This document discusses the application of leisure education and recreation therapy concepts to tobacco control. It aims to educate health department staff about how leisure education can help reduce smoking. Recreation therapy focuses on using leisure activities to improve physical and mental health. The document provides cultural context for Māori introductions and outlines key figures' views that leisure is important for developing culture and virtue, and that modern society suffers from a lack of meaningful leisure rather than having too much free time.

1. A breath of fresh air:A breath of fresh air:
Leisure Education and Tobacco ControlLeisure Education and Tobacco Control
Shaun CavanaghShaun Cavanagh
Bachelor of Health ScienceBachelor of Health Science
(Therapeutic Recreation)(Therapeutic Recreation)
Southern Institute of TechnologySouthern Institute of Technology
Invercargill, New ZealandInvercargill, New Zealand
11/17/0811/17/08

2. ““Energy flows whereEnergy flows where
the attention goes ..”the attention goes ..”
Purpose:Purpose:
RecreationRecreation [Leisure Education][Leisure Education] TherapyTherapy
““..to investigate potential applications of Recreation Therapy content to the field of Tobacco..to investigate potential applications of Recreation Therapy content to the field of Tobacco
Control” (as expressed through this setting)Control” (as expressed through this setting)
Goals:Goals:
 - to express the contribution Recreation Therapy has to reduce smoking.- to express the contribution Recreation Therapy has to reduce smoking.
 - to educate health department staff about a work-related concept.- to educate health department staff about a work-related concept.
 - to speak as a health professional with an authentic message- to speak as a health professional with an authentic message
 - to provide genuine practical examples of Leisure Education.- to provide genuine practical examples of Leisure Education.
 - to produce material that has a genuinely effective feel.- to produce material that has a genuinely effective feel.
 - to acknowledge cultural and historical influences on Leisure.- to acknowledge cultural and historical influences on Leisure.
 - 5 C’s: Clear, Confident, Correct, Concise and Cheerful- 5 C’s: Clear, Confident, Correct, Concise and Cheerful
(note: the printed word tends not to have an accent…(note: the printed word tends not to have an accent…
……or does it?...eg.,or does it?...eg., Times New RomanTimes New Roman c/fc/f CastEllarCastEllar))

3. MihimihiMihimihi (Introduction)(Introduction)
 Ko (name of your waka) te wakaKo (name of your waka) te waka
– My canoe isMy canoe is
 Ko (name of your mountain) te maungaKo (name of your mountain) te maunga
– My mountain isMy mountain is
 Ko (name of your river) te awaKo (name of your river) te awa
– My river isMy river is
 Ko (name of your tribe) te iwiKo (name of your tribe) te iwi
– My tribe isMy tribe is
 Ko (name of your sub tribe) te hapūKo (name of your sub tribe) te hapū
– My sub tribe isMy sub tribe is
 Ko (name of your chief) te rangatiraKo (name of your chief) te rangatira
– (Name of your chief)(Name of your chief)
 Ko (name of your marae) te maraeKo (name of your marae) te marae
– My marae isMy marae is
 Ko (your name) ahauKo (your name) ahau
– I amI am
www.korero.maori.nzwww.korero.maori.nz
 Introductory speeches which take place atIntroductory speeches which take place at
the beginning of a gathering.the beginning of a gathering.
 To know one’s whakapapa (genealogy) is toTo know one’s whakapapa (genealogy) is to
know one’s identity.know one’s identity.
 Can vary in length depending on the reasonCan vary in length depending on the reason
for the gathering, how well the individualsfor the gathering, how well the individuals
know each other and their links to oneknow each other and their links to one
another.another.
 A person usually identifies specificA person usually identifies specific
geographical features associated with theirgeographical features associated with their
tribal area including their maungatribal area including their maunga
(mountain), awa (river) and moana (sea).(mountain), awa (river) and moana (sea).
 They may also identify their waka (ancestralThey may also identify their waka (ancestral
canoe), hap (sub tribe), iwi (tribe), maraeūcanoe), hap (sub tribe), iwi (tribe), maraeū
and an eponymous ancestor.and an eponymous ancestor.
 This information isThis information is considered more importantconsidered more important
than the individual’s own name which maythan the individual’s own name which may
be the last piece of information given.be the last piece of information given.

4. How I understand this..How I understand this..
 Ko (wae wae) te wakaKo (wae wae) te waka
– My canoe is (name of your waka)My canoe is (name of your waka)
 Ko (Takatimu) te maungaKo (Takatimu) te maunga
– My mountain is (name of your mountain)My mountain is (name of your mountain)
 Ko (Waihopai) te awaKo (Waihopai) te awa
– My river is (name of your riverMy river is (name of your river))
 Ko (Airani me Kotirana) te iwiKo (Airani me Kotirana) te iwi
– My tribe is (name of your tribe)My tribe is (name of your tribe)
 Ko (Fahey me Gunn) te hapūKo (Fahey me Gunn) te hapū
– My sub tribe is (name of your sub tribe)My sub tribe is (name of your sub tribe)
 Ko (Ihu Karaiti) te rangatiraKo (Ihu Karaiti) te rangatira
– (Name of your chief) is the chief(Name of your chief) is the chief
 Ko (Invercargill) te maraeKo (Invercargill) te marae
– My marae is (name of your marae)My marae is (name of your marae)
 Ko (Shaun Cavanagh) ahauKo (Shaun Cavanagh) ahau
– I am (your name)I am (your name)

5. Leisure as a concept: What it isLeisure as a concept: What it is
 Gr.Gr. licere ‘licere ‘to be free’ ‘to be permitted’to be free’ ‘to be permitted’
 ““The meaning of leisure today can be described inThe meaning of leisure today can be described in three waysthree ways. First leisure is. First leisure is free-timefree-time. Next. Next
leisure isleisure is non-work activitynon-work activity. Finally, leisure is. Finally, leisure is a state of mind, or a special attitudea state of mind, or a special attitude””
(Russell, 2005, p. 31, emphasis added).(Russell, 2005, p. 31, emphasis added).
 Many definitions:Many definitions: Mannell/Kleiber (1997. p. 107)Mannell/Kleiber (1997. p. 107)
““the most central and commonly agreed upon set of attributes” of leisure is associated with: freedom,the most central and commonly agreed upon set of attributes” of leisure is associated with: freedom,
freedom of choice, self-determination (or lack of constraint)”.freedom of choice, self-determination (or lack of constraint)”.
They’ve also identified the following attributes:They’ve also identified the following attributes:
 intrinsic motivation, b) self-expression, c) relaxation, d) enjoyment, pleasure or effect, e) escape, f)intrinsic motivation, b) self-expression, c) relaxation, d) enjoyment, pleasure or effect, e) escape, f)
spontaneity, g) timelessness, h) fantasy and creativity, i) adventure and exploration, j) lack of evaluation.spontaneity, g) timelessness, h) fantasy and creativity, i) adventure and exploration, j) lack of evaluation.
 But I like:But I like:
Leisure is seen to be the arena in which the virtues of civil character are sought, demonstrated, and refined…It is a
Greek ideal, based on the strength of character necessary to the search for truth and which insists on the level of
devotion and morality demanded by truth (JL Hemingway, 1988, discussing Sebastian de Grazia’s(JL Hemingway, 1988, discussing Sebastian de Grazia’s Of time, work andOf time, work and
leisureleisure))
((Viewpoint that places great store on Leisure, well beyond contemporary definitions)Viewpoint that places great store on Leisure, well beyond contemporary definitions)

6. Going deeper..Going deeper..
 Goodale (1985) makes a compelling case for the need to study Aristotle, de Grazia,Goodale (1985) makes a compelling case for the need to study Aristotle, de Grazia,
and also Pieper with greater care.and also Pieper with greater care.
““There is a deeper meaning which does not come to the surface in most talk andThere is a deeper meaning which does not come to the surface in most talk and
writing about leisure,” (going on to note that):writing about leisure,” (going on to note that):
 ““With few exceptions, our encounters with Aristotle’s thought, as interpreted by manyWith few exceptions, our encounters with Aristotle’s thought, as interpreted by many
of those writing about leisure, are not very satisfying.”of those writing about leisure, are not very satisfying.”
 Recognizing that there is in Aristotle’s thinking a close connection between leisure andRecognizing that there is in Aristotle’s thinking a close connection between leisure and
the quality of life, Goodale, like de Grazia, sees that “free time” is a false scent and thatthe quality of life, Goodale, like de Grazia, sees that “free time” is a false scent and that
the “leisure problem” lies not in the relative amount of free time but in thethe “leisure problem” lies not in the relative amount of free time but in the absence ofabsence of
meaningmeaning in our leisure.in our leisure.
 Goodale remarks further that “Leisure is a useless notion if by it we mean merely freeGoodale remarks further that “Leisure is a useless notion if by it we mean merely free
time or some contemplative state.”time or some contemplative state.”
 Regarding Aristotle, Goodale suggests that the context of leisure is virtue, which in theRegarding Aristotle, Goodale suggests that the context of leisure is virtue, which in the
moral and political thought of Aristotle is tied inextricably to action.moral and political thought of Aristotle is tied inextricably to action.
 Leisure ideal:Leisure ideal:
‘‘Combining reflection and action with deeply rooted attachment to one’s community’Combining reflection and action with deeply rooted attachment to one’s community’ (JL(JL
Hemingway)Hemingway)

7. What leading figures say:What leading figures say:
 Leisure: the basis of cultureLeisure: the basis of culture: basic premise: basic premise
““Our culture does not suffer from anOur culture does not suffer from an
overabundance of leisure but rather its scarcity”overabundance of leisure but rather its scarcity”
– Josef Pieper– Josef Pieper (www.ignatius.com).(www.ignatius.com).
 ““The first principle of all action is leisure. BothThe first principle of all action is leisure. Both
are required, but leisure is better thanare required, but leisure is better than
occupation and is its end; and therefore theoccupation and is its end; and therefore the
question must be asked, what ought we to doquestion must be asked, what ought we to do
when at leisure”.when at leisure”.
–– Aristotle,Aristotle, PoliticsPolitics

8. Leisure Education: In a nutshellLeisure Education: In a nutshell
A developmental process designed to enhance an individual’sA developmental process designed to enhance an individual’s
understanding ofunderstanding of::
- ThemselvesThemselves
- The relationship of leisure to his or her lifestyleThe relationship of leisure to his or her lifestyle
- The relationship of leisure to society in generalThe relationship of leisure to society in general
(Aguilar, 1986)(Aguilar, 1986)
c/fc/f Health LiteracyHealth Literacy
The ability of an individual to access, understand, and use health-related information and services toThe ability of an individual to access, understand, and use health-related information and services to
make appropriate health decisionsmake appropriate health decisions
(www.surgeongeneral.com)(www.surgeongeneral.com)
Health Promotion Theme in relation to smoking:Health Promotion Theme in relation to smoking:
Emphasis is less on smoking and more on the polar opposites that transcendEmphasis is less on smoking and more on the polar opposites that transcend
(Transparency)..(Transparency)..

9. The nutshellThe nutshell Two of the critical goals of leisure
education:
– Recognizing the array of valuable
opportunities available during leisure
– Understanding the significant impact
that leisure has on society.
 Still another:
– learning to make decisions regarding
one’s own use of discretionary time
that lead to personal satisfaction, health
and enrichment.
The boredom that leads to health-compromising
behavior may be the result of a limited leisure
repertoire and thus may be remedied by leisure
education.
(Pesavento et al, 2003, p. 14)

10. Oh, the relevance..Oh, the relevance..
 Health promotionHealth promotion, as defined by the World Health, as defined by the World Health
Organization, is the process of enabling people to increaseOrganization, is the process of enabling people to increase
control over, and to improve, their health.control over, and to improve, their health.
 Health promotion: "the science and art of helping peopleHealth promotion: "the science and art of helping people
change their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimalchange their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal
health." Means of health promotion include health educationhealth." Means of health promotion include health education
and social marketing.and social marketing.
 Ottawa Charter:Ottawa Charter:
Build healthy public policy; Create supportive environments; StrengthenBuild healthy public policy; Create supportive environments; Strengthen
community actions; Develop personal skills; Reorient health services;community actions; Develop personal skills; Reorient health services;
Moving into the future..Moving into the future..

11. Leisure Ed: a work in progressLeisure Ed: a work in progress
 All models share the following key elements: leisure awareness andAll models share the following key elements: leisure awareness and
appreciation, knowledge of leisure resources, development of leisureappreciation, knowledge of leisure resources, development of leisure
participation skills (including activity skills, decision-making skills, andparticipation skills (including activity skills, decision-making skills, and
social-skills).social-skills).
(Shank and Coyle, 2001, p. 171)(Shank and Coyle, 2001, p. 171)
 The main goal of Leisure Education in the community areThe main goal of Leisure Education in the community are
empowerment, accessibility, lifelong learning, social participation,empowerment, accessibility, lifelong learning, social participation,
diminishing constraints, inclusivity, civic and moral responsibility, anddiminishing constraints, inclusivity, civic and moral responsibility, and
preservation (Sivan, 1997).preservation (Sivan, 1997).

12. Examples of modelsExamples of models
 Extreme Leisure: [X-L Flow]Extreme Leisure: [X-L Flow]
 ISRAEL modelISRAEL model
 Milwaukee and Texas Lighted Schoolhouse ProjectsMilwaukee and Texas Lighted Schoolhouse Projects
 Project LEAP (1970’s) NRPAProject LEAP (1970’s) NRPA
 Florida Scope and Sequence model (1970’s) FSUFlorida Scope and Sequence model (1970’s) FSU
(“..lifelong learning process rather than a single program..”)(“..lifelong learning process rather than a single program..”)
 Time Wise (2000) Linda Caldwell, PSUTime Wise (2000) Linda Caldwell, PSU
 Wake Leisure Ed project (UNC Chapel Hill)Wake Leisure Ed project (UNC Chapel Hill)
““In sum, the critical components of leisure are choice and intrinsicIn sum, the critical components of leisure are choice and intrinsic
motivation.” (Pesavento et al, 2003, p. 11).motivation.” (Pesavento et al, 2003, p. 11).

13. 7 aspects in relation to tobacco7 aspects in relation to tobacco
 Both impact on youth, or have youth as a focus (c/f ‘prevention’)Both impact on youth, or have youth as a focus (c/f ‘prevention’)
 Leisure options serve as a buffer to tobacco familiarisation, or dilutes it.Leisure options serve as a buffer to tobacco familiarisation, or dilutes it.
 Enjoyment / Comfort is the motive – though leisure is more sustainingEnjoyment / Comfort is the motive – though leisure is more sustaining
(and sustainable).(and sustainable).
 Role of Social / Community influences is importantRole of Social / Community influences is important
(‘Taking in the culture which surrounds’ = ‘natural’ dependency).(‘Taking in the culture which surrounds’ = ‘natural’ dependency).
 Leisure is conducive to ‘self-determination’Leisure is conducive to ‘self-determination’
(c/f tobacco that steals / undermines it).(c/f tobacco that steals / undermines it).
 Smoking intensifies barriers to leisure (Account for industry intent).Smoking intensifies barriers to leisure (Account for industry intent).
 The role of intrinsic (The role of intrinsic (intraintra – within) motivation and ‘Locus of Control’– within) motivation and ‘Locus of Control’
(related to independence and freedom).(related to independence and freedom).
(this list is not exhaustive)(this list is not exhaustive)

14. Where it can fitWhere it can fit
 Leisure helps shape who we are as human beings.Leisure helps shape who we are as human beings.
It is expressed through our lives and is revealed in our histories, lifeIt is expressed through our lives and is revealed in our histories, life
goals, growth and development, and behaviors (Russell, 2005, p. 1)goals, growth and development, and behaviors (Russell, 2005, p. 1)
C/FC/F
Internalisation…`a set of social relationships, transposed inside and having
become functions of personality and the forms of its structure’ (Morss and Linzey,
1991, emphasis added)
Vygotsky 1896-1934
(Developmentalist)

15. Where it can fit: the connectionWhere it can fit: the connection
Recurring theme:Recurring theme:
Smokers making quit attempts will still be left in a ‘vacuum’ even if there is compliance withSmokers making quit attempts will still be left in a ‘vacuum’ even if there is compliance with
the quit attempt.the quit attempt.
Documented benefits of therapeutic recreation inDocumented benefits of therapeutic recreation in substance abusesubstance abuse treatment include:treatment include:
 1) improved social functioning through enhancement of social skills, development of1) improved social functioning through enhancement of social skills, development of
support networks, and improved basic communication skills.support networks, and improved basic communication skills.
 2) improved stress management through relaxation, physical exercise and fitness, and2) improved stress management through relaxation, physical exercise and fitness, and
anxiety management.anxiety management.
 3) the development of a balanced leisure lifestyle (including coping skills, alternatives,3) the development of a balanced leisure lifestyle (including coping skills, alternatives,
structuring free-time, alleviating boredom, experiencing pleasure and enjoyment,structuring free-time, alleviating boredom, experiencing pleasure and enjoyment,
developing leisure skills, developing problem-solving and decision-making skills, anddeveloping leisure skills, developing problem-solving and decision-making skills, and
community reintegration).community reintegration).
(Kunstler, 2001, p. 99)(Kunstler, 2001, p. 99)
 Key variable:Key variable: Attention.Attention.

16. Compared with 5 A’s:Compared with 5 A’s:

17. Sample program: APIESample program: APIE
Context: Individual smokers seeking to quit, and their family support.Context: Individual smokers seeking to quit, and their family support.
 AssessmentAssessment (examples)(examples)
Leisure Diagnostic Battery (Witt/Ellis)Leisure Diagnostic Battery (Witt/Ellis)
www.authentichappiness.com (Seligman and ‘Signature Strengths’)www.authentichappiness.com (Seligman and ‘Signature Strengths’)
• PlanningPlanning
Series of activities the have “Series of activities the have “AIR”AIR” as the theme (Goal: valued activities that transcend theas the theme (Goal: valued activities that transcend the
perceived benefits of smoking).perceived benefits of smoking).
• ImplementationImplementation
Ball Sports (‘bounce’); Cycling; Kite-flying; Sailing/ Blokarting; Music/Singing; WindBall Sports (‘bounce’); Cycling; Kite-flying; Sailing/ Blokarting; Music/Singing; Wind
instruments (play/listen, eg., flute/clarinet/harmonica); Walking/Running and ‘aerobic’instruments (play/listen, eg., flute/clarinet/harmonica); Walking/Running and ‘aerobic’
activity; Speeches (ie., ‘activity; Speeches (ie., ‘inspirinspiration’); Meditation (focus on breath); Flags…ation’); Meditation (focus on breath); Flags…
 EvaluationEvaluation
ConversationConversation
Health effects/Sense of well-beingHealth effects/Sense of well-being
Level of dependence on tobacco.Level of dependence on tobacco.
 Leisure as a way of accounting for time, but does not focus solely on time…Leisure as a way of accounting for time, but does not focus solely on time…

18. Social Capital (Putnam)Social Capital (Putnam)
 ““Features of social life: networks, norms and trust – that enable participants to actFeatures of social life: networks, norms and trust – that enable participants to act
together more effectively to pursue shared objectives”.together more effectively to pursue shared objectives”.
 Social capital can be measured by the amount of trust and "reciprocity" in aSocial capital can be measured by the amount of trust and "reciprocity" in a
community or between individuals.community or between individuals.
 "refers to the collective value of all 'social networks' and the inclinations that arise"refers to the collective value of all 'social networks' and the inclinations that arise
from these networks to do things for each other”from these networks to do things for each other”
 key component to building and maintaining democracy.key component to building and maintaining democracy.
 declining in the United States as seen in lower levels of trust in government anddeclining in the United States as seen in lower levels of trust in government and
lower levels of civic participation.lower levels of civic participation.
 Television and urban sprawl have had a significant role in making America far lessTelevision and urban sprawl have had a significant role in making America far less
'connected‘'connected‘

19. Personal Concept: The Human EconomyPersonal Concept: The Human Economy
 All the processes occurring within human beings as an ‘economy’ independent of, butAll the processes occurring within human beings as an ‘economy’ independent of, but
influenced by, the external economy.influenced by, the external economy.
 Every interaction is an example of ‘exchange’ not just ofEvery interaction is an example of ‘exchange’ not just of materialmaterial currency, but also ofcurrency, but also of attention,attention,
time, energy, and identitytime, energy, and identity..
 All these other forms of ‘currency’ can be ‘invested’ for some form of return, and their useAll these other forms of ‘currency’ can be ‘invested’ for some form of return, and their use
involves a degree of risk (Theme: Material currency is not absolute)involves a degree of risk (Theme: Material currency is not absolute)
 Our use of language/Expressions:Our use of language/Expressions:
‘‘Spend’ the day…To their ‘credit’…’Pay’ attention…Memory ‘banks’… ’worthSpend’ the day…To their ‘credit’…’Pay’ attention…Memory ‘banks’… ’worth
while’…’Treasure’ experience…of good ‘value’… ’taxing’… ’indebted’..while’…’Treasure’ experience…of good ‘value’… ’taxing’… ’indebted’..
 Physiology: ATP (Adenosine TRi-Phosphate) ‘Chemical Currency’Physiology: ATP (Adenosine TRi-Phosphate) ‘Chemical Currency’
Gas ‘exchange’ (VO2 max/Lung tissue) > > > > > > >Gas ‘exchange’ (VO2 max/Lung tissue) > > > > > > >
 Etymology:Etymology: OikonomiaOikonomia (Gr. household management)(Gr. household management)
‘Exchange Rate’

20. TheThe ValueValue of Breathof Breath
 The relationship of breath toThe relationship of breath to securitysecurity,,
(let alone to function).(let alone to function).
 AAspirspiration: to consider potential.ation: to consider potential.
 IInnspirspiration: 1.ation: 1. SpiroSpiro ––
‘Breathe’ 2. To provide example.‘Breathe’ 2. To provide example.
 RReespirspiration:ation:
1.1. The act of inhaling and exhaling air inThe act of inhaling and exhaling air in
order toorder to exchangeexchange oxygen for carbonoxygen for carbon
dioxide. Synonymous with breathing anddioxide. Synonymous with breathing and
ventilation.ventilation.
2.2. The cellular metabolic process by whichThe cellular metabolic process by which
oxygen is taken in, substances are oxidized,oxygen is taken in, substances are oxidized,
energy is released, and carbon dioxide andenergy is released, and carbon dioxide and
oxidized products are given offoxidized products are given off
(www.wikipedia.org)(www.wikipedia.org)
“The heart and lungs take up physical
space, therefore have material value”

21. The effects of smokingThe effects of smoking
““Beware of little expenses. A small leak will sink a great shipBeware of little expenses. A small leak will sink a great ship””
(Ben Franklin)(Ben Franklin)
“Smoking is the chief, single avoidable cause of death
in our society and the most important public health
issue of our time” (C Everett Koop, US Surgeon-
General 1982-1989)

22. ‘‘Watcha been doin?’Watcha been doin?’
 County Health Department: Purpose of Internship.County Health Department: Purpose of Internship.
““To investigate potential applications of Recreation TherapyTo investigate potential applications of Recreation Therapy
content to the field of Tobacco Control”content to the field of Tobacco Control”
(as expressed through this setting).(as expressed through this setting).
 Activities performed in the time here:Activities performed in the time here:
Predominently ‘research’ for assignment purposesPredominently ‘research’ for assignment purposes
Conversation/DiscussionConversation/Discussion
Conferences/Seminars/Meetings:Conferences/Seminars/Meetings:
NRPA Congress; Question Why; Call to Action;NRPA Congress; Question Why; Call to Action;
SF Mecklenburg; Great American Smokeout;SF Mecklenburg; Great American Smokeout;

23. Related sources:Related sources:
Perhaps the most deep-seatedPerhaps the most deep-seated
antithesis which has shownantithesis which has shown
itself in education history isitself in education history is
that between education inthat between education in
preparation for useful laborpreparation for useful labor
and education for a life ofand education for a life of
leisureleisure
- John Dewey, 1939- John Dewey, 1939
(Pesavento, 2003, p. 4).(Pesavento, 2003, p. 4).

24. Reflection on Contrast:Reflection on Contrast:
““Leisure is the predominant legally available state that enhancesLeisure is the predominant legally available state that enhances
and sustains life when used entirely as The manufacturerand sustains life when used entirely as The manufacturer
intends.”intends.”
Feedback and Questions…Feedback and Questions…