and family income, indicating family income has a significant impact on SAT scores. However, the study has limitations as it only includes those who reported income and may not capture all SAT test takers.
Greg J. Duncan is Distinguished Professor in the School of Edu.docxshericehewat
This document summarizes how rising income inequality in the United States has contributed to widening gaps in educational achievement and attainment between children from low- and high-income families. It describes how gaps in family incomes led to greater differences in resources available to families that support children's development, including expenditures on enrichment activities and parental interactions. These early differences contribute to the growing test score and educational attainment gaps seen between children from different income backgrounds.
Professor Jonathan Bradshaw. Child Well-being. CHIMAT Annual Conference: Informed Decisions and Intelligent Investment: The Future of Child and Maternal Health Services, Royal York Hotel, York, 18 March 2010.
This document contains multiple graphs and statistics related to population and education funding trends:
- Several states are projected to see large increases in their elderly populations from 2010-2030 according to Census data, while some states may see declines in youth populations.
- North Carolina spending has shifted over time, with larger portions now going to Medicaid, higher education, and transportation compared to 2000.
- Federal Medicaid costs are highest for the elderly and lowest for children according to CBO projections.
- Florida has significantly increased spending on Medicaid and K-12 education from 2000-2014 according to NASBO data.
- The document discusses the large and growing federal debt and entitlement spending, and proposes education savings accounts as one policy approach for
Putting Children First: Session 2.2.C Ilze Plavgo - Inequality in education i...The Impact Initiative
Putting Children First: Identifying solutions and taking action to tackle poverty and inequality in Africa.
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 23-25 October 2017
This three-day international conference aimed to engage policy makers, practitioners and researchers in identifying solutions for fighting child poverty and inequality in Africa, and in inspiring action towards change. The conference offered a platform for bridging divides across sectors, disciplines and policy, practice and research.
The document analyzes data from the 2009 ISSP survey on social inequality in Switzerland to examine factors influencing income levels. A structural equation model is used with income as the dependent variable, and factors like parents' jobs, education levels, and gender as predictors. The model finds the predictors have little significant effect on income. Most fit indexes show the model is not a good match for the data. The hypotheses and relationships between variables are rejected due to lack of evidence.
The document discusses challenges and opportunities for attracting and retaining talent in Texas. It notes that Texas will face a tight labor market as the Baby Boomer generation retires and the working age population grows more slowly. Younger generations, especially Generation Y, value quality of place factors like the environment, recreation, and diversity. Adapting to their needs and improving education will help Texas compete for talent going forward.
HLEG thematic workshop on Measuring Inequalities of Income and Wealth, Tim Sm...StatsCommunications
1) The document analyzes inequality in income, consumption, and wealth in the United States using data from the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF).
2) It finds that income, consumption, and wealth inequality have all increased since the 1980s, with wealth inequality being the highest. The top 1% are missing from traditional surveys.
3) By imputing consumption data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey to the SCF, it connects all three measures (income, consumption, wealth) for the same households. This shows interactions between the distributions and how being at an endpoint in one distribution correlates to placement in the others.
T. Rowe Price Parents, Kids & Money Survey- College Related FindingsT. Rowe Price
T. Rowe Price’s 2017 Parents, Kids & Money Survey revealed some significant differences in parents’ inclination to save and pay for college based on the gender of their child. We found that parents who have all boys are going to greater lengths to support their kids’ college education than parents of all girls. Learn more in this deck.
This paper employs various statistical models to estimate the return to four-year university education in Vietnam using data from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey in 2008. The key findings are:
1) The income premium for a four-year university degree compared to a high school diploma is estimated to be 97% based on an instrumental variables model, and 101% based on ordinary least squares and treatment effect models.
2) Family background variables such as parental education, household assets, and the ratio of family members with higher education are used as instruments in the analysis to account for factors affecting individuals' education decisions.
3) Preliminary results show university graduates earn on average almost twice as much per hour than high school
This presentation covers salary survey data from the US Census Bureau and the Information Architecture Institute. The salary trends between men and women have narrowed over the years but there is still room for improvement. Presented at General Assembly in Los Angeles, CA on November 30, 2016 for the Meetup group Ladies that UX. NOTE: The IAI data reflects a total of 2,843 respondents from 2008-2015. Level of experience and job roles are combined in this data and salaries are collected in ranges. Become a member of the IAI today www.iainstitute.org/join
ANALYSIS OF RISING TUITION RATES IN THE UNITED STATES BASED ON CLUSTERING ANA...cscpconf
Since higher education is one of the major driving forces for country development and social prosperity, and tuition plays a significant role in determining whether or not a person can
afford to receive higher education, the rising tuition is a topic of big concern today. So it is essentially necessary to understand what factors affect the tuition and how they increase or decrease the tuition. Many existing studies on the rising tuition either lack large amounts of real data and proper quantitative models to support their conclusions, or are limited to focus on only a few factors that might affect the tuition, which fail to make a comprehensive analysis. In this paper, we explore a wide variety of factors that might affect the tuition growth rate by use of
large amounts of authentic data and different quantitative methods such as clustering analysis and regression models.
Analysis of Rising Tutition Rates in The United States Based on Clustering An...csandit
Since higher education is one of the major driving
forces for country development and social
prosperity, and tuition plays a significant role in
determining whether or not a person can
afford to receive higher education, the rising tuit
ion is a topic of big concern today. So it is
essentially necessary to understand what factors af
fect the tuition and how they increase or
decrease the tuition. Many existing studies on the
rising tuition either lack large amounts of real
data and proper quantitative models to support thei
r conclusions, or are limited to focus on only
a few factors that might affect the tuition, which
fail to make a comprehensive analysis. In this
paper, we explore a wide variety of factors that mi
ght affect the tuition growth rate by use of
large amounts of authentic data and different quant
itative methods such as clustering analysis
and regression models.
A Study on the Relationship between Education and Income in the USEugene Yan Ziyou
What is the relationship between education and income? Is education truly the great equalizer or do factors such as gender and family income at the age of 16 affect current income?
As part of the Coursera Data Analysis and Statistical Inference course, these issues were examined using data from the US General Social Survey in R.
Proposal for Predicting Job Satisfaction and Success-James LiJames Li
This document summarizes a proposed study that will examine the relationship between race, education level, income, and job satisfaction. The study hypothesizes that people with higher education will have lower job satisfaction, African Americans will be more satisfied with their income, and white Americans will earn higher incomes on average. The study will survey 100 participants on their race, education level, income, and satisfaction with their income and job. It will use ANOVA analysis to test for main effects of race and education, and potential interactions between these variables, on the outcomes of income and job satisfaction. The results could imply the need to reform education to benefit all races equally financially.
This study examines factors that contribute to differences in wages across professions using data from the 2006 and 2011 Current Population Survey. The dependent variable is salary. Independent variables are education, experience (measured by age), occupation, geography, gender, and race. Descriptive statistics show average salary was $40,591 in 2006 and $44,449 in 2011, with average education being some college for both years. Regression analysis will determine how these independent variables impact salary and if their effects differed before and after the recession.
The document discusses exploratory data analysis and provides examples of how it can be used. It summarizes two case studies: one where an energy utility detected billing fraud by analyzing meter reading patterns, and another where month of birth was found to correlate with exam scores for students in Tamil Nadu. The document then outlines the exploratory data analysis process and provides a high-level overview of U.S. and Indian birth date patterns identified through analysis of large datasets.
The document discusses pathways to economic opportunity through regional networks that integrate college and career experiences into high school. It summarizes research showing gaps in high school graduation, college enrollment, and degree attainment rates based on income, race, and ethnicity. Models like early college high schools and career academies aim to address these gaps by providing work-based learning opportunities and a clear path to postsecondary credentials. Regional networks in California are working to co-design, co-deliver, and co-validate learning experiences across high schools and colleges to better prepare young people for careers. While this approach shows early progress, challenges remain around leadership capacity, community buy-in, and coordinating competing initiatives.
Food Insecurity and Food Safety NetworksBen Thompson
This document analyzes food security and food safety networks from a social capital perspective. It uses data from the Current Population Survey Food Security Supplement from 2010-2014 to measure household food security and knowledge of emergency food organizations. Logistic regression models show that black, Hispanic, and immigrant households are less likely to know where to find emergency food and more likely to be food insecure, while female-headed households are more likely to know emergency food locations but also more likely to be food insecure. Communities with higher social capital and median incomes tend to have lower food insecurity rates. The analysis suggests policies to increase emergency food organization outreach and targeted interventions could help reduce food insecurity for at-risk groups.
Welcome to The 123s of School Choice! This resource is designed to be a one-stop shop for all the existing research on private educational choice programs in the United States. This year’s edition is updated with the research published since our last edition.
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
More Related Content
Similar to US Inequalities - EqualityOfOpportunity - trends
This document contains multiple graphs and statistics related to population and education funding trends:
- Several states are projected to see large increases in their elderly populations from 2010-2030 according to Census data, while some states may see declines in youth populations.
- North Carolina spending has shifted over time, with larger portions now going to Medicaid, higher education, and transportation compared to 2000.
- Federal Medicaid costs are highest for the elderly and lowest for children according to CBO projections.
- Florida has significantly increased spending on Medicaid and K-12 education from 2000-2014 according to NASBO data.
- The document discusses the large and growing federal debt and entitlement spending, and proposes education savings accounts as one policy approach for
Putting Children First: Session 2.2.C Ilze Plavgo - Inequality in education i...The Impact Initiative
Putting Children First: Identifying solutions and taking action to tackle poverty and inequality in Africa.
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 23-25 October 2017
This three-day international conference aimed to engage policy makers, practitioners and researchers in identifying solutions for fighting child poverty and inequality in Africa, and in inspiring action towards change. The conference offered a platform for bridging divides across sectors, disciplines and policy, practice and research.
The document analyzes data from the 2009 ISSP survey on social inequality in Switzerland to examine factors influencing income levels. A structural equation model is used with income as the dependent variable, and factors like parents' jobs, education levels, and gender as predictors. The model finds the predictors have little significant effect on income. Most fit indexes show the model is not a good match for the data. The hypotheses and relationships between variables are rejected due to lack of evidence.
The document discusses challenges and opportunities for attracting and retaining talent in Texas. It notes that Texas will face a tight labor market as the Baby Boomer generation retires and the working age population grows more slowly. Younger generations, especially Generation Y, value quality of place factors like the environment, recreation, and diversity. Adapting to their needs and improving education will help Texas compete for talent going forward.
HLEG thematic workshop on Measuring Inequalities of Income and Wealth, Tim Sm...StatsCommunications
1) The document analyzes inequality in income, consumption, and wealth in the United States using data from the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF).
2) It finds that income, consumption, and wealth inequality have all increased since the 1980s, with wealth inequality being the highest. The top 1% are missing from traditional surveys.
3) By imputing consumption data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey to the SCF, it connects all three measures (income, consumption, wealth) for the same households. This shows interactions between the distributions and how being at an endpoint in one distribution correlates to placement in the others.
T. Rowe Price Parents, Kids & Money Survey- College Related FindingsT. Rowe Price
T. Rowe Price’s 2017 Parents, Kids & Money Survey revealed some significant differences in parents’ inclination to save and pay for college based on the gender of their child. We found that parents who have all boys are going to greater lengths to support their kids’ college education than parents of all girls. Learn more in this deck.
This paper employs various statistical models to estimate the return to four-year university education in Vietnam using data from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey in 2008. The key findings are:
1) The income premium for a four-year university degree compared to a high school diploma is estimated to be 97% based on an instrumental variables model, and 101% based on ordinary least squares and treatment effect models.
2) Family background variables such as parental education, household assets, and the ratio of family members with higher education are used as instruments in the analysis to account for factors affecting individuals' education decisions.
3) Preliminary results show university graduates earn on average almost twice as much per hour than high school
This presentation covers salary survey data from the US Census Bureau and the Information Architecture Institute. The salary trends between men and women have narrowed over the years but there is still room for improvement. Presented at General Assembly in Los Angeles, CA on November 30, 2016 for the Meetup group Ladies that UX. NOTE: The IAI data reflects a total of 2,843 respondents from 2008-2015. Level of experience and job roles are combined in this data and salaries are collected in ranges. Become a member of the IAI today www.iainstitute.org/join
ANALYSIS OF RISING TUITION RATES IN THE UNITED STATES BASED ON CLUSTERING ANA...cscpconf
Since higher education is one of the major driving forces for country development and social prosperity, and tuition plays a significant role in determining whether or not a person can
afford to receive higher education, the rising tuition is a topic of big concern today. So it is essentially necessary to understand what factors affect the tuition and how they increase or decrease the tuition. Many existing studies on the rising tuition either lack large amounts of real data and proper quantitative models to support their conclusions, or are limited to focus on only a few factors that might affect the tuition, which fail to make a comprehensive analysis. In this paper, we explore a wide variety of factors that might affect the tuition growth rate by use of
large amounts of authentic data and different quantitative methods such as clustering analysis and regression models.
Analysis of Rising Tutition Rates in The United States Based on Clustering An...csandit
Since higher education is one of the major driving
forces for country development and social
prosperity, and tuition plays a significant role in
determining whether or not a person can
afford to receive higher education, the rising tuit
ion is a topic of big concern today. So it is
essentially necessary to understand what factors af
fect the tuition and how they increase or
decrease the tuition. Many existing studies on the
rising tuition either lack large amounts of real
data and proper quantitative models to support thei
r conclusions, or are limited to focus on only
a few factors that might affect the tuition, which
fail to make a comprehensive analysis. In this
paper, we explore a wide variety of factors that mi
ght affect the tuition growth rate by use of
large amounts of authentic data and different quant
itative methods such as clustering analysis
and regression models.
A Study on the Relationship between Education and Income in the USEugene Yan Ziyou
What is the relationship between education and income? Is education truly the great equalizer or do factors such as gender and family income at the age of 16 affect current income?
As part of the Coursera Data Analysis and Statistical Inference course, these issues were examined using data from the US General Social Survey in R.
Proposal for Predicting Job Satisfaction and Success-James LiJames Li
This document summarizes a proposed study that will examine the relationship between race, education level, income, and job satisfaction. The study hypothesizes that people with higher education will have lower job satisfaction, African Americans will be more satisfied with their income, and white Americans will earn higher incomes on average. The study will survey 100 participants on their race, education level, income, and satisfaction with their income and job. It will use ANOVA analysis to test for main effects of race and education, and potential interactions between these variables, on the outcomes of income and job satisfaction. The results could imply the need to reform education to benefit all races equally financially.
This study examines factors that contribute to differences in wages across professions using data from the 2006 and 2011 Current Population Survey. The dependent variable is salary. Independent variables are education, experience (measured by age), occupation, geography, gender, and race. Descriptive statistics show average salary was $40,591 in 2006 and $44,449 in 2011, with average education being some college for both years. Regression analysis will determine how these independent variables impact salary and if their effects differed before and after the recession.
The document discusses exploratory data analysis and provides examples of how it can be used. It summarizes two case studies: one where an energy utility detected billing fraud by analyzing meter reading patterns, and another where month of birth was found to correlate with exam scores for students in Tamil Nadu. The document then outlines the exploratory data analysis process and provides a high-level overview of U.S. and Indian birth date patterns identified through analysis of large datasets.
The document discusses pathways to economic opportunity through regional networks that integrate college and career experiences into high school. It summarizes research showing gaps in high school graduation, college enrollment, and degree attainment rates based on income, race, and ethnicity. Models like early college high schools and career academies aim to address these gaps by providing work-based learning opportunities and a clear path to postsecondary credentials. Regional networks in California are working to co-design, co-deliver, and co-validate learning experiences across high schools and colleges to better prepare young people for careers. While this approach shows early progress, challenges remain around leadership capacity, community buy-in, and coordinating competing initiatives.
Food Insecurity and Food Safety NetworksBen Thompson
This document analyzes food security and food safety networks from a social capital perspective. It uses data from the Current Population Survey Food Security Supplement from 2010-2014 to measure household food security and knowledge of emergency food organizations. Logistic regression models show that black, Hispanic, and immigrant households are less likely to know where to find emergency food and more likely to be food insecure, while female-headed households are more likely to know emergency food locations but also more likely to be food insecure. Communities with higher social capital and median incomes tend to have lower food insecurity rates. The analysis suggests policies to increase emergency food organization outreach and targeted interventions could help reduce food insecurity for at-risk groups.
Welcome to The 123s of School Choice! This resource is designed to be a one-stop shop for all the existing research on private educational choice programs in the United States. This year’s edition is updated with the research published since our last edition.
Similar to US Inequalities - EqualityOfOpportunity - trends (20)
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Revisiting gender board diversity and firm performanceGRAPE
Cel: oszacować wpływ inkluzywności władz spółek na ich wyniki.
Co wiemy?
• Większość firm nie ma równosci płci w organach (ILO, 2015)
• Większość firm nie ma w ogóle kobiet we władzach
Demographic transition and the rise of wealth inequalityGRAPE
We study the contribution of rising longevity to the rise of wealth inequality in the U.S. over the last seventy years. We construct an OLG model with multiple sources of inequality, closely calibrated to the data. Our main finding is that improvements in old-age longevity explain about 30% of the observed rise in wealth inequality. This magnitude is similar to previously emphasized channels associated with income inequality and the tax system. The contribution of demographics is bound to raise wealth inequality further in the decades to come.
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Gender board diversity spillovers and the public eyeGRAPE
A range of policy recommendations mandating gender board quotas is based on the idea that "women help women". We analyze potential gender diversity spillovers from supervisory to top managerial positions over three decades in Europe. Contrary to previous studies which worked with stock listed firms or were region locked, we use a large data base of roughly 2 000 000 firms. We find evidence that women do not help women in corporate Europe, unless the firm is stock listed. Only within public firms, going from no woman to at least one woman on supervisory position is associated with a 10-15% higher probability of appointing at least one woman to the executive position. This pattern aligns with various managerial theories, suggesting that external visibility influences corporate gender diversity practices. The study implies that diversity policies, while impactful in public firms, have limited
effectiveness in promoting gender diversity in corporate Europe.
This document introduces a framework for analyzing contracts between a principal and multiple agents who have interdependent preferences. It begins with a simple example involving two agents who can choose between working and shirking, and whose outputs are either success or failure. The agents have interdependent utility that depends on both their own material payoff and their conjecture of the other agent's utility.
The document then outlines the research agenda, which is to characterize optimal contracts when agents have interdependent preferences and to provide recommendations for contract design based on whether preferences are positively or negatively interdependent. Finally, it presents some general results, finding that independent contracts are no longer optimal when preferences are interdependent, and that contracts should incorporate both individual performance bonuses and team
Tone at the top: the effects of gender board diversity on gender wage inequal...GRAPE
We address the gender wage gap in Europe, focusing on the impact of female representation in executive and non-executive boards. We use a novel dataset to identify gender board diversity across European firms, which covers a comprehensive sample of private firms in addition to publicly listed ones. Our study spans three waves of the Structure of Earnings Survey, covering 26 countries and multiple industries. Despite low prevalence of female representation and the complex nature of gender wage inequality, our findings reveal a robust causal link: increased gender diversity significantly decreases the adjusted gender wage gap. We also demonstrate that to meaningfully impact gender wage gaps, the presence of a single female representative in leadership is insufficient.
Gender board diversity spillovers and the public eyeGRAPE
A range of policy recommendations mandating gender board quotas is based on the idea that "women help women". We analyze potential gender diversity spillovers from supervisory to top managerial positions over three decades in Europe. Contrary to previous studies which worked with stock listed firms or were region locked, we use a large data base of roughly 2 000 000 firms. We find evidence that women do not help women in corporate Europe, unless the firm is stock listed. Only within public firms, going from no woman to at least one woman on supervisory position is associated with a 10-15\% higher probability of appointing at least one woman to the executive position. This pattern aligns with the Public Eye Managerial Theory, suggesting that external visibility influences corporate gender diversity practices. The study implies that diversity policies, while impactful in public firms, have limited effectiveness in promoting gender diversity in corporate Europe.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large New Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economies, we use this model to provide comparative statics across past and contemporaneous age structures of the working population. Thus, we quantify the extent to which the response of labor markets to adverse TFP shocks and monetary policy shocks becomes muted with the aging of the working population. Our findings have important policy implications for European labor markets and beyond. For example, the working population is expected to further age in Europe, whereas the share of young workers will remain robust in the US. Our results suggest a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle. Furthermore, with the aging population, lowering inflation volatility is less costly in terms of higher unemployment volatility. It suggests that optimal monetary policy should be more hawkish in the older society.
This document discusses how labor market inequality may push disadvantaged groups like women into entrepreneurship out of necessity. It presents a theoretical framework showing how greater gender employment gaps could increase the prevalence of female self-employment. The authors test this using data on gender wage and employment gaps matched with survey data on entrepreneurship. Their results show a robust positive effect of gender employment gaps on necessity-driven female entrepreneurship but little effect of wage gaps. This provides empirical support that labor market discrimination can push disadvantaged groups into self-employment when other employment options are limited.
Evidence concerning inequality in ability to realize aspirations is prevalent: overall, in specialized segments of the labor market, in self-employment and high-aspirations environments. Empirical literature and public debate are full of case studies and comprehensive empirical studies documenting the paramount gap between successful individuals (typically ethnic majority men) and those who are less likely to “make it” (typically ethnic minority and women). So far the drivers of these disparities and their consequences have been studied much less intensively, due to methodological constraints and shortage of appropriate data. This project proposes significant innovations to overcome both types of barriers and push the frontier of the research agenda on equality in reaching aspirations.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
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واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
US Inequalities - EqualityOfOpportunity - trends
1. Is the United States Still a Land of Opportunity?
Recent Trends in Intergenerational Mobility
Raj Chetty, Harvard
Nathaniel Hendren, Harvard
Patrick Kline, UC-Berkeley
Emmanuel Saez, UC-Berkeley
Nicholas Turner, Office of Tax Analysis
The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Internal
Revenue Service or the U.S. Treasury Department. This work is a component of a larger project examining the effects of
eliminating tax expenditures on the budget deficit and economic activity. Certain results reported here are taken from the
SOI Working Paper “The Economic Impacts of Tax Expenditures: Evidence from Spatial Variation across the U.S.,” approved
under IRS contract TIRNO-12-P-00374.
2. Introduction
Growing public perception that intergenerational mobility has
declined in the United States
Vast literature has investigated whether this is true empirically
[e.g., Aaronson and Mazumder 2008, Lee and Solon 2009, Auten, Gee, and Turner
2013]
Results debated partly due to limitations in data [Black and Devereux
2011]
3. This Paper
We analyze trends in mobility for 1971-1993 birth cohorts using
administrative data on more than 50 million children and their parents
Two main empirical results
1.
Relationship between parent and child percentile ranks (i.e. the
copula) is extremely stable
Chance of moving from bottom to top fifth of income distribution
no lower for children entering labor market today than in the
1970s
2.
Inequality increased in this sample, consistent with prior work
Consequences of the “birth lottery” – the parents to whom a
child is born – are larger today than in the past
4. Data
We use de-identified data from federal income tax returns
Includes non-filers via information forms (e.g. W-2’s)
5. Linking Children to Parents
Parent(s) defined as first person(s) who claim child as a dependent
Can reliably link children to parents up to age 16, after which
some children leave the house
We link approximately 90% of children to parents overall
6. Two Samples
1.
Population tax records starting in 1996
Data on children and parents for the 1980-1993 birth cohorts
40 million children, age 20-31 in 2011
2.
Statistics of Income 0.1% Stratified Random Samples 1987-1997
Data on children and parents for the 1971-1982 birth cohorts
7. Income Definitions
Parent Income: mean pre-tax household income (AGI+SSDI)
Child Income: mean pre-tax household income ages 26 or 29-30
For non-filers, use W-2 wage earnings + SSDI + UI income
If no 1040 and no W-2, code income as 0
These household level definitions capture total resources in the
household
Results robust to using individual-level income measures
9. Measuring Mobility
Previous literature has measured mobility using various statistics
Log-log intergenerational elasticity
Rank-rank correlations
Transition matrices
Each of these could potentially exhibit different time trends
Begin by formalizing how we measure mobility
10. Measuring Mobility
We decompose joint distribution of parent and child income into two
components
1.
Joint distribution of parent and child percentile ranks (i.e.,
copula of distribution)
2.
Marginal distributions of parent and child income
Marginal distributions determine inequality within generations
Copula is the key determinant of mobility across generations
Rank-rank and transition matrix depend purely on copula
Log-log IGE combines copula and marginal distributions
11. Rank-Rank Specification
We study all three measures, but use a rank-rank specification as
our primary measure
Rank children based on their incomes relative to other
children same in birth cohort
Rank parents of these children based on their incomes
relative to other parents in this sample
In our companion paper on geography of mobility, we show that
rank-rank has statistical advantages over other measures
12. 50
40
30
Rank-Rank Slope (U.S) = 0.341
(0.0003)
20
Mean Child Income Rank
60
70
Mean Child Percentile Rank vs. Parent Percentile Rank
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Parent Income Rank
70
80
90
100
13. Lifecycle and Attenuation Bias
Literature has emphasized two sources of potential bias in
estimates of intergenerational elasticities
1.
Lifecycle bias: measuring earnings too early or too late
2.
Attenuation bias: measuring transitory rather than permanent
income
14. 0.2
0.1
0
Rank-Rank Slope
0.3
0.4
Lifecycle Bias: Intergenerational Income Correlation
by Age at Which Child’s Income is Measured
22
25
28
31
34
37
Age at which Child’s Income is Measured
Population
40
15. 0.2
0.1
0
Rank-Rank Slope
0.3
0.4
Lifecycle Bias: Intergenerational Income Correlation
by Age at Which Child’s Income is Measured
22
25
28
31
34
37
40
Age at which Child’s Income is Measured
Population
SOI 0.1% Random Sample
18. Mean Child Income Rank
40
50
60
70
Child Income Rank vs. Parent Income Rank by Birth Cohort
30
71-74 Slope = 0.299
(0.009)
0
20
40
60
Parent Income Rank
1971-74
80
100
19. Mean Child Income Rank
40
50
60
70
Child Income Rank vs. Parent Income Rank by Birth Cohort
71-74 Slope = 0.299
(0.009)
30
75-78 Slope = 0.291
(0.007)
0
20
40
60
Parent Income Rank
1971-74
1975-78
80
100
20. Mean Child Income Rank
40
50
60
70
Child Income Rank vs. Parent Income Rank by Birth Cohort
71-74 Slope = 0.299
(0.009)
75-78 Slope = 0.291
(0.007)
30
79-82 Slope = 0.313
(0.008)
0
20
40
60
80
Parent Income Rank
1971-74
1975-78
1979-82
100
22. 0
Rank-Rank Slope
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.8
Intergenerational Mobility Estimates for the 1971-1993 Birth Cohorts
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
Child's Birth Cohort
Income Rank-Rank
(Child Age 30; SOI Sample)
Income Rank-Rank
(Child Age 26; Pop. Sample)
1986
1989
1992
23. College Gradient
For younger cohorts, it is too early to measure earnings
But we can measure college attendance, which is a strong
predictor of earnings
Moreover, college-income gradient is highly correlated with
income rank-rank slope across areas of the U.S. [Chetty et al. 2014]
Define college attendance as attending when age 19
Results similar if attendance measured at later ages
24. 80%
60%
40%
84-87 Slope = 0.745
(0.008)
20%
Percent in College at 19
100%
College Attendance Rates vs. Parent Income Rank by Cohort
0
20
40
60
Parent Income Rank
1984-87
80
100
25. 80%
60%
40%
84-87 Slope = 0.745
(0.008)
88-90 Slope = 0.742
(0.010)
20%
Percent in College at 19
100%
College Attendance Rates vs. Parent Income Rank by Cohort
0
20
1984-87
40
60
Parent Income Rank
1988-90
80
100
26. 80%
60%
40%
84-87 Slope = 0.745
(0.008)
88-90 Slope = 0.742
(0.010)
20%
Percent in College at 19
100%
College Attendance Rates vs. Parent Income Rank by Cohort
91-93 Slope = 0.705
(0.013)
0
20
1984-87
40
60
Parent Income Rank
1988-90
80
1991-93
100
27. 0
Rank-Rank Slope
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.8
Intergenerational Mobility Estimates for the 1971-1993 Birth Cohorts
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
Child's Birth Cohort
1986
1989
1992
Income Rank-Rank
(Child Age 30; SOI Sample)
Income Rank-Rank
(Child Age 26; Pop. Sample)
College-Income Gradient
(Child Age 19; Pop. Sample)
28. 0
Rank-Rank Slope
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.8
Intergenerational Mobility Estimates for the 1971-1993 Birth Cohorts
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
Child's Birth Cohort
Income Rank-Rank
(Child Age 30; SOI Sample)
Income Rank-Rank
(Child Age 26; Pop. Sample)
1986
1989
1992
Forecast Based on Age 26
Income and College Attendance
College-Income Gradient
(Child Age 19; Pop. Sample)
29. College Quality
Can obtain a richer prediction of earnings by using information on
which college student attended
Define “college quality” as mean earnings at age 31 of children
born in 1979-80 based on the college they attended at age 20
30. Mean College Quality Rank
40
50
60
70
80
College Quality Rank vs. Parent Income Rank by Cohort
30
84-87 Coll. Qual Gradient (P75-P25) = 0.191
88-90 Coll. Qual Gradient (P75-P25) = 0.192
91-93 Coll. Qual Gradient (P75-P25) = 0.181
0
20
1984-87
40
60
Parent Income Rank
1988-90
80
1991-93
100
31. 1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
Child’s Birth Cohort
College Quality
College Attendance
1994
College Attendance Gradient
.8
0
0
.2
.4
.6
College Quality Gradient (P75-P25)
.05
.1
.15
.2
Trends in College Attendance vs. College Quality Gradients
33. 40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Probability Child in Top Fifth of Income Distribution
Probability of Reaching Top Quintile by Birth Cohort
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
Child's Birth Cohort
Parent Quintile
Q1
Q3
Q5
1986
35. 0.8
Intergenerational Mobility Estimates by Parent’s Census Division
Rank-Rank Slope
0.4
0.6
0.2
College
Attendance
0
Age 26
Income
Rank
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
Child's Birth Cohort
Pacific
New England
Mountain
East South Central
1992
36. Discussion
Rank-based mobility is not declining in the U.S. as a whole
Combined with evidence from Lee and Solon (2009), mobility
appears to be roughly stable over past half century
But mobility is (and has consistently been) low in the U.S. relative
to most other developed countries (Corak 2013)
Increased inequality consequences of the “birth lottery” larger
Low mobility matters more today than in the past
37. Discussion
Results may be surprising given negative correlation between mobility
and inequality in cross-section [Corak 2013]
Based on “Great Gatsby Curve,” one would predict that mobility
should have fallen by 20% [Krueger 2012]
One explanation: much of the increase in inequality is driven by
extreme upper tail (top 1%)
But top 1% income shares are not strongly correlated with mobility
across countries or across areas within the U.S. [Chetty et al. 2014]
Predicted increase in rank-rank slope based on bottom 99% Gini
coefficient (“middle class inequality”) is only 0.3 to 0.32
38. Future Research
Key open question: why do some parts of the U.S. have
persistently low rates of intergenerational mobility?
Mobility statistics by birth cohort by commuting zone available
on project website (www.equality-of-opportunity.org)
39. Download Data on Social Mobility
www.equality-of-opportunity.org/data
44. Slope of Coll. Attendance by Par. Income Gradient
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1981
Robustness of College Attendance Gradient by
Age at which College Attendance is Measured
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
Child’s Birth Cohort
Before Age 19
Before Age 20
Before Age 22
Before Age 25
1993