This document provides an introduction to time value of money concepts including future value, present value, interest rates, and formulas. It outlines key skills like computing future and present values. Examples are provided to demonstrate future and present value calculations in 1-5 periods at various interest rates. The effects of compounding versus simple interest and relationships between interest rates, time periods, and present/future values are explored.
An amortization schedule shows how the payments on a loan are applied over time. It breaks down the portions of the payment that go toward interest and principal. As the balance declines with each payment, so does the amount of interest charged. Constructing an amortization schedule involves calculating interest, principal repayment, and ending balance amounts for each payment period until the loan is paid off. Amortization tables are useful for understanding the full cost of loans and how borrowing funds works over the life of the debt.
This document discusses compound interest, which is interest calculated on both the principal amount and accumulated interest over time. Compounding makes a significant difference in the final investment amount. Examples are provided to demonstrate compound interest calculations using the compound interest formula. The rule of 72 is also explained as a way to estimate doubling time for investments based on the interest rate. Students complete activities to practice applying compound interest calculations.
This chapter discusses financial mathematics and time value of money concepts. It covers calculating future and present values of single amounts as well as annuities. Key points covered include:
- Understanding why time value of money is important for accounting, management, marketing, and other business functions.
- Using formulas to calculate future and present values, as well as future and present values of ordinary, due, deferred, and forfeited annuities.
- Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating interest earned over time, compounding periods, and valuations of cash flows at different points in time.
The document discusses key concepts related to nominal and effective interest rates, including:
1) Definitions of interest period, compounding period, and compounding frequency.
2) Formulas for converting between nominal and effective interest rates for different time periods.
3) Procedures for performing interest calculations for single amounts, series cash flows, and situations where the payment period relates to the compounding period.
4) How to handle cases of continuous compounding and varying interest rates over time.
This document discusses nominal and effective interest rates. It begins by defining key terms like nominal rate, effective rate, compounding period, and payment period. It then explains how to convert between nominal and effective rates for different compounding frequencies. The document provides examples of calculating future values for single payments and series of payments when the payment period is greater than or less than the compounding period. It also covers calculations for continuous compounding and situations when interest rates vary over time.
This document contains class notes that review fundamentals of valuation, including time value of money concepts like future value, present value, and rates of return. It provides examples of calculating single sums, future values, present values, and rates of return using formulas. It also discusses compounding periods and continuous compounding. The notes conclude with practice problems for calculating present and future values of single sums.
This document discusses discounted cash flow valuation and examples of calculating the future and present value of multiple cash flows. It provides examples of calculating the future and present value of annuities, as well as examples of different types of loans such as pure discount, interest-only, and amortized loans. Spreadsheet strategies for calculating present and future value are also demonstrated.
This document provides an introduction to time value of money concepts including future value, present value, interest rates, and formulas. It outlines key skills like computing future and present values. Examples are provided to demonstrate future and present value calculations in 1-5 periods at various interest rates. The effects of compounding versus simple interest and relationships between interest rates, time periods, and present/future values are explored.
An amortization schedule shows how the payments on a loan are applied over time. It breaks down the portions of the payment that go toward interest and principal. As the balance declines with each payment, so does the amount of interest charged. Constructing an amortization schedule involves calculating interest, principal repayment, and ending balance amounts for each payment period until the loan is paid off. Amortization tables are useful for understanding the full cost of loans and how borrowing funds works over the life of the debt.
This document discusses compound interest, which is interest calculated on both the principal amount and accumulated interest over time. Compounding makes a significant difference in the final investment amount. Examples are provided to demonstrate compound interest calculations using the compound interest formula. The rule of 72 is also explained as a way to estimate doubling time for investments based on the interest rate. Students complete activities to practice applying compound interest calculations.
This chapter discusses financial mathematics and time value of money concepts. It covers calculating future and present values of single amounts as well as annuities. Key points covered include:
- Understanding why time value of money is important for accounting, management, marketing, and other business functions.
- Using formulas to calculate future and present values, as well as future and present values of ordinary, due, deferred, and forfeited annuities.
- Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating interest earned over time, compounding periods, and valuations of cash flows at different points in time.
The document discusses key concepts related to nominal and effective interest rates, including:
1) Definitions of interest period, compounding period, and compounding frequency.
2) Formulas for converting between nominal and effective interest rates for different time periods.
3) Procedures for performing interest calculations for single amounts, series cash flows, and situations where the payment period relates to the compounding period.
4) How to handle cases of continuous compounding and varying interest rates over time.
This document discusses nominal and effective interest rates. It begins by defining key terms like nominal rate, effective rate, compounding period, and payment period. It then explains how to convert between nominal and effective rates for different compounding frequencies. The document provides examples of calculating future values for single payments and series of payments when the payment period is greater than or less than the compounding period. It also covers calculations for continuous compounding and situations when interest rates vary over time.
This document contains class notes that review fundamentals of valuation, including time value of money concepts like future value, present value, and rates of return. It provides examples of calculating single sums, future values, present values, and rates of return using formulas. It also discusses compounding periods and continuous compounding. The notes conclude with practice problems for calculating present and future values of single sums.
This document discusses discounted cash flow valuation and examples of calculating the future and present value of multiple cash flows. It provides examples of calculating the future and present value of annuities, as well as examples of different types of loans such as pure discount, interest-only, and amortized loans. Spreadsheet strategies for calculating present and future value are also demonstrated.
The document discusses various concepts related to personal finance planning including the importance of financial planning, steps in the financial planning process, and tools for financial planning like SMART goals, savings and investment, time value of money, present value, and future value. It provides examples and activities to explain these concepts in a clear and easy to understand manner.
This document discusses interest rates and cash flow analysis. It covers:
1. Definitions of nominal and effective interest rates, compounding periods, and payment periods.
2. Formulas for converting between nominal and effective rates for different time periods.
3. Methods for analyzing single cash flows, series of cash flows, and varying interest rates when the payment period is greater than or less than the compounding period.
4. Continuous compounding and its effective interest rate formula.
5. An example of a cash flow problem with varying interest rates over time.
This chapter introduces key concepts of time value of money including computing future and present values. It provides formulas and examples for determining the future or present value of an investment given the principal, interest rate, and time period. It also discusses how to calculate the implied interest rate of an investment or number of periods to reach a future value using these time value of money formulas. The chapter aims to help readers understand how money changes in value over time due to interest, inflation, and compounding effects.
This chapter discusses discounted cash flow valuation and concepts related to future and present value of multiple cash flows. It covers annuities, perpetuities, loan amortization, and effective annual rates. Examples are provided to illustrate computing future and present values of cash flows occurring at different times, as well as growing annuities and perpetuities. Key formulas and the distinctions between annual percentage rates, effective annual rates, and stated interest rates are also explained.
Nominal interest rates do not account for compounding, while effective interest rates do. Effective interest rates are calculated using the nominal rate and compounding period to determine the actual return. There are three key time units for any interest rate statement: the time period, compounding period, and compounding frequency. Effective rates are often higher than nominal rates due to the effects of compounding interest over time.
The document summarizes key concepts related to time value of money including:
1) Money today is worth more than money in the future due to factors like interest rates and inflation.
2) Compound interest means interest is earned on both the principal amount and any previous interest earned.
3) Present value calculations determine the current worth of future cash flows while future value calculates the future worth of present cash flows.
4) Annuities represent a stream of regular payments and their present and future values can be calculated using standard formulas.
The document discusses the concept of time value of money. It explains that money has value over time due to inflation, delayed consumption, and opportunity cost. There are four scenarios for time value of money: future value of a single sum, present value of a single sum, future value of an annuity, and present value of an annuity. Formulas are provided for calculating future and present values of single sums and annuities, including growing annuities, annuities due, and perpetuities. The concepts of effective annual rate, real rate of return, and inflation-adjusted returns are also introduced.
In this PowerPoint, You will calculate annual percentage rate (APR) and Effective Interest Rate (EAR) in MS Excel. You find the example and solution as well.
This document discusses the concept of time value of money, which means that a unit of money received today is worth more than the same amount received in the future. It explains the techniques of compounding and discounting, which allow converting cash flows received or paid at different points in time to a common point for comparison. Compounding calculates the future value of an amount invested now, growing at a specified interest rate over time. Discounting calculates the present value of a future cash flow. The document provides examples of using compounding and discounting formulas to solve time value of money problems involving single and multiple cash flows over time.
Financial planning is important to meet future financial goals. The steps in financial planning include gathering financial data, identifying goals, finding gaps between current situation and goals, preparing a financial plan, and implementing and reviewing the plan. Key components of a financial plan are having SMART goals that are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time-bound. Financial planning tools like present value and future value calculations help account for the time value of money and power of compounding over long periods.
Understanding the time value of money (annuity)DIANN MOORMAN
Here are the key points:
- Future value, present value, annuities, amortized loans are important time value of money concepts
- Formulas allow you to calculate unknown values (e.g. future value) given known amounts, interest rates, time periods
- Make sure time frames are consistent when annual vs monthly payments/interest are used
- Financial calculators make the calculations easy but understanding the concepts is important
Chapter 2 introduction to valuation - the time value of moneyKEOVEASNA5
This document provides an introduction to the time value of money concepts of future value, present value, interest rates, and compounding. It defines key terms and formulas. Several examples are provided to illustrate how to use the future value and present value formulas to calculate future or present values when given other relevant information such as principal, interest rate, and time period. The effects of compounding versus simple interest are demonstrated. The relationships between present/future values and interest rates/time periods are discussed. Methods for calculating implied interest rates and time periods are also presented.
A introdu ction to financial management topic time value of moneyVishalMotwani15
- Time value of money refers to the concept that money available at present has more value than the same amount in the future due to its potential to earn interest.
- There are two types of interest - simple interest calculated on principal only and compound interest calculated on principal and previously earned interest.
- Present value discounts future cash flows to express them in terms of current purchasing power, while future value expresses a present amount in terms of its worth at a future date.
- Annuities refer to a fixed regular payment or series of payments and their present and future values can be calculated using special formulas and tables.
1. The document discusses various time value of money concepts including ordinary annuities, annuities due, perpetuities, and interest rates.
2. Formulas are provided for calculating future and present values of ordinary annuities, annuities due, and perpetuities under different compounding periods.
3. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating payment amounts, number of periods, and comparing interest rates using concepts like nominal rates, annual percentage rates, and effective annual rates.
INVESTMENT CHOICE “COMPARISON AND SELECTION AMONG ALTERNATIVES”georgemalak922
This document provides information about nominal and effective interest rates:
1. It defines key terms like nominal interest rate, effective interest rate, compounding period, and payment period.
2. It explains how to calculate effective interest rates for different compounding periods like monthly, quarterly, or annually from a given nominal interest rate.
3. It provides examples of calculating future values and accumulated balances for single amounts and series cash flows using both nominal and effective interest rates when the payment period is greater than or less than the compounding period.
time value of money
,
concept of time value of money
,
significance of time value of money
,
present value vs future value
,
solve for the present value
,
simple vs compound interest rate
,
nominal vs effective annual interest rates
,
future value of a lump sum
,
solve for the future value
,
present value of a lump sum
,
types of annuity
,
future value of an annuity
The document discusses key concepts and skills related to evaluating multiple cash flows, including computing future and present values of multiple cash flows. It provides examples of calculating future and present values of cash flows using both individual and Excel spreadsheet approaches. It also covers annuities and perpetuities, which are special cases of present and future value calculations involving regular, equal payments over time. Sample problems demonstrate calculating values for investments, loans, mortgages, and other financial scenarios involving multiple cash flows.
The document discusses various concepts related to personal finance planning including the importance of financial planning, steps in the financial planning process, and tools for financial planning like SMART goals, savings and investment, time value of money, present value, and future value. It provides examples and activities to explain these concepts in a clear and easy to understand manner.
This document discusses interest rates and cash flow analysis. It covers:
1. Definitions of nominal and effective interest rates, compounding periods, and payment periods.
2. Formulas for converting between nominal and effective rates for different time periods.
3. Methods for analyzing single cash flows, series of cash flows, and varying interest rates when the payment period is greater than or less than the compounding period.
4. Continuous compounding and its effective interest rate formula.
5. An example of a cash flow problem with varying interest rates over time.
This chapter introduces key concepts of time value of money including computing future and present values. It provides formulas and examples for determining the future or present value of an investment given the principal, interest rate, and time period. It also discusses how to calculate the implied interest rate of an investment or number of periods to reach a future value using these time value of money formulas. The chapter aims to help readers understand how money changes in value over time due to interest, inflation, and compounding effects.
This chapter discusses discounted cash flow valuation and concepts related to future and present value of multiple cash flows. It covers annuities, perpetuities, loan amortization, and effective annual rates. Examples are provided to illustrate computing future and present values of cash flows occurring at different times, as well as growing annuities and perpetuities. Key formulas and the distinctions between annual percentage rates, effective annual rates, and stated interest rates are also explained.
Nominal interest rates do not account for compounding, while effective interest rates do. Effective interest rates are calculated using the nominal rate and compounding period to determine the actual return. There are three key time units for any interest rate statement: the time period, compounding period, and compounding frequency. Effective rates are often higher than nominal rates due to the effects of compounding interest over time.
The document summarizes key concepts related to time value of money including:
1) Money today is worth more than money in the future due to factors like interest rates and inflation.
2) Compound interest means interest is earned on both the principal amount and any previous interest earned.
3) Present value calculations determine the current worth of future cash flows while future value calculates the future worth of present cash flows.
4) Annuities represent a stream of regular payments and their present and future values can be calculated using standard formulas.
The document discusses the concept of time value of money. It explains that money has value over time due to inflation, delayed consumption, and opportunity cost. There are four scenarios for time value of money: future value of a single sum, present value of a single sum, future value of an annuity, and present value of an annuity. Formulas are provided for calculating future and present values of single sums and annuities, including growing annuities, annuities due, and perpetuities. The concepts of effective annual rate, real rate of return, and inflation-adjusted returns are also introduced.
In this PowerPoint, You will calculate annual percentage rate (APR) and Effective Interest Rate (EAR) in MS Excel. You find the example and solution as well.
This document discusses the concept of time value of money, which means that a unit of money received today is worth more than the same amount received in the future. It explains the techniques of compounding and discounting, which allow converting cash flows received or paid at different points in time to a common point for comparison. Compounding calculates the future value of an amount invested now, growing at a specified interest rate over time. Discounting calculates the present value of a future cash flow. The document provides examples of using compounding and discounting formulas to solve time value of money problems involving single and multiple cash flows over time.
Financial planning is important to meet future financial goals. The steps in financial planning include gathering financial data, identifying goals, finding gaps between current situation and goals, preparing a financial plan, and implementing and reviewing the plan. Key components of a financial plan are having SMART goals that are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time-bound. Financial planning tools like present value and future value calculations help account for the time value of money and power of compounding over long periods.
Understanding the time value of money (annuity)DIANN MOORMAN
Here are the key points:
- Future value, present value, annuities, amortized loans are important time value of money concepts
- Formulas allow you to calculate unknown values (e.g. future value) given known amounts, interest rates, time periods
- Make sure time frames are consistent when annual vs monthly payments/interest are used
- Financial calculators make the calculations easy but understanding the concepts is important
Chapter 2 introduction to valuation - the time value of moneyKEOVEASNA5
This document provides an introduction to the time value of money concepts of future value, present value, interest rates, and compounding. It defines key terms and formulas. Several examples are provided to illustrate how to use the future value and present value formulas to calculate future or present values when given other relevant information such as principal, interest rate, and time period. The effects of compounding versus simple interest are demonstrated. The relationships between present/future values and interest rates/time periods are discussed. Methods for calculating implied interest rates and time periods are also presented.
A introdu ction to financial management topic time value of moneyVishalMotwani15
- Time value of money refers to the concept that money available at present has more value than the same amount in the future due to its potential to earn interest.
- There are two types of interest - simple interest calculated on principal only and compound interest calculated on principal and previously earned interest.
- Present value discounts future cash flows to express them in terms of current purchasing power, while future value expresses a present amount in terms of its worth at a future date.
- Annuities refer to a fixed regular payment or series of payments and their present and future values can be calculated using special formulas and tables.
1. The document discusses various time value of money concepts including ordinary annuities, annuities due, perpetuities, and interest rates.
2. Formulas are provided for calculating future and present values of ordinary annuities, annuities due, and perpetuities under different compounding periods.
3. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating payment amounts, number of periods, and comparing interest rates using concepts like nominal rates, annual percentage rates, and effective annual rates.
INVESTMENT CHOICE “COMPARISON AND SELECTION AMONG ALTERNATIVES”georgemalak922
This document provides information about nominal and effective interest rates:
1. It defines key terms like nominal interest rate, effective interest rate, compounding period, and payment period.
2. It explains how to calculate effective interest rates for different compounding periods like monthly, quarterly, or annually from a given nominal interest rate.
3. It provides examples of calculating future values and accumulated balances for single amounts and series cash flows using both nominal and effective interest rates when the payment period is greater than or less than the compounding period.
time value of money
,
concept of time value of money
,
significance of time value of money
,
present value vs future value
,
solve for the present value
,
simple vs compound interest rate
,
nominal vs effective annual interest rates
,
future value of a lump sum
,
solve for the future value
,
present value of a lump sum
,
types of annuity
,
future value of an annuity
The document discusses key concepts and skills related to evaluating multiple cash flows, including computing future and present values of multiple cash flows. It provides examples of calculating future and present values of cash flows using both individual and Excel spreadsheet approaches. It also covers annuities and perpetuities, which are special cases of present and future value calculations involving regular, equal payments over time. Sample problems demonstrate calculating values for investments, loans, mortgages, and other financial scenarios involving multiple cash flows.
Explore the world of investments with an in-depth comparison of the stock market and real estate. Understand their fundamentals, risks, returns, and diversification strategies to make informed financial decisions that align with your goals.
“Amidst Tempered Optimism” Main economic trends in May 2024 based on the results of the New Monthly Enterprises Survey, #NRES
On 12 June 2024 the Institute for Economic Research and Policy Consulting (IER) held an online event “Economic Trends from a Business Perspective (May 2024)”.
During the event, the results of the 25-th monthly survey of business executives “Ukrainian Business during the war”, which was conducted in May 2024, were presented.
The field stage of the 25-th wave lasted from May 20 to May 31, 2024. In May, 532 companies were surveyed.
The enterprise managers compared the work results in May 2024 with April, assessed the indicators at the time of the survey (May 2024), and gave forecasts for the next two, three, or six months, depending on the question. In certain issues (where indicated), the work results were compared with the pre-war period (before February 24, 2022).
✅ More survey results in the presentation.
✅ Video presentation: https://youtu.be/4ZvsSKd1MzE
13 Jun 24 ILC Retirement Income Summit - slides.pptxILC- UK
ILC's Retirement Income Summit was hosted by M&G and supported by Canada Life. The event brought together key policymakers, influencers and experts to help identify policy priorities for the next Government and ensure more of us have access to a decent income in retirement.
Contributors included:
Jo Blanden, Professor in Economics, University of Surrey
Clive Bolton, CEO, Life Insurance M&G Plc
Jim Boyd, CEO, Equity Release Council
Molly Broome, Economist, Resolution Foundation
Nida Broughton, Co-Director of Economic Policy, Behavioural Insights Team
Jonathan Cribb, Associate Director and Head of Retirement, Savings, and Ageing, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Joanna Elson CBE, Chief Executive Officer, Independent Age
Tom Evans, Managing Director of Retirement, Canada Life
Steve Groves, Chair, Key Retirement Group
Tish Hanifan, Founder and Joint Chair of the Society of Later life Advisers
Sue Lewis, ILC Trustee
Siobhan Lough, Senior Consultant, Hymans Robertson
Mick McAteer, Co-Director, The Financial Inclusion Centre
Stuart McDonald MBE, Head of Longevity and Democratic Insights, LCP
Anusha Mittal, Managing Director, Individual Life and Pensions, M&G Life
Shelley Morris, Senior Project Manager, Living Pension, Living Wage Foundation
Sarah O'Grady, Journalist
Will Sherlock, Head of External Relations, M&G Plc
Daniela Silcock, Head of Policy Research, Pensions Policy Institute
David Sinclair, Chief Executive, ILC
Jordi Skilbeck, Senior Policy Advisor, Pensions and Lifetime Savings Association
Rt Hon Sir Stephen Timms, former Chair, Work & Pensions Committee
Nigel Waterson, ILC Trustee
Jackie Wells, Strategy and Policy Consultant, ILC Strategic Advisory Board
Madhya Pradesh, the "Heart of India," boasts a rich tapestry of culture and heritage, from ancient dynasties to modern developments. Explore its land records, historical landmarks, and vibrant traditions. From agricultural expanses to urban growth, Madhya Pradesh offers a unique blend of the ancient and modern.
Budgeting as a Control Tool in Government Accounting in Nigeria
Being a Paper Presented at the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) Budget Office Staff at Sojourner Hotel, GRA, Ikeja Lagos on Saturday 8th June, 2024.
A toxic combination of 15 years of low growth, and four decades of high inequality, has left Britain poorer and falling behind its peers. Productivity growth is weak and public investment is low, while wages today are no higher than they were before the financial crisis. Britain needs a new economic strategy to lift itself out of stagnation.
Scotland is in many ways a microcosm of this challenge. It has become a hub for creative industries, is home to several world-class universities and a thriving community of businesses – strengths that need to be harness and leveraged. But it also has high levels of deprivation, with homelessness reaching a record high and nearly half a million people living in very deep poverty last year. Scotland won’t be truly thriving unless it finds ways to ensure that all its inhabitants benefit from growth and investment. This is the central challenge facing policy makers both in Holyrood and Westminster.
What should a new national economic strategy for Scotland include? What would the pursuit of stronger economic growth mean for local, national and UK-wide policy makers? How will economic change affect the jobs we do, the places we live and the businesses we work for? And what are the prospects for cities like Glasgow, and nations like Scotland, in rising to these challenges?
Calculation of compliance cost: Veterinary and sanitary control of aquatic bi...Alexander Belyaev
Calculation of compliance cost in the fishing industry of Russia after extended SCM model (Veterinary and sanitary control of aquatic biological resources (ABR) - Preparation of documents, passing expertise)
Calculation of compliance cost: Veterinary and sanitary control of aquatic bi...
Topic 5 Valuation of Future Cashflows.ppt
1. Acknowledgement Ross et al, 2011, Essentials of Corporate Finance, 7th Ed, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc..
0
Topic 5
Valuation of
Future Cash
Flows
Taylor’s University
Dual Degree Program
Introduction
to Finance
2. 1-1 4-1
1
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, students should be
able to:
•compute present value and future value of
annuities;
•calculate perpetuity; and
•calculate APR (annual percentage rate) and
EAR (effective annual rate) on a loan
3. 1-2 4-2
2
Topic Outline
• Valuing Level Cash Flows: Annuities
and Perpetuities
• Comparing Rates: The Effect of
Compounding Periods
4. 1-3 4-3
3
Basic Definitions
• Interest rate – “exchange rate” between
earlier money and later money
– Discount rate
– Cost of capital
– Opportunity cost of capital
– Required return
5. 1-4 4-4
4
Perpetuities and Annuity
Defined
• Perpetuity – infinite series of equal
payments
• Annuity – finite series of equal
payments that occur at regular
intervals
– If the first payment occurs at the end of the
period, it is called an ordinary annuity
– If the first payment occurs at the beginning
of the period, it is called an annuity due
6. 1-5 4-5
5
Perpetuities – Basic Formulas
PV=? PMT PMT PMT …. PMT
|______|_______|_______|____...____|
0 1 2 3 ∞
• Perpetuity formula: PV∞ = C / r
• Current required return:
$40 = $1 / r
r = .025 or 2.5% per quarter
• Dividend for new preferred:
$100 = C / .025
C = $2.50 per quarter
7. 1-6 4-6
6
Annuities– Basic Formulas
• Annuities:
r
r
C
FV
r
r
C
PV
t
t
1
)
1
(
)
1
(
1
1
PVIFA r;t
FVIFA r;t
8. 1-7 4-7
7
Annuities and the Calculator
• You can use the PMT key on the
calculator for the equal payment
• The sign convention still holds
–Most problems are ordinary
annuities (first payment occur at the
end of each period)
Rule:
Interest(I/Y) and Periods(N) follow the
Payment(PMT)
9. 1-8 4-8
8
Annuity – Example 1
• You plan to pay $632/mth for a new
car. The financing rate is 1%/mth for
48mths. How much can you borrow?
• You borrow money TODAY so you
need to compute the present value
• Using Formula:
54
.
999
,
23
01
.
)
01
.
1
(
1
1
632
48
PV
10. 1-9 4-9
9
Time Line
PV=? 632 632 632 …. 632
|______|______|______|____...____| I/Y=1%
0 1 2 3 48
You are attempting to find the annuity value where PV is $3500
Practice
11. 1-10
4-10
10
Annuity – Example 1
• You plan to pay $632/mth for a new
car. The financing rate is 1%/mth for
48mths. How much can you borrow?
• Using financial calculator:
N = 48; I/Y = 1; PMT = – 632; FV = 0;
CPT PV = 23,999.54 ($24,000)
12. 1-11
4-11
11
Annuity – Example 2
• Suppose you win the Publishers Clearinghouse $10
million sweepstakes. The money is paid in equal
annual installments of $333,333.33 over 30 years. If
the appropriate discount rate is 5%, how much is the
sweepstakes actually worth today?
• Using Formula:
PV = $333,333.33[1 – 1/1.0530] / .05 =
$5,124,150.29;
• Using financial calculator:
N = 30; I/Y = 5; PMT = 333,333.33; FV = 0;
CPT PV = -5,124,150.29
Practice
13. 1-12
4-12
12
Finding the Annuity Payment – Example 3
• Suppose you want to borrow $20,000 for a
new car. You can borrow at 8% per year,
compounded monthly (8/12 = .666666667%
per month). If you take a 4-year loan, what is
your monthly payment?
• Using formula:
$20,000 = C[1 – 1 / 1.006666748] / .0066667
C = $488.26
• Using financial calculator:
N = 4(12) = 48; PV = -20,000;
I/Y = 8/12 = 0.6667; CPT PMT = 488.26
14. 1-13
4-13
13
Time Line
PV=20K PMT PMT PMT …. PMT=?
|______|______|______|____...____| I/Y=8/12%
0 1 2 3 N=4x12=48
You are attempting to find the annuity value where PV is $3500
Practice
15. 1-14
4-14
14
Finding the Number of Payments – Example 4
• You have $1000 on your credit card
outstanding but can afford payment of only
$20 per mth. Card IR is 1.5%per mth. How
long does it take to pay off the $1000?
• Using Formula:
$1,000 = $20(1 – 1/1.015t) / .015
t = ln(1/.25) / ln(1.015)
= 93.111 months = 7.75 years
Using financial calculator:
I/Y = 1.5; PV = –1,000; PMT = 20; FV = 0
CPT N = 93.111 MONTHS = 7.75 years
16. 1-15
4-15
15
Time Line
PV=1K 20 20 20 …. 20
|______|______|______|____...____| I/Y=1.5%
0 1 2 3 N=?
You are attempting to find the annuity value where PV is $3500
Practice
17. 1-16
4-16
16
Finding the Rate
• Suppose you borrow $10,000 from
your parents to buy a car. You
agree to pay $207.58 per month for
60 months. What is the monthly
interest rate?
Sign convention matters!!!
N = 60
PV = – 10,000
PMT = 207.58
CPT I/Y = 0.75% per mth
18. 1-17
4-17
17
Quick Quiz: Part 3
Q1. You want to receive $5,000 per month for
the next 5 years. How much would you need to
deposit today if you can earn .75% per month?
• What monthly rate would you need to earn if
you only have $200,000 to deposit?
• Suppose you have $200,000 to deposit and
can earn .75% per month.
– How many months could you receive the
$5,000 payment?
– How much could you receive every month
for 5 years?
19. 1-18
4-18
18
Quick Quiz: Part 3
Q1. You want to receive $5,000 per month
for the next 5 years. How much would you
need to deposit today if you can earn .75%
per month?
Solutions: Using formula
Using financial calculator:
N = 5x12=60; PMT = 5000 ;I/Y =0.75;
CPT PV= – 240,867 Practice
??
075
.
)
0075
.
1
(
1
1
5000
60
12
5
x
PV
20. 1-19
4-19
19
Quick Quiz: Part 3
Q2. You want to receive $5,000 per month
for the next 5 years. What monthly rate
would you need to earn if you only have
$200,000 to deposit?
Solutions:
Using financial calculator:
N =5x12=60; PMT =5000; PV = –200,000
CPT I/Y = 1.44% per month
Practice
21. 1-20
4-20
20
Quick Quiz: Part 3
Q3. You want to receive $5,000 per month.
Suppose you have $200,000 to deposit and
can earn .75% per month. How many months
could you receive the $5,000 payment?
Solutions: Using formula:
PV = C[1 – 1 / (1+r)t] / r
200,000 = 5,000(1 – 1 / 1.0075t) / .0075
.3 = 1 – 1/1.0075t
1.0075t = 1.428571429
t = ln(1.428571429) / ln(1.0075) = 47.73 months
Practice
22. 1-21
4-21
21
Quick Quiz: Part 3
Q3. You want to receive $5,000 per month.
Suppose you have $200,000 to deposit and
can earn .75% per month. How many months
could you receive the $5,000 payment?
Using financial calculator:
PMT =5000 ;I/Y =0.75%; PV = 200000;
CPT N= 47.73 months
Practice
23. 1-22
4-22
22
Future Values for Annuities
• Suppose you begin saving for your
retirement by depositing $2,000 per year in
an IRA. If the interest rate is 7.5%, how much
will you have in 40 years?
• Solutions: Using formula:
FV = C[(1 + r)t – 1] / r
= $2,000(1.07540 – 1)/.075 = $454,513.04
Using financial calculator:
N = 40; I/Y = 7.5; PMT = 2,000;
CPT FV = 454,513.04
25. 1-24
4-24
24
Quick Quiz: Part 4
Q1.You want to have $1 million to use
for retirement in 35 years. If you can
earn 1% per month, how much do you
need to deposit on a monthly basis if
the first payment is made in one
month?
Q2. You are considering preferred
stock that pays a quarterly dividend of
$1.50. If your desired return is 3% per
quarter, how much would you be
willing to pay?
Practice
26. 1-25
4-25
25
Quick Quiz: Part 4
Q1. You want to have $1 million to use for
retirement in 35 years. If you can earn 1%
per month, how much do you need to
deposit on a monthly basis if the first
payment is made in one month?
Solutions: Using formula:
1,000,000 = C (1.0135x12= 420 – 1) / .01
C = $155.50
Using financial calculator:
N= 35x12 = 420; FV =1,000,000; I/Y = 1; CPT
PMT = $155.50
Practice
27. 1-26
4-26
26
Quick Quiz: Part 4
Q2. You are considering preferred stock
that pays a quarterly dividend of $1.50. If
your desired return is 3% per quarter,
how much would you be willing to pay?
PV=? 1.50 1.50 1.50 …. 1.50
|______|_______|_______|____...____| I/Y=3%
0 1 2 3 ∞
Solutions:
Remember Perpetuity formula:
PV = C / r or PV = PMT / i
PV = 1.50 / .03 = $50 Practice
28. 1-27
4-27
27
Effective Annual Rate (EAR)
• This is the actual rate paid (or
received) after accounting for
compounding that occurs during the
year
• If you want to compare two alternative
investments with different
compounding periods you need to
compute the EAR and use that for
comparison.
**Compounded once a year
29. 1-28
4-28
28
Annual Percentage Rate (APR)
• By definition APR = period rate times
the number of periods per year
• Consequently, to get the period rate we
rearrange the APR equation:
– Period rate = APR / number of periods per
year
• You should NEVER divide the effective
rate by the number of periods per year
– it will NOT give you the period rate
**Usually compounded more than once a
year e.g. monthly or quarterly
30. 1-29
4-29
29
Computing APRs
• What is the APR if the monthly rate
(period rate) is .5%?
.5%x12 = 6%pa compounded
monthly
• What is the monthly rate if the APR is
12% with monthly compounding?
12% / 12 = 1% per month
31. 1-30
4-30
30
Things to Remember
• You ALWAYS need to make sure that the
interest rate and the time period match.
– If you are looking at annual periods, you
need an annual rate.
– If you are looking at monthly periods, you
need a monthly rate.
• If you have an APR based on monthly
compounding, you have to use monthly
periods for lump sums, or adjust the interest
rate appropriately if you have payments
other than monthly
33. 1-32
4-32
32
Computing EARs - Example
• Suppose you can earn 1% per month on
$1 invested today.
– What is the APR? 1%(12) = 12%
– How much are you effectively earning
(EAR)?
• EAR = (1+0.12/12)12 – 1 = 12.68%
• Suppose if you put it in another account,
you earn 3% per quarter.
– What is the APR? 3%(4) = 12%
– How much are you effectively earning
(EAR)?
• EAR = (1+0.12/4)4 – 1 = 12.55%
34. 1-33
4-33
33
Decisions, Decisions II
• You are looking at two savings accounts.
One pays 5.25%, with daily compounding.
The other pays 5.3% with semiannual
compounding. Which account should you
use?
– First account:
• EAR = (1 + .0525/365)365 – 1 = 5.39%
– Second account:
• EAR = (1 + .053/2)2 – 1 = 5.37%
• Which account should you choose and
why?
36. 1-35
4-35
35
Computing Payments with APRs
• Suppose you want to buy a new computer
system. The store will allow you to make
monthly payments. The entire computer
system costs $3,500. The loan period is
for 2 years and the interest rate is 16.9%
(annual) with monthly compounding. What
is your monthly payment?
Monthly rate = .169 / 12 = .01408333333
Number of months = 2(12) = 24
$3,500 = C[1 – 1 / (1.01408333333)24] /
.01408333333
C = $172.88
N = 2(12) = 24; I/Y = 16.9/12 = 1.4083;
PV = 3,500; CPT PMT = -172.88
You are attempting to find the annuity value where PV is $3500
Practice
37. 1-36
4-36
36
Time Line
3500 PMT PMT PMT …. PMT=?
|_____|_____|_____|___...___| I/Y=16.9%/12
0 1 2 3 24
You are attempting to find the annuity value where PV is $3500
Practice
38. 1-37
4-37
37
Future Values with Monthly
Compounding
• Suppose you deposit $50 per month
into an account that has an APR of
9%, based on monthly
compounding. How much will you
have in the account in 35 years?
Monthly rate = .09 / 12 = .0075
Number of months = 35(12) = 420
FV = $50[1.0075420 – 1] / .0075 =
$147,089.22
You are attempting to find the FV of an annuity stream
Practice
39. 1-38
4-38
38
Future Values with Monthly
Compounding
• Suppose you deposit $50 per month
into an account that has an APR of
9%, based on monthly
compounding. How much will you
have in the account in 35 years?
–N = 35(12) = 420
–I/Y = 9 / 12 = 0.75
–PMT = 50
–CPT FV = 147,089.22
You are attempting to find the FV of an annuity stream
Practice
40. 1-39
4-39
39
Time Line
FV=?
50 50 50 …. 50
|_____|_____|_____|___...___| I/Y=9%/12
0 1 2 3 N=35x12
You are attempting to find the annuity value where PV is $3500
Practice
41. 1-40
4-40
40
Quick Quiz: Part 5
• What is the definition of an APR?
Period rate x No. of comp. per year
• What is the EAR? Rate after
accounting for compounding
• Which rate should you use to
compare alternative investments or
loans? EAR
• Which rate do you need to use in the
time value of money calculations?
Period rate Use APR to get it
Practice
42. 1-41
4-41
41
Comprehensive Problem
• An investment will provide you with $100 at
the end of each year for the next 10 years.
What is the present value of that annuity if
the discount rate is 8% annually? – 671
• If you deposit those payments into an
account earning 8%, what will the future
value be in 10 years? 1448.66
• What will the future value be if you open the
account with $1,000 today, and then make
the $100 deposits at the end of each year?
3607.58
Practice