1. Unmanned combat vehicles have been used for military purposes for thousands of years, but recent technological advances have enabled greater autonomy. While most current systems still require human supervision, weapons with increasing degrees of autonomy are being developed.
2. There is no agreed upon international definition of autonomous weapons or what constitutes meaningful human control. Without a definition, states have significant latitude to develop weapons with varying levels of autonomy.
3. Fully autonomous weapons that could select and engage targets without any human involvement raise legal and ethical concerns and may contradict military necessity. However, as technology advances, weapons will continue to take on more autonomous functions.
This document discusses the changing nature of warfare due to new unmanned vehicle robotic technologies. It covers the current state of robotic technology in militaries, including unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The document also discusses future strategies that may involve hiding robots from sensors using decoys, fiber optic vehicles, electronic attack, and swarming robot strategies. It considers how technologies may change after electronic attacks and proposes concepts like cell phone dirigibles. The overall document examines how robotic technologies will impact future warfare.
The document discusses how the U.S. military, despite being highly trained and technologically advanced, is still capable of preventable mistakes. It describes an incident where a Special Forces group's GPS device failed, sending their coordinates instead of the intended target's. As a result, the group and civilians were bombed by their own plane. While the U.S. military trains other countries' forces, the document argues they should also train on responding to technology failures to prevent loss of life. Overall, the document examines how even the world's most powerful military can fail to plan for unexpected errors.
This document summarizes a presentation on managing threats from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in US domestic seaports. It discusses the growth of UAV technology and industry, as well as associated legal and regulatory issues. It notes risks that UAVs pose in the maritime security domain, including potential interference with port operations and weaponization. The document concludes that US port facilities will need to address unauthorized UAV use in their security plans and that laws and regulations around UAVs are still evolving.
The document is a research paper about the evolution of US military training and its use of technology. It discusses how the US military has become highly trained and advanced but still makes mistakes. It provides the example of a story where a Special Forces group is accidentally bombed by their own plane due to a technology failure of their GPS system. The paper argues the military should provide additional training on safety procedures for when technology fails, as lives could have been saved in this incident if operators knew how to respond appropriately. It also examines how the US trains other countries' militaries to help develop democratic allies.
This document is a thesis submitted by SSgt James P. Sankey to the College of International Security Affairs at the National Defense University examining policy recommendations for commercially operated unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the United States. It notes the lack of current regulation for small, commercially operated UAVs and the potential risks this poses. The thesis will analyze different policy options for regulating UAV equipment, operators, and enforcement to address this issue in a way that balances business and national security interests. It employs qualitative historical analysis to examine previous studies and cases on integrating UAVs into the national airspace system to inform its policy recommendations.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): An Emerging Technology for Logisticsinventionjournals
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UVAs), commonly known as drones have extensively been utilized in military operations during the last decade for surveillance, monitoring enemy activities, collecting information, and even attacking military targets and terrorist hideouts. They are also increasingly finding uses in civil applications, such as policing and firefighting and nonmilitary work, such as inspection of power lines and pipelines. Furthermore, corporations utilized them in commercial applications, such as agriculture, logistics, delivering small packages to rough terrain locations, and medication to emergency locations. UAVs are often preferred for missions that are too ―dull, dirty or dangerous‖ for manned aircraft. This paper is exploratory in nature and describes the past and current usage in logistics and military. It further explores design and development considerations of UAVs. This is an emerging technology that will change the landscape of logistics and supply chain management. This research article provides a basic foundation to academicians, researchers, and commercial companies.
This document summarizes a presentation given by John S. Canning on the legal, ethical, and policy issues surrounding autonomous weapons systems. It discusses meetings with lawyers, philosophers, computer scientists, and policy experts on this topic. Key legal issues addressed are weapons reviews to ensure compliance with international law and allowing autonomous systems to discriminate between legal and illegal targets. Ethical issues surround developing systems that avoid harming humans. Policy must consider these technical, legal and ethical factors to guide the responsible development of autonomous weapons.
This document discusses the changing nature of warfare due to new unmanned vehicle robotic technologies. It covers the current state of robotic technology in militaries, including unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The document also discusses future strategies that may involve hiding robots from sensors using decoys, fiber optic vehicles, electronic attack, and swarming robot strategies. It considers how technologies may change after electronic attacks and proposes concepts like cell phone dirigibles. The overall document examines how robotic technologies will impact future warfare.
The document discusses how the U.S. military, despite being highly trained and technologically advanced, is still capable of preventable mistakes. It describes an incident where a Special Forces group's GPS device failed, sending their coordinates instead of the intended target's. As a result, the group and civilians were bombed by their own plane. While the U.S. military trains other countries' forces, the document argues they should also train on responding to technology failures to prevent loss of life. Overall, the document examines how even the world's most powerful military can fail to plan for unexpected errors.
This document summarizes a presentation on managing threats from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in US domestic seaports. It discusses the growth of UAV technology and industry, as well as associated legal and regulatory issues. It notes risks that UAVs pose in the maritime security domain, including potential interference with port operations and weaponization. The document concludes that US port facilities will need to address unauthorized UAV use in their security plans and that laws and regulations around UAVs are still evolving.
The document is a research paper about the evolution of US military training and its use of technology. It discusses how the US military has become highly trained and advanced but still makes mistakes. It provides the example of a story where a Special Forces group is accidentally bombed by their own plane due to a technology failure of their GPS system. The paper argues the military should provide additional training on safety procedures for when technology fails, as lives could have been saved in this incident if operators knew how to respond appropriately. It also examines how the US trains other countries' militaries to help develop democratic allies.
This document is a thesis submitted by SSgt James P. Sankey to the College of International Security Affairs at the National Defense University examining policy recommendations for commercially operated unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the United States. It notes the lack of current regulation for small, commercially operated UAVs and the potential risks this poses. The thesis will analyze different policy options for regulating UAV equipment, operators, and enforcement to address this issue in a way that balances business and national security interests. It employs qualitative historical analysis to examine previous studies and cases on integrating UAVs into the national airspace system to inform its policy recommendations.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): An Emerging Technology for Logisticsinventionjournals
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UVAs), commonly known as drones have extensively been utilized in military operations during the last decade for surveillance, monitoring enemy activities, collecting information, and even attacking military targets and terrorist hideouts. They are also increasingly finding uses in civil applications, such as policing and firefighting and nonmilitary work, such as inspection of power lines and pipelines. Furthermore, corporations utilized them in commercial applications, such as agriculture, logistics, delivering small packages to rough terrain locations, and medication to emergency locations. UAVs are often preferred for missions that are too ―dull, dirty or dangerous‖ for manned aircraft. This paper is exploratory in nature and describes the past and current usage in logistics and military. It further explores design and development considerations of UAVs. This is an emerging technology that will change the landscape of logistics and supply chain management. This research article provides a basic foundation to academicians, researchers, and commercial companies.
This document summarizes a presentation given by John S. Canning on the legal, ethical, and policy issues surrounding autonomous weapons systems. It discusses meetings with lawyers, philosophers, computer scientists, and policy experts on this topic. Key legal issues addressed are weapons reviews to ensure compliance with international law and allowing autonomous systems to discriminate between legal and illegal targets. Ethical issues surround developing systems that avoid harming humans. Policy must consider these technical, legal and ethical factors to guide the responsible development of autonomous weapons.
15multimedia provides advertising, training, and multimedia services. They manage below-the-line marketing campaigns and social media planning to build brand image. They offer IT training courses and e-learning technologies. They also work with startups to manage technology transitions and product development. 15multimedia uses open source CMS, semantic web, and OpenStack technologies and works in the cloud. They are looking for PHP and Java developers and social media managers.
Somos una empresa colombiana con 30 años de experiencia en la industria gráfica especializada en el diseño y producción de material de empaque como plegadizas, tarjetas, ristras, fajas, bandejas y tarros de kraft. Ofrecemos servicios de diseño, impresión, barnizado y acabados para empaques promocionales, de temporada y de línea, así como stickers y etiquetas adhesivas.
La minería a cielo abierto en Colombia está causando un gran deterioro ambiental y social. Grandes extensiones de tierra agrícola se han arruinado debido a la minería, y los campesinos a menudo encuentran más beneficios trabajando en las minas que cultivando sus tierras. Además, aunque los funcionarios del gobierno afirman que la minería mejora la economía, en realidad son las grandes corporaciones mineras multinacionales las que se benefician, ya que explotan a los trabajadores locales haciéndolos traba
Marketing involves identifying, anticipating, and satisfying customer needs profitably. An effective marketing plan consists of analyzing the current situation, setting objectives, developing strategies and tactics, taking action, and measuring results. The marketing mix, also known as the 4 P's, includes product, price, place, and promotion. Marketing communications mix tactics cover advertising, websites, public relations, social media, sales promotions, direct marketing, and personal selling. The ultimate goals are to increase customer retention, grow existing customers, and attract new customers.
Este documento describe la inteligencia artificial, incluyendo su definición como la simulación de la inteligencia humana mediante programas de computadora. Explica que la IA se ha utilizado para desarrollar sistemas expertos que pueden imitar la capacidad mental humana y tomar juicios más rápido que los humanos. También resume brevemente la historia de la IA desde los griegos hasta los avances actuales en redes neuronales y sus aplicaciones en medicina y robótica.
Programas de Resellers SEO. Marketing Evolution le ofrece posibilidad de negocio en Internet para complementar su oferta actual de productos. Ofrezca servicios de SEO, Social Media, E-Marketing, Marketing digital.
GĒOS Recycled Glass Surface Material is composed mainly of crushed silica glass and polyester resin, and is used for indoor surfaces like countertops. Prolonged exposure to silica dust from manufacturing can cause lung diseases, so wet processes and protective equipment are recommended. The material is stable and non-toxic in its finished form, but produces silica dust during cutting and grinding that requires ventilation and respiratory protection.
Este documento fornece instruções passo a passo para aprender a tocar saxofone alto, começando com a formação da embocadura e respiração corretas, seguidas por detalhes sobre a digitacao e escalas basicas para exercitar. O documento também discute cuidados com o instrumento e fornece partituras simples para os alunos praticarem.
Laboratorio Digitale "Quando Hitler rubò il coniglio rosa" sulla prima metà del novecento, la Germania Nazista, la fine della prima guerra mondiale e le seconda guerra mondiale. E' un progetto realizzato all'interno del progetto Scuola Digitale Comune di Sirmione
D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 6 V O L . 5 9 N O . 1 2 OllieShoresna
This document discusses the debate around developing and using autonomous weapons systems. Currently no systems can operate fully autonomously, but some are semiautonomous, requiring human input to select targets but using algorithms to execute strikes. Groups like Human Rights Watch are lobbying for a ban on fully autonomous weapons out of concerns that algorithms may make mistakes in identification or lack recall ability. However, most military experts believe an outright ban would be unrealistic and unenforceable. There are arguments on both sides about the appropriate development and use of these systems going forward.
This paper examines the implications arising from states’ use of autonomous weapon systems in situations of conflict. The analysis starts by addressing the definitional problems found in the literature on autonomous weapon systems. The primary finding is that the differential feature of autonomous weapon systems is their ability to select among targets and decide to kill without human oversight. The paper then delves into the effect that the increasing use of autonomous weapon systems has on conflict and war and the resulting policy implications for states and the international community as a whole. I conclude by discussig the legal, ethical, and moral implications of the use of weapons that can kill autonomously, which are at the core of the debate.
The document discusses future weapons technologies and proposed solutions for regulating them. It describes how anti-matter and lethal autonomous robots (LARS) could become new types of powerful weapons. Anti-matter could provide energy equivalent to atomic bombs, while LARS could target autonomously without human oversight. To address concerns over these technologies, some propose a total ban on researching or creating such new weapons systems. However, imposing a complete ban faces obstacles, as powerful nations may not agree to restrictions and treaties have been broken before. Effective monitoring and consequences for noncompliance would need to be established for a ban to potentially work.
Under class work click on capstoneClick getting started .docxwillcoxjanay
Under class work click on capstone
Click getting started for a quick review of the project. Each heading has info that can help
Click dashboard; for this week, the modules under tutorials and practice round has to be done. The rehearsal tutorial is already done.
Start with online situation analysis. Click complete now
You have to review the row of links at the bottom of the page. You have to enter the fields starting with ‘perceptual map 2 and so forth.
Lastly, just read the guidance on the left and fill in the fields with the data. After the data in green is filled in, the simulator will auto fill the rest.
CHAPTER 13: The Regulation of Exports
Throughout history, every civilization has had to decide whether it will trade with outsiders, and if so, on what terms. After all, there were economic, political, and military interests to protect. There were outlaw tribes and evil princes to punish. What better way than to deprive them of goods and treasures, be they coveted spices, colorful dyes, or prized horses. There were state-of-the-art technological secrets to guard. From the secrets of steelmaking and the fashioning of swords and armor, to the invention of gunpowder and the bow and arrow, to the addition of the lowly stirrup to a horseman’s saddle, technology has turned the tide of many battles and the course of history. Empires have been won or lost because of the technological advantage of one warrior, or one army, over another. The warlords and kings of ancient Europe and Asia knew this well and meted out punishments of torture and death to those who disclosed such closely guarded secrets or traded with the enemy. Imagine the diplomatic couriers of the ancient world, or medieval statesmen of later periods, who went out on foot or on horseback to distant kingdoms. They arranged alliances and orchestrated embargoes of common enemies. These were times of secret treaties, encrypted messages, intrigue, and danger.
This could just as well be the story of the modern world. Trade is still used to reward allies and punish outlaw nations. Civilized people still war with barbarians and deny aid and comfort to those who harbor them. Advances in technology are still guarded from foreign enemies. There are, perhaps, a few differences. Today’s outlaw nations are violators of human rights; the barbarians are called “terrorists”; the advances in technology involve computers, software for missile guidance systems, stealth technology, and the materials and know-how to destroy entire cities; and secret treaties have been replaced by international conventions and United Nations resolutions.
The primary subject of this chapter is how nations use policy and regulations to control exports to foreign countries for purposes of national security and foreign policy. Our focus will be on the system and methods used by the United States. Much of the discussion would apply equally to Canada or the European Union, although the overarching policies o ...
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, are increasingly being used for military purposes like surveillance and targeted killings. As drone technology advances, it allows militaries to conduct operations from long distances with fewer risks to human pilots. However, drones also raise legal and ethical issues around targeted killings and how to program drones' systems to distinguish combatants from civilians. As drone use expands, regulators will need to address air traffic control and develop legal frameworks regarding their approved uses and limitations.
1. The document discusses various military applications of robotics, including autonomous weapons systems being developed by countries like South Korea, Israel, the US, and China.
2. It also outlines some of the legal, ethical, and technical challenges of using robots in war, such as determining responsibility for their actions, ensuring compliance with just war theory, and difficulties with target discrimination.
3. Existing international laws and frameworks for governance are examined, as well as alternatives like soft law approaches involving codes of conduct and framework conventions.
This document outlines the argument for holding producers of autonomous weapons accountable. It begins with definitions of key terms like autonomous weapons and producers. It then discusses the legal framework around laws of war and how autonomous weapons could breach international humanitarian law. The document provides reasons for accountability, such as the lack of strict liability for mistakes. It recommends pursuing an international treaty banning autonomous weapons production and use, establishing a legal system to monitor producer responsibility, and making producers strictly liable. The conclusion references an open letter from Google employees on this issue.
The Rise in Autonomous Technology, Autonomous Weapons Systems, and Robot Weap...IRJET Journal
This document provides an ethical analysis of the rise of autonomous technology and autonomous weapons systems. It discusses both reasons for their development as well as concerns. Nation states are secretly or openly financing robot weapons and autonomous weapons systems, using new technologies to gain advantages in security but also escalating arms races. While supporters argue these systems can enhance security by allowing remote or driverless operations, critics warn they threaten global security by reducing human oversight of lethal actions. The document surveys background literature on both sides of the debate and provides a table comparing arguments for and against the development and use of autonomous weapons systems.
The document discusses regulations for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones) from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). It outlines the four primary categories of drone operators under federal law: Part 107 Remote Pilots who have passed an FAA test, public operators who require FAA approval, model aircraft operators who strictly follow statutory guidelines, and those with 333 exemptions. The FAA aims to encourage innovation while ensuring safety. The document provides an overview of recent FAA drone rules and considerations for how local governments can develop drone policies and regulations.
15multimedia provides advertising, training, and multimedia services. They manage below-the-line marketing campaigns and social media planning to build brand image. They offer IT training courses and e-learning technologies. They also work with startups to manage technology transitions and product development. 15multimedia uses open source CMS, semantic web, and OpenStack technologies and works in the cloud. They are looking for PHP and Java developers and social media managers.
Somos una empresa colombiana con 30 años de experiencia en la industria gráfica especializada en el diseño y producción de material de empaque como plegadizas, tarjetas, ristras, fajas, bandejas y tarros de kraft. Ofrecemos servicios de diseño, impresión, barnizado y acabados para empaques promocionales, de temporada y de línea, así como stickers y etiquetas adhesivas.
La minería a cielo abierto en Colombia está causando un gran deterioro ambiental y social. Grandes extensiones de tierra agrícola se han arruinado debido a la minería, y los campesinos a menudo encuentran más beneficios trabajando en las minas que cultivando sus tierras. Además, aunque los funcionarios del gobierno afirman que la minería mejora la economía, en realidad son las grandes corporaciones mineras multinacionales las que se benefician, ya que explotan a los trabajadores locales haciéndolos traba
Marketing involves identifying, anticipating, and satisfying customer needs profitably. An effective marketing plan consists of analyzing the current situation, setting objectives, developing strategies and tactics, taking action, and measuring results. The marketing mix, also known as the 4 P's, includes product, price, place, and promotion. Marketing communications mix tactics cover advertising, websites, public relations, social media, sales promotions, direct marketing, and personal selling. The ultimate goals are to increase customer retention, grow existing customers, and attract new customers.
Este documento describe la inteligencia artificial, incluyendo su definición como la simulación de la inteligencia humana mediante programas de computadora. Explica que la IA se ha utilizado para desarrollar sistemas expertos que pueden imitar la capacidad mental humana y tomar juicios más rápido que los humanos. También resume brevemente la historia de la IA desde los griegos hasta los avances actuales en redes neuronales y sus aplicaciones en medicina y robótica.
Programas de Resellers SEO. Marketing Evolution le ofrece posibilidad de negocio en Internet para complementar su oferta actual de productos. Ofrezca servicios de SEO, Social Media, E-Marketing, Marketing digital.
GĒOS Recycled Glass Surface Material is composed mainly of crushed silica glass and polyester resin, and is used for indoor surfaces like countertops. Prolonged exposure to silica dust from manufacturing can cause lung diseases, so wet processes and protective equipment are recommended. The material is stable and non-toxic in its finished form, but produces silica dust during cutting and grinding that requires ventilation and respiratory protection.
Este documento fornece instruções passo a passo para aprender a tocar saxofone alto, começando com a formação da embocadura e respiração corretas, seguidas por detalhes sobre a digitacao e escalas basicas para exercitar. O documento também discute cuidados com o instrumento e fornece partituras simples para os alunos praticarem.
Laboratorio Digitale "Quando Hitler rubò il coniglio rosa" sulla prima metà del novecento, la Germania Nazista, la fine della prima guerra mondiale e le seconda guerra mondiale. E' un progetto realizzato all'interno del progetto Scuola Digitale Comune di Sirmione
D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 6 V O L . 5 9 N O . 1 2 OllieShoresna
This document discusses the debate around developing and using autonomous weapons systems. Currently no systems can operate fully autonomously, but some are semiautonomous, requiring human input to select targets but using algorithms to execute strikes. Groups like Human Rights Watch are lobbying for a ban on fully autonomous weapons out of concerns that algorithms may make mistakes in identification or lack recall ability. However, most military experts believe an outright ban would be unrealistic and unenforceable. There are arguments on both sides about the appropriate development and use of these systems going forward.
This paper examines the implications arising from states’ use of autonomous weapon systems in situations of conflict. The analysis starts by addressing the definitional problems found in the literature on autonomous weapon systems. The primary finding is that the differential feature of autonomous weapon systems is their ability to select among targets and decide to kill without human oversight. The paper then delves into the effect that the increasing use of autonomous weapon systems has on conflict and war and the resulting policy implications for states and the international community as a whole. I conclude by discussig the legal, ethical, and moral implications of the use of weapons that can kill autonomously, which are at the core of the debate.
The document discusses future weapons technologies and proposed solutions for regulating them. It describes how anti-matter and lethal autonomous robots (LARS) could become new types of powerful weapons. Anti-matter could provide energy equivalent to atomic bombs, while LARS could target autonomously without human oversight. To address concerns over these technologies, some propose a total ban on researching or creating such new weapons systems. However, imposing a complete ban faces obstacles, as powerful nations may not agree to restrictions and treaties have been broken before. Effective monitoring and consequences for noncompliance would need to be established for a ban to potentially work.
Under class work click on capstoneClick getting started .docxwillcoxjanay
Under class work click on capstone
Click getting started for a quick review of the project. Each heading has info that can help
Click dashboard; for this week, the modules under tutorials and practice round has to be done. The rehearsal tutorial is already done.
Start with online situation analysis. Click complete now
You have to review the row of links at the bottom of the page. You have to enter the fields starting with ‘perceptual map 2 and so forth.
Lastly, just read the guidance on the left and fill in the fields with the data. After the data in green is filled in, the simulator will auto fill the rest.
CHAPTER 13: The Regulation of Exports
Throughout history, every civilization has had to decide whether it will trade with outsiders, and if so, on what terms. After all, there were economic, political, and military interests to protect. There were outlaw tribes and evil princes to punish. What better way than to deprive them of goods and treasures, be they coveted spices, colorful dyes, or prized horses. There were state-of-the-art technological secrets to guard. From the secrets of steelmaking and the fashioning of swords and armor, to the invention of gunpowder and the bow and arrow, to the addition of the lowly stirrup to a horseman’s saddle, technology has turned the tide of many battles and the course of history. Empires have been won or lost because of the technological advantage of one warrior, or one army, over another. The warlords and kings of ancient Europe and Asia knew this well and meted out punishments of torture and death to those who disclosed such closely guarded secrets or traded with the enemy. Imagine the diplomatic couriers of the ancient world, or medieval statesmen of later periods, who went out on foot or on horseback to distant kingdoms. They arranged alliances and orchestrated embargoes of common enemies. These were times of secret treaties, encrypted messages, intrigue, and danger.
This could just as well be the story of the modern world. Trade is still used to reward allies and punish outlaw nations. Civilized people still war with barbarians and deny aid and comfort to those who harbor them. Advances in technology are still guarded from foreign enemies. There are, perhaps, a few differences. Today’s outlaw nations are violators of human rights; the barbarians are called “terrorists”; the advances in technology involve computers, software for missile guidance systems, stealth technology, and the materials and know-how to destroy entire cities; and secret treaties have been replaced by international conventions and United Nations resolutions.
The primary subject of this chapter is how nations use policy and regulations to control exports to foreign countries for purposes of national security and foreign policy. Our focus will be on the system and methods used by the United States. Much of the discussion would apply equally to Canada or the European Union, although the overarching policies o ...
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, are increasingly being used for military purposes like surveillance and targeted killings. As drone technology advances, it allows militaries to conduct operations from long distances with fewer risks to human pilots. However, drones also raise legal and ethical issues around targeted killings and how to program drones' systems to distinguish combatants from civilians. As drone use expands, regulators will need to address air traffic control and develop legal frameworks regarding their approved uses and limitations.
1. The document discusses various military applications of robotics, including autonomous weapons systems being developed by countries like South Korea, Israel, the US, and China.
2. It also outlines some of the legal, ethical, and technical challenges of using robots in war, such as determining responsibility for their actions, ensuring compliance with just war theory, and difficulties with target discrimination.
3. Existing international laws and frameworks for governance are examined, as well as alternatives like soft law approaches involving codes of conduct and framework conventions.
This document outlines the argument for holding producers of autonomous weapons accountable. It begins with definitions of key terms like autonomous weapons and producers. It then discusses the legal framework around laws of war and how autonomous weapons could breach international humanitarian law. The document provides reasons for accountability, such as the lack of strict liability for mistakes. It recommends pursuing an international treaty banning autonomous weapons production and use, establishing a legal system to monitor producer responsibility, and making producers strictly liable. The conclusion references an open letter from Google employees on this issue.
The Rise in Autonomous Technology, Autonomous Weapons Systems, and Robot Weap...IRJET Journal
This document provides an ethical analysis of the rise of autonomous technology and autonomous weapons systems. It discusses both reasons for their development as well as concerns. Nation states are secretly or openly financing robot weapons and autonomous weapons systems, using new technologies to gain advantages in security but also escalating arms races. While supporters argue these systems can enhance security by allowing remote or driverless operations, critics warn they threaten global security by reducing human oversight of lethal actions. The document surveys background literature on both sides of the debate and provides a table comparing arguments for and against the development and use of autonomous weapons systems.
The document discusses regulations for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones) from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). It outlines the four primary categories of drone operators under federal law: Part 107 Remote Pilots who have passed an FAA test, public operators who require FAA approval, model aircraft operators who strictly follow statutory guidelines, and those with 333 exemptions. The FAA aims to encourage innovation while ensuring safety. The document provides an overview of recent FAA drone rules and considerations for how local governments can develop drone policies and regulations.
Herman Khan. About cobalt bomb and nuclear weapons.avturchin
This document discusses Herman Kahn's conceptualization of different types of "doomsday machines" and their potential role in deterrence. It summarizes Kahn's analysis of an ideal "doomsday machine" that could automatically destroy all human life if certain triggers were activated. However, Kahn argues that such a device would be unacceptable and uncontrollable. While very effective at deterrence, the consequences of failure are too catastrophic. No government would be willing to have the lives of billions at risk or to give individuals the power to destroy the world. The document explores alternative concepts and the implications for deterrence policy.
This document summarizes the international law principles regarding the use of drones. It makes three key points:
1) Drones are currently configured as battlefield weapons similar to bombers and rocket launchers, so their use is governed by the laws of war rather than law enforcement.
2) For a drone strike to be legal, it requires either consent from the country involved or self-defense in response to an "armed attack" as defined by the UN Charter. Most US drone strikes outside Afghanistan lack these legal bases.
3) While the US could legally use force in Afghanistan due to government consent, that conflict did not spread to other countries to justify attacks there without a separate legal basis. Most US drone strikes outside
Military Robots and Canadian Defence and Foreign PolicyOleg Nekrassovski
This document discusses how greater use of battlefield robots by the Canadian Forces could impact Canadian defence and foreign policy. It argues that replacing human soldiers with robots could significantly reduce collateral damage through more precise attacks unaffected by human emotions. Robots could also better comply with laws of armed conflict and increase accountability. However, robots may increase willingness for conflicts by reducing costs. Overall, the document analyzes how robotic technology could shape Canadian military strategy and operations.
1. The document discusses the unfair and illegal usage of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones) against civilians in Ethiopia, focusing on the Tigray and Amhara regions conflicts. It argues that UAV strikes intended to cause collateral damage have escalated into deliberate mass killings of civilians, which violate international humanitarian law.
2. It notes several issues with the Ethiopian government's use of UAVs, including a lack of transparency, accountability for civilian casualties, and compliance with legal and ethical standards. The document calls for investigations into possible war crimes and measures to prevent future atrocities and protect civilians.
3. The misuse of UAVs could have negative international implications like diplomatic tensions
This document establishes the United States' policy on domestic drone use, directing federal agencies to integrate drones into national airspace by 2016 while protecting citizens' privacy rights. It tasks Congress and state legislatures with developing regulations for both government and private drone use. The Federal Aviation Administration will test drones at six sites to ensure safety and compliance with future policies. The goal is to use drone technology to enhance security, prevent crime, and respond to emergencies, but in a way that does not violate the Fourth Amendment.
Targeted Surveillance: Big Brother Takes to the SkyTeresa Long
The document discusses concerns around the increasing use of drones for surveillance purposes by law enforcement and government agencies. It argues that drones threaten privacy and constitutional rights like the 4th amendment protection against unreasonable searches. Drones are proliferating rapidly, with thousands already in use by the military and many more expected over the next few decades. As drone use expands, laws have not kept pace and require updates to prevent potential privacy violations and govern how data collected by drones can be used. The document raises questions over who is accountable for drone data and whether it is ethical to allow machines to decide when to use lethal force.
This document is a master's thesis submitted by Mark Steven Enegren that examines the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) by domestic law enforcement agencies. It includes a dedication to Enegren's family, acknowledgements, an abstract that provides an overview of the thesis which argues that the use of UAVs by police is legal and constitutional. The thesis also includes an introduction outlining the changing perceptions of UAVs and increased interest among police agencies in using them. It then reviews relevant literature on the history and terminology of UAVs, their suitability for dangerous or difficult "3D" missions, and concerns about privacy and the growing use of surveillance technologies.
- President Ronald Reagan announced the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), nicknamed "Star Wars", in 1983 which envisioned creating a missile defense system to protect the US from nuclear attack.
- The SDI proposed developing new technologies like lasers and particle beams to intercept incoming missiles, replacing the policy of mutual nuclear deterrence between the US and Soviet Union during the Cold War.
- Reagan's announcement marked the beginning of extensive research into missile defense, though the technology proposed in 1983 was still far beyond what was feasible at the time.
The slides give a brief description of the technical characteristics, classification, level of autonomy, types of drones available, merits, demerits, future development, and applications.
The Automation and Proliferation of Military Drones and the Protection of Civ...Angelo State University
The document discusses the growing use and proliferation of military drones. It notes that the US leads in drone technology, with thousands being used for surveillance in Iraq and Afghanistan. Armed drones like the MQ-1 Predator and MQ-9 Reaper are controlled remotely from bases in the US and have conducted many strikes. Despite budget cuts, US spending on drones continues to increase and plans are underway to arm more drones. Israel is the second largest drone producer. China is also developing drones and sees an opportunity in the market as the US does not export many armed drones. Over 50 countries now use drones and many are developing their own or buying from countries like the US, Israel and potentially China in the future. This proliferation could impact how
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The Automation and Proliferation of Military Drones and the Protection of Civ...
Towards a definition of Lethal Autonomous Weapons
1. 1
Towards a definition of Lethal Autonomous Weapons
By Guillaume Fournier, December 2016
Unmanned combat vehicles have been used by militaries from around the world to lessen
the human cost of war and to gain military advantage, for thousands of years. In ancient Greece,
Thucydides recorded the use of unmanned fire ships by the defenders of Syracuse to defeat the
Athenian fleet. The use of such unmanned ships continued until the 19th
century. The first real
advances in unmanned vehicles started with Nikola Tesla who in 1898 demonstrated a radio-
controlled motorboat to a government representative. The two World Wars (the German Goliath
tracked mine or the Soviet TT-26 Teletank) and the Cold War saw an increase in the development
and the use of unmanned weapons.
Together with the rapid evolution of artificial intelligence, robotics, and of technology in a
number of areas generally, the last decade has seen significant developments in a variety of
unmanned combat vehicles; Unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAV), unmanned ground
vehicles (UGV) and Unmanned surface vehicles (USV) have been developed by the United States,
China, Russia, Israel, France and the UK. UCAVs, also called drones (the MQ-9 Reaper, the MQ-
1 Predator or the X-45 for the US, the Elbit Hermes 450 for Israel, the Sperwer or the Thales
Watchkeeper WK450 for France, or and the Mikoyan Skat for Russia). UGVs (the Gladiator
Tactical Unmanned Ground Vehicle, XM1219 Armed Robotic Vehicle or Foster-Miller TALON
SWORDS for the US Army). These vehicles have different functions ranging from
reconnaissance, to combat or defense and have already been used in many of the current ongoing
conflicts (Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Yemen, and Somalia).
But what constitutes an Unmanned Combat Vehicle, and how such vehicles can be used,
still is the subject of legal debate. Most of the current weapons systems still rely on the supervision
of human operators for finding their way, targeting and shooting. They are not therefore entirely
considered as autonomous. This is about to change with new ground, air and underwater weapons
currently being developed by militaries around the world and that would no longer be just
unmanned under human supervision, but would have some increasing degree of autonomy from
human operators for their mission. They would constitute LAWS: Lethal Autonomous Weapons
Systems.
Some militaries already own weapons systems that possess some degree of autonomy such
as various automatic defensive weapons, or “fire and forget” missiles which only require that their
human operator identify the target and that then proceed on their own. The United States has the
Aegis Combat System and Phalanx Weapons System at sea and the C-RAM and Patriot missile
system on land. Israel has its air defense system “Iron Dome”. These latest weapons are based on
land or on ships and can target and attack incoming threats on their own. Nevertheless, they are
still mostly automatic: they are preprogrammed and only function within the parameters given to
them. Human supervisors can stop them if necessary. They can only attack a limited type of targets
and will not learn by themselves new categories of objects to attack.
So far, and despite holding various meetings on the subject, international instances have
been unable to agree on what should constitute the distinction between automatic and autonomous
2. 2
and on the degree of this autonomy. Automatic versus autonomous weapons are distinguished by
the amount of human supervision required – or not – for their operation. Various definitions have
emerged that seek to create categories by degree of independence from human supervision.
Human-in-the-Loop Weapons can select targets and deliver force only with a human command;
Human-on-the-Loop Weapons can select targets and deliver force under the oversight of a human
operator who has the power to override their actions; and Human-out-of-the-Loop Weapons can
select targets and fire without any human intervention1
. Automatic weapons are under the constant
supervision and control of a human operator and are incapable of learning new information or of
changing their goals or targets on their own. Today, the final decision to take, or at least to initiate
or program lethal action still relies to a great extent on a human operator. And as long as such
weapons are programmed to function within predetermined sets of parameters, they cannot be
viewed as fully autonomous. Fully autonomous LAWS on the contrary would be able to choose a
valid target, to shoot and to change or stop an attack on their own, all the while learning and
evolving. This opens an entirely new set of legal, not to mention practical and reliability, issues.
Since 2013, three meetings of legal experts under the auspices of the Convention on Certain
Conventional Weapons (CCW) have failed to produce any internationally accepted definition of
what is an autonomous weapon. The main reason for this failure has been the definition of what
constitutes autonomy itself, and in what part of a weapon’s activity cycle it is applied. The ICRC
which is the leading organization on International Humanitarian Law issues has proposed to define
autonomous weapon systems as “any system that is capable of targeting and initiating the use of
potentially lethal force without direct human supervision and direct human involvement in lethal
decision-making”2
.
A few States (Cuba, Ecuador, Egypt, the Holy See, and Pakistan) a coalition of NGOs such
as the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots3
(52 NGOs from 24 countries) and various scientists4
have
called for a preemptive ban on fully LAWS. Currently no State has talked about developing and
launching fully autonomous weapons that would operate without any kind human supervision, and
many states have affirmed the principle of human control over these weapons, at least at some
level. But that level of human control and the form that it should take, vary greatly from one state
to the other. The United Kingdom5
and France6
consider that autonomous systems should be
defined as ones that operate with a total absence of human supervision or control, and no link
(communication or control) with the military chain of command. France considers as a result that
autonomous weapons that operate without human supervision would go against the necessity for
the armed forces of maintaining command and control7
. The UK has also said that all their weapons
1
https://www.hrw.org/report/2012/11/19/losing-humanity/case-against-killer-robots
2
https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/review/2012/irrc-886-asaro.pdf
3
http://www.stopkillerrobots.org/
4
http://futureoflife.org/open-letter-autonomous-weapons/
5
http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/meeting-experts-
laws/statements/11April_UnitedKingdom.pdf
6
http://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/5FD844883B46FEACC1257F8F00401FF6/$file/2016_LA
WSMX_CountryPaper_France+CharacterizationofaLAWS.pdf
7
http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/meeting-experts-
laws/statements/12April_France.pdf
3. 3
will always be under human control8
. Other States such as Switzerland have put forward a less
restrictive definition of “weapons systems that are capable of carrying out tasks governed by IHL
in partial or full replacement of a human in the use of force, notably in the targeting cycle”9
. The
majority of States and NGOs have agreed so far on the necessity of some kind of human control
over LAWS. An increasing number of States have been using the term “Meaningful Human
Control”. Other States have been using terms such as “appropriate” or “effective” level of human
control. The United States talks for example in the U.S. Department of Defense Directive 3000.09,
Autonomy in Weapon, of “appropriate levels of human judgment”10
. And some important states
like Russia and China still have to even provide any definition of autonomous weapons. The
problem is that as a result of all this, there is currently no definition of what these vague terms
mean and what they imply concerning the degree of human supervision, in particular on initiating,
stopping or canceling any attack emanating from these weapons.
Fully autonomous weapons that would operate without any kind of human control or
supervision may also appear to be in contradiction with military advantage: military commanders
generally want to be able to decide what, whom and where they are targeting, in order to engage
specific targets that will bring the military advantage they want to gain from the attack. Their
development and deployment may therefore be seen as still far away. But LAWS are going to
continue evolving as artificial intelligence and technology continue to evolve, and as armed forces
see them as a means of reducing troop deployment and exposure, and of providing faster response
time and potential military superiority. They will have increasing degrees of autonomy, and they
will bring with them, beyond the legal aspects, ethical and practical issues as well, which will have
their own legal repercussions. Should man delegate to machines the ability and the will to kill other
human beings? Would such weapons be able to respect the rules of International Humanitarian
Law such as proportionality, distinction and humanity? Humans still remain best suited to apply
judgment on such matters. What would be the consequences of any malfunctioning or hacking of
such machines? Could they turn against their own troops, or against civilian populations? Who
would bear responsibility? Delegating life and death decisions to machines, even ones with
artificial intelligence, remains a troubling and dangerous notion.
Fully autonomous weapons that would operate without any human supervision seem to be
out of the question so far, but the absence of international definitions leaves significant latitude for
too many countries to continue developing weapons with more and more autonomy in various
stages of their operation. It is for this very reason that clearer definitions are needed now, that will
in turn allow for the creation of safer international regulations on LAWS.
8
http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/meeting-experts-
laws/statements/12April_UK.pdf
9
http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/ccw/2016/meeting-experts-
laws/statements/12April_Switzerland.pdf
10
http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/300009p.pdf